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Hot Peppers As a Host for the Mexican Fruit Fly Anastrepha Ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Scientific Notes 603 HOT PEPPERS AS A HOST FOR THE MEXICAN FRUIT FLY ANASTREPHA LUDENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) DONALD B. THOMAS United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center, 2413 E. Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 On the 28th of April, 2003, a shipment of man- will breed in rotting vegetable matter including zano chile peppers (Capsicum pubescens Ruis & chile peppers, but these are non-pest species, and Pavon cv Rocoto) entering the United States at this incident involved sound fruit (Fig. 1). No Pharr, Texas, was found to be infested with insect dipterans are listed as economic pests of chile pep- larvae. USDA inspectors first noted maggots pers by English & Lewis (2004). Baker et al. crawling in the bed of the truck underneath the 16 (1944) cited incidents of A. ludens in “bell peppers cardboard boxes (240 Kg) containing the chile pep- and chili peppers” and there are equally ambigu- pers. Further inspection confirmed that the larvae ous reports of another tephritid, Zonosemata vitti- were in, and emerging from, the fleshy pods. Two gera (Coquillet), taken in “peppers” (Cole 1969). of the larvae were immediately preserved in alco- Zonosemata electa (Say) is known as the “pepper hol while 50 more larvae were kept alive. All spec- maggot” (Peterson 1960) and has been reared imens were hand carried to the nearby USDA- from “Capsicum annuum L.” (Smith & Bush ARS laboratory in Weslaco, Texas for identifica- 1999). The latter solanaceous plant species in- tion. Microscopic examination established that cludes both hot and sweet peppers. -
Anastrepha Ludens
EPPO Datasheet: Anastrepha ludens Last updated: 2021-01-08 IDENTITY Preferred name: Anastrepha ludens Authority: (Loew) Taxonomic position: Animalia: Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae Other scientific names: Acrotoxa ludens Loew, Anastrepha lathana Stone, Trypeta ludens (Loew) Common names: Mexican fruit fly view more common names online... EPPO Categorization: A1 list view more categorizations online... more photos... EU Categorization: A1 Quarantine pest (Annex II A) EPPO Code: ANSTLU Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature This species was first described in 1873 by Loew as Trypeta ludens. The current combination was proposed by Wulp (1900). The name Anastrepha lathana Stone is considered a synonym. Name, host plant, and distribution data for this species and other fruit flies are available under Fruit Fly Databases on the USDA Compendium of Fruit Fly Host Information. HOSTS Mango (Mangifera indica) and various species of Citrus, especially grapefruit and oranges, are the most important commercial hosts (Hernandez-Ortiz, 1992) of A. ludens. Peach (Prunus persica) and various other fruit crops are attacked less frequently, but more than 40 plant species are reported as at least occasional field hosts of this polyphagous pest (Norrbom, 2004). Thomas (2004) provides an example of A. ludens adaptive capability to infest new host plants, describing the discovery of the introduced manzano pepper (Capsicum pubescens) as an unexpected new host in Mexico. Nearly all of the commercial hosts of A. ludens are exotic. Baker et al. (1944) considered Casimiroa greggii (Rutaceae) to be the only native wild host, although three other Casimiroa spp. (Jirón et al., 1988) and several other wild native plants could also have been original hosts. -
Diccionario Campesino Hondureño Jeffery W. Bentley1 Prólogo Como
Diccionario campesino hondureño Jeffery W. Bentley1 Prólogo Los campesinos tienen un vocabulario enorme, del cual este diccionario documenta una parte. Los campesinos llevan una vida verbal, con poca influencia de medios visuales como el periódico, el cine y la televisión. Tienen un vocabulario grande, a pesar de que muchos de ellos no saben leer ni escribir. El conversar y escuchar la radio son fuentes importantes de información y diversión. En el campo se estima mucho una conversación con gracia. Mucha gente de la ciudad cree que los campesinos usan palabras inventadas por ellos mismos. Sin embargo, la mayoría son palabras antiguas, con raíces en idiomas viejos, como latín o náhuat. Los campesinos saben muchas palabras que los capitalinos no saben, pero que sí se encuentran en el Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia. Sin embargo, el español rural hondureño es un idioma moderno, actualizado, que sigue cambiando para servir los intereses de un pueblo en cambio. Pretendemos aquí lograr tres metas. La primera es ayudar a la comunicación con el pueblo rural. En segundo, esperamos documentar en parte el mundo conceptual de la gente de las aldeas, mostrando que sus palabras son claves para conceptos complicados, profundos, con definiciones concretas. Las palabras muestran las categorías conceptuales de la gente. La tercera meta es que por medio de una presentación formal, brindar el prestigio y respeto que merece el hablar del pueblo rural de Honduras. Empecé a escribir el diccionario con un enfoque de dialecto: pensaba que los campesinos por ser un grupo social tenían su propio hablar. -
Papaya Fruit Fly, Toxotrypana Curvicauda Gerstaecker
