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Schnellrecherche Der SFH-Länderanalyse Vom 15

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Schnellrecherche Der SFH-Länderanalyse Vom 15 Schnellrecherche der SFH-Länderanalyse vom 15. September 2015 zu Irak: Frauen im Bildungsbereich unter der Organisation Isamischer Staat (IS) in Mosul Fragen an die SFH-Länderanalyse: Was verlangt die IS von Frauen, die im Bildungsbereich aktiv sind? Was droht Frauen, die aktiv im Bildungsbereich sind und die Zusammenarbeit mit der IS verweigern? Die Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche (Schne llrecher- che) in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die uns derzeit zur Verfügung stehen. 1 Was verlangt die IS von Frauen, die im Bildungsbereich aktiv sind? Bis zur Eroberung von Mosul durch die Terrormiliz Islamischer Staat (IS) im Juni 2014 war die Universität Mosul die zweitgrösste Universität des Landes. Vertreibungen. Gleich zu Beginn der Machtübernahme hat die IS hunderte Professo- ren, Professorinnen und Lehrkräfte, vor allem Frauen und Schiiten, vertrieben. Ange- hörige ethnischer und religiöser Minderheiten sind geflohen. Besonders gefährdet wa- ren Lehrkräfte, die Verbindungen zu den USA hatten (International Business Times, 2. Dezember 2014). IS-Regeln. Al Fanar Media berichtete im November 2014 ausführlich über die von der IS umgesetzten Massnahmen im Bildungsbereich in Mosul. Für Frauen sei es beson- ders schwierig. Eine Literaturprofessorin meinte, dass sie nicht mehr an die Universi- tät gehe, überall seien Bewaffnete, Checkpoints und Hisbah (Scharia-Polizisten), die mit Lautsprechern über den Campus gehen und zum Beispiel die Frauen auffordern, ihre Gürtel abzulegen, da Gürtel, auch unter dem schwarzen Mantel getragen verbo- ten sind, die Taille dürfe nicht gezeigt werden. Der Unterricht findet neu getrennt nach Geschlechtern statt. Falls in der Zukunft auch die Lehrkräfte nur noch nach Ge- schlechtern unterrichten dürfen, werden die Studentinnen kaum mehr Kurse besuchen können, da es zu wenige Lehrerinnen hat. IS-Schergen nötigen die Studentinnen sich zu verschleiern. Sie dürfen sich nicht mit männlichen Studenten unterhalten. Auch während den Abschlussprüfungen im November 2014 wurden die Student innen und Studenten strikt nach Geschlecht getrennt. Die Frauen sollen vormittags und die Män- ner nachmittags unterrichtet werden. Lehrer, welche die Trennung der Mädchen und Jungen missachten oder illegale Bücher besitzen, werden bestraft. Männliche Lehrer, welche Mädchen privat unterrichten, sollen mit dem Tod bestraft werden. Da ein Grossteil des Lehrpersonals geflohen ist, zwang die IS diejenigen Lehrkräfte, die nicht mehr zum Unterricht erschienen, wieder an die Universität zu kommen . Ihnen wurde mit der Konfiszierung ihrer Häuser und ihres Besitzes und der Verfolgung ihrer Familienangehörigen als Ketzer gedroht (Al Fanar Media, November 2014). IS Curriculum. Im Oktober 2014 ersetzte die IS das Ministerium für höhere Bildung mit dem Diwan für Bildung. Die Archäologie-, Justiz- und Politologiedepartemente wie auch die Fakultäten Kunst, Philosophie, Sport, Tourismus, Hoteladministration wur- den geschlossen. Kurse in Demokratie, Menschenrechten, nicht-islamischen Kulturen, Theater, Geografie und Staatskunde wurden gestrichen. Die IS setzt ihre Interpreta- tion von Bildung auf allen Stufen durch. Lehrer und Lehrerinnen müssen sich entspre- chend der vom IS vorgegebenen Interpretation der Scharia weiterbilden. Davon ab- weichende Themen sind verboten (Al Fanar Media, November 2014; International Bu- siness Times, 25. Oktober 2014). Bildungsvision der IS. Die Vision des Vordenkers der IS-Bildungspolitik, genannt Dhul-Qarnayn, der mit den zwei Hörnern, sieht vor, dass die Schule mit vier Jahren begonnen werden soll. Zuerst solle Lesen und Schreiben gelehrt werden. Kinder ab fünf Jahre sollen in Religionsunterricht und in Arabisch unterrichtet werden, damit der Koran verstanden wird. Ab 15 Jahre soll ein Waffen- und Elektroniktraining stattfinden. Später entscheidet ein Komitee, welche Studienrichtung eingeschlagen werden soll (Al Fanar Media, November 2014). Bücherverbrennungen. Im Februar 2015 verbrannte die IS im Rahmen einer kultu- rellen Säuberung tausende Bücher und Manuskripte der Bibliotheken der Universität Mosul (UNO-Unterstützungsmission im Irak (UNAMI, 13. Juli 2015)). International Business Times, 2. Dezember 2014: «Almost six months have passed since the Islamic State group shut down one of the Middle East's biggest research and education centers, and there's still no sign of relief in Iraq's second-largest city. The University of Mosul, in northern Iraq, was scheduled to reopen last week, but its inactive Facebook page and website indicate that classes remain canceled. With segregated exams, shuttered departments and fleeing professors, the university's continued closure raises concerns about the future