Schnellrecherche Der SFH-Länderanalyse Vom 15

Schnellrecherche der SFH-Länderanalyse vom 15. September 2015 zu Irak: Frauen im Bildungsbereich unter der Organisation Isamischer Staat (IS) in Mosul

Fragen an die SFH-Länderanalyse:

 Was verlangt die IS von Frauen, die im Bildungsbereich aktiv sind?

 Was droht Frauen, die aktiv im Bildungsbereich sind und die Zusammenarbeit mit der IS verweigern?

Die Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche (Schne llrecher- che) in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die uns derzeit zur Verfügung stehen.

1 Was verlangt die IS von Frauen, die im Bildungsbereich aktiv sind?

Bis zur Eroberung von Mosul durch die Terrormiliz Islamischer Staat (IS) im Juni 2014 war die Universität Mosul die zweitgrösste Universität des Landes.

Vertreibungen. Gleich zu Beginn der Machtübernahme hat die IS hunderte Professo- ren, Professorinnen und Lehrkräfte, vor allem Frauen und Schiiten, vertrieben. Ange- hörige ethnischer und religiöser Minderheiten sind geflohen. Besonders gefährdet wa- ren Lehrkräfte, die Verbindungen zu den USA hatten (International Business Times, 2. Dezember 2014).

IS-Regeln. Al Fanar Media berichtete im November 2014 ausführlich über die von der IS umgesetzten Massnahmen im Bildungsbereich in Mosul. Für Frauen sei es besonders schwierig. Eine Literaturprofessorin meinte, dass sie nicht mehr an die Universi- tät gehe, überall seien Bewaffnete, Checkpoints und Hisbah (Scharia-Polizisten), die mit Lautsprechern über den Campus gehen und zum Beispiel die Frauen auffordern, ihre Gürtel abzulegen, da Gürtel, auch unter dem schwarzen Mantel getragen verboten sind, die Taille dürfe nicht gezeigt werden. Der Unterricht findet neu getrennt nach Geschlechtern statt. Falls in der Zukunft auch die Lehrkräfte nur noch nach Ge- schlechtern unterrichten dürfen, werden die Studentinnen kaum mehr Kurse besuchen können, da es zu wenige Lehrerinnen hat. IS-Schergen nötigen die Studentinnen sich zu verschleiern. Sie dürfen sich nicht mit männlichen Studenten unterhalten. Auch während den Abschlussprüfungen im November 2014 wurden die Student innen und Studenten strikt nach Geschlecht getrennt. Die Frauen sollen vormittags und die Män- ner nachmittags unterrichtet werden. Lehrer, welche die Trennung der Mädchen und Jungen missachten oder illegale Bücher besitzen, werden bestraft. Männliche Lehrer, welche Mädchen privat unterrichten, sollen mit dem Tod bestraft werden.

Da ein Grossteil des Lehrpersonals geflohen ist, zwang die IS diejenigen Lehrkräfte, die nicht mehr zum Unterricht erschienen, wieder an die Universität zu kommen . Ihnen wurde mit der Konfiszierung ihrer Häuser und ihres Besitzes und der Verfolgung ihrer Familienangehörigen als Ketzer gedroht (Al Fanar Media, November 2014).

IS Curriculum. Im Oktober 2014 ersetzte die IS das Ministerium für höhere Bildung mit dem Diwan für Bildung. Die Archäologie-, Justiz- und Politologiedepartemente wie auch die Fakultäten Kunst, Philosophie, Sport, Tourismus, Hoteladministration wurden geschlossen. Kurse in Demokratie, Menschenrechten, nicht-islamischen Kulturen, Theater, Geografie und Staatskunde wurden gestrichen. Die IS setzt ihre Interpreta- tion von Bildung auf allen Stufen durch. Lehrer und Lehrerinnen müssen sich entspre- chend der vom IS vorgegebenen Interpretation der Scharia weiterbilden. Davon ab- weichende Themen sind verboten (Al Fanar Media, November 2014; International Bu- siness Times, 25. Oktober 2014).

Bildungsvision der IS. Die Vision des Vordenkers der IS-Bildungspolitik, genannt Dhul-Qarnayn, der mit den zwei Hörnern, sieht vor, dass die Schule mit vier Jahren begonnen werden soll. Zuerst solle Lesen und Schreiben gelehrt werden. Kinder ab fünf Jahre sollen in Religionsunterricht und in Arabisch unterrichtet werden, damit der Koran verstanden wird. Ab 15 Jahre soll ein Waffen- und Elektroniktraining stattfinden. Später entscheidet ein Komitee, welche Studienrichtung eingeschlagen werden soll (Al Fanar Media, November 2014).

