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Tower Hamlets) The Development of a Br-Islamic Identity: Third Generation Bangladeshis from East London (Tower Hamlets) By Aminul Hoque Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Education, Goldsmiths College University of London 1 Declaration of Authenticity I, Aminul Hoque, declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own work. Signature: Date: 2 Abstract This thesis is an in-depth ethnographic study of the lives and multiple identities of six third generation British born Bangladeshis from Tower Hamlets. I argue that they find it difficult to be both British and Bangladeshi and are presented with difficult identity choices. Marginalised by mainstream British society due to ethno-cultural differences, many are also excluded from the Bangladeshi community due to their adoption of a seemingly more Western lifestyle. This complex situation brings into sharp focus the question of identity or identities. Are British born third generation Bangladeshis: • Bangladeshi ? • British ? • Muslim ? • A fusion of the three ? The central argument of this study is that this dual exclusion from both wider British society and Bangladeshi culture has forced many third generation Bangladeshis to seek alternative identities. In modern geo-politics, the emergence of Islam as a powerful mobilising entity for its followers, has led to the growth of religiously orientated identities in many younger generations across the Muslim diaspora. Numerous third generation Bangladeshis from Tower Hamlets have syncretised their Bangladeshi culture with their Western socialisation within an Islamic framework. The result is the construction of what I have termed a Br- Islamic identity. Enabling the subjects to identify comfortably with their multifaceted identities, Br-Islam challenges traditional Bangladeshi norms, values and rituals and also contests the complex notion of what it means to be ‘British’. Br-Islam allows many to be British, Bangladeshi and Muslim all at the same time, thus occupying more of a socio- political rather than theological space in wider society. Furthermore, as a dynamic and complex postmodern identity, Br-Islam requires a constantly changing view of ‘self’, responding to rapid social, economic and technological changes in modern society. I argue that Br-Islam is a fluid response to this crisis – a hybrid concept negotiating the complexities of modern society and providing its members with the voice, visibility, belonging, representation and confidence to partake in the wider political process. 3 Contents Declaration of Authenticity 2 Abstract 3 Contents 4 Part One: Introduction 8 The purpose of the study 9 Structure of thesis 12 Chapter One: My starting point (autobiographical review) 17 Chapter Two: The history and settlement of Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain 27 2.0 Introduction 27 2.1 South Asian Muslim immigration into Britain 29 2.2 The depth and diversity of Islam in Britain 33 2.3 The increasing popularity of British Islam 37 2.4 The relationship between the international and the local 40 2.5 The Bangladeshis of Tower Hamlets 47 2.6 Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain: a history of deprivation, poverty and underachievement 51 2.7 Conclusion 56 Chapter Three: The Methodology Chapter: A Critical Analysis of the Narrative Approach to Research 58 3.0 Introduction 58 3.1 Why the narrative approach over other methods of enquiry ? 59 3.2 Limitations with the narrative approach to research 65 3.3 Interpreting the Respondents as both an ‘outsider’ and an ‘insider’ 69 3.4 Conclusion 78 Chapter Four: A Pilot Study & Literature Review 80 4.0 Introduction 80 4.1 Background information of the three respondents from the pilot study 81 4.2 Neither here nor there 82 4.3 A distrust of the ‘Whiteman’: Living through racism 84 4.4 Bangladeshi or British ? Or both ? 87 4 4.5 The role of religion: the development of ‘Br-Islam’ 88 4.6 Conclusion(s) of pilot study 90 Part Two: Introduction of Participants & Key Themes 93 Chapter Five: Introduction of Participants and key themes 94 5.0 Introduction 94 5.1 Key principles adhered to throughout the research process 96 5.2 Background of the six respondents 99 Saeed Miah 99 Akbar Miah 100 Azad Miah 101 Sanjida Begum 101 Zeyba Hussain 102 Taiba Khatun 103 5.3 Presenting and coding the data: Common Themes/ Patterns that connect 104 5.3(i) The five stages of data collection and analysis 104 5.3(ii) Colour coding the themes and sub-themes 107 5.3(1) The disconnect from Bengali culture 110 5.3(2) Language and Identity 116 5.3(3) Feelings of rejection – a sense of displacement in East London 121 5.3(4) Islam – acceptance, belonging, spirituality and visibility 124 5.3(5) Who am I ?: I am British not Bengali 130 5.3(6) Location of ‘home’ 132 5.3(7) A specific Bangladeshi female (gendered) identity 137 5.4 Conclusion 140 Part Three: Data Analysis 142 Introduction to data analysis section 143 Chapter Six: The relationship between the ‘Bengali’ language and the ‘Bangladeshi’ culture: Implications for Identity 144 6.0 Introduction 144 6.1 Distinctions between the ‘Sylheti’ and ‘Bengali’ language 146 6.2 Language and cultural identity 149 6.3 English as a language of power 157 6.4 The Arabic language as an alternative source of power, identity and meaning 166 6.5 Conclusion 173 Chapter Seven: A question of ‘race’: exclusion and “second class citizenship” 175 7.0 Introduction 175 7.1 Theories of race 177 7.2 A ‘cultural’ racism 186 7.3 We are “here to stay”: revolt and resistance – a short history 5 of race and racism in East London 194 Altab Ali (1978) 197 Quddus Ali (1993) 198 7.4 A world ‘beyond racism’ 200 Chapter Eight: The development of a Br-Islamic identity among the third generation Bangladeshis from East London (Tower Hamlets) 202 8.0 Introduction 202 8.1 What does it mean to be a British Bangladeshi Muslim 204 8.2 A Multifaceted Br-Islamic identity 208 8.3 Why has Islam increased in national and global popularity 212 8.4 What does Islam offer the third generation Bangladeshis from Tower Hamlets 217 8.5 A new Islam for a new generation: the development of a Br-Islamic cultural identity 221 8.6 Where is the evidence for the existence of this ‘Br-Islamic’ culture 225 8.7 The complex relationship between the ‘Br-Islamic’ Identity and western Capitalist culture 227 Chapter Nine: The assertion of a Br-Islamic identity in public spaces – a critical discussion of ‘Britishness’ and British multiculturalism 230 9.0 Introduction 230 9.1 Who am I ? : I am British, not Bengali 231 9.2 The complexity of ‘Britishness’ 234 9.3 Towards a ‘critical’ multiculturalism 238 9.4 John Rex’s public/ private precondition of a secular multicultural society 244 9.5 British Muslim assertiveness in public spaces: Multiculturalism Re-defined 247 9.6 Conclusion – the recognition and acceptance of Br-Islam in secular public spaces 253 Chapter Ten: Third generation Bangladeshi girls from Tower Hamlets: using Islam as a platform to construct new meanings of being British, Bangladeshi, Muslim and female 257 10.0 Introduction 257 10.1 The importance of Islam: locating their voices within the wider debate 260 10.2 The status of women in Islam: Challenging some popular 267 myths and stereotypes 10.3 The importance of the ‘hijab’ as a marker of or resistance against patriarchy 274 10.4 Conclusion 284 6 Part Four: Conclusions 286 Chapter Eleven: Conclusion: Br-Islam - a way forward ? 287 11.0 Important disclaimer 287 11.1 General conclusion 289 11.2 A way forward 293 11.3 Implications for community, education and policy 295 Bibliography 303 Tables Table 1: Major distinctions between ethnographic and experimental enquiry 60 Table 2: Key principles adhered to throughout the research process 97 Table 3: Factors explaining the differences in attitudes between 1st/2nd Vs 3rd/4th generations of British Bangladeshi women 263 Table 4: A six point social programme for the British Bangladeshi community 294 Appendices 349 Appendix 1: Glossary of foreign words, key concepts and terms 350 Appendix 2: Introduction letter given to the participants of the study 353 Appendix 3: Consent letter for participants under 16 355 Appendix 4: Colour coding the data from the interviews into themes and sub-themes 356 Appendix 5: Interview extract with Sanjida discussing her childhood memories 358 Appendix 6: Timing of re-occurring themes and sub-themes within interviews (language) 362 Appendix 7: Visual images of the Br-Islamification of Tower Hamlets 364 Appendix 8: Diagram showing the complex development of a multifaceted Br-Islamic identity amongst many third generation Bangladeshis 371 7 Part One Introduction 8 The Purpose of the Study “my aim is general and modest: to create a better understanding of the problem by highlighting the historical perspective and providing some previously unknown information and fresh insight. If at the end of [this study] the reader feels that [s]he is able to see the wood instead of the tree, the purpose of [this study] will have been amply served” (Hiro, 1971: vii-viii) This study aims to explore the multifaceted identities of six third generation Bangladeshi’s from East London (Tower Hamlets). Having been involved in grass-roots voluntary community work with Bangladeshi young people from the East End of London aged between 7 and 25 for over eighteen years, it has become apparent to me that there is a constant state of confusion over their identities. Many find it difficult to be both British and Bangladeshi, whilst some feel that they do not belong to either of the groups. I argue that many have constructed a Br-Islamic identity for themselves to help negotiate the complexities of ethnic, racial, national and linguistic identity groups that they are a part of.
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