The Nomenclature of Cultivated Japanese Flowering Cherries (Prunus): The Sato-zakura Group
^, United States Agricultural National IL§Ji) Department of Research Arboretum ^jgp^ Agriculture Service Contribution Number 5
Historic, archived document
Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practice Abstract
Jefferson, Roland M., and Kay Kazue Wain. 1984. The nomenclature of cultivated Japanese flowering cherries {Prunus): The Sato-zakura group. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Arboretum Contribution No. 5, 44 pp.
Japanese flowering cherries are grown all over the temperate world. Wherever they occur, nomenclature problems exist. Before any serious taxonomical study of this complex plant group can be
made, a solution to these problems is necessary. This publication
offers a logical way to solve them. For the first time, it brings existing names used for Japanese flowering cherries into conformity with the "International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated
Plants-1980" and separates selections of cultivated origin from all
other botanical taxa of Prunus. Further, it provides a means for naming future Japanese flowering cherry introductions of unknown
or confused origins so that their status in horticultural nomenclature
is clearly established.
KEYWORDS: Cherry blossoms, flowering cherries, Japanese flowering cherries, oriental flowering cherries, ornamental cherries, Prunus donarium, Prunus lannesiana, Prunus Sato-zakura group, Prunus serrulata, Sakura, Sato-zakura, Yama-zakura, zakura. The Nomenclature of Cultivated Japanese Flowering Cherries (Prunus): The Sato-zakura Group
By Roland M. Jefferson and Kay Kazue Wain
\ United States Agricultural National Arboretum |j Department of Research Agriculture Service Contribution Number 5
Foreword
Prunus comprises 400 species growing naturally in the
Northern Hemisphere. It is the genus in which all of our stone fruits are found—almonds, apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, and plums. The obvious benefit from all these trees is the edible fruit that turns up on our tables in pies, preserves, beverages, or in a fruit bowl. The assumption of fruiting also means that all Prunus species are flowering trees. The most spectacular flowering tree is the CHERRY. No other tree has received the worldwide acclaim that has been heaped on its delicate white-to-pink flowers. Cherries are found growing in Europe, North America, and Asia. The Japanese flowering cherries have a long history of collection, propagation, and culture on their isolated islands. The Japanese language—spoken or visually presented—further compounds the communication problems with English-speaking gardeners. There is, thus, much confusion as to what is the correct name to use in light of current taxonomic views.
This publication on "Sato-zakura" (village cherries) is one of many endeavors by Roland M. Jefferson to document and organize the world literature and to assemble living collections of flowering cherry germplasm at the U.S. National Arboretum. Jefferson's efforts with the very capable assistance of Kay Kazue Wain, coauthor of this monograph, add to a legacy, worthy of the centuries, that Japanese cherries have made each spring so beautiful.
HENRY M. CATHEY, DIRECTOR U.S. National Arboretum
in
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge our sincere appreciation to Theodore R.
Dudley, research botanist, Frank S. Santamour, Jr., research geneticist, and other U.S. National Arboretum staff members whose informative input, critique, and encouragement aided in solving many of the problems that developed during the preparation of this publication. We also thank the following persons for assisting us in locating many of the extremely rare references that were vitally needed to complete this monograph: Thaddeus Ohta, reference librarian, Japanese Section, Asian Division, U.S. Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C.; William J. Dress, professor emeritus, and Peter A. Hyypio, curator, both with the Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; and Stephen A. Spongberg, horticultural taxonomist, The Arnold Arboretum, Cambridge, Mass. In addition, we are greatly indebted to Andrea DuBois Scarborough of the U.S. National Arboretum for providing critical comments and assistance during the preparation of this publication.
Finally, we pay tribute to all past botanists and nonbotanists whose knowledge of Japanese flowering cherries became the basis of our research. Contents
Page
I ntroduction 1
Nomenclature problems, 1
Clarification attempts ___. j Wild and cultivated taxa 3 The Sato-zakura group 4
Objectives __ 4 Cultivated code for nomenclature clarification and
explanatory notes for cultivar list 6 Cultivars of Prunus: The Sato-zakura group 9 Cultivar names not affected by this nomenclature revision 30
Annotated references __ 33
Cover: A reproduction of Prunus (Sato-zakura group) cv. Fugenzo
from Ihe Ito, "Zoho Kadan Taizen" (1813). (Translation of
Japanese is Fugenzo sakura.)
Copies of this publication may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161.
Issued July 1984 The Nomenclature of Cultivated Japanese Flowering Cherries (Prunus): The Sato-zakura Group by Roland M. Jefferson and Kay Kazue Wain 1
Introduction Nomenclature Problems To anyone attempting a detailed literature study of Japanese flowering cherries, it becomes quickly evident that serious nomenclature problems exist. Two of the best known selections of Japanese flowering cherries in the United States are often referred to as Prunus serrulata Lindley cv. Amanogawa and cv. Fugenzo. For many years these cultivar names have occurred in numerous lists of ornamental cherry collections, popular and scientific articles, and nursery catalogs published in the United States and Europe. Yet, in notable Japanese references, such as Sano (1961) and Ohwi and Ohta (1973), the selection known as P. serrulata cv. Amanogawa in the United States and Europe is cited as P. lannesiana Wilson cv.
Erecta, and P. serrulata cv. Fugenzo is referred to as P. lannesiana cv. Fugenzo. The Latin epithet erecta (a synonym of cv. Amanogawa) was first used in Japan as a forma by Miyoshi (1916) in a comprehensive effort to bring the nomenclature for all cultivated types of Japanese flowering cherries into conformity with the "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature" of the time. He erected 67 new Latin names and botanical ranks for existing Japanese flowering cherries that today are clearly designated as cultivars. To further add to the confused state of the nomenclature, some European horticultural listings show cv. Amanogawa and cv. Fugenzo as "P. cerasus Amanogawa" and "P. avium flore pleno
Fugenzo," respectively. Although the error of using P. cerasus L. and P. avium (L.) L., both valid European cherry species names, as specific epithets for cultivated selections of Japanese flowering cherries is obvious to plant taxonomists, this misapplication vividly illustrates the nomenclature problems. Because of their unknown origin, cv. Amanogawa and cv. Fugenzo cannot be classified as pertaining botanically to any Japanese or European species. There can be little doubt that many botanists of the early 20th century questioned the validity of assigning botanical species epithets in an attempt to classify cultivated selections of the Japanese flowering
1 Respectively, botanist, U.S. National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20002, and faculty research assistant, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. 20740. cherries. Wilson (1916) demonstrated concern in the introduction to his book "The Cherries of Japan" when he wrote:
"I am in the fortunate position of having seen the types or
cotypes of all the new species of Japanese cherries proposed by
Koehne, and I share Koidzumi's view that not one of them is valid. I have had the pleasure of studying some species of cherries in the field with Mr. Koidzumi and am indebted to him for authentic
material of all his species and varieties. I differ from him widely in the acceptance of the rank to which some of his species and varieties are entitled. Nevertheless, Koidzumi's estimate of eleven Japanese species of the subgenus Cerasus and mine of ten species are nearly the same. "My investigations in Japan show that five species of cherry
produce forms with double flowers, but that nearly all the
double-flowered cherries of Japanese gardens are derived from P. serrulata Lindley and P. lannesiana Wilson. Some of these cherries
are somewhat intermediate in appearance and it is possible that
hybrids exist between these species. There is no actual evidence for
or against the theory, but I incline to the belief that the double-flowered cherries have arisen as sports from the parent species and have been perpetuated by the vegetative propagation by the Japanese."