Bücherverbrennungen. Im Februar 2015 verbrannte die IS im Rahmen einer kultu- rellen Säuberung tausende Bücher und Manuskripte der Bibliotheken der Universität Mosul (UNO-Unterstützungsmission im Irak (UNAMI, 13. Juli 2015)).

International Business Times, 2. Dezember 2014:

«Almost six months have passed since the Islamic State group shut down one of the Middle East's biggest research and education centers, and there's still no sign of relief in Iraq's second-largest city. The University of Mosul, in northern Iraq, was scheduled to reopen last week, but its inactive Facebook page and website indicate that classes remain canceled. With segregated exams, shuttered departments and fleeing professors, the university's continued closure raises concerns about the future of higher education in an ISIS-dominated Iraq. With about 4,200 faculty members and 30,000 students, the University of Mosul was Iraq's second-largest academic institution (the largest is the University of Ba ghdad). Now, thousands of its students have left the area for nearby Kurdistan. "Education life is on hold in Mosul, and we'll see when it restarts," said David Patel, a junior fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University, near Boston. The ISIS university takeover is particularly frustrating as Iraq was just piecing its education system back together after the Iraq War (2003-2011), said Sarah Willcox, the director of the Institute of International Education's Scholar Rescue Fund . Scholars were return- ing to their positions after having left to avoid conflict, and government funding for colleges was increasing. "Now, whole classes of students aren't able to take exams, they can't enroll, they can't move from university to the next [stage of their life]," Will- cox said. Professors have been affected too. ISIS has dismissed hundreds of re- searchers -- some for being Shia Muslim, others for being female. Especially at risk were scholars who had connections to the United States, Patel sai d. ISIS targeted them immediately after gaining control of Mosul this past summer. "The first thing they did was go to the personnel office and get all the files... to figure out which of them had studied in America, had contacts in America... to be dispos ed of," he said. "[Professors] fled Mosul because their names would end up on death lists."

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Most of the students and faculty who escaped Mosul went to Kurdistan, where "it's a whole different story," said Lori Mason, director of IREX's Iraq University Link age Pro- gram. The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is doing what it can to help displaced students, including arranging for them to attend night classes at the University of Duhok. The ministry also plans to create substitute departments and colleges, according to a statement on its website. But schools in Kurdistan simply don't have enough resources to accommodate the refugees. Mason said about 15,000 people have applied for study there, and only 3,000 were accepted. Because of this, the ministry has declared this a nonfailure year. "The assumption is that things will have settled by next year, and they can pick up where they left off," Mason said. "This year won't count against them." The brutal militants known as the Islamic State, ISIS and ISIL, among other names, have been labeled a terrorist group by countries like the United States and European Union. They invaded Mosul this summer and by June more than 2,000 ISIS members dominated the city, commandeering military vehi- cles and burning soldiers. Iraqi security forces did little to hold them back because of short staffing, a low weapon supply and disagreements among political leaders. ISIS commanders have especially discriminated against female students, yelling at them to cover their faces and doling out punishments for talking with men. Students who stayed to take their November final exams were also segregated by gender, Al-Fanar Media reported."I feel like my future is ruined," nurs- ing student Nour al-Nuaimi told Bloomberg.

Middle Eastern higher education institutions have long been vulnerable to regime changes. During its Cultural Revolution in the 1980s, Iran shut down its universities to avoid violence as they underwent "Islamization" to purge professors and force new restrictions on female students. In Iraq, about 500 academics died during the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, according to the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack.

If ISIS does retain control of Mosul, students can expect a curriculum shift. In October, ISIS closed departments including archeology, law and political science. They also canceled classes about democracy, non-Islamic culture, human rights, drama, geography and civics. Discussing historical events that don't fit with ISIS' views is forbidden, and Iraqis aren't likely to rebel for fear of the system being shut down entirely.

"For the university to continue functioning in some respect, academic freedom is completely destroyed," Willcox said. "Do you toe the line of the new regime or do you push against it? I think pushing against it means terrible consequences." Under ISIS, the University of Mosul would require students to complete years of weapon training and religious studies before college, Al-Farnar Media reported. Once ad- mitted, a committee will choose students' fields for them. It's hard to predict what will happen if the Iraqi government regains control of its higher education system, Patel said. But he said the ongoing discussion around the future of the University of Mosul demonstrates students and faculty's dedication to school. "Suicide bombings are oc- curring and people are still studying," Patel said. "People are trying to just make the best of their own lives despite everything else happening in the country." » Quelle: International Business Times, ISIS Takeover In Iraq: Mosul University Students, Fac- ulty Uncertain About The Future Of Higher Education, 2. Dezember 2014:

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www.ibtimes.com/isis-takeover-iraq-mosul-university-students-faculty-uncertain- about-future-higher-1731468.

