TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE RAY JULY 2018 VERSION 4 Proprietary to The Ray 1 Proprietary to The Ray CONTENTS ROADMAP FOR THE RAY 4 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10 DATA AND MONITORING 12 ATMOSPHERIC CARBON CAPTURE 24 BIOFUELS 28 BIOGAS FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 34 ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING LANE 36 LOW CARBON CONCRETE 40 PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING 48 SOLAR POWER 52 WIND 64 PAVING 66 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES FOR THE RAY 74 DRIVE THROUGH TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING 88 LIGHTING THE RAY 92 FULLY SERVICED REST STOP 106 VISION OF 2040 108 FRUGAL INNOVATION 110 HIGH TECH CORRIDOR 112 APPENDIX: HIGHWAY INNOVATION AROUND THE WORLD 114 Proprietary to The Ray 3 ROADMAP FOR THE RAY Proprietary to The Ray Proprietary to The Ray THE RAY THE PROBLEMS THE RAY 2017 THE RAY 2018-2019 THE RAY 2020 HOW MIGHT WE ACHIEVE ZERO? THE HIGHWAY OF THE FUTURE NOT RIGHT FOR THE RAY NOW PROJECTS SOLAR NOISE BARRIER AND SOLAR POWERED LARGE SOLAR FARM AT EXIT 6 SOLAR CANOPIES IN PARKING LOTS GLARE REDUCING CENTRAL HIGHWAY BARRIERS RESOURCE EFFICIENCY LIGHTING ON WEST POINT BRIDGE THE HIGHWAY OF THE FUTURE MIGHT BE FULL OF SMART TECHNOLOGY… RESOURCE EFFICIENCY Gasoline for vehicles, bitumen for the road, and electricity for lighting all deplete the ALGAL BIOFUEL STATIONS WIND POWER TOLLS AND VALUE PERSONALISED INTERMODAL RIDE earth’s fossil fuel reserves SOLAR POWER Electric vehicles are recharged with renewable electricity ADDED SERVICES ADVERTISING SHARING Wind power is one of the world’s most promising renewable energy Burning these fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and causes Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are filled with renewable hydrogen resources (along with solar power). However Georgia does not have global climate change enough wind to make wind power attractive. Induction coils in the road, or overhead conductors, provide power for electric vehicles Concrete also has a large carbon footprint on the move PV4EV CHARGER HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATION ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING LANE !"#$%&!'(#$&)'#*+ Quarrying for road materials scars the landscape and damages local ecosystems DYNAMIC WIND POWER FROM TRAFFIC SUPPORTING SIGNAGE ELECTRIC Whilst many alternative geometries for wind turbines have been VEHICLES proposed few have been effectively demonstrated. Large horizontal POLLUTION REMEDIATION axis turbines still offer the cheapest wind power. POLLUTION REMEDIATION Turbulence significantly reduces the efficiency of wind turbines, and Local pollution from vehicles - NOx, SOx, particulates turbines driven from traffic will be in highly turbulent air. They will only RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT ASPHALT BINDER FROM HOG MANURE LOW CARBON CONCRETE LANDFILL MINING FROM LAGRANGE LANDFILL Electric or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles emit no local pollution produce a very limited amount of energy and at a cost much higher Ground water pollution - toxic chemicals, motor oil, particulates and road materials DYNAMIC SAFETY than conventional wind power. Changing attitudes make dropping litter socially unacceptable ELECTRIC VEHICLE TRACK Litter and road debris PAVING AND CHARGING LANE INFRASTRUCTURE ,-./0#1&2-3*&45$6-37+ PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION MATERIALS Piezoelectric technology suppliers have given misleading information on the available energy from this technology. They have sometimes WILDLIFE CONSERVATION suggested physically implausible values and sometimes confused the units WILDLIFE CONSERVATION HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT of power and energy. There is simply not enough energy available in the AMBIENT POLLUTION MONITORING SOLAR AUTONOMOUS SENSOR NETWORKS VEHICLE EMISSIONS MONITORING POLLUTION MONITORING RAY GATE A connected network of vehicles and sensors detect wildlife and avoid collisions CURRENT SUPERHIGHWAY DATA CONNECTIVITY road from passing traffic to make this worthwhile, and there will always Roadkill be better options for energy generation such as solar power. Plentiful fences, culverts and wildlife bridges eliminate wildlife crossings Habitat degradation and fragmentation DATA AND MONITORING Autonomous vehicles require no illumination either on the vehicle or the road, ATMOSPHERIC CARBON CAPTURE Noise pollution eliminating light pollution THE HIGHWAY OF THE FUTURE MIGHT BE HIGHLY COST-EFFICIENT AND FRUGAL. ALL THE SMART TECHNOLOGY WOULD BE IN THE VEHICLES… It is technically possible to capture CO2 from the atmosphere. Light pollution Electric or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles emit little noise. Might a breakthrough in tire However at the low concentration of ~400ppm, the process is energy ELECTRIC VEHICLE design or road surface eliminate noise? intensive and expensive. If once the world has radically reduced carbon