Clarification Attempts
Since the early 1900's, several botanists and horticulturists in Japan, Europe, and the United States have attempted to bring taxonomic order to the confused, nomenclature of cultivated Japanese flowering cherries. Most noteworthy among them are Veitch, "Hortus Veitchii" (1906); Koehne, "Die in Deutschland Eingefuhrten Japanischen Zierkirschen in Mitteilungen des Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft" (1909); Koidzumi, "Conspectus Rosacearum Japonicarum" (1913); Miyoshi, "Japanische Bergkirschen ihre Wildformen und Kulturrassen" (1916); Wilson, "The Cherries of Japan" (1916); Miyoshi, "Oka gaisetsu" (1921); Russell, "The Oriental Flowering Cherries" (1934); Ingram, "Ornamental Cherries" (1948); Hara, in Ishii's "Engei Daijiten" (1950); Sano, "Sakura" (1961); Makino, "Makino's New Illustrated Flora of Japan" (1963); Ohwi and Ohta, "Flowering Cherries of Japan" (1973); Honda and Hayaski, "Nihon no sakura" (1974); and Gashu, "Sekai no nihonzakura" (1976). Four Prunus species were designated by these authors when clarifying the confused taxonomic status of Japanese flowering cherries. The species cited were P. donarium Siebold (Koidzumi, 1913; Makino, 1963); P. lannesiana Wilson (Wilson, 1916; Hara, 1950; Sano, 1961; Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974); P. pseudocerasus Lindley (Veitch, 1906); and P. serrulata Lindley (Miyoshi, 1916; Russell, 1934; Ingram, 1948); and P. lannesiana and P. serrulata (Wilson, 1916; Gashu, 1976).
Wild and Cultivated Taxa Clearly the taxonomic assignment of cultivar names to wild
Japanese species is not appropriate and only added more confusion.
In this publication, only cultivated selections are discussed. However, several species of cherries are indigenous to Japan or have become naturalized after escaping from early cultivation. These species can be found throughout most of Japan under appropriate growing conditions. Rehder (1958) listed 14 such species: P. apetala (Siebold & Zuccarini) Franchet & Savatier; P. buergeriana Miquel; P. campanulata Maximowicz; P. grayana Maximowicz; P. incisa Thunberg; P. maximowiczii Ruprecht; P. nipponica Matsumura; P. padus L; P. sargentii Rehder; P. serrulata
Lindley; P. siebold77 (Carriere) Wittmak; P. ssiori F. Schmidt; P. subhirtella Miquel; and P. yedoensis Matsumura. Some of these species and others introduced from various parts of the Orient hybridized naturally during the early horticultural development of Japan and produced many of the cherry cultivars in cultivation throughout the world today. Different cherry selections resulted from natural hybridization of these species, and vast areas in many parts of Japan became covered with seedling cherries when species and hybrids escaped from cultivation. Many of the cherries that escaped from cultivation in Japan are progeny of species planted in mountainous areas for the horticultural interest of "cherry viewing" that started over 1200 years ago (Gashu, 1976). Although several references are made to "cherry viewing" in Japanese chronicles as far back as 720 A.D. and to cherries being planted in Japanese gardens before 794, there is no proof that any of these cultivated selections are grown today. Between 1600 and 1867, Japanese gardeners made selections from many different cultivated and wild variants with varying degrees of ornamental merit. During the 17th through the 19th centuries, many selections of Japanese flowering cherries were described in garden books and records. Mizuno (1681 and 1716) in "Kadan komoku" listed 40 cultivated selections of cherries that were possibly under cultivation at that time. Of those listed, the cultivars Ariake, Edozakura, Fugenzo, Hizakura, Horinji, Itokukuri, Kirigaykatsu,
Kirin, Sekiyama, Shojo, Toranoo, Washinoo, and Yokihi are still grown today. The Japanese established two terms to differentiate the wild cherries from those of cultivated or garden origin. They were "Yama-zakura" (mountain cherries) for wild plants and "Sato-zakura" (village cherries) for the cultivated selections. Miyoshi (1916 and 1921) stated that the time of origin for "Sato-zakura" selections is uncertain. Honda and Hayashi (1974) further wrote that the origin of at least 150 Sato-zakura cultivars was thought to date between 794 and 1 192, when many cherry trees were planted in gardens. Even though "Yama-zakura" and "Sato-zakura" are ancient vernacular names for wild and cultivated Japanese cherries, respectively, they are still used in Japan today to separate these two distinct groups.
The term "Sato-zakura" is also used appropriately in England for cultivated Japanese flowering cherries. In addition to the Japanese authors Miyoshi (1916) and Honda and Hayashi (1974), the British authors Ingram (1948), Hillier and Sons (1974), and Bean (1976) used this term to separate cultivars of Japanese flowering cherries from wild species. The term "Sato-zakura," therefore, is established in Japanese and European literature and clearly distinguishes the cultivated selections of cultivars of known and unknown origins from wild taxa of valid specific botanical rank.
The Sato-zakura Group
Since the origin of cherries known in Japan as Sato-zakura is confusing because of uncertain parentage, alliance to species such as P. donarium, P. lannesiana, and P. serrulata is not valid. Fortunately the Cultivated Code ("International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants-1980") does provide for establishing a group name to include all cultivated selections of Japanese flowering cherries with uncertain specific origins. Our choice for a collective name to include these cherries with confused and uncertain specific parentage is proposed as "The Sato-zakura Group." The use of this collective name complies with the
Cultivated Code and is a logical mechanism for grouping conveniently together all Japanese flowering cherries of uncertain origin. The term "Sato-zakura group" has no taxonomic or other botanical significance and should only be used as a collective name to indicate Japanese cherry cultivars of uncertain parentage.
Objectives Although nomenclature problems have existed for Japanese flowering cherries for many years, there is no reason for this situation to continue with the guidance of the 1980 Cultivated Code. Therefore, as a means of organizing the nomenclature of cultivated Japanese flowering cherries of uncertain origin, but not taxonomically classifying them, this publication presents two objectives.
(1) To introduce the collective name "Sato-zakura group" as a term to be used for logically grouping together historically the noteworthy Japanese flowering cherry selections of unknown parentage.
(2) To establish the chronological priority for reusing romanized fancy names for Japanese flowering cherries that were discarded by Miyoshi and other authors during the early 20th century when they erected new replacement Latin names and botanical ranks. By placing Japanese flowering cherries together under the collective name "Sato-zakura group" without species designations, these plants will be clearly set apart for the first time from all other botanical taxa of Prunus. In doing this, the Prunus species, which were once confusingly misapplied to classify these cherries, will no longer have to be considered. P. (Sato-zakura group) cv. Amanogawa and P. (Sato-zakura group) cv. Fugenzo illustrate the proper use of this collective name as defined in article 18 of the 1980 Cultivated Code. —
Cultivated Code for Nomenclature Clarification and Explanatory Notes for Cultivar List
(1) Botanical names used in this report follow the rules and recommendations of the "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature-! 978" (Botanical Code). The nomenclature for cultivated plants conforms to the "International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants-1980" (Cultivated Code). Both codes are published by the International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
(2) The use of the Sato-zakura group as a collective name to include all cultivars of Japanese flowering cherries that evolved over many centuries from natural hybridization and mutations of various
Prunus species and cultivated plants in Japan is justified in articles 18-19 of the Cultivated Code.