Al Fanar Media, November 2014:

«What is the Islamic State’s vision for universities? The residents of Mosul, Iraq are finding out. Closed since the Islamic State’s blitzkrieg takeover of much of northern Iraq and Syria this summer, the University of Mosul is supposed to open again on November 25. But, dotted by machine-gun nests and administered by Islamic State officials who have imposed a harsh interpretation of Islamic law on campus, the largest higher-education institution in Iraq’s second-largest city is a shell of its former self. Women appear to be in for a particularly difficult time. “The university is a real horror,” said a literature professor who asked to remain anonymous out of fear for his safety. “I am not going there. It is full of arms and weapons. I am afraid some- thing will happen while I am there.” “I do not think there will be learning,” he added. “Many professors are outside Mosul now. Professors from religious and ethnic minorities were forced to leave the city too. There is a marked shortage of staff.” Around 30,000 students studied at Mosul University last year. After the Islamic State’s defeat of the Iraqi army this summer, many students fled to Iraqi Kurdi- stan or Baghdad. Some took their final exams in Mosul earlier this month but aren’t sure if the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education will recognize those tests. Others left Mosul to take exams in other universities under government control, but don’t know whether they should return to Mosul for courses. Many are struggling to survive either in Islamic State-held territory or as refugees elsewhere. On campus, the Islamic State has imposed gender segregation on students and staff, including during exams held in early November.

“Girls are suffering from a religious nightmare,” said a medical professor who also asked to remain anonymous. “’Hisbah’ members, or enforcers of an Islamic doc- trine that means ‘accountability’, are now wandering in the campus with loud- speakers shouting orders such as ‘loosen your belt!’ They have prohibited belts so as not to show female waists even if women wear the black Islamic gown. Or they yell ‘Cover your face,’ to prevent showing even the eyes. Girls will be punished if they talk with a man. They even ask any man who accompanies a girl to the campus to declare his relationship to her.”

Female students are worried they’ll never be able to complete their studies under such oppressive conditions. “All female students have to wear veils—the professors agreed to this,” said S. M., a Mosul university student who asked to be identified only by her initials. “If they segregate the staff too, it will lead to severe shortages in many departments.” The literature professor agreed. “They will not allow male professors to give lectures to female students,” said the literature professor. “There is lack of female staff—the numbers are not enough and have mostly never been available, in some faculties. This will deprive female students of many specialties.” The Islamic State is imposing its radical interpretation of Islamic Sharia law on all educational grades, from primary to university levels, with ruthless efficiency.

The Education Diwan

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In a paper issued October 18 by the Islamic State’s replacement for the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education, the “Diwan of Education”—a diwan is a medieval Islamic term for a governmental department—the Islamic State eliminated the faculties of archaeology, fine arts, law, philosophy, political science, sports, tourism and hotel administration. The diwan was published on the Internet and distributed as a leaflet in the city.

The diwan also canceled classes involving studies of democracy, non -Islamic culture and human rights in all faculties. It forbids studies of drama and novels, money lending, ethnic and geographical divisions, historical events contradict- ing Islamic State’s revisionism and Iraqi civics. On all official documents at the university, the name of the “Islamic State” has replaced references to “The Re- public of Iraq.”

At the same time, the Islamic State seems to be trying to offer some flexibility to students and academics in Mosul in an attempt to keep the talent it needs to run the city and support its army. The militants allowed students to take their final exams in Kirkuk, Baghdad, Kurdistan and elsewhere if they pledged before a religious court that they would return back to Mosul and not join Kurdish Peshmerga or Iraqi Army forces fighting against the Islamic State.

But, despite those gestures, academics in Mosul reached by Al-Fanar Media stressed the difficulty of living under the Islamic State’s totalitarian rule over the city and university. To solve the problem of staff shortages, for example, the militants distributed notices last month that told professors to return to work or have their homes and possessions confiscated. “Regarding academics, they have to choose between two bad options: If you leave Mosul, your home and possessions might be confiscated and your family might be hurt for being apostates.” said the medical professor. “Only rich people and minorities left Mosul. Some people, like me, cannot leave because we have elderly relatives that we cannot leave alone. I cannot leave my home to find my library burned by IS.”