of higher education in an ISIS-dominated Iraq. With about 4,200 faculty members and 30,000 students, the University of Mosul was Iraq's second-largest academic institution (the largest is the University of Ba ghdad). Now, thousands of its students have left the area for nearby Kurdistan. "Education life is on hold in Mosul, and we'll see when it restarts," said David Patel, a junior fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University, near Boston. The ISIS university takeover is particularly frustrating as Iraq was just piecing its education sys- tem back together after the Iraq War (2003-2011), said Sarah Willcox, the director of the Institute of International Education's Scholar Rescue Fund . Scholars were return- ing to their positions after having left to avoid conflict, and government funding for colleges was increasing. "Now, whole classes of students aren't able to take exams, they can't enroll, they can't move from university to the next [stage of their life]," Will- cox said. Professors have been affected too. ISIS has dismissed hundreds of re- searchers -- some for being Shia Muslim, others for being female. Especially at risk were scholars who had connections to the United States, Patel sai d. ISIS targeted them immediately after gaining control of Mosul this past summer. "The first thing they did was go to the personnel office and get all the files... to figure out which of them had studied in America, had contacts in America... to be dispos ed of," he said. "[Professors] fled Mosul because their names would end up on death lists." Irak – Lehrpersonal unter der IS – 17. September 2015 Seite 2 von 13 Most of the students and faculty who escaped Mosul went to Kurdistan, where "it's a whole different story," said Lori Mason, director of IREX's Iraq University Link age Pro- gram. The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is doing what it can to help displaced students, including arranging for them to attend night classes at the University of Duhok. The ministry also plans to create substitute departments and col- leges, according to a statement on its website. But schools in Kurdistan simply don't have enough resources to accommodate the refugees. Mason said about 15,000 peo- ple have applied for study there, and only 3,000 were accepted. Because of this, the ministry has declared this a nonfailure year. "The assumption is that things will have settled by next year, and they can pick up where they left off," Mason said. "This year won't count against them." The brutal militants known as the Islamic State, ISIS and ISIL, among other names, have been labeled a terrorist group by countries like the United States and European Union. They invaded Mosul this summer and by June more than 2,000 ISIS members dominated the city, commandeering military vehi- cles and burning soldiers. Iraqi security forces did little to hold them back be- cause of short staffing, a low weapon supply and disagreements among political leaders. ISIS commanders have especially discriminated against female stu- dents, yelling at them to cover their faces and doling out punishments for talking with men. Students who stayed to take their November final exams were also segregated by gender, Al-Fanar Media reported."I feel like my future is ruined," nurs- ing student Nour al-Nuaimi told Bloomberg. Middle Eastern higher education institutions have long been vulnerable to regime changes. During its Cultural Revolution in the 1980s, Iran shut down its universities to avoid violence as they underwent "Islamization" to purge professors and force new restrictions on female students. In Iraq, about 500 academics died during the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, according to the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack. If ISIS does retain control of Mosul, students can expect a curriculum shift. In October, ISIS closed departments including archeology, law and political sci- ence. They also canceled classes about democracy, non-Islamic culture, human rights, drama, geography and civics. Discussing historical events that don't fit with ISIS' views is forbidden, and Iraqis aren't likely to rebel for fear of the sys- tem being shut down entirely. "For the university to continue functioning in some respect, academic freedom is completely destroyed," Willcox said. "Do you toe the line of the new regime or do you push against it? I think pushing against it means terrible consequences." Under ISIS, the University of Mosul would require students to complete years of weapon training and religious studies before college, Al-Farnar Media reported. Once ad- mitted, a committee will choose students' fields for them. It's hard to predict what will happen if the Iraqi government regains control of its higher education system, Patel said. But he said the ongoing discussion around the
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