(3) The publication and use of cultivar names of Japanese flowering cherries concur with articles 33-34 of the Cultivated Code.
(4) All names in the Sato-zakura group validated in this publication are listed in alphabetical order. Valid names and all earliest acceptable dates for their validation in accordance with articles 36-42 of the Cultivated Code appear in boldface type.
(5) The priority for reusing romanized fancy names for Japanese flowering cherries to replace the new Latin epithets and botanical ranks erected by Miyoshi and other authors in the early 20th century is established in articles 36-48 of the Cultivated Code.
(6) An asterisk after a valid cultivar name indicates that the
Japanese flowering cherry selection is documented by the U.S.
National Arboretum as having been in cultivation since 1972.
(7) Latin epithets are retained for cultivar names when by priority they predate any other name. For example, floribunda was first established by Miyoshi in 1922 as a forma; the synonym f. juzukakezakura for cv. Floribunda was published for the same plant by Miyoshi in 1927. Accordingly, cv. Floribunda must be used.
(8) In preparing this publication, the authors had some difficulty in romanizing or representing Japanese names and terms in English by letters of the Roman alphabet. Typical problems were
(a) Japanese names in kanji (characters) can be pronounced in more than one way, resulting in different written representations. For example, "sekiyama" may appear in English as "sekizan" or "kanzan"; "taguiarashi" can be represented as "ruiran," "ruiarashi," or "taguiran"; and "shirayuki" may be spelled as "shiroyuki," "hakusetsu," "hakuyuki," or "byakusetsu."
(b) Three systems of romanizing are currently used in Japan.
The Hebon-shiki, or Hepburn system, is the most widely used inside and outside of Japan. This system has been modified in various ways by different authors. The Kunrei shiki (official system) and the Nihon-shiki (Japanese system) are alternative romanization systems with use confined mainly to Japan. Depending on the system used, romanizing may result in different spellings for the same names and terms. The following examples illustrate differences among the three systems:
Hebon Kunrei Nihon fugenzo hugenzo hugenzo jishu zishu disyu tsutsuji tutuzi tutuzi shirayuki sirayuki sirayuki
(c) Japanese and other writers sometimes mix romanizing systems within the same article rather than adhering to any one system. For example, "sirayuki" in the Kunrei system may appear in the same article with "shizuka" in the Hepburn system. Additionally, mixing of systems may occur within a single word. In the word
"hatushimo," for example, "tu" is from the Kunrei system and "shi" is from the Hepburn system. (d) Guidelines prepared by the U.S. Library of Congress (1983) and other libraries for word division when romanizing Japanese, Chinese, and Korean are used primarily for cataloging purposes. Because of their complexity, however, these guidelines are often not used with precision by writers and others outside of library systems. For example, "yamazakura" may be rendered as "yama-zakura" or as "yama zakura," "Yae-sakonno-zakura" may be written as "Yae-sakon-no-zakura" or "Yaesakon-no-zakura," and "Asahiyama" may appear as "Asahi-yama" or "Asahi yama."
Although the use of Kunrei shiki is officially encouraged by the
Japanese Government, the decision to use any particular system is largely a writer's choice. After examining the various choices, we settled on the modified Hepburn system as employed by Katsumata in "Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary" (1954 and later editions) and also by the U.S. Library of Congress. It is a system most widely used and most easily understood by western readers. Some exceptions are those romanized names and terms that have been established through long use. In these instances, the names and terms have been preserved as they appeared in earlier publications. Thus we have used "Koidzumi" rather than "Koizumi/' "Ohwi" instead of "6i," "kokesimidsu" rather than "kokeshimizu/' and "sato-zakura" in preference to "satozakura." Cultivars of Prunus: The Sato-zakura Group
forma affinis = JO-NIOI
AKABANA-MAZAKURA
Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Akabana-mazakura. Syn.: P. serrulata f. multiplex subf. rubriflora Miyoshi (1916).
AKEBONO* Kaibara, Ekiken (1698); Mikuma, Katen (1803); Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830). Russell (1934) as P. serrulata
Akebono. Sano (1970) as Akebono. Syn.: P. serrulata f. lucifera Miyoshi (1928) and Gashu (1976). (Not P. yedoensis Matsum. cv. Akebono introduced by W. B. Clarke of San Jose, Calif.)
f. albida = SHIROTAE subf. albida = TANABATA
f. albo-rosea = FUGENZO and SHIRO-FUGEN The name "albo-rosea" was given to two distinct cherries in the
Sato-zakura group by different authors. Makino (1908) used it for cv. Fugenzo and Wilson (1916) applied it to cv. Shiro-fugen. Both Fugenzo and Shiro-fugen are names of Japanese flowering cherries known in Japan prior to 1908. The mature flowers of cv. Fugenzo are rose pink, whereas those of cv. Shiro-fugen are white. The priority for the correct use of the cultivar names "Fugenzo" and
"Shiro-fugen" is established here. Albo-rosea of different authors for different plants is cited as synonymy for cv. Fugenzo and cv. Shiro-fugen. Miyoshi (1916) did not use the Latin term "albo-rosea/1
f. amabilis = HIGURASHI
AMANOGAWA* Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Galloway (1907) P.I. 12227 as P. pseudo-cerasus amanogawa. Sano (1970) as Amanogawa. Hillier and Sons (1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. Amanogawa. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Erecta (Sano, 1961; Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; Okada et al., 1975; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980 and 1982); and P. serrulata f. erecta Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976). AMAYADORI* Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilisi.
amayadori. Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana i. amayadori. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Amayadori. Ohwi and Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P.
lannesiana cv. Amayadori. Syn.: P. serrulata i. dilatata Miyoshi (1916).
f. angustipetala = KOKESIMIDSU
AOBA Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Aoba. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata
Aoba. Syn.: P. serrulata i. viridis Miyoshi (1916).
f. appendleu lata = IWAI ZAKURA
ARASHIYAMA*
Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro,
Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Koidzumi (1913) as P.
lannesiana i. arasiyama var. nobilis f. arasiyama. Russell (1934) as
P. serrulata Arashiyama. Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P.
lannesiana i. arasiyama. Ohwi and Ohta (1973), Honda and
Hayashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P.
lannesiana cv. Arashiyama. Syn.: P. serrulata i. rubescens Miyoshi (1916).
f. arguta = WASHINOO
ARIAKE*
Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Mikuma, Katen (1803); Shirakawa,
Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro, Hirokata
(1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilisi. ariake. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata
Ariake. Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P. lannesiana i. ariake.
Bean (1976) as P. cv. Ariake. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Candida
(Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc.
Jap., 1980 and 1982); and P. serrulata i. Candida Miyoshi (1916 and 1921); also known as Ariyake.