Still, many professors were trying to follow a semblance of normal life amid t he Islamic State’s totalitarian rule. “Many deans were forced to start working,” said the medical professor. “Islamic State members are watching them and were preventing them from sending questions via e-mails to the examination centers in other gov- ernorates. Some professors from outside Mosul communicated with those who are inside, asking their colleagues about exam questions.”

Where the Islamic State hasn’t altered academic conditions, they have still cre- ated a brutal atmosphere around the campus—including gun posts, checkpoints, rumors of bombs set to explode on campus and roving militants. “The curricula remain the same, at least in the medical college,” the medical professor said. “But the university is led by ignorant people. Many doors are broken insi de the buildings and many laptops were lost.”

Carrying out the Islamic State’s higher-education policy is a leader known as Dhul-Qarnayn, a nickname that means “the possessor of two horns,” a figure

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mentioned in the Quran. An Egyptian who studied education management in Ger- many and who fought in Bosnia, Afghanistan and Iraq before the American withdrawal, he was active in Syria before coming to Mosul.

Professors who have met with Dhul-Qarnayn said he believed children should begin school at the age of four, learn how to read and write and at 5 begin religious studies, including Arabic lessons to understand the Quran. At age 15, he allegedly said, students should study weapons and electronics. Later, a committee should decide the student’s occupation based on his abilities. The new Islamic State-installed president of Mosul University is Khalid Mohammed Jamil, a Turkmen. He has declared that university students should concentrate on physical fitness and religion, said a history professor who asked for his name to be withheld. Jamil believes boys and girls should wear Afghani attire and veils, respectively, at age 6, the professor said.

At least one female student said she preferred not to go to university rather than suffer the Islamic State’s rules. Islam, 20, a Mosul University student who declined to share her last name, said she’s back in Mosul after taking her final exams for last year in Kirkuk. She can’t bear to go back to the university, where livestock roam free on quads where students once read and relaxed. “I am not going to attend,” said “Nobody will recognize our studies. I will wait for the army to liberate the city. The university is miserable now and it was heartbreaking to see donkeys being raised in the gardens of the second largest university in Iraq.”» Quelle: Al Fanar Media, The Islamic State’s Plan for Universities, 25. November 2014: www.al-fanarmedia.org/2014/11/islamic-states-plan-universities/.

Alwaba News, 1. August 2014

«The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) militant group has ordered the segregation of male and female university students in the northern Iraqi province of Mosul, local media outlet Al-Sumaria News reported an informed source as say- ing Thursday. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, told Al-Sumaria News that ISIS called university professors and deans into meeting and stipulated that male and female students should not be mixed in one classroom. According to the source, the radical group also decided that Sept. 1 will be the first day for universities to open with “female students starting their day from 9 am to 2 pm while males [will study from] from 2 pm to 6 pm.” ISIS has also told the professors and deans that curriculum involving political science and law courses should be changed, the source said without detailing the expected modifications. The group also ordered that the name of the visual arts department should be changed to “decorative sketch- ing,” the source said.

ISIS, which made international headlines when it declared itself an Islamic Caliphate in July, seized Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq, on June 10 in a lightning offensive. Segregating the sexes seems to be a continuation of ISIS’ attempts in furthering its conservative application of Islamic teaching.

In mid-July, ISIS reportedly gave shopkeepers in Mosul strict instructions to cover the faces of mannequins. Christians in Mosul had to flee the city after ISIS warned them to either convert to Islam, pay a tax or face death. Other minority groups such as

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Yazidis and Shiite Turkumen left Mosul after the radical Sunni group claimed power, according to reports.» Quelle: Alwaba News, ISIS pushes gendered classrooms on Mosul universities, 1. August 2014: www.albawaba.com/news/isis-mosul-universities-593791.

International Business Times, 25. Oktober 2014:

«Isis activists are exerting their influence in Iraq and Syria by threatening death sentences for male teachers who teach women, and harsh punishments for teachers who teach any that fall outside of the group's strict interpretation of sharia law. People living under Islamic State rule in Mosul in Iraq and Raqqa in Syria have been banned from owning academic books, studying subjects including law and human rights, and educating children privately at home. This week – the start of the university academic term – Islamic State ordered university departments in law, political science, fine art, archaeology, sports education, philosophy, tourism and hotel management to be closed in areas it controls.

In Mosul and Raqqa Islamic State have ordered teachers not to te ach democracy, cultural education, human rights and law, to maintain what it called "the public good".