EENY-021 Papaya Fruit Fly (suggested common name), Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)1 H. L. Selman, J. B. Heppner, and T. R. Fasulo2 Introduction Venezuela). In the United States, the fly is found in south- ern Texas and southern Florida. The papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, is the principal insect pest of papaya (Carica papaya L.) throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the New World. The insect was introduced into Florida in 1905, most likely from the West Indies on papaya shipments. It first became established in the Florida Keys and Miami, then spread throughout the state wherever papayas are grown. Papaya fruit fly larvae and adults have been found in Florida in every month of the year. Although originally considered to be monophagous, infesting only wild and cultivated papaya, the insect has also been reported on mango and milkweed in Florida, and other plant species in Mexico. Figure 1. Adult female papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Synonymy Gerstaecker. Credits: Doug Caldwell, UF/IFAS Mikimyia furcifera Bigot. Description Distribution Adult The papaya fruit fly is distributed throughout the Carib- Commonly mistaken for a vespid wasp due to its size, form, bean, particularly in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, coloration, and behavior, the papaya fruit fly is predomi- Trinidad, Cuba, and the Bahamas. It is also found in nantly yellow marked with black. The female has a very Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Hon- long, slender abdomen with a greatly elongated, curved duras, Mexico, Panama) and South America (Columbia, ovipositor which exceeds the length of its body (body length: 8.5–12.5 mm; ovipositor length: 9–14 mm). -
Tropical Insect Chemical Ecology - Edi A
TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol.VII - Tropical Insect Chemical Ecology - Edi A. Malo TROPICAL INSECT CHEMICAL ECOLOGY Edi A. Malo Departamento de Entomología Tropical, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, C.P. 30700. México. Keywords: Insects, Semiochemicals, Pheromones, Kairomones, Monitoring, Mass Trapping, Mating Disrupting. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Semiochemicals 2.1. Use of Semiochemicals 3. Pheromones 3.1. Lepidoptera Pheromones 3.2. Coleoptera Pheromones 3.3. Diptera Pheromones 3.4. Pheromones of Insects of Medical Importance 4. Kairomones 4.1. Coleoptera Kairomones 4.2. Diptera Kairomones 5. Synthesis 6. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary In this chapter we describe the current state of tropical insect chemical ecology in Latin America with the aim of stimulating the use of this important tool for future generations of technicians and professionals workers in insect pest management. Sex pheromones of tropical insectsUNESCO that have been identified to– date EOLSS are mainly used for detection and population monitoring. Another strategy termed mating disruption, has been used in the control of the tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella, and the Guatemalan potato moth, Tecia solanivora. Research into other semiochemicals such as kairomones in tropical insects SAMPLErevealed evidence of their presence CHAPTERS in coleopterans. However, additional studies are necessary in order to confirm these laboratory results. In fruit flies, the isolation of potential attractants (kairomone) from Spondias mombin for Anastrepha obliqua was reported recently. The use of semiochemicals to control insect pests is advantageous in that it is safe for humans and the environment. The extensive use of these kinds of technologies could be very important in reducing the use of pesticides with the consequent reduction in the level of contamination caused by these products around the world. -
Diptera: Tephritidae) Research in Latin America: Myths, Realities and Dreams
Dezembro, 1999 An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(4) 565 FORUM Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Research in Latin America: Myths, Realities and Dreams MARTÍN ALUJA Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Apartado Postal 63, C.P. 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico This article is dedicated to J.S. Morgante, R.A. Zucchi, A. Malavasi, F.S. Zucoloto, A.S. Nascimento, S. Bressan, L.A.B. Salles, and A. Kovaleski who have greatly contributed to our knowledge on fruit flies and their parasitoids in Latin America An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(4): 565-594 (1999) A Pesquisa com Moscas-das-Frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) na América Latina: Mitos, Realidade e Perspectivas RESUMO – Apresento uma avaliação crítica da pesquisa com moscas-das-frutas na América Latina baseada na noção de que muitos mitos e mal-entendidos são transmitidos a estudantes, jovens pesquisadores ou administrações oficiais. Pondero que depois de um esclarecedor início de século, durante o qual muitas descobertas significativas foram feitas sobre a história natural desses insetos, pouco progresso tem sido observado em muitas áreas de pesquisas e manejo de moscas-das-frutas na América Latina durante os últimos 50 anos. Isso tem sido causado em parte pela escassez de estudos sob condições naturais, bem com pela abordagem reducionista utilizada no estudo desses insetos maravilhosos, considerando as espécies individualmente, ou apenas as espécies-praga. Para interromper esse círculo vicioso, proponho que demos mais atenção à história natural das espécies, independente de sua importância econômica, ampliemos o escopo e o período de tempo de nossos estudos, fortaleçamos os fundamentos teóricos e ecológicos das pesquisas com moscas-das-frutas na América Latina e enfatizemos o enfoque comparativo sempre que possível. -
Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii
Chapter Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of Diptera (Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii Abstract The order Diptera includes all true flies. Members of this order are the most ecologically diverse and probably have a greater economic impact on humans than any other group of insects. The application of explicit methods of phylogenetic and morphological analysis has revealed weaknesses in the traditional classification of dipteran insects, but little progress has been made to achieve a robust, stable clas- sification that reflects evolutionary relationships and morphological adaptations for a more precise understanding of their developmental biology and behavioral ecol- ogy. The current status of Diptera phylogenetics is reviewed in this chapter. Also, key aspects of the morphology of the different life stages of the flies, particularly characters useful for taxonomic purposes and for an understanding of the group’s biology have been described with an emphasis on newer contributions and progress in understanding this important group of insects. Keywords: Tephritoidea, Diptera flies, Nematocera, Brachycera metamorphosis, larva 1. Introduction Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms. Phylogeny is essential in understanding the biodiversity, genetics, evolution, and ecology among groups of organisms [1, 2]. Functional morphology involves the study of the relationships between the structure of an organism and the function of the various parts of an organism. The old adage “form follows function” is a guiding principle of functional morphology. It helps in understanding the ways in which body structures can be used to produce a wide variety of different behaviors, including moving, feeding, fighting, and reproducing. It thus, integrates concepts from physiology, evolution, anatomy and development, and synthesizes the diverse ways that biological and physical factors interact in the lives of organisms [3]. -
A Web-Based Expert System for Identification of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China Based on DNA Barcode Zhimei Li, Zhihong Li, Fuxiang Wang, Wei Lin, Jiajiao Wu
TBIS: A Web-Based Expert System for Identification of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China Based on DNA Barcode Zhimei Li, Zhihong Li, Fuxiang Wang, Wei Lin, Jiajiao Wu To cite this version: Zhimei Li, Zhihong Li, Fuxiang Wang, Wei Lin, Jiajiao Wu. TBIS: A Web-Based Expert System for Identification of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China Based on DNA Barcode. 4th Conference onCom- puter and Computing Technologies in Agriculture (CCTA), Oct 2010, Nanchang, China. pp.563-571, 10.1007/978-3-642-18354-6_66. hal-01563456 HAL Id: hal-01563456 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01563456 Submitted on 17 Jul 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License TBIS: A Web-Based Expert System for Identification of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China Based on DNA Barcode Zhimei Li 1, Zhihong Li 1,*, Fuxiang Wang 2, Wei Lin 3, Jiajiao Wu 4 1Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China 2 National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing, P. R. China 3General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, P. -
Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01 PPQ Jeffrey N
United States Department of Agriculture Natural Enemies of Marketing and Regulatory True Fruit Flies Programs Animal and Plant Health (Tephritidae) Inspection Service Plant Protection Jeffrey N. L. Stibick and Quarantine Psyttalia fletcheri (shown) is the only fruit fly parasitoid introduced into Hawaii capable of parasitizing the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 February, 2004 Telephone: (301) 734-4406 FAX: (301) 734-8192 e-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey N. L. Stibick Introduction Introduction Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are high profile insects among commercial fruit and vegetable growers, marketing exporters, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community. Locally, producers face huge losses without some management scheme to control fruit fly populations. At the national and international level, plant protection agencies strictly regulate the movement of potentially infested products. Consumers throughout the world demand high quality, blemish-free produce. Partly to satisfy these demands, the costs to local, state and national governments are quite high and increasing as world trade, and thus risk, increases. Thus, fruit flies impose a considerable resource tax on participants at every level, from producer to shipper to the importing state and, ultimately, to the consumer. (McPheron & Steck, 1996) Indeed, in the United States alone, the running costs per year to APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), (the federal Agency responsible) for maintenance of trapping systems, laboratories, and identification are in excess of US$27 million per year and increasing. This figure only accounts for a fraction of total costs throughout the country, as State, County and local governments put in their share as well as the local industry affected. -