ARIYAKE = ARIAKE
ASAG I*
Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe (1710); Mizuno, Motokatsu (1716);
Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Mikuma, Katen (1803); Ito, Ihe (1813);
10 Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki
(c. 1842). Hillier and Sons (1974) as P. cv. Asagi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Luteoides (Sano, 1961; and Honda and Hayashi,
1974); and P. serrulata f. luteo-yirens subf. luteoides Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
ASANO = GERALDINEA
f. atrorubra = KIRIN
BAIGOJI-JUZUKAKE-ZAKURA = FLORIBUNDA
BANRIKO*
Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Wilson
(1916) as P. lannesiana f. banriko. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Excelsa
(Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980 and 1982); and
P. serrulata f. excelsa Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
f. bella = BENIHIYO
BENDEN* Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki
(c. 1842). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. elegans var. glabra subvar. hortensis f. benden. Hillier and Sons (1974) as P. cv. Benden. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Rubida (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973;
Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980 and 1982); and P. serrulata f. rubida Miyoshi (1916 and 1921); also known as Bendono.
BENDONO = BENDEN
BENI-FUGEN = FUGENZO
BENIHIYO Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Benihiyo. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Beni-hiyo. Syn.: P. serrulata f. bella Miyoshi (1916).
BENITORANOO*
Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilis f. benitoranowo. Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. beni-toranowo. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Beni-torano-o. Sano (1970) as Benitoranoo. Honda and Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv.
Benitoranowo. Syn.: P. serrulata f. formosissima Miyoshi (1916).
BOTANZAKURA* Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe (1813); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830).
11 Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. botan-zakura. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Botan-zakura. Hillier and Sons (1974) as P. cv. Botan Zakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Moutan (Sano, 1961; Ohwi and
Ohta, 1973; Honda and Havashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980
and 1982); and P. serrulata f. moutan Miyoshi (1916), Ingram (1946), and Gashu (1976).
f. bullata = OjOCHIN
f. caespitosa (Miyoshi, 1916) = Prunus X sieboldii (Carr.) Wittm. cv. Caespitosa (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973).
f. campanulata (Miyoshi, 1916) = P. jamazakura cv. Campanulata (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973).
f. campanuloides = SHUJAKU
f. Candida = ARIAKE
f. cataracta = TAKI-NIOI
f. caudata = TORANOO
CHEAL'S WEEPING = KIKU-SHIDARE
CHOSHU HIZAKURA* Galloway (1905) P.I. 9172 as Chioshiu hizakura (a misspelling of
Choshu hizakura). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donariumi. chosiu
hizakura. Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. chosiu hizakura. Ohwi
and Ohta (1973) and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P.
lannesiana cv. Chosiu hizakura. Svn.: P. serrulata f. splendens Miyoshi (1916).
f. chrvsanthemoides = KIKUZAKURA
f. classica = FUGENZO
f. communis = KOSHIOYAMA
t. conspicua = OSHOKUN
f. contorta = FUKUROKUjU
f. decora = HORINJI
f. diantipetala = NADESHIKO
12 f. dilatata = AMAYADORI
f. diversifolia = KIRIGAYATSU
f. dubia = SHOJO
EDOZAKURA* Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Kaibara, Ekiken (1698); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Mikuma, Katen (1803); Ito, Ihe (1813);
Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro,
Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. yedozakura. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Yedo-zakura. Hillier and Sons (1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. Yedo Zakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Nobilis (Honda and Hayashi,
1974); P. lannesiana f. nobilis Hayashi and Tominari (1971); P. serrulata nobilis Ingram (1948); and P. serrulata f. nobilis Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
f. erecta = AMANOGAWA
f. erecta subf. albida = TANABATA
f. excelsa = BANRIKO
f. fasciculata = ITOKUKURI
FLORIBUNDA*
Miyoshi (1922) and Gashu (1976) as P. serrulata f. floribunda.
Syns.: Baigoji-juzukake-zakura (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980 and 1982); Juzukakezakura (Sano, 1970); P. lannesiana cv. Juzukake-zakura (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Okada et al., 1975; and Fl. Assoc. Jap w 1980); and P. serrulata f. juzukakezakura Miyoshi (1927).
f. formosissima = BENITORANOO
FUGENZO*
Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Kaibara, Ekiken (1698); Ito, Ihe (1710); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758);
Ito, Ihe (1813); Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c.
1830); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Makino
(1908) as P. pseudo-cerasus var. serrulata subvar. glabra f. fugenzo.
Wilson (1916) as P. serrulata var. sachalinensis f. fugenzo. Sano (1970) as Fugenzo. Hillier and Sons (1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. Fugenzo. Syns.: Benifugen in Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822),
13 Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830), and Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Cerasus pseudo-cerasus James Veitch in Koehne (1902); P. lannesiana cv. Alborosea (Ohwi in Sano, 1961; Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and
Hayashi, 1974; Okada et al., 1975; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980); P. pseudo-cerasus benifugen Koehne (1909); P. pseudo-cerasus var.
James H. Veitch Veitch (1906); P, serrulata f. albo-rosea Makino
(1909); P. serrulata f. classica Miyoshi (1916 and 1921); P. serrulata Kofugen (Russell 1934); and P. serrulata var. veitchiana Bean (1914).
f. fugenzo alborosea = SHIRO-FUGEN
FUKUROKUJU* Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Fukurokuju. Wilson (1916) as P.
lannesiana f. fukurokuju. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Contorta (Ohwi,
1961; Sano, 1961; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; Okada et al., 1975; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980); and P. serrulata f. contorta Miyoshi (1916).
FUKU-ZAKURA = POLYCARPA
GERALDINAE Ingram (1929) as P. serrulata Geraldinae. Syns.: P. cv. Asano (Hillier and Sons, 1974); and P. serrulata asano Russell and Leese
(1960) P.I. 215558.
GIJO = P. jamazakura Sieb. cv. Campanulata (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973).
f. glauca = MINAKAMI
f. globosa = TEMARI
GOSHO-NIOI Miyoshi (1928) Japanese name: Gosho-nioi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Gosho-odora (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973); and P. serrulata f. gosho-odora Miyoshi (1928).
f. gosho-odora = GOSHO-NIOI
GOSHOZAKURA* Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Sakamoto,
Kozen (c. 1830). Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. gosiozakura. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Gosho-zakura. Honda and Hayashi
(1974) as P. lannesiana cv. Gosiozakura. Syn.: P. serrulata i. radiata Miyoshi (1916).
14 f. grandi flora = UKON
GYOIKO* Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Koidzumi
(1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa f. gioiko. Wilson (1916) and
Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P. lannesiana f. gioiko. Ingram (1925) and Russell (1934) as P. serrulata gioiko. Sano (1961), Ohwi and Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi (1974), Okada et al. (1975),
and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Gioiko.
Sano (1970) as Gyoiko. Syn.: P. serrulata f. trico lor Miyoshi (1916).
HAKU-FUGEN = SHIRO-FUGEN
HAKUYUKI = SIRAYUKI
HATAZAKURA* Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Sakamoto, Kosetsu (1842). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium var. nobilisi.
hatazakura. Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. hatazakura. Russell (1934) and Ingram (1948) as P. serrulata Hatazakura. Ohwi and
Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Hatazakura. Syns.: Ouchi-yama
(Ingram, 1948); P. serrulata i. vexillipeta la Miyoshi (1916); and Tai-min. (Ingram, 1948).
HIGURASHI* Galloway (1905) P.I. 9190 as P. pseudo-cerasus var. hortensis
higurashi. Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. higurashi. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Higurashi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Amabilis
(Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc.
Jap., 1982); and P. serrulata f. amabilis Miyoshi (1916 and 1921), Hayashi and Tominari (1971), and Gashu (1976).