Teachers have been told they must have training in Islamic State's interpretation of sharia, and should avoid certain subjects in curricula and exams "wh ich do not conform to sharia law", including "forged historical principles" – a reference to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and "un-Islamic geographic decisions" by other nation states. Teachers who fail to separate male and female students were threatened with punishments and sweeps for illegal books and materials are common, according to an activist inside Raqqa who spoke to the Times. "I have many books of philosophy and history. [But] they are hidden," the source said, speak- ing under the pseudonym Abu Wart.

He told of families that had chosen to have children educated privately at home, to avoid the strict laws laid down by Islamic State, who have drawn the most chilling threats: teachers who teach female students privately risk execu tion. Last week students from the University of Mosul were allowed to travel outside Islamic State - controlled areas to take final year exams in Iraqi Kurdistan in approved subjects.» Quelle: International Business Times, Isis 'Threatens to Execute Male Teach- ers Who Teach Female Students', Male teachers threatened with death for breaking Islamic State's interpretation of sharia law, 25. Oktober 2014: www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-threatens-execute-male-teachers-who-teach-female-students- 1471755.

UNO-Unterstützungsmission im Irak (UNAMI), 13. Juli 2015:

«Destruction or damage to places of religious and cultural significance

ISIL continued to deliberately and wantonly loot and destroy places of religious and cultural significance. ISIL has targeted churches, and ancient sites, as well as mosques, shrines, tombs, and graves, as ISIL considers these to be un -Islamic. Gen- erally, these sites are looted before they are destroyed.

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The bulk of such reports were received from Ninewa. On 1 January, ISIL blew up the Sultan Wais Sunni Mosque, which was built in 1838, in Faruq area of western Mosul. On 2 January, ISIL blew up Sunni Ajeel al-Yawer Mosque in Tayaran area of southern Mosul. On 14 January, ISIL reportedly burned hundreds of books from the Mosul University’s central library in the University’s football field. On the afternoon of 21 February, ISIL burned more than 6,500 historical books and manuscripts from the Mosul public library in al-Nasir area, eastern Mosul, in front of dozens of people. On the same afternoon, ISIL burned thousands of books in al-Najafi Street, which has many bookshops, in western Mosul. On 22 February, ISIL blew up the Mosul public library.» (S.18) Quelle: UN Assistance Mission for Iraq, Report on the Protec- tion of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 11 December 2014 - 30 April 2015, 13. Juli 2015: www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1436959266_unami-ohchr-4th-pocreport-11dec2014- 30april2015.pdf.

2 Was droht Frauen, die aktiv im Bildungsbereich sind und die Zu- sammenarbeit mit der IS verweigern?

Dokumentierte Fälle von Entführungen und Tötungen von Lehrpersonen. Prinzi- piell werden Zivilistinnen und Zivilisten, die sich gegen die IS stellen, deren Weltan- schauung nicht teilen oder ihre Regeln nicht einhalten, bestraft und oft getötet. Eine Verweigerung der Zusammenarbeit mit der IS ist deshalb lebensbedrohend. Die IS geht explizit gegen Angehörige bestimmter Berufe in der Öffentlichkeit, wie Ärztinnen, Journalistinnen oder Lehrerinnen vor. UNAMI dokumentierte verschieden e Fälle von Entführungen und Tötungen von Lehrpersonen in den von der IS besetzten Gebieten. Zudem sprechen IS-Gerichte auch Todesurteile gegen zivile Personen aus (UNAMI, Juli 2015).

Viele der Regeln der IS betreffen Frauen. Das Tragen des Schleiers ist obligato- risch, Goldschmuck ist verboten, Frauen dürfen das Haus nicht ohne männlichen Ver- wandten verlassen. Frauen und Kinder, werden besonders oft Opfer der IS (Minority Rights Group International, Februar 2015). Vergewaltigungen und sexuelle Gewalt gegen Frauen sind Taktik der IS um verschiedene Ziele zu verfolgen: Fundraising (indem Frauen verkauft oder entführt werden, um Lösegelder zu erpressen, oder indem Frauen getauscht werden), Disziplinierung von Andersdenkenden, um die Fami- lienangehörigen unter Druck zu setzen und zur Festigung der IS-Ideologie (UNAMI, Juli 2015).