A Phylogenetic Study of the Family Tephritidae (Insecta: Diptera) Using a Mitochondrial DNA Sequence
Proceedings of 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium 6–10 May 2002, Stellenbosch, South Africa pp. 439–443 A phylogenetic study of the family Tephritidae (Insecta: Diptera) using a mitochondrial DNA sequence P. Fernández, D. Segura, C. Callejas & M.D. Ochando* Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 – Madrid, Spain Achievements in tephritid taxonomy have greatly contributed to both basic research and pest management programmes. However, despite the large amount of taxonomic data available, the higher classification of the family Tephritidae is still a matter of debate. A molecular approach could help to provide a more accurate classification. A molecular study was therefore undertaken to gain insight into the phylogenetic relationships within the family Tephritidae. A DNA region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene was compared in species representing six genera of the family, namely Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Dacus, Bactrocera, Anastrepha and Toxotrypana. A dendrogram was constructed using the neighbour-joining method with Liriomyza huidobrensis and Drosophila yakuba as outgroups. Two main clusters were obtained in the tree, the first grouping being the Ceratitis species, C. capitata, C. rosa, and C. cosyra, and the second showing two main branches, one for Dacus, Bactrocera and Rhagoletis, and the other for Anastrepha and Toxotrypana. The results are discussed in relation to published phylogenies. INTRODUCTION a better understanding of the phylogenetic rela- Among the most devastating of agricultural tionships within the Tephritidae family (Han & pests, the family Tephritidae, commonly known as McPheron 1994, 1997, 2001; Malacrida et al. 1996; fruit flies, includes more than 4000 species in McPheron & Han 1997; Smith & Bush 1997; some 500 genera distributed all around the world Morrow et al. -
Genus Anastrepha Schiner INTERNATIONAL STANDARD for PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES PHYTOSANITARY for STANDARD INTERNATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS
ISPM 27 27 ANNEX 9 ENG DP 9: Genus Anastrepha Schiner INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES PHYTOSANITARY FOR STANDARD INTERNATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS Produced by the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) This page is intentionally left blank This diagnostic protocol was adopted by the Standards Committee on behalf of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in August 2015. The annex is a prescriptive part of ISPM 27. ISPM 27 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests DP 9: Genus Anastrepha Schiner Adopted 2015; published 2016 CONTENTS 1. Pest Information ............................................................................................................................... 2 2. Taxonomic Information .................................................................................................................... 3 3. Detection ........................................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Inspection of fruits. ........................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Inspection of traps. ............................................................................................................ 4 4. Identification ..................................................................................................................................... 4 4.1 Preparation of adults for identification ............................................................................. -
Anastrepha Edentata and Other Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Detected on Key Largo, Florida
Scientific Notes 173 ANASTREPHA EDENTATA AND OTHER FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) DETECTED ON KEY LARGO, FLORIDA MICHAEL K. HENNESSEYL, WALTER P. GOULD2 AND GARY J. STECK3 lUnited States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science & Technology, 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 400, Raleigh, NC 27606-5202 2United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 4700 River Road, Riverdale, MD 20737 3Florida State Collection of Arthropods, P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614 Several Anastrepha species (Diptera: Te- Ten to 16 plastic McPhail traps baited with phritidae) are quarantine pests of commercial torula yeast/borax tablets dissolved in water fruits in the New World. Florida is home to one were suspended on the branches of small trees. such pest, the introduced Anastrepha suspensa Traps were hung 2 m off the ground, placed at (Loew) (Caribbean fruit fly), plus three other 50-100-m intervals along a narrow, unpaved Anastrepha species that are not considered of trail in the park, and were checked weekly from economic importance (Foote et al. 1993; Sutton 25 Feb 1994 to 23 Feb 1996. In total, 21 A. eden- & Steck 2005). One of these latter species, tata adults were trapped on 10 different occa- Anastrepha edentata Stone, is particularly mys- sions (Table 1). This is the first substantial col- terious, as no host has ever been reported from lection of the species since 1934-1937, when the anywhere in its known range of South Florida fly was first discovered and trapped in rela- and Puerto Rico (Norrbom 2004).