HITOMARO = JO-NIOI
HIYODORI*
Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe (1813); Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830). Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Hiyodori-zakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Longipedunculata (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap.,
1980 and 1982); and P. lannesiana f. longipedunculata Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
HIZAKURA*
Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Kaibara, Ekiken (1698); Ito, Ihe (1710); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758);
15 Yashiro, Hirokata (1830). Koehne (1902) as P. serruiata f. hisakura.
Wilson (1916) as P. serruiata var. sachalinensis f. hisakura. Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P. lannesiana f. hisakura. Ohwi and Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi (1974), and FL Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Hisakura. Syns.: Ichiyo in Shirakawa,
Rakuo (1822) and Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Ichiyo (Sano, 1970); P.
donarium var. nobilis f. ichiyo Koidzumi (1913); P. serruiata Ichiyo
(Russell, 1934); and P. serruiata f. unifolia Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
HOKUSAI = UZUZAKURA
f. homogena = KOKONOE*
HORINJI*
Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe (1710); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Mikuma, Katen (1803);
Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro,
Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Wilson (1916) as P.
serruiata var. sachalinensis f. horinji. Russell (1934) as P. serruiata
Horinji. Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P. lannesiana f. horinji. Hillier and Sons (1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. Horinji. Honda and Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv. Horinji. Syns.:
Kabuto-zakura (Ingram, 1948); and P. serruiata f. decora Miyoshi (1916 and 1921).
HOSOKAWA-NIOI* Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Hosokawa-nioi. Russell (1934) as P. serruiata Hosokawa-nioi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Hosokawa-odora
(Ohwi and Ohta, 1973); and P. serruiata f. hosokawa-odora Miyoshi (1916).
f. hosokawa-odora = HOSOKAWA-NIOI
ICHIYO = HIZAKURA
ITOKUKURI* Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830).
Wilson (1916) as P. serruiata var. sachalinensis f. itokukuri. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Fasciculata (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and
Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980); and P. serrulatai. fasciculata Miyoshi (1916).
ITSUKAYAMA Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Itsukayama. Sano (1970) as Itsukayama. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Sobanzakura (Ohwi and Ohta,
16 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; Okada et al., 1975; and Fl.
Assoc. Jap., 1980); P. lannesiana f. sobanzakura Wilson (1916); and
P. serrulata f. regularis Miyoshi (1916).
IWAI ZAKURA Toyama and Miyoshi (1940) as P. serrulata "Iwaizakura." Ohwi and
Ohta (1973) as P. lannesiana cv. Iwai-zakura. Syn.: P. serrulata f. appendicu lata Toyama (1940) and Gashu (1976).
JAMES H. VEITCH = FUGENZO
JAMES VEITCH = FUGENZO
JONIOI*
Galloway (1907) P.I. 12208 as P. pseudo-cerasus J ouioi (a misspelling of Jonioi). Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. jonioi. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Jonioi. Sano (1970) as Jonioi. Hillier and Sons (1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. J6-nioi. Syns.: ? [sic] Hitomaro (Ingram, 1948); P. lannesiana cv. Affinis (Ohwi and Ohta,
1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980 and
1982); P. serrulata f. affinis Miyoshi (1916); Sakon (Ingram, 1948); and Zenkoji (Ingram, 1948).
JUZUKAKE-ZAKURA = FLORIBUNDA
KABUTO-ZAKURA = HORINJI
KANZAN = SEKIYAMA
KENROKUEN-KIKUZAKURA = SPHAERANTHA
KIKU-SHIDARE = P. jamasakura cv. Plena-pendula (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973).
KIKUZAKURA* Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sano (1970). Hillier and Sons (1974) as
P. cv. Kiku-zakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv'. Chrysanthemoides
(Sano, 1961; and Honda and Hayashi, 1974); P. lannesiana f. chrysanthemoides Hayashi and Tominari (1971); and P. serrulata f. chrysanthemoides Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
KIRIGAYA = KIRIGAYATSU
KIRIGAYATSU* Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758).
17 Miyoshi (1910) as P. serrulata Kirigayatsu. Syns.: Kurumagaeshi (Kaibara, Ekiken, 1698; Matsuoka, Gentatsu, 1758; and Shirakawa,
Rakuo, P. cv. Mikuruma-gaeshi (Bean P. donarium i. 1822); ; 1976); mikurumakaisi Koidzumi (1913); P. lannesiana cv. Kirigaya (Ohwi in Sano, 1961); P. lannesiana cv. Mikurumakaisi (Ohwi and Ohta,
1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Ft. Assoc. Jap., 1982); P.
lannesiana f. mikurumagaeshi Gashu (1976); P. lannesiana f.
mikurumakaisi Wilson (1916); P. serrulata f. diversiflora Miyoshi (1916); P. serrulata Kirigaya (Russell, 1934); P. serrulata mikurumaegaeshi Miyoshi (1921); and Yae-hitoe (Matsuoka, Gentatsu, 1758).
KIRIN*
Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito,
Ihe (1710); Ito, Ihe (1813). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp.
speciosa f. kirin. Wilson (1916) as P. serrulata var. sachalinensisi. kirin. Ingram (1948) as P. serrulata atrorubra Kirin. Sano (1970) as
Kirin. Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P. lannesiana f. kirin. Ohwi
and Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi (1974), Okada et al. (1975),
and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Kirin.
Syn.: P. serrulata f. atrorubra Miyoshi (1916).
KOFUGEN = FUGENZO
KOGIKUZAKURA*
Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Russell
(1934) as P. serrulata Kogiku-zakura. Syn.: P. serrulata f. singularis Miyoshi (1916).
KOJIMA = SHIROTAE
KOKESIMIDSU*
Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilis f.
kokesimidsu. Wilson (1916) and Gashu (1976) as P. lannesiana f. kokesimidsu. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Koke-shimidsu. Sano
(1961), Honda and Hayashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Kokeshimidsu. Sano (1970) as
Kokeshimizu. Syn.: P. serrulata f. angustipetala Miyoshi (1916).
KOKONOE* Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro,
Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Wilson (1916) as P.
serrulata var. sachalinensis f. kokonaye (a misspelling of kokonoe). Hillier and Sons (1974) as P. cv. Kokonoye (also mispelled) Sakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Homogena (Honda and Hayashi, 1974); P.
18 lannesiana f. homogena Hara (1970); and P. serrulata f. homogena Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
KOKONOYE SAKURA = KOKONOE
KOSHIOYAMA* Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Sakamoto, Kosetsu (1842) as Koshioyama. Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. elegans var. glabra subvar. hortensis f. kosioyama. Wilson
(1916) as P. serrulata var. spontanea i. kosioyama. Honda and
Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv. Koshioyama. Fl. Assoc. Jap.
(1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Kosioyama. Syn.: P. serrulata f. communis Miyoshi (1916).
KURUMAGAESHI = KIRIGAYATSU
KWANZAN = SEKIYAMA
f. longipedunculata = HIYODORI
f. longipes = OKUMIYAKO
f. lucifera = AKEBONO
f. luteoides = ASAG I
f. luteo-virens = UKON
f. luteo-virens subf. luteoides = ASAG I
MANGETSU = UKON
MASUYAMA Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Masuyama. Wilson (1916) as P. serrulata var. sachalinensis f. masuyama. Gashu (1976) as P. lannesiana f. masuyama. Syns.: P. serrulata f. purpurascens subf. pallida Miyoshi (1916); and Ingram (1948) listed Masuyama as a synonym of P. serrulata sekiyama.