Ein Professor, der mit einer Kollegin in einem Zimmer bei der Korrektur von Prüfungen erwischt wurde, wurde vor die Wahl gestellt: entweder heiratet er die Kollegin oder er wird mit 30 Hieben ausgepeitscht. Er wählte die 30 Peitschenhiebe, da er bereits ver- heiratet war. Wie die Kollegin bestraft wurde, ist aus dem Bericht nicht ersichtlich (The Guardian, 10. Juni 2015). Eine ehemalige Angestellte der Universität Mosul berichtet, dass sich ihr Leben drastisch geändert hat seit der Machtübernahme der IS. Ihr Mann trägt einen Bart, sie und ihre Töchter tragen den Schleier und sie darf nicht mehr ohne männliche Begleitung das Haus verlassen (The Daily Beast, 6. Juni 2015).

UNAMI, Juli 2015:

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«In areas under its control, ISIL has directly attacked civilians and civilian ob- jects. Certain groups of civilians have been particularly targeted. Those affiliated with or perceived to be affiliated with the Iraqi Government or security forces have been systematically killed by the group, and many have been kidnapped and subjected to other forms of ill-treatment. Professionals, including journalists and doctors, have come under attack. Those who are perceived to question ISIL authority or refuse to align themselves with the group are punished and often killed. Civilians continued to be murdered, often in grim public spectacles, and were subj ected to ill-treatment (including amputations and executions) subsequent to decisions of ISIL self -appointed courts. (S. i)

Killings and abductions

ISIL continued to carry out a range of killings in areas under its control and in those areas affected by conflict. Targets included persons perceived to be opposed to ISIL ideology or control, captured members of ISF, former members of ISF, members of the police, officials of the Government of Iraq or members of parliament or governorate councils, members and former members of the largely Sunni pro-government Sahwa, Sunni religious and tribal leaders and professionals, including journalists, lawyers, doctors and other civilians. ISIL continued to perpetrate abductions, tar- geting persons perceived to be opposed to their ideology and control, members and former members of ISF and traditional tribal, religious and community leaders. The fate of many of those abducted remains unknown. (S. 10)

UNAMI/OHCHR received a large number of verified reports that ISIL killed civilians for refusing to support the group. For instance, on 5 January, in the Ghizlani military base in southern Mosul, Ninewa, ISIL murdered a leader of the al -Jabor tribe. The victim had been abducted in August 2014, and had been accused of encouraging people to join the ‘Mosul Liberation Movement’, an armed group formed to fight ISIL. On 21 February, ISIL publicly executed two men, 29 and 32 years old, in central Mosul by shooting them in the head. It was reported that ISIL had accused the men of encouraging people to resist the group. (S. 11)

Killings and torture and cruel and inhuman treatment following illegal/irregular/unlawful courts

ISIL carried out numerous murders following sentences imposed by ISIL self - appointed courts that the group has established in Mosul, Ninewa. As these courts are not authorised by Iraqi law to exercise judicial authority and do not respect basic principles of due process, any sentence imposed by them is unlawful. On 20 Decem- ber, ISIL executed five female members of the Yezidi community in al -Ghizlani camp, a former Iraqi Army base south of Mosul taken by ISIL in June. The females had been sentenced to death by hanging by ISIL self-appointed courts. On 16 January, a 23- year-old woman was stoned to death after being accused of adultery by an ISIL self - appointed court in the Ghabat area of northern Mosul. Photographs of the woman being stoned were published online. On 17 January, an Imam from Mosul’s Grand Mosque and an Imam from the Nabi Younis Mosque in Mosul were abducted by ISIL at their homes in al-Tahreer and al-Zahra neighbourhoods of Mosul. On 18 January, the Imam from Mosul’s Grand Mosque was sentenced to death by an ISIL self-appointed court

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and was executed by being shot in the head on the same day. The whereabouts of the second imam are unknown, as are the reasons for the abduction and killing. (S. 13)

UNAMI/OHCHR received a number of reports that ISIL has killed educators for refusing to submit to their rule or to teach the ISIL curricula. For instance, four teachers were abducted from a high school in Mosul in January 2015 due to their opposition to ISIL. Similarly, on 30 March ISIL had executed a primary school teacher for criticising the group in Tal Afar. (S. 24)

On 13 December, ISIL abducted 17 civilians, including some teachers, in Hawija. On 14 December ISIL abducted 22 civilians in al-Zab district. (S. 15)

Attacks on women and children

Gender-based violence including sexual violence

ISIL continues to subject women and children to sexual violence. Following a visit to Iraq by Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sexual Violence in Con- flict, Zainab Hawa Bangura, from 26 to 29 April 2015, which included discussions with women and girls who had escaped ISIL captivity, the Special Representative con- cluded that sexual violence is being used by ISIL as a deliberate tactic of war to advance key strategic priorities, such as recruitment, fundraising (through the sale of women and girls in slave markets, the payment of ransoms by their families, and the transfer of women among and between groups); to enforce disci- pline and order through the punishment of dissenters or family members; and to advance their radical ideology. UNAMI/OHCHR continued to receive reports that civilians in ISIL captivity were subjected to harrowing acts of sexual and physical violence.

As noted above, and as numerous witnesses have affirmed, after capture by ISIL men and women are usually separated. Women, including girls, who refuse to convert are frequently raped and are subjected to sexual slavery. One elderly Yezidi woman reported to UNAMI/OHCHR that after ISIL attacked her village in early August 2014, ISIL took their valuables including gold and money, and separated the men from the women. Men and boys were loaded into cars after which she heard shooting; she believes that her son and all of her male relatives were ki lled. Women and girls were raped, and some were later allotted to ISIL fighters or sold. An eighteen -year-old woman reported that she was captured by ISIL in August 2014 in the Sinjar district, Ninewa, along with 11 other family members. The men and women were separated, and about one hundred women were thereafter taken to Mosul. Once there, married women were separated from unmarried women. The victim pretended to have a mental illness in order to remain with her mother; three of her sisters were taken to Syria and sold. Another woman reported that, after her capture by ISIL, she was taken directly to Syria and kept in a big building with other women. Yezidi women were forced to clean the building. Four other survivors reported being taken to Syria after be ing sold to ISIL fighters.

Several women reported that, while in captivity, young women and girls were taken and raped on a daily basis by ISIL fighters. An elderly woman reported that the young women would come back after some hours or days in a ‘miserabl e condition’. A young

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woman recounted that, after her capture by ISIL in Sinjar in August 2014, she was taken to Tal Afar with about a hundred girls and young women. After several days, she and a thirteen-year-old girl were sold to ISIL fighters. The fighter who bought her raped her and if she tried to resist, he would beat her with his shoes. She reported to UN- AMI/OHCHR: “I used to hear a lot of cries and screaming from the other girl in the house, as God knows what the man was doing to her. She was too young to understand and probably was very scared.”

Those girls who refused to convert or who did so but refused to be married to ISIL fighters were threatened and subjected to physical violence. Some were reportedly killed. For instance, on 23 February, following a decision by an ISIL self- appointed court, ISIL abducted 13 Sunni Arab women from various areas of Mosul, Ninewa, for refusing to marry ISIL fighters. On 13 March, ISIL killed nine widows in Qara Quean village, Ninewa, after they refused to marry ISIL fighters. The women were reportedly members of the Turkmen Shi’a community whose husbands had been killed by ISIL.» Quelle: UN Assistance Mission for Iraq, Report on the Pro- tection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 11 December 2014 - 30 April 2015, 13. Juli 2015: www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1436959266_unami-ohchr-4th-pocreport-11dec2014- 30april2015.pdf.

Minority Rights Group International, Februar 2015:

«When ISIS took control of Mosul in June 2014, they quickly imposed their own moral order on the city. In a charter for the city issued shortly after the takeover, ISIS specified a series of rules for the city’s residents along with harsh penalties for disobedience. Many of the rules directly target women, such as making wearing the veil mandatory, forbidding women from wearing gold, and preventing women from leaving the home unless accompanied by a male relative.

ISIS has also reportedly forbidden women from wearing ‘Western’ clothes, such as trousers. The armed group has set up checkpoints throughout the city to ensure adherence to these rules. An Assyrian news agency reported that a man was threatened with death at one of the checkpoints if he did not make his wife wear the veil. On 21 August, women were reportedly beaten with sticks for not wearing the veil in the city’s markets. There have also been reports of parents and brothers of girls who went out without wearing the face veil being whipped on the streets and bridges of the city. In hospitals and government departments, some of the few places where women are still permitted to work, ISIS inspectors ensure that staff members are ad- hering to the dress codes, which includes the face veil and gloves for women. Female doctors have complained that these restrictions inhibit them from performing their work properly ISIS has also set up its own self-styled Shari’a courts in the city, where it has convicted a number of women to death on a variety of morality related offences. For example, on 21 August, a woman accused of prostitution was publicly beheaded. ISIS executed three other women on 5 September and a further two women on 9 Septem- ber, for reasons which are unclear.

Killings of women by ISIS have also been reported from Anbar governorate, although some reports are unconfirmed. On 16 December, the Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights

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released a statement asserting that ISIS had massacred 150 women in Fallujah for refusing to marry ISIS fighters. The victims, which included pregnant women, were reportedly buried in mass graves. (S. 16/17)

Female professionals throughout Iraq have also been directly targeted for taking on active public roles, whether as lawyers, doctors, journalists, politicians or activists. In the post-invasion social and political culture in Iraq, it has become dan- gerous for women to take on roles outside the home. This represents a stark contrast to Iraq of the 1980s, when women made up 46 per cent of teachers, 29 per cent of doctors, 46 per cent of dentists and 70 per cent of pharmacists. The Iraqi Women Journalists Forum has documented 28 cases of female journalists assassinated between 2003 and 2013. In addition, many more journalists have been assaulted, threatened, abused or displaced. On 22 July, a female parliamentary candidate was killed in her home in Sderat village, Ninewa governorate by ISIS members. The following day, ISIS entered the home of a candidate in the last election for the Ninewa Provincial Council, killing her and abducting her husband. On the same day, ISIS abducted a candidate in the parliamentary elections from her home in Sumer, east Mosul. On 13 August, Ghada Shafiq, a doctor, was killed when ISIS militants attempted to drag her from her home south of Mosul. She had previously participated in a strike against ISIS-imposed dress codes in hospitals. On 20 August, Najlaa Al-Omari, a lawyer who was also a candidate in the April 2014 parliamentary elections, was assassinated. On 17 September, ISIS abducted human rights lawyer Samira Salih Ali al-Nuaimy and tortured her for five days, before executing her publicly in Mosul on 22 September. She had previously criticized ISIS’s destruction of religious sites on social media.

On 30 September, deputy attorney general Ibtihal Al-Hayali, who had also been a candidate in the last elections, was killed. ISIS returned her body to her family and forbade them from holding a funeral.51 On 6 October, ISIS assassinated Iman Mohammed Younis al-Salman, a Turkmen former member of parliament for Ninewa governorate, and dumped her corpse in a well near Tel Afar. Salman had been a human rights activist, a journalist, and the first woman elected to parliament from her district. On 8 October, ISIS shot and killed eight women in the centre of Mosul without provid- ing any reason. The eight women included two doctors, Dr. Maha Sabhan and Dr. Lamia Ismail. On 25 November, ISIS executed two more female candidates from the last parliamentary elections, Ibtisam Ali Jarjis and Miran Ghazi.» Quelle: Minority Rights Group International, No Place to Turn: Violence against women in the Iraq conflict, 18. Februar 2015: www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1425308981_ceasefire-report-no-place-to-turn.pdf.

The Daily Beast, 6. Juni 2015:

«The faces of the people of Mosul have also changed. It has become a city filled with bearded men and heavily veiled women. Almost everyone goes to their local mosque regularly and nobody drinks alcohol or smokes cigarettes, at least not in public. “My husband has a beard and my daughter and I wear a veil, so that we are abiding by the rules set by the Islamic State,” says Suad, a former employee at the Uni- versity of Mosul, noting how much her life has changed. “I am no longer able to

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leave the house unless I am accompanied by a man from the family.”» Quelle: The Daily Beast, Mosul Is ‘Safe, Clean’...and Run by ISIS, 6. Juni 2015: www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/15/mosul-is-safe-clean-and-run-by-isis.html.

Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons (Belgium), 3. Juli 2015:

«Doctors, teachers and journalists: There have been reports that people who ISIL considered to be potential threats – doctors, teachers and journalists – have been abducted. Such abductions have reportedly occurred in all places controlled by ISIL and affiliated groups and in other places where ISIL has been in volved in conflict. Many of the people abducted were not found again. UN- AMI/OHCHR (2014) reports that ISIL has also destroyed the property of such people.» Quelle: Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons (Belgium), COI unit: Iraq: Security situation and internally displaced people in Diyala, April 2015, 3. Juli 2015: www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1441804342_topical-note-security-situation-and-internally-displaced-people-in-diyala.pdf.

The Guardian, Juni 2015:

«I know a professor at Mosul University who was caught by the Isis hisbah (religious police) in a room with his female colleague correcting students’ final exams notes. The penalty was that he had to marry his female colleague or get 30 lashes. The professor refused as he already had a wife and children, and he accepted the lashes.» Quelle: The Guardian, Life in Mosul one year on: 'Isis with all its brutality is more honest than the Shia government', 10. Juni 2015: www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/10/mosul-residents-one-year-on-isis-brutality.

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