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Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Impact Assessment in the Context of the Brazilian Environmental and Energy Planning

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Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Impact Assessment in the Context of the Brazilian Environmental and Energy Planning LARGE-SCALE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BRAZILIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY PLANNING Gardenio Diogo Pimentel da Silva Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Planejamento Energético, COPPE, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Planejamento Energético. Orientador(es): David Alves Castelo Branco Alessandra Magrini Rio de Janeiro Feverreiro de 2019 LARGE-SCALE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BRAZILIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY PLANNING Gardenio Diogo Pimentel da Silva DISSERTAÇÃO SUBMETIDA AO CORPO DOCENTE DO INSTITUTO ALBERTO LUIZ COIMBRA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA DE ENGENHARIA (COPPE) DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE MESTRE EM CIÊNCIAS EM PLANEJAMENTO ENERGÉTICO. Examinada por: ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. David Alves Castelo Branco, DSc. ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alessandra Magrini, DSc. ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Betina Susanne Hoffmann, DSc. ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ricardo Abranches Felix Cardoso Júnior, DSc. RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ - BRASIL FEVERREIRO DE 2019 Da Silva, Gardenio Diogo Pimentel Large-scale solar photovoltaic impact assessment in the context of the Brazilian environmental and energy planning/ Gardenio Diogo Pimentel da Silva. XIV, 89 p.: il.; 29,7 cm. Orientador: David Alves Castelo Branco e Alessandra Magrini Dissertação (mestrado) – UFRJ/ COPPE/ Programa de Planejamento Energético, 2019. Referências Bibliográficas: p. 92-96. 1. 1. Environmental Impact Assessment. 2. Regulation and energy planning. 3. Multicriteria decision-making analysis. I. Branco, David Alves Castelo; Magrini, Alessandra. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Programa de Engenharia Civil. III. Título. iii “Até aqui o Senhor nos ajudou” 1 Samuel 7:12 “Thus far the Lord has helped us” 1 Samuel 7:12 iv Agradecimentos A Deus seja dada toda honra, glória, louvor e mérito, por isso, agredeço ao meu Pai amado por ter me dado essa imensa oportunidade, abertos tantas portas durante o mestrado e me capacitado para realizar cada demanda. Agredeço minha mãe, Benedita do Socorro Corrêa Pimentel Palheta, pelo amor e apoio mesmo eu estando tão longe da minha terra natal. De igual forma tenho que agradecer minha querida namorada (e futura esposa), Elisa Teixeira da Silva, e sua família (Ivanilza, Jorge e Felipe) por estarem comigo nesse período e serem minha família no Rio de Janeiro. Não há palavras que possam expressar tamanha gratidão e carinho que tenho por cada integrante da família. Não posso me esquecer de cada amigo ou membro da família que me apoiou de alguma forma nessa caminhada. São tantas as pessoas maravilhosas que conheci durante o mestrado que não há espaço para escrever cada nome. Agradeço a Deus pela vida de cada um, assim como o carinho expressado de diversas formas (como indo ao Tacacá do Norte comemorar meu aniversário e para se despedir antes de minha jornada no Canadá). Agradeço aos meus orientadores, David e Alessandra, por terem mostrado tanta paciência e suporte. Foram diversas conversas, e-mails, reuniões, etc, com milhões de ideias e orientações. Professora Alessandra, sou muito grato por ser sido orientado pela senhora no “final do segundo tempo” da sua jornada pelo programa. Suas contribuições foram fundamentais para produção do trabalho e para dar direcionamento na minha pesquisa. Professor David, agradeço que mesmo não sendo da área ambiental o senhor sempre esteve disposto a me orientar, lendo os trabalhos e ajudando com diversas situações como apresentação da dissertação em formato de artigos e minha ida ao Canadá. Por fim, agradeço a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo apoio financeiro e também ao IVIG/COPPE pela oportunidade de trabalhar em um projeto paralelo que me proporcionou experiência e suporte financeiro. v Resumo da Dissertação apresentada à COPPE/UFRJ como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências (M.Sc.) AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTOS DE USINAS SOLARES NO CONTEXTO DO PLANEJAMENTO AMBIENTAL E ENERGÉTICO NACIONAL BRASILEIRO Gardenio Diogo Pimentel da Silva Fevereiro/2019 Orientadores: David Alves Castelo Branco Alessandra Magrini. Programa: Planejamento Energético A energia solar está crescendo em todo o mundo, especialmente através de instalações fotovoltaicas de grande escala (IFVGE). Há, no entanto, uma discussão entre diferentes partes interessadas e profissionais sobre os reais benefícios e impactos ambientais dessas instalações. A discussão aborda o papel principal do licenciamento ambiental (LA) para instalações de energia renovável considerando os impactos reais de tais projetos, assim como os critérios usados para licenciar e orientar os estudos ambientais e os métodos usados na avaliação de impacto e processo de tomada de decisão. Esta dissertação apresenta três artigos que analisam coletivamente os impactos ambientais de IFVGE em três esferas: aspectos legais, importância dos impactos ambientais e abordagens atuais de avaliação de impacto no contexto brasileiro. O primeiro trabalho estuda as atuais regulamentações ambientais para o licenciamento de IFVGE no Brasil e conecta seu papel no planejamento energético do país. O segundo artigo descreve os potenciais impactos ambientais causados pelas IFVGE, comparando sistemas montados no solo com sistemas flutuantes. O trabalho final aborda os métodos de avaliação de impacto utilizados na Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental. Além disso, uma metodologia multicritério é proposta para melhorar o atual processo de avaliação. vi Abstract of Dissertation presented to COPPE/UFRJ as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (M.Sc.) LARGE-SCALE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BRAZILIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY PLANNING Gardenio Diogo Pimentel da Silva February/2019 Advisors: David Alves Castelo Branco Alessandra Magrini. Department: Energy Planning Solar energy installations are growing worldwide, especially through large-scale photovoltaic installations (LSPVI). There is, though, a discussion between different stakeholders and professionals about the real environmental benefits and impacts of LSPVI. The discussion addresses the main role of environmental licensing (EL) for renewable energy installations considering the real impacts of such projects, criteria used to license and drive the environmental studies, and methods used to assessment and judge impacts and aid the decision-making process. This dissertations presents three papers that collectively examine the environmental impacts of LSPVI in three spheres: legal aspects, likely environmental impacts and their significance, and current impact assessment approaches in the Brazilian context. The first paper study the current environmental regulations for licensing LSPVI in Brazil and connect its role in the country’s energy planning. The second paper outlines potential environmental impacts caused by LSPVI comparing ground-mounted to floating systems. The final work analyses the impact assessment methods used in the Environmental Impact Assessment. Moreover, a multicriteria approach is also proposed to improve the current assessment process. vii Table of Contents List of tables .................................................................................................................... x List of figures ................................................................................................................. xi List of acronym ............................................................................................................. xii Declaration of co-Authorship/previous publications ............................................... xiii Chapter I - Introduction ............................................................................................... 15 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 18 Division .................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter II Environmental licensing and energy policy regulation towards utility- scale solar photovoltaic installations: current status and future perspectives ........ 20 introduction .................................................................................................................. 21 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 23 Brazilian energy policy for utility-scale solar PV ........................................................ 23 Electricity governance in Brazil and solar PV status ................................................... 23 Procurement auctions for solar PV .............................................................................. 25 The environmental framework ..................................................................................... 27 Environmental regulation and licensing ...................................................................... 27 Legal framework applied to the renewable energy sector ........................................... 29 Conflicts and recommendations ..................................................................................
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