MAZAKURA Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830). Wilson
(1916) as P. lannesiana f. mazakura. Sano (1970) as Mazakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Multiplex (Honda and Hayashi, 1974); P. lannesiana f. multiplex Hara (1970); and P. serrulata f. multiplex Miyoshi (1916 and 1921) and Gashu (1976); also known as Shirobana-mazakura.
19 MEIGETSU* Galloway (1907) P.I. 12207 as P. pseudo-cerasus meigetsu. Wilson
(1916) as P. serrulata var. pubescens f. meigetsu. Russell (1934; as P. serrulata Meigetsu. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Sancta (Ohwi and
Ohta, 1973; and Honda and Hayashi, 1 974;; and P. serrulata f. sancta Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
MIKURUMAGAESHI = KIRIGAYATSU
MIKURUMAKAISI = KIRIGAYATSU
MINAKAMI* Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilisi.
minakami. Wilson (1916) and Gashu (1976; as P. lannesiana f. minakami. Russeli (1934) as P. serrulata Mina-kami. Ohwi and Ohta (1973; and Honda and Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv.
Minakami. Syn.: P. serrulata f. glauca Miyoshi (1916j.
MIRABILIS*
' Toyama and Kimura (1941a) and Gashu 1 976 ; as P. lannesiana f. mirabilis. Ohwi and Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi 1974;. and
Fl. Assoc. Jap. ''1980 and 1982- as P. lannesiana cv. Mirabilis. Japanese name: Omura-zakura 'Ohwi and Ohta, 1973j.
MIYAKO = OKUMIYAKO
f. mollis = YOKIHI
f. montana = USUZAKURA
MORM-JIGARE = OjOCHIN
MOUNT FUJI = SHIROTAE
f. moutan = BOTANZAKURA
f. multipetala = NAjIMAZAKURA
f. multiplex = MAZAKURA
f. multiplex subf. rubriflora = AKABANA-MAZAKURA
MURASAKIZAKURA-
Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842j. Galloway
(1905) P.I. 9196 as P. pseudo-cerasus murasaki sakura. Sano • 1 970; as Murasaki-zakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Purpurea (Ohwi and
20 Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980
and 1982); and P. serrulata f. purpurea Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
NADEN
Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe
(1710); Ito, Ihe (1813); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830). Russell (1934) as
P. serrulata Naden. Sano (1970) as Naden. Syn.: P. serrulata f. sericea Miyoshi (1916).
NADESHIKO* Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830). Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Nadeshiko-zakura. Sano (1970) as Nadeshikozakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Dianthipetala (Sano, 1961; and Honda and
Hayashi, 1974); and P. serrulata f. diantipetala Miyoshi (1922) and Gashu (1976).
NAJIMAZAKURA*
Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro,
Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Najimazakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Multipetala (Ohwi
and Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap.,
1980 and 1982); and P. serrulata f. multipetala Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
f. nigrescens = USUZUMI
f. nivea = SIRAYUKI
f. nobilis = EDOZAKURA
OHNANDEN = SEKIYAMA
OHSHIBAYAMA = OHSIBAYAMA
OHSIBAYAMA
Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium f. ohsibayama. Wilson (1916) as
P. serrulata f. ohsibayama. Ohwi and Ohta (1973) and Honda and Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv. Ohsibayama. Gashu (1976) as
P. lannesiana f. ohshibayama. Syn.: P. serrulata f. plan iflora Miyoshi (1922). djOCHIN*
Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe (1710); Ito, Ihe (1813); Sakamoto,
21 Kozen (c. 1830). Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. ojochin. Russell (1934) and Ingram (1948) as P. serrulata Ojochin. Sano (1970) as Ochochin. Ohwi and Ohta '1973), Honda and Havashi '1974), and
Fl. Assoc, jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Ojochin. Bean
'1976.1 as P. cv. Ojochin. Svns.: Morni-Jigare (Mountain, 1952;; P. lannesiana f. bullata Ha\'ashi and Tominari 0971); P. serrulata f. bullata Mivoshi (1916); and P. serrulata senriko Ingram'?' (1925).
OKUMIYAKO* Mivoshi (1916) Japanese name: Okumiyako. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Oku-mivako. Svns.: P. cv. Shimidsu (Bean, 1976); P. lannesiana cv. Longipes (Honda and Havashi, 1974); P. serrulata longipes Ingram (1925 and 1929); P. serrulata i. longipes Mivoshi
(1916) and Gashu (1976); P. serrulata Mivako (Bean, 1951); and P. serrulata Shimidsuii (Ingram, 1941).
OMURAZAKURA = MIRABILIS
OSHOKUN*
Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Galloway
(1907) P.I. 12183 as P. pseudo-cerasus Oshokun. Russell -1934) as
P. serrulata Oshokun. Sano (1970) as Oshokun. Hillier and Sons
(1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. Oshokun. Svns.: P. lannesiana cv
Conspicua (Sano, 1 961 ; and Honda and Havashi, 1 974); P. lannesiana f. conspicua Hara '1950); and P. serrulata f. conspicua Mivoshi (1916) and GashG (1976).
OUCHI-YAMA = HATAZAKURA
f picta = SENRIKO
f. planiflora = OHSIBAYAMA var. plena-pendula (Mivoshi, 1922) = P. jamasakura cv. Plena-pendula (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973).
POLYCARPA
Miyoshi (1928) as P. lannesiana f. polvcarpa. Ohwi and Ohta
(1973), Honda and Havashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc, jap. (1980 and
1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Polvcarpa. Gashu (1976) as P. serrulata f. polvcarpa. Svn.: Fukuzakura (Sano, 1970).
f. purpurascens = SEKIYAMA
f. purpurascens subf. pallida = MASUYAMA
22 f. purpurea = MURASAKIZAKURA
f. purpurea subf. plena = YAE-MURASAKIZAKURA
f. radiata = GOSHOZAKURA
f. regularis = ITSUKAYAMA
f. rubescens = ARASHIYAMA
f. rubida = BENDEN
RUIARASHI = TAGUIARASHI
RUIRAN = TAGUIARASHI
SAKON = JO-NIOI
f. sancta = MEIGETSU
SEKIYAMA* Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilisi. sekiyama. Wilson (1916) as
P. serrulata var. sachalinensis f. sekiyama. Ingram (1925 and 1948) and Gashu (1976) as P. serrulata sekiyama. Hayashi and Tominari
(1971) as P. lannesiana f. sekiyama. Ohwi and Ohta (1973), Honda
and Hayashi (1974), Okada et al. (1975), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Sekiyama. Syns.: Kanzan (Sano, 1970); Masuyama (Ingram, 1948); Ohnanden (Ingram, 1948); P. serrulata Kwanzan (Miyoshi, 1934a; and Russell, 1934); P. serrulata f. purpurascens Miyoshi (1916); and P. serrulata var. sachalinensis f. ohnanden Wilson (1916); also known as Sekizan.
SEKIZAN = SEKIYAMA
f. semperflorens (Miyoshi, 1916) = P. leveilleana cv. Fudanzakura (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973).
SENRIKO*
Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilis f. senriko. Wilson (1916) and Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P.
lannesiana f. senriko. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Senriko. Ohwi
and Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc. Jap.
(1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Senriko. Syn.: P. serrulata f. picta Miyoshi (1916).
23 f. sericea = NADEN
SHIMIDSU = OKUMIYAKO
SHIMIDSUII = OKUMIYAKO
SHIROBANA-MAZAKURA = MAZAKURA
SHIRO-FUGEN* Yokohama Nursery Co. (1901) as P. pseudo-cerasus shiro-fugen. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Shirofugen. Sano (1970) as Shirofugen. Hillier and Sons (1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. Shiro-fugen.