CHARGING TURNOUTS emissions, the climate is still warming, atmospheric carbon capture may LESS MOWING BIOSWALES FENCES AND CULVERTS MORE CAPACITY FROM be useful as a final attempt to secure the planet’s survival. However THE SAME ROADWAY until that time it is better to invest in scaling up technologies to reduce carbon emissions (e.g. solar power) and biological routes to carbon WILDLIFE sequestration (e.g. reforestation). CONSERVATION LIFE SAFETY LIFE SAFETY FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS Accidents, injuries and fatalities Autonomous vehicles never crash ROADSIDE REPLACE ALL MERCURY OR SODIUM LIGHTING ON THE RAY TRIAL A SMART SYSTEM OF INTELLIGENT ROAD First generation biofuels are well-proven but use huge quantities of PILOT SOLAR POWERED LED LIGHTS ON THE BRIDGE AT EXIT 6 TREES WITH THE LATEST LED OR LEP TECHNOLOGY STUDS ON A SHORT STRETCH OF HIGHWAY arable land - about 50X more than would be required for the solar panels to power an electric vehicle. This drives up the price of food. Second generation biofuels have emerged and make use of waste LIGHTING biomass. However they are inefficient to produce and hard to scale up. THE RAY HIGHER AND ADAPTIVE We don’t recommend biofuels for The Ray. They are the fuel of the SPEED LIMITS past - the future is more likely to be solar or hydrogen. !"#$%&'(%))*#+ ECONOMIC COSTS AND LOST OPPORTUNITY ECONOMIC COSTS AND LOST OPPORTUNITY ALGAL FUELS NO LIGHTING DRIVE THROUGH TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING AND INFLATION No further road building or expansion is necessary as autonomous vehicles use MONITORING DRONES / Financial cost of accidents FULLY SERVICED REST STOP narrower lanes and can drive closer together, radically increasing capacity and EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND Algal fuels are third generation biofuels. They could offer a step change reducing congestion TELEHEALTH DRONES in performance and avoid competing with arable land. However they Congestion and prolonged travel times remain relatively unproven at large scale. EXPERIENCE OF NARROWER ROAD TRAINS Huge economic potential is unlocked as fast autonomous vehicles eliminate The technology is being developed in laboratories through process Maintenance costs ROADS STOPPING congestion and radically reduce journey times, all on the same installed infrastructure SHALLOWER RAPID FABRICATION engineering, genetic engineering and strain selection. A demonstration SUBBASE AND REPAIR or trial on The Ray would not help the technology to develop. Roadmap For The Ray Copyright © Innovia Technology Limited, Cambridge, Uk 6 Copyright © Innovia Technology Limited, Cambridge, UK Proprietary to The Ray THE RAY THE PROBLEMS THE RAY 2017 THE RAY 2018-2019 THE RAY 2020 HOW MIGHT WE ACHIEVE ZERO? THE HIGHWAY OF THE FUTURE NOT RIGHT FOR THE RAY NOW PROJECTS SOLAR NOISE BARRIER AND SOLAR POWERED LARGE SOLAR FARM AT EXIT 6 SOLAR CANOPIES IN PARKING LOTS GLARE REDUCING CENTRAL HIGHWAY BARRIERS RESOURCE EFFICIENCY LIGHTING ON WEST POINT BRIDGE THE HIGHWAY OF THE FUTURE MIGHT BE FULL OF SMART TECHNOLOGY… RESOURCE EFFICIENCY Gasoline for vehicles, bitumen for the road, and electricity for lighting all deplete the ALGAL BIOFUEL STATIONS WIND POWER TOLLS AND VALUE PERSONALISED INTERMODAL RIDE earth’s fossil fuel reserves SOLAR POWER Electric vehicles are recharged with renewable electricity ADDED SERVICES ADVERTISING SHARING Wind power is one of the world’s most promising renewable energy Burning these fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and causes Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are filled with renewable hydrogen resources (along with solar power). However Georgia does not have global climate change enough wind to make wind power attractive. Induction coils in the road, or overhead conductors, provide power for electric vehicles Concrete also has a large carbon footprint on the move PV4EV CHARGER HYDROGEN REFUELLING STATION ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING LANE !"#$%&!'(#$&)'#*+ Quarrying for road materials scars the landscape and damages local ecosystems DYNAMIC WIND POWER FROM TRAFFIC SUPPORTING SIGNAGE ELECTRIC Whilst many alternative geometries for wind turbines have been VEHICLES proposed few have been effectively demonstrated. Large horizontal POLLUTION REMEDIATION axis turbines still offer the cheapest wind power. POLLUTION REMEDIATION Turbulence significantly reduces the efficiency of wind turbines, and Local pollution from vehicles - NOx, SOx, particulates turbines driven from traffic will be in highly turbulent air. They will only RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT ASPHALT BINDER FROM HOG MANURE LOW CARBON CONCRETE LANDFILL MINING FROM LAGRANGE LANDFILL Electric or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles emit no local pollution produce a very limited amount of energy and at a cost much higher Ground water pollution - toxic chemicals, motor oil, particulates and road materials DYNAMIC SAFETY than conventional wind power. Changing attitudes make dropping litter socially