cal Ass hni ista ec nc l T e a P c r o o L g r a

m

MATTERSLTAP Montana's Answers To Technical Education of & Streets

LTAP College of Engineering Montana State University-Bozeman Bozeman, MT 59717-3910 a Montan 1-800-541-6671

Fall 2004 October November December Vol.22, No.4

INSIDE Partnerships Create Winners at Snow Rodeo by Michele Beck

2-3 Snow Rodeo (cont’d) hat do Montana LTAP, coordinate all that he wanted it to W APWA, City of Great be. With the help of Debbie 4 Annual Calendar Falls, Montana Department of Kimball, Program Specialist, City 5 Calendar of Transportation, and Tractor & of Great Falls, they worked toward Fall Events Equipment have in common? They establishing contacts to assist them all were partners at the 15th Annual in the Rodeo. Basta noted that the 6-7 Snow Rodeo (cont’d) Equipment Operator Training and success of the Rodeo comes from Snow Rodeo held in Great Falls, these valuable partnerships and the 8-9 Traffic Signs for Montana, this September. teamwork from all involved. Wildland Fire Incidents: Meeting National Standards Beginnings... Montana LTAP’s Involvement... The Montana Snow Rodeo grew Montana LTAP provided Winter 10-11 Pedestrian Safety at from an idea that Marty Basta, Survival training on the first day of Intersections Operations Manager, City of Great the Rodeo, along with panel/ 12-15 LTAP Library participant discussion regarding maintenance, road funding, and dealing with the public. Partici- pants were split into two groups. During the morning, one group stayed in the classroom while the other group went outside for hands- on equipment training. T&E pro- Debbie Kimball & Marty Basta, City of Great Falls vided a motorgrader, backhoe, and Falls, had after he attended the front end loader. PASS IT ON National Snow After you have read this Roadeo in newsletter, copy what you Colorado about need for your files and pass it on to other 16 years ago. interested readers in your During the early department: years of the Montana Snow Rodeo, Marty found that it was quite a feat

to organize and T&E Motorgrader for hands-on training . . . continued on page 2 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Ray Barnicoat Snow Rodeo Training (cont’d from Page 1) Montana Association of Counties inter survival topics Bob Burkhardt W covered by Montana LTAP Federal Highway Director Steve Jenkins were Administration carbon monoxide poisoning, Kelly Elser hypothermia, winter clothing, and Town of Sheridan survival kits.

Sam Gianfrancisco LTAP Field Engineer Eighty-five percent of winter

Eric Griffin stranded automobile fatalities were Lewis and Clark County carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon

Alec Hansen monoxide is odorless, tasteless, and Montana League of colorless. When a vehicle is running, Cities & Towns carbon monoxide builds up. As Russ Huotari Jenkins explained, the presence of Richland County carbon dioxide in the blood stream is Jack Knorr sensed by the hypothalamus. Circula- Stillwater County tion and respiration rates increase to Bill Michalson compensate for lack of oxygen. The City of Helena body does not sense carbon monox- Jim Reardon ide. Accumulations of carbon mon- City of Great Falls Jack Knorr, Stillwater County, (left) oxide cause a body to suffocate. discussing disadvantages of burning Donna Sheehy Jenkins highly recommended buying candles with Steve Jenkins, MT LTAP U.S. Forest Service an inexpensive carbon monoxide escape while letting oxygen in.) Sue Sillick detector for vehicles. This small Montana Dept of Transportation detector could save a life. • Although polypropylene is great winter clothing, it is very flammable. Dan Williams Montana Dept of Transportation An alternative source of heat when • Flames should be extinguished stranded, rather than keeping the using a metal lid and allowed to cool. vehicle running, is a one-pound • Stove should never be allowed to coffee can with a roll of toilet paper burn for an extended period. Wool Warms and a bottle of 70% isopropyl • The toilet paper should be stored Cotton Cools alcohol. Four pints will last for 24 dry, never add alcohol until it is • Wool is naturally flame hours when burned intermittently. needed. resistant. On the topic of hypothermia, Jenkins • Wool helps regulate Jenkins cautioned: body temperature. • Use ONLY 70% isopropyl • Wool’s thermostatic alcohol (NEVER use dena- properties protect the tured alcohol). body from both cold and • Use only the one-pound heat. coffee can and make sure the • Wool retains 40-50% of toilet paper fits snugly into heat even when wet. the can and will not slide out. • Wool is a natural insulator. • Make sure the vehicle windows are down two inches while using the stove. Workshop participants handling coffee can heater. (This allows moisture to 2 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 LTAP Matters is published by the Local Technical Assistance Program at Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Snow Rodeo Training (cont’d from Page 2) Phone: (800) 541-6671 (406) 994-6100 demonstrated the importance of IV. 86-78 degrees: Muscle rigidity; FAX: (406) 994-5333 gore-tex or waterproof-breath- dangerous to move or stimulate heart able fabrics. A workshop volun- rate E-Mail (Internet): [email protected] teer placed his hand in a bucket V. 77 degrees and below: Death is of cold water, then placed his almost certain; cardiac arrest. Web Site: wet hand into a gore-tex liner, and www.coe.montana.edu/ltap placed this hand back into the The second portion of the workshop bucket, not allowing any water to get was panel/participants discussion on in from the top of the glove. When road maintenance, road materials, • Director Steven Jenkins he removed his hand from the water road equipment, and dealing with the [email protected] about three minutes later and took public. The panel members were the liner off, his hand had dried, even Jack Knorr, Stillwater County; Russ • Accounting Tech/ though it was submerged in the Albers, Chouteau County; Eric Conference Coordinator water. Jenkins pointed out the impor- Griffin, Lewis and Clark County; Donnetta Bohrman tance of minimizing heat loss by Rick Johnston, Park County; Sam [email protected] removing wet clothing immediately. Gianfrancisco, LTAP Field Engineer; • Graphic Tech/Librarian (Water conducts cold 25 times faster and moderator, Steve Jenkins, Mon- Michele Beck than air!) Cover the victim with a tana LTAP. Two major points came [email protected] blanket or sleeping bag and apply out of the panel discussion: 1) In some type of external heat slowly. regards to funding, all panel mem- • Student Assistants Turn on the defroster rather than bers agreed that partnerships were a Tiffany Prongua blasting hot air on legs and transport viable means to accomplishing the Brian Vickery the person in a horizontal position to goal of building better roads. 2) the nearest hospital. Jenkins ex- plained that rewarming the body too rapidly can cause the victim to have circulatory problems, resulting in heart failure.

The five stages of hypothermia were outlined by Jenkins in regards to internal body temperature dropping (Fahrenheit): Panel members (LtoR): Steve Jenkins, Russ Albers, Jack Knorr, Eric Griffin, and Rick Johnston I. 95 degrees: Shivering; Stage of recognition and self help When dealing with the public, even II. 95-90 degrees: Sluggish thinking, though the service has improved, body cuts circulation, loses muscle their expectations go up. Be willing At the Snow Rodeo on control; metabolic rate increases 5 to listen to what they have to say, and Wednesday, 23 participants times then educate them on what the were trained and certified III. 90-86 degrees: Disoriented, situation is with funding and priori- for forklift safety by Sam stumbling; most don’t survive alone ties that have been developed by all Gianfrancisco, LTAP Field in the field; can’t pass sobriety test; parties. Engineer. shivering stops.

...Continued on Page 6 3 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Other Events Washington State University Conferences and Professional Programs department is offering Road Builders’ Clinics at the Annual Calendar 2004 following events: -Road and Street Maintenance January 2004 February 2004 March 2004 Supervisors’ Conference in S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S Spokane Valley, WA on 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 October 5-7, 2004 and in 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bellevue, WA, on December 8- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10, 2004. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 -Road Builders’ Clinic in Coeur 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 28 29 30 31 d’Alene, ID on March 1-3, 2005. City Training: Winter Maintenance & For any of the above, call 1-800- 12, 13, 14: Loss Control Conference, Trenching Safety: 10-Missoula; 11- 8-11: MDT Work Zone Training Helena; 12-GreatFalls; 13-Billings 942-4978 or get on line at Lewistown, MT 23-26: MDT: Work Zone Training 29: Train the Trainer, MDT, Helena 18,19:Training on Request: 29-4/2: USFS Work Zone Training http://capps.wsu.edu Winter Travel-Survival, Winter 30-4/1: APWA Spring Conf., Maintenance, Leadership Cheyenne, WY

National Tribal Transportation May 2004 June 2004 April 2004 S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S Conference; October 26-28, S M T W Th F S 2004, Scottsdale, AZ. For more 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 information, call Tribal Technical 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Assistance Program, Ft. Collins, 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 CO at 1-800-262-7623 or go to 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 http://ttap.colostate.edu 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 30 31 9: NW Snowfighters Conference, 4-5: Libby-Gravel Roads Workshop Spokane, WA 1-2: USFS Work Zone Training 18-19:Lewistown-GravelRds Wrkshp 6-7: Dillon-Gravel Roads Workshop 2004 International Symposium 19-20:Columbus-Gravel Rds Wrkshp Training on Request: 12-15: MACRS Annual Conference, -Training on Request: Gravel Roads, *Work Zone Training on Asphalt Emulsion Technology, Bozeman, MT Washington, DC, October 28-31, Loader, Forklift, Mowing *Gravel Roads & 2004. Contact Asphalt Emulsion July 2004 August 2004 September 2004 Manufacturers Association at S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S 410-267-0023 or go online at 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 www.aema.org. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2005 National Reservation 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Economic Summit and American 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 Indian Business Trade Fair, WorkZone Flagging: 21-Helena; 23- February 7-10, 2005, Las Vegas, 8-9: 15th Annual Equpment Training & Snow Polson; 24-Townsend 1-4:Nat’l LTAP Conf.,New Mexico Rodeo, Great Falls, MT Nevada. Go to www.ncaied.org 22: Full Depth Recycling(Asphalt), 24: APWA Conf., W.Yellowstone, MT Missoula, MT: 8:30-11:30 am MACRS: 28-Great Falls;29-Billings; 30-Glendive or email at [email protected]. Training on Request 31: Nat’l LTAP Conf.,New Mexico September 28 & 29: Nat’l Snow & Ice Training on Request Conference(APWA Snow Rodeo), Greeley, CO NACE 2005 Conference - right next door - Bismarck, North October 2004 November 2004 December 2004 Dakota, April 17-21, 2005. Go to S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S www.countyengineers.org or call 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 202-393-5041 for more info. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 8-9:MACRS Planning Meeting, MACRS:5-Butte; 7-Missoula Lewistown, MT 6-8: League of Cities & Towns, Kalispell, MT Training on Request 21: Winter Training: Park County Training on Request: Winter *Winter Travel-Survival 22: Safety Training, Carbon County Maintenance & Winter Survival *Winter Maintenance Training on Request: Spill Prevention, Containment, & Countermeasures *Leadership

Some dates & locations subject to change. Call Donnetta Bohrman, LTAP, 1-800-541-6671 or 406-994-6100 to confirm.

4 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Winter Events 2005 • Loss Control Conference, 2005 (MACo and Montana LTAP) Calendar of Fall Events 2004 January 17-19, 2005 Lewistown, Montana

APWA Rocky Mountain Chapter Conference • March 29-April 1, 2005 West Yellowstone, MT September 24, 2004 MACRS 25th Annual Contact: Roger Sicz @ 406-538-8015 Conference Billings, Montana Montana Association of Counties Annual Conference Holiday Inn Grand Registration brochures will be Missoula, MT September 26-29, 2004 coming out in late January, MACo’s New Phone Numbers: 2005 406-444-4360-Main Office or 406-444-4370-Insurance Office

MACRS District Meetings • Great Falls Tuesday -September 28 LaQuinta, 600 River Drive South 406-716-2600 • Billings Wednesday -September 29 Billings Convention Center, 1223 Mullowney Lane 406-248-7151 • Glendive Thursday -September 30 Best Western, 223 N. Merrill 888-4-536-3483 • Butte Tuesday - October 5 Best Western Butte Plaza Inn, 2900 Harrison 406-728-3100 • Missoula Thursday - October 7 Ruby’s Inn, 4825 N Reserve 406-721-0990 The Construction of Quality Contact Donnetta Bohrman, LTAP Conference Coordinator, 1-800-541-6671, regarding Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements registrations or inquiries workshop being offered Novem- ber 15, 2004, in Helena, MT, has The League of Cities & Towns 23rd Annual Conference been designed for engineers, Kalispell, MT October 6 - 8, 2004 inspectors, technicians, and contractor personnel responsible Outlaw Hotel for quality control of paving Contact: 406-442-8768 League of Cities & Towns materials, mix design procedures, the inspection and operations of MACRS Planning Meeting asphalt plants, and paving operations. Participation should Lewistown, MT November 8-9, 2004 include personnel from federal, Contact Donnetta Bohrman, LTAP Conference Coordinator, 1-800-541-6671, regarding state, county, and local agencies, registrations or inquiries airport authorities, paving contractors, consulting engineers, Construction of Quality Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements and testing laboratories. The Presented by The Asphalt Institute workshop is geared for the Helena, MT November 15, 2004 technician level and as a basic refresher course for the practicing Red Lion Colonial Hotel, 2301 Colonial Dr., 406-443-2100 or 800-733-5466 engineer. Contact The Asphalt Institute, 859-288-4964 or www.asphaltinstitute.org 5 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Snow Rodeo (cont’d from Page 3)

now Rodeo Competition The equipment courses included S involved three areas of exper- backhoe expertise using a soup ladle tise: equipment obstacle courses; to extract floating balls out of a equipment diagnostics; and written water tank and placed into a small exam. tub. This event was timed and points were gained depending on what color of ball and the number of balls placed.

The snowplow ran a timed course, weaving through tightly placed barrels and backing through them, along with narrow obstacles and moving the blade through expert turns.

The motorgrader went through a U- shaped course, tipping small blocks off stands, and the annual challenge of rolling the bowling ball into the hole.

The front end loader, a timed event, tested the skill of bucket coordina- tion and turning capabilites of this valuable piece of equipment.

The Supervisor/Foreman meeting toured the Streetscape project; areas for de-icing; and areas where the Spray Injection Patching equipment was used. 6 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Snow Rodeo (cont’d from Page 6)

Winners of the 2004 Snow Rodeo Competition Those behind the scenes covering the Snow Plow Division written exams and posting scores were 1st: Kevin O’Brien, City of Missoula, Street Division Dee Strending (above), Scott Karaffa and 2nd: Larry Chapman, Lewis & Clark County DoRee Russell (below), all from City of 3rd: Doug Nisbet, Lewis & Clark County Great Falls Public Works. 1st Timer: Carl Gibson, City of Helena, Street Division

Front End Loader Division 1st: Robin Miland, Missoula County Public Works 2nd: Jim Jochinsen, Missoula County Public Works 3rd: Joe Miller, Missoula County Public Works 1st Timer: Jim Jochinsen, Missoula County Public Works Many thanks to all the Backhoe Division “winners” who made this 1st: Robin Miland, Missoula County Public Works event a success. Once 2nd: Joe Miller, Missoula County Public Works again proving that partner- 3rd: Kent Smith, Lewis & Clark County ships do create winners! 1st Timer: Carl Gibson, City of Helena Street Division

Motorgrader Division 1st: Doug Nisbet, Lewis & Clark County 2nd: Robin Miland, Missoula County Public Works Survival Kit Options 3rd: Dave Harrison, Missoula County Public Works Water Flashlight 1st Timer: Jim Jochinsen, Missoula County Public Works Wool Sweater All-Around 2004 Snow Rodeo Champion: Hatchet Compass Robin Miland, Missoula County Public Works Parachute Cord-550 Bullion Cubes Aspirin Down Jacket Signal Mirror Fish Hook Extra Socks Garbage Sack Scarf Fixed Blade Knife Leatherman Tool Steel Cup Beef Jerky Survival Candy Gortex Jacket Emergency Blanket First Aid Kit Sapphire light Wool Cap Strobe Light Whistle Cell Phone GPS Standing, LtoR: Joe Miller, Dave Harrison, Jim Jochinsen, Robin Miland, Doug Nisbet, Kent Smith Preferred Fire Method Kneeling (Lto R): Cory, Robin Miland’s son and Larry Chapman. 7 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Quick Take: 2003 MUTCD by Lloyd Rue, Design, Safety, Traffic Engineer, FHWA, Helena, MT 406-449-5302 x232 or [email protected] Traffic Signs for Wildland Fires Incidents: On November 20, 2003, the Federal Highway Administra- Meeting National Standards tion (FHWA) published a new Permission was granted to reprint the following article from Donna Sheehy, Northern Region traffic version of the Manual on management engineer; and Charles Showers, program leader, Missoula Technology and Development Uniform Traffic Control Center, USDA Forest Service Devices. The new version n the past, signs for USDA seen some of the most extreme wildland fire replaces the millennium I Forest Service wildland fire incidents behavior in recent history. Numerous traffic edition released in December were created from whatever supplies and congestion problems, especially in the of 2000. This “quick take” were readily available, including wildland-urban interface, pose a major threat reviews a few changes caused cardboard, paper plates, glow sticks, and to the safety of fire personnel and motorists. by the release of the 2003 flagging. Each fire season since 2000, the edition of the MUTCD. Northern Region Traffic Safety Teams have Their lives depend on being able to recog- procured commercially produced signs that nize the traffic hazards associated with Here’s one change to consider meet the standards required for highway incident activities and passing safely through when signing for speed zones. temporary traffic control zones. areas affected by the incident. These areas, The advance signs shown in the millennium edition for notifying road users of changes in speed limits are:

These signs no longer appear in the 2003 edition! You’ll now find the replacement signs in the warning sign series:

You’ll note that the sign W3-5 resembles the advance warning sign used for STOP controlled intersections:

Does that mean all of the old R2-5a and R2-5b signs will need to be replaced? Eventu- known as Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) ally, yes. With the introduction Standard signs help motorists and incident zones, are created by using temporary traffic of the new W3 signs, the personnel recognize incident activities so control devices, flaggers, uniformed law compliance period is 15 years they can slow down and pass safely through enforcement officers, or other authorized or by December 22, 2018. the area. Lessons learned by the Northern personnel to notify motorists of the zones. That means as existing signs Region during the past 3 years regarding wear out, replace the R2 signs signing and other traffic control devices for Some of the TTC zones created during with the W3 signs. If new incident management have national implica- incident management activities include: signs are going to be installed tions. Several projects are underway that will on a roadway, use the W3 provide national standards and program • Locations where large volumes of signs. direction for temporary traffic control for all incident-related traffic enter and exit incidents, including wildland fires. highways at intersections that otherwise There’s a new sign color! would have little or no traffic Fluorescent pink is used as a... The USDA Forest Service is responsible for fire management and suppression activities • Areas where suppression operations are ..cont’d on Page 9, blue column on 192 million acres of National Forest conducted on or adjacent to roads open to System lands. The last several years have traffic 8 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Quick Take: 2003 MUTCD (cont’d from page 8) . . . background color for Traffic Signs for Wildland Fires Incidents: incident management signs. A (cont’d from Page 8) traffic incident is defined in Meeting National Standards the 2003 MUTCD as “an emergency road user occur- rence, a natural disaster, or • Facilities for incident personnel, MUTCD for all roads open to public travel. other unplanned event that such as the incident base, spike camps, USDA Forest Service policies in the Forest affects or impedes the normal helispots, fueling sites, and dropoff Service manual (FSM 7103.3, 7731.15 and flow of traffic.” In lay terms, locations 7730.04 [9]) require adhering to the MUTCD for all warning and regulatory equate an ‘emergency road user occurrence’ to an accident • Stretches of road where smoke from signs on all National Forest System roads, or major disruption to a wildland fires impairs visibility regardless of their maintenance level. Guide signs on maintenance level 3, 4, and 5 roads highway caused by an acci- dent, a mudslide or bridge • Road and area closures in and around (all maintained for passenger cars) must closure. A key term in the incidents conform to the MUTCD. Guide signs on maintenance level 1 (closed to highway definition is ‘unplanned’. More than 40,000 people are injured and vehicles) and level 2 roads (maintained for FHWA has published a notice more than 1,000 are killed each year by high-clearance vehicles) may deviate from of an amendment to the 2003 motor vehicle crashes in TTC zones. These the MUTCD. MUTCD on sign zones are among the most danger- retroreflectivity. Maintaining ous areas on roads. Traffic-related nighttime sign retroreflectivity accidents account for a dispropor- has been a subject of discus- tionate share of incident injuries sion for many years. Signs and fatalities. need to be seen at night to be effective. With the advent of According to national studies, TTC devices that can measure the zone crashes tend to be more severe retroreflectivity of a given than other crashes. Federal statistics sign, some have believed that a indicate that more than 80 percent minimum retroreflectivity of those killed in TTC zone crashes value should be established. are drivers or passengers, not road This minimum value would be workers. These statistics also show the trigger point to replace that rear-end crashes are by far the faded signs. However, there most common type of fatal accident are consequences to establish- in TTC zones. Too many motorists ing a minimum value. Namely, fail to reduce their speed enough to measuring the retroreflectivity drive safely through TTC zones. of all of the signs on the nation’s highways is no simple Proper use of standard signs and task. The proposed sign other appropriate temporary traffic retroreflectivity amendment control devices can help mitigate addresses these issues. Read the risk of accidents by providing the notice and consider what for the reasonably safe and efficient may change due to the movement of traffic through or amendment. The amendment is around TTC zones. in draft form. Comments on the proposed amendment are Requirements of the Manual on being requested until October Uniform Traffic Control Devices 28, 2004. After the comment period closes, comments will By law, traffic signing for incident opera- be analyzed and a final version tions must comply with Part VI of the of the amendment prepared. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices View at http:// (MUTCD). All 50 States have adopted the mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/HTM/ MUTCD for public roads under their 2003r1/html-index r2.htm. jurisdiction. Federal law (23 CFR 655.603) requires all Federal agencies to follow the

9 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Nighttime Visibility Tips from the FHWA Pedestrians need to wear reflective materials that Pedestrian Safety at Intersections outline the human form and carry a flashlight. If your winter clothing is dark, add Permission was granted to reprint the following article from Tamara Redmon, FHWA Pedestrian and something light-colored or Bicycle Safety Program Manager bright like a scarf or reflec- tive pin. Studies show that edestrian safety at installations have increased the pedestrians walking in dark P intersections is a big problem. distances that one must walk to cross colored clothing at night are In 2002 (the most recent year for first seen approximately 55 at an intersection. feet away--giving the driver which complete crash data is avail- traveling at 60 MPH less than able), 4,808 pedestrians were killed In addition, intersection signal one second reaction time. A in roadway related crashes. Of those, timings may be too short to permit driver traveling at 60 MPH 1,058 fatalities (22 percent) occurred safe intersection crossings. Traffic needs over 260 feet to stop at intersections. safely! engineers may use a walking speed that is too fast for many pedestrians Hazardous intersection types for (i.e., the elderly, disabled, and chil- pedestrian crossings include high- dren) in determining the necessary volume, high-speed and multi-lane time for pedestrians to cross the intersections with complex signal street. Pedestrians have not been phasing or without any traffic control accorded equal status with vehicles at all. Pedestrians are at risk even at at intersections. Roadways have been simple STOP sign or YIELD sign designed and constructed primarily intersections because of the common to accommodate vehicular traffic disregard of traffic control devices by rather than pedestrians. motorists. Traffic improvements that Crash data consis- tently show that collisions with pedes- trians occur far more often with turning vehicles than with straight-through traffic. Left turning vehicles are more often involved in pedestrian crashes than right-turning vehicles, partly because drivers are looking for an oppor- tunity to turn rather than focusing on crossing pedestri- include widening streets, adding ans. Right turn on red contributes to lanes and using traffic engineering pedestrian crashes because it creates solutions that increase vehicular reduced pedestrian opportunities to efficiency can decrease pedestrian cross intersections without having to safety. Many intersection reconstruc- confront turning vehicles. tion projects and traffic control 10 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Pedestrian Safety at Intersections (cont’d from Page 10) median surfaces to discourage Another problem with intersec- pedestrians from crossing at unsafe tions is drivers not seeing the locations; provide a wide refuge pedestrians. Pedestrian visibility island on a median. to drivers is much poorer during hours of darkness, especially in Make cross walk improvements areas where there is poor lighting on such as: A ladder pattern that is the road. This is a common short- more visible to motorists; crosswalks coming of rural and suburban inter- with flashing lights embedded in the sections. In fact, half of all pedes- roadway pavement; and flashing Put The Brakes on trian fatalities occur between 6 PM “” signs that alert Fatalities Day and midnight (a 6-hour window). oncoming traffic to pedestrians in the -October 10, 2004- crosswalk. How Can We Reduce Pedestrian Fatali- How Much is a LIFE Worth? ties and Injuries at Intersections? Help “Put The Brakes on Coordination among engineers, Fatalities” and SAVE LIVES! educators and enforcement per- Although the problem is complex, Please Practice & Promote sonnel. Improved pedestrian safety SAFE Driving Behaviors: there are many ways to improve at intersections requires coordination pedestrian safety at intersections: among public authorities, profes- DBe Physically Sound & Mentally Sharp sional engineers, media, education Increase Visibility: Pedestrians need experts and vehicle designers to to be more visible during evening DAlways Buckle Up reduce both the number and severity and nighttime hours. Adding/improv- of pedestrian collisions. Pedestrian DPay Complete Attention on ing roadway lighting is one way to safety cannot be improved by traffic Driving do this. Another is to encourage engineering alone. pedestrians to wear reflective cloth- DFollow Posted Signs & ing and accessories. Striping Focus enforcement on: motorist compliance with pedestrian safety DMaintain Safe Speed for Adjust signals: Reassess the ad- laws; pedestrian compliance with Conditions equacy of pedestrian-signal timings; pedestrian signals and appropriate consider pedestrian-only phasing in a DMaintain Safe Following crossing locations; and reducing traffic signal cycle; and ensure that Distance speeding through intersections. the pedestrian signal is visible and DMaintain Clear Sight Picture that any push-buttons are accessible. Education. Develop a sustained, Signals may be supplemented with DBe a Courteous & Conscien- comprehensive public awareness audible messages for visually im- tious Driver campaign that reaches both motorists paired persons. and pedestrians. The FHWA’s Safety DBe a Defensive Driver Office has developed such a cam- Identify and decrease road and paign that comes with ready-to-use DDrive as if your Life depends traffic hazards: Repair/re-stripe on it! materials and is partially focused on crosswalks and stop lines; improve intersections. The Campaign can be lighting; provide additional signage Check the web site at viewed at: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ www.brakesonfatalities.org for where necessary; install barriers such pedcampaign/index.htm. added activities...and put the as fences, shrubs, or uncomfortable brakes on fatalities!

11 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Welcome to the LTAP Lending Library where publications, videos, and software may be borrowed for two weeks and Montana LTAP Lending Library then returned to the Library. Up to three videotapes may Publications p-222: A Guide for Achieving Flexibility be borrowed from the LTAP p-71: Guidelines for Ultrasonic in Highway Design (AASHTO 2004): Lending Library rent-free for Inspection of Hanger Pins (FHWA This Guide encourages highway designers two weeks. Some publica- 2004) to expand their consideration in applying tions are free or for a nominal A failed hanger pin initiated the tragic the Green Book criteria. It shows that charge upon request. collapse of one span of the Mianus River having a process that is open, includes good Bridge in Greenwich, CT on June 28, public involvement, and fosters creative Call Donnetta Bohrman or 1983, resulting in the deaths of three thinking is an essential part of achieving Michele Beck, LTAP motorists. Following the collapse, there was good design. The term CSS, context- 1-800-541-6671 an immediate increase of interest in the sensitive solutions, refers to an approach or for information or checkout inspection and condition evaluation of process as much as it does to an actual procedures. bridge hanger pins. Ultrasonic inspection design or solution. has become the primary method of perform- ing detailed inspection of in-service hanger p-314: Full Depth Recycling Workshop, pins. This document describes the funda- July 2004 (Portland Associates): Note that our website at mentals of ultrasonic testing and general This file contains the handouts from the www.coe.montana.edu/ltap inspection requirements that can be used by one-day workshop on full depth recycling has been updated and State transportation agencies or by others pavement with held in Missoula, includes the total library performing ultrasonic hanger pin inspection. MT: booklet on Soil-Cement Inspector’s publications, software, and (99 pages) Manual; leaflets on Construction, Soil- videos. At this website you Cement Recycling, and Soil-Cement can also keep track of upcom- p-72: A Critical Literature Review of Information; booklet on Building Better ing workshops, our newslet- High-Performance Corrosion Reinforce- Outcomes With Concrete; Soil-Cement ter, and “News Flash” items ments in Concrete Bridge Applications Construction Handbook; CD – The Right that change every month. (FHWA 2004): This investigation was Choice for Rebuilding Roads. initiated to evaluate the corrosion resistance of various categories of high-performance p-426: Incremental Costs and Perfor- reinforcement, including new products that mance Benefits of Various Features are becoming available, in bridge structures (FHWA April 2004): This report presents a that are exposed to chlorides. This interim methodology for quickly assessing the report presents the results of a critical relative costs and benefits of incorporating literature review of corrosion issues and various design features in PCC pavements. behavior for high-performance reinforce- That methodology has been incorporated ments as applicable to bridges and a into an analytical software tool that can be precursor to the experimental program. (48 used by pavement design engineers who are pages) interested in investigating the cost versus performance trade-offs associated with the p-216: Superior Materials, Advanced selection of different features during the Test Methods, and Specifications in PCC pavement process. (203 pages) Europe (FHWA 2004):FHWA and AASHTO this study, under the International p-505: The Nature of Roadsides and Technology Scanning Program, visited four the Tools to Work With It (FHWA 2003): European nations and discussed their unique This 32-page guide covers our responsibili- approaches to introducing, approving, and ties to manage roadside vegetation; using specifying processes for new materials and Always do right. native plants, ten best management practices manufactured products employed in This will gratify some that work; ten research reviews you can highway construction. The visits proved apply, and other useful information. people, and astonish helpful in meeting the overall objectives of the rest. the scan, which will benefit the highway p-510: Vegetation Control for Safety; A -Mark Twain industry in the United States by identifying Guide for Street and Highway Mainte- how processes for introducing new and nance Personnel (FHWA 1990): This 38- innovative materials and products might be page guide covers the basic necessities improved. 12 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Ten Reasons to Join NACE Today 1. Advocacy: Representing Lending Library (cont’d from Page 12) county engineers and professional road managers nationally. when mowing such as line of sight potential barriers to their success. This clearance, private property owner report presents the scan team’s observations, 2. Networking with Profes- agreement, trees in clear zones, findings, and recommendations. (105 pages) sional Road Managers: personal safety equipment to be worn Learning from each other, and operating mowing equipment p-1035: Sign Installation Guide (USDA unique solutions to mutual procedures. Although a 1990 version, Forest Service July 2003): problems. helpful information is included in this This 18-page guide contains information manual. Be sure to check the 2003 MUTCD needed to install traffic control signs on 3. Conferences: Delivering tables on speeds and stopping distances, National Forest System Roads in accor- best practices and the latest they have changed since 1990! This is also dance with the Manual of Uniform Traffic technology at national and available on line at: http:// Control Devices (MUTCD) and EM-7100- regional meetings. www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/pubs/90003/ 15, Sign and Poster Guidelines for the intro.htm Forest Service. It provides a quick visual 4. Technical Assistance and reference to field personnel placing and Training: Exploring the best p-628: Scenic Byways, A Design Guide maintaining the most often used signs and way to deploy technologies for Roadside Improvements (USDA markers. It does not include every type of and information. Forest Service, July 2003): sign or marker used, but should give The purpose of this design guide is to assist contractors, cooperators, volunteers and 5. NACE News and E-News: the planners, designers, and managers of Forest Service personnel a clear picture of Communicating vital scenic byways. It shows examples of how signs should be installed. information, ideas, and improvements, outlines the planning available resources. process, and describes design principles. Although this book is 6. NACE Website and focused on scenic byways that cross Publications: Providing tools Federal lands, these principles may to optimize your resources. be applied to any byway throughout America. (106 pages) 7. Research/Information: Supplying specific answers p-804: An Examination of Fault, to specific questions. Unsafe Driving Acts, and Total Harm in Car-Truck Collisions, 8. National Partnerships: HSIS (FHWA 2003): Working with others to This 8-page summary report aims to promote better communica- improve knowledge about the high- tion within the industry. risk behaviors of truck and passenger vehicle (car) drivers. The Federal 9. Access to National Motor Carrier Safety Administration has set Leaders: Making connection a goal to reduce truck-involved fatal crashes p-2307: The Tiny Warrior: A Path to in Washington. by 41 percent by 2008. Meeting this goal Personal Discovery and Achievement: will require improving truck safety and Inside all of us, there is a tiny warrior—not 10. Professionalism: Promot- enhancing truck and car drivers’ behavior the destructive image we’ve seen on TV and ing public responsibility in and performance. in movies but a positive force that goes to service to our citizens. battle every day to get us through challenges p-859: Signalized Intersection Safety in in our careers, in our lives, and within Call: 202-393-5041 or Europe (FHWA December 2003): ourselves. E-mail: [email protected] The objective of this study was to identify (Andrews McMeel Publishing—2003) Website: safety practices and evaluate their applica- www.countyengineers.org bility to the United States. The scanning team studied four countries. Through meetings with representatives from each country, site visits, and field observations, the team identified programs and strategies that could work in the United States and ...Continued on Page 14 13 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Safety Tips for Bicycles from USDOT/Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Lending Library (cont’d from Page 13) Bicycles are the most vulner- able of all vehicles on the (RAP) in the Superpave system and prepare a road. As a bicyclist riding in Publications manual that can be used by laboratory and field traffic or on the side walk, you p-3020: Technical Publications technicians. For more information go to: http:// should take extra precautions Catalog, October 1998-September www4.trb.org/trb/crp.nsf/ to protect yourself. Vehicles 2003 (FHWA): This 58-page catalog e7bcd526f5af4a2c8525672f006245fa/ on the road, especially large lists over 300 publications generated efd647c149b80c3b trucks and buses, may not see from FHWA Turner-Fairbank Highway you on your bike. Crossing the Research Center. It provides brief product street or making a turn can be abstracts and location information for SW-603: Your Culvert Lining Solution: dangerous in traffic if others technical reports, TechBriefs, application Information covering new culvert lining solu- do not see you or your signals. notes, product briefs, fact sheets, and CD- tions. The tips below can help keep ROMs related to research, development, you riding safely. and technology in subject areas of environ- SW-620: Water/Road Interaction Technol- ment, human factors, operations, pavements, ogy Series: Water/Road Interaction Toolkit safety, and structures. Most publications • Wear Your Helmet listed can be accessed online at SW-810: IHSDM, Interactive Highway Before you get on your bike, www.tfhrc.gov/techpubcat/index.htm or a Safety Design Model (FHWA 2003): This put on a helmet. It is the best copy ordered from the source listed. IHSDM preview in cd-rom format, version 2.0, thing you can do to be safe. provides an overview of the functions and Your helmet is your life. p-3200: Humboldt Catalog, Testing capabilities of IHSDM and features an exercise Equipment for asphalt, Concrete & Soil: for using IHSDM. This road safety evaluation • Bikers Beware Their Catalog #7 lists over 2,000 items for software marshals available knowledge about Always be aware of the traffic use in materials testing labs and on the safety into a more useful form for highway around you. Trucks and buses jobsite. planners and designers. The Federal Highway make wide right turns. Never Administration (FHWA) has been developing sneak in between a truck or p-3527: Intelligent Transportation IHSDM with initial focus on two-lane rural bus and the curb or you could Systems in Work Zones, A Case Study in highways. 2003 release of IHSDM for two-lane get crushed. Albuquerque, NM (USDT January 2004): rural highways is now available for testing and This case study reflects information evaluation purposes. Prospective users include • Check Your Brakes gathered in interviews with key personnel highway designers, planners and project manag- Always check your brakes so on the Big I construction project in Albu- ers, and safety and traffic engineering reviewers that you are prepared to stop. querque, New Mexico, as well as informa- in State and local highway agencies and engi- Also remember that a truck tion and photos obtained during a site visit. neering consulting firms. This can also be found requires more space to stop (14 pages) at: http://w16.161.62.248/ihsdm_public/ than you do on your bike. You index.html may have to get out of the way to save your own life. Software SW-855: Safety Training Resources Guide – SW-160: Walk ‘n’ Roll Packer/Roller: Version 1.0: The objective of this CD is to • Ride with Traffic A budget-saving tool for better roads with perform searches on safety traffic topics by Avoiding a crash is the safest less road maintenance. selecting different search categories e.g. (Titles, way to ride. Ride on the right Categories, Classification, State, Level of side, with the flow of traffic. SW-210: EZ Road TempRamps: Training, Primary Source, Instructor, and EZ Road TempRamps are a safer, more Contact). (US DOT/FHWA) • Beware of the No-Zone cost-effective alternative to asphalt or cold- Beware of riding too closely patch temporary ramps at milled butt joints, SW-920: Driver Education Work Zone to a large truck. Large trucks bridges, and end-of-day joints. Awareness Program: This is a true story of a have blind spots in the front, father and son. Too often kids are left alone back and on the sides. SW-320: NCHRP - Recommended Use because of speeding and distracted drivers in of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the work zones. Why should kids suffer because For more info: Superpave Mix Design Method (Trans- some people continue to ignore work zone speed www.sharetheroadsafely.org portation Research Board 2004): limits and laws. Please slow down. http:// Research developed guidelines for www.dot.state.if.us incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement (Illinois DOT) 14 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 Lending Library (cont’d from Page 14)

SW-930:Manual on Uniform Traffic SG110: Fire Safety: Alert, Aware, Alive (16 minutes) Fires are Control Devices—2003 Edition dangerous, unpredictable and life-threatening. This video covers the basic steps to This is the MUTCD manual 2003 in CD keep fires from starting; know what types of fires that can occur in your format. workplace, as well as how to fight them and how to escape. [Comes with a Leader’s Guide with a PDF printable powerpoint presentation (cd)] (Coastal – SW-1010: Comprehensive Intersec- tion Resource Library: A compilation 2003) Note: This is not a duplicate of Fire Safety, There’s No Second Chance, of resources about traditional signalized and SG157 unsignalized intersections, roundabouts, highway/rail grade crossings, and other SG183: Chemical Process Safety (15 minutes) Involvement in a catastrophic nontraditional intersection designs. accident can change your life, forever. Frighteningly enough, catastrophic (US DOT/FHWA) accidents can result from one simple mistake. Mislabeling a container, incorrectly setting a dial or misunderstanding directions can have severe consequences. This SW-2307: The Warrior Within: Part I video explains what a process safety program is, why it exists and how it works to This powerful program will inspire you to protect you. (Coastal – 1994) achieve your very best each day by sharing strategies, stories, and skills that will lift SG202: Working Outdoors, Mosquitoes & Ticks (15 minutes) you to the next level of your life. Using a Insects can carry diseases, so it’s best to avoid these creatures when possible. This framework of Native American wisdom and isn’t easy, especially if you work outdoors. This video describes the best line of based on over a decade of experience, this defense against insects, such as mosquitoes and ticks, is a strong offense: become program has been created to motivate you to more aware of the bugs that live in your area and other helpful solutions. (Coastal get more out of life and career by showing – 2004) you how to get more out of yourself. (Sound Works) SG210: Young Drivers: The High-Risk Years (16 minutes) Crash rates for young beginning drivers are much higher than for older drivers. Videos This videotape listens to 16-year-olds tell why they want their driver’s licenses EO144: Transport Trailer Safety: Get and what driving means to them. Parents of teenagers who died in crashes tell More Out of Your Equipment (24 how the tragedies happened and how their families have been affected. The focus minutes) Addresses correct loading, tie- is on ways to reduce the crashes by limiting higher risk driving by beginning 16 down, transport, and unloading of different year olds. Some of these include graduating licensing, parental limitations, and types of heavy equipment on all types of passenger restrictions. (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety – 2002) trailers including tag-alongs, detachable goose necks, beaver tail, and fixed neck SG215: Understanding Car Crashes: It’s Basic Physics (22 minutes) lowboys. Eighteen different types of What happens to vehicles and their occupants in crashes is determined by science. equipment are addressed. Other topics Using a series of vehicle maneuvers on a test track plus filmed results of vehicle include knowing the trailer’s rated capacity; crash tests, the relationship between crash forces and inertia, momentum and correct trailer placement prior to loading; impulse is explained. It also explains how speed and vehicle weight are critical snow, wet, muddy loading and unloading elements in the outcomes of car crashes and how basic physics explains why situations; dangers of loading track-type safety belts and airbags protect people in crashes. (Insurance Institute for equipment; and chain types and restricted Highway Safety – 2000) use of tie-down chain. (VISTA – 1995) SS125: Making Safer Roads (12 Minutes) PAD110: Sober Thoughts on Drinking More than one in four motor vehicle deaths on US roads don’t involve a & Driving (14 Minutes) People are collision with another vehicle or vehicles. It involves hitting a roadside hazard becoming more responsible about how they like a tree, utility pole, or bridge support. Such crashes are a problem especially use alcohol in relation to driving. Still, on secondary roads, which still are cluttered with roadside hazards while there’s plenty of alcohol-impaired driving interstates have been improved. In this videotape, experts explain which hazards left. Too many people are dying. This film present the worst problems. They tell how to alleviate the hazards. These aren’t focuses on a range of effective measures to problems that can be removed all at once because the solutions often are costly, reduce the problem. (Insurance Institute for but there are common-sense approaches to the hazards along the roadside. Highway Safety – 1991) (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety – 1995)

15 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004 cal Ass hni ista ec nc l T e a P Local Technical Assistance Program c r Non-Profit Org. o o L g r a 407 Cobleigh Hall m U.S. Postage PO Box 173910 Montana State University-Bozeman PAID Bozeman, MT 59715 Bozeman, MT 59717-3910 LTAP

Montana

The Local Technical Assistance Editorial Contributions Approximately 1630 copies of this Program Newsletter, LTAP MATTERS, Welcome public document were published at is published quarterly. Funding for this an estimated cost of $1.20 per program is provided by the Federal copy for a total cost of $1,960 LTAP welcomes contributions to LTAP which includes $1,500 for printing Highway Administration through the MATTERS. Those wishing to submit and $460 for distribution. Montana Department of Transportation, relevant materal to be published in the next Montana State University and a portion newsletter can submit their ideas and of Montana’s gas tax revenues. articles to: MDT attempts to provide accommodations for any known This newsletter is designed to keep Michele Beck disability that may interfere with a you informed about new publications, Local Technical Assistance Program person participating in any techniques, and new training service, program or activity of the 407 Cobleigh Hall Department. Alternative opportunities that may be helpful PO Box 173910 accessible formats of this to you and your community. Montana State University-Bozeman document will be provided upon Bozeman, MT 59717-3910 request. Individuals wishing to receive future copies of the newsletter at no cost may send their (800) 541-6671 or (406) 994-6100 request to LTAP, 407 Cobleigh Hall, PO Box Fax: (406) 994-5333 Please send us any comments or 173910, Montana State University- email: [email protected] concerns you may have regarding Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59717-3910, or this newsletter with your name and address in order that we may call 1-800-541-6671. Past issues are respond in a timely manner. available at www.coe.montana.edu/ltap. 16 Montana LTAP • Matters • Fall 2004