Syns.: P. lannesiana f. albo-rosea Hara (1950) and Hayashi and
Tominari (1971); P. serrulata f. albo-rosea Wilson (1916); and P. serrulata f. fugenzo alborosea Sano (1961); also known as Hakufugen.
SHIROTAE* Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilisi. sirotae. Wilson (1916), Hayashi and
Tominari (1971), and Gashu (1976) as P. lannesiana f. sirotae.
Miyoshi (1916 and 1921) as P. serrulata f. albida. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Shirotae. Ohwi (1961) and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980) as P. lannesiana cv. Shirotae. Sano (1970) as Shirotae. Honda and Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv. Sirotae. Hillier and Sons (1974) and Bean (1976) as P. cv. Shirotae. Syns.: P. cv. Kojima (Hillier and Sons, 1974); P. pseudo-cerasus Mount Fuji (Yokohama, 1910); and P. serrulata kojima (Ingram, 1925).
SHIROYUKI = SIRAYUKI
SHOGETSU*
Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro,
Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Wilson (1916) as P. serrulata var. sachalinensis f. shogetsu. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Shogetsu. Sano (1970) as Shogetsu. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv.
Superba (Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980 and
1982); P. lannesiana f. superba Hayashi and Tominari (1971); and
P. serrulata f. superba Miyoshi (1916 and 1921) and Gashu (1976).
SHOJO Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe (1710). Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Shojo. Hara (1950) as P. fruticosa Pallas f. shojo. Honda and Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv. Shojo. Syn.: P. serrulata f. dubia Gashu (1976).
24 SHUJAKU* Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. elegans var. glabra subvar. hortensis f. shujaku. Wilson (1916) as P. serrulata var. sachalinensis f. shujaku. Russell (1934) and Ingram (1948) as P. serrulata Shujaku.
Sano (1961), Honda and Hayashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Shujaku. Sano (1970) as Shujaku.
Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P. lannesiana f. shujaku. Bean
(1976) as P. cv. Shujaku. Syn.: P. serrulata f. campanuloides Miyoshi (1916).
f. simi Iis = TAGUIARASHI
f. singularis = KOGIKUZAKURA
SIRAYUKI Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. elegans var. pubescens subvar. sieboldii. sirayuki. Wilson (1916) as P. serrulata var. pubescens f. sirayuki. Sano (1970) as Shirayuki. Ohwi and Ohta
(1973) and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Sirayuki. Honda and Hayashi (1974) as P. lannesiana cv. Nivea. Gashu
(1976) as P. lannesiana f. sirayuki. Syn.: P. serrulata f. nivea Miyoshi (1916); also known as Hakuyuki.
SIROTAE = SHIROTAE
SOBAN-ZAKURA = ITSUKAYAMA
SPHAERANTHA*
Miyoshi (1928, 1934a) and Gashu (1976) as P. serrulata f. sphaerantha. Sano (1961), Ohwi and Ohta (1973), Honda and Hayashi (1974), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Sphaerantha. Syns.: Kenrokuen Kiku-zakura (Sano, 1970); and P. serrulata Kenrokuen Kiku-zakura (Russell, 1934).
f. spiralis = UZUZAKURA
f. splendens = CHOSHU-HIZAKURA
f. subfusca = SUMIZOME
SUMIZOME*
Yashiro, Hirokata (1830). Wilson (1916) as P. lannesiana f. sumizome. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Sumizome. Sano (1970) as Sumizome. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Subfusca (Honda and Hayashi,
25 1974); and P. serrulata f. subfusca Miyoshi (1916), Gashu (1976), and Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980).
f. superba = SHOGETSU
f. suruadai-odora = SURUGADAI-NIOI
SURUGADAI-NIOI* Galloway (1905) P.I. 9177 as P. pseudo-cerasus var. hortensis Surugadai nioi. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Suragadai nioi (spelling error). Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Surugadai-odora (Fl. Assoc. Jap.,
1980); P. serrulata f. surugadai-odora Gashu, 1976; and P. serrulata surugadai-odora Miyoshi (1916) and Ingram (1948).
TAGUIARASHI* Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Tagui-arashi. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Tagui-arashi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Similis (Honda and
Hayashi, 1974); and P. serrulata f. similis Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976); also known as Ruiran and Ruiarashi.
TAI-MIN. = HATAZAKURA
TAKASAGO = Prunus X sieboldii cv. Caespitosa (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973).
TAKI-NIOI* Galloway (1907) P.I. 12223 as P. pseudo-cerasus Taki-nioi. Wilson
(1916) as P. lannesiana f. takinioi. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Taki-nioi. Hillier and Sons (1974) as P. cv. Takinioi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Cataracta (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; and Honda and
Hayashi, 1974); P. lannesiana f. cataracta Gashu (1976); and P. serrulata f. cataracta Miyoshi (1916).
TANABATA
Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Tanabata. Syn.: P. serrulata f. erecfa subf. albida Miyoshi (1916).
TEMARI* Koidzumi (1913) as P. donariumi. temari. Wilson (1916) and
Gashu (1976) as P. lannesiana f. temari. Ohwi and Ohta (1973) and
Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1980 and 1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Temari. Syn.:
P. serrulata f. globosa Miyoshi (1922).
TORANOO* Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Kaibara, Ekiken (1698); Ito, Ihe (1710); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758);
26 Ito, Ihe (1813); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Torano-o. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Caudata (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973);
P. lannesiana f. caudata Nemoto (1950); and P. serrulata f. caudata Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
f. tricolor = GYOIKO
UDZUZAKURA = UZUZAKURA
UKON* Ito, Ihe (1710); Ito, Ihe (1813). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donariumi. ukon. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Ukon. Sano (1970) as Ukon. Hillier and Sons (1974) as P. cv. Ukon. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv.
Grandiflora (Sano, 1961; and Fl. Assoc. Jap., 1980 and 1982); P. lannesiana f. grandiflora Wilson (1916) and Hayashi and Tominari
(1971); P. serrulata f. grandiflora Wagner (1903) and Gashu (1976);
P. serrulata f. luteo-virens Miyoshi (1916); and P. serrulata f. viridiflora Makino (1909). Also known as Mangetsu.
f. unifolia = HIZAKURA
USUZAKURA
Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Usuzakura. Syn.: P. serrulata f. montana Miyoshi (1916).
USUZUMI Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758); Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto,
Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Usuzumi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Nigrescens (Honda and Hayashi, 1974); P. lannesiana f. nigrescens Hayashi and Tominari (1971); and P. serrulata f. n igrescens Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
UZUZAKURA*
Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro,
Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Wilson (1916) as P. serrulata var. sachalinensis f. udzuzakura. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Udzu-zakura. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Spiralis (Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; and Honda and Hayashi, 1974); P. serrulata Hokusai
(Ingram, 1925); and P. serrulata f. spiralis Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976). var. veitchiana = FUGENZO
f. versicolor = YAE-AKEBONO
27 f. vexillipetala = HATAZAKURA
f. viridiflora = UKON
f. viridis = AOBA
WASHINOO*
Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Ito, Ihe
(1710); Ito, Ihe (1813); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Sakamoto,
Kosetsu (c. 1842). Koidzumi (1913) as P. donarium subsp. speciosa var. nobilisi. wasinowo. Wilson (1916) and Gashu (1976) as P.
lannesiana i. wasinowo. Russell (1934) and Hayashi and Tominari (1971) as P. serrulata Wash-no-o. Ingram (1948) as P. serrulata Wasinowo. Sano (1970) as Washinoo. Ohwi and Ohta (1973) and
Fl. Assoc. Jap. (1982) as P. lannesiana cv. Wasinowo. Syns.: P.
serrulata f. arguta Miyoshi (1916); and Shibayama (Matsuoka, Gentatsu, 1758).
YAE-AKEBONO* Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Yae-akebono. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Yae-akebono. Sano (1970) as Yae-akebono. Bean (1976) as P. cv. Yae-akebono. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Versicolor (Honda and
Hayashi, 1974); P. lannesiana f. yayeakebono Wilson (1916); P.
serrulata versicolor Hara (1950); and P. serrulata f. versicolor Miyoshi (1916).
YAE-HITOE = KIRIGAYATSU
YAE-MURASAKIZAKURA* Miyoshi (1916) Japanese name: Yae-murasakizakura. Ryerson (1929) P.I. 69089 and Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Yaemurasaki.
Syn.: P. serrulata f. purpurea subf. plena Miyoshi (1916).
f. yayeakebono = YAE-AKEBONO
YEDO-ZAKURA = EDOZAKURA
YOKIHS* Mizuno, Motokatsu (1681 and 1716); Ito, Ihe, et al. (1695); Kaibara, Ekiken (1698); Ito, Ihe (1710); Matsuoka, Gentatsu (1758);
Ito, Ihe (1813); Shirakawa, Rakuo (1822); Sakamoto, Kozen (c. 1830); Yashiro, Hirokata (1830); Kubo, Tatewaki (c. 1842). Wilson (1916) as P. sieboldiii. yokihi. Russell (1934) as P. serrulata Yokihi. Sano (1970) as Yokihi. Syns.: P. lannesiana cv. Mollis (Sano, 1961; Ohwi and Ohta, 1973; Honda and Hayashi, 1974; and Fl. Assoc.
28 Jap., 1982); P. lannesiana f. mollis Hara (1950); and P. serrulata f. mollis Miyoshi (1916) and Gashu (1976).
ZENKOJI = JO-NIOI
29 Cultivar Names not Affected by This Nomenclature Revision
Some cultivar names in the Satozakura group have not been affected by the present nomenclature revision. As far as is known, Latin epithets with the rank of forma were not applied to the following names:
Aomezakura Gijizakura Arakawa-nioi* Gozanoma-nioi* Aratama* Asahibotan Habutai Asahiyama* Hakkasan Awayukizakura Hanagasa* Ayanishiki* Haruarashi Azuma-nishiki* Hatsumizakura Azumazakura Hatsuzakura Hayazaki-oshima Benichochin Hayazakizakura* Benigamo Hikozakura Benigasa* Hinodeno-zakura Beninanden Hirano-imose* Benishigure* Hirano-nadesiko* Benitamanishikr Hirano-nezame Beniyae* Hitoe-akebono Beniyutaka* Hitoezakura Hiuchidanino-kiko* Chiharazakura* Hokuhou* Choshuzakura Homarezakura Homyoji* Daikoku* Horaisan* Daimin* Hosokawa-beni* Dairino-sakura Daizenzakura Imajukuzakura Imose* Eigenji* Isamizakura Isezakura Fugen-shidare Isobe-nioi Fujimazakura Ito-kukuri Fukiyosezakura Izuzakura* Futoedazakura
30 Jeanne Wohlert Matsumae-tsuyukosode* Jurokunichizakura Matsumae-usubenikokonoe* Matsumae-usugasane somei* Kagetsuzakura Matsumae-yaekotobuki* Kaido Midsuhozakura* Kamatari* Mishima-shiratama Kamiyono-zakura Miyakonishiki* Kanto-ariake* Murezakura Kanzashi* Kariginu Narazakura Kariyadozakura Nisonin* Kawanishi* Nonotaka* Kawazuzakura* Kibune-uzu* Obanazakura Kinashi-chigozakura Ochichima* Kinrinji Ogasayama Kizakura* Ogawa-nioi Kocho* Ogizakura Kodaiji Ogon Kohinazakura Ohtazakura* Kokonoye-nioi Okikuzakura* Kotohira* Okinazakura* Komatsunagi* Okuyamazakura Kommezakura Omuro-ariake* Kongosan Onaden Konnosakura Onoezakura Kouka* Oshibano Koyamazakura Ouchiyama Kumagai* Oyamafugin Kunrinjishirotai Oyanezakura Kuramayama* Kurumadome Paul Wohlert* Kushimana* Pink Perfection*
Magozakura Ranzan Mangetsu Ruth Wohlert Matsumae* Matsumae-aizen* Saihaizakura
Matsu mae-ben i h igoromo* Sakonno-zakura Matsumae-fuki* Sakuyahime* Matsumae-hanazomei* Seiganzakura Matsumae-hayazaki* Sendai-shidare Matsumae-kazanin* Setsubunsakura Matsumae-oshio* Shibayama* Matsumae-sarasa Shibori
31 Shin-nishiki Totankizakura Shin-sumizome* Toyamazakura Shiogama* Tsukubane* Shiragikuzakura Shirayuki* Ukishimazakura Shiroko-fudanzakura Urawa* Shironanden Shiro-shidare Wase-miyako* Shitoe-fugen Shizuka* Yachiyozakura Shogun* Yae-benitoranowo* Shumeizakura Yae-kanzan Suzumezakura Yae-sakonno-zakura Suzunarizakura Yamadorizakura Yatsubusa-kezakura Tabazakura Yatsubusazakura Tachi-kezakura Yayoizakura Taihaku* Yedahozakura Tairyozakura* Yoritomo-gebazakura Takamatsu-chigo Yoshino-nioi Takigizakura Yugure* Tamamari Tanko-shinju* Zansetsu Taoyame*
32 Annotated References
Anonymous. 1960. Japanese cherry trees in Washington, D.C., U.S. 87 pp. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. [In Japanese.] Aizeki, Yoshiro. 1981. Tokyo no sakura meisho ima mukashi. [Past and present celebrated flowering cherry localities in Tokyo.] 138 pp. Kyogakusha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC (Libr. Cong., Washington, D.C.): SB413.C5A38 Orien Japan.
Andre, E. 1904. Cerasus serrulata rosea plena {Cerasus
serratifolia rosea plena Hort.). Rev. Hort. 1904: 440-441, i 1 1 us.
Bean, W. J. 1914 and 1933. Trees and shrubs hardy in the
British Isles. V. I-III, ed. 1. London. A select bibliography of trees and shrubs in three volumes; v.
I-II (1914), v. Ill (1933). 1950-51. Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles. 3 v,
ed. 7. London.
1976. Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles. V. Ill, ed. 8, 973 pp. London. Doorenbos, S. G. A. 1937. Een bloemkers met opmerkelijke eigenschappen. Jaarb. Nederland. Dendrol. Ver. 12: 76-77,
illus.
On Prunus serrulata f. rosea, a weeping form, with references to P. subhirtella var. pendula. Flower Association of Japan. 1980. {See Nihon Hana no Kai.) 1982. Manual of Japanese flowering cherries. 609 pp., illus. Flower Association of Japan, Tokyo. Fujii, Masao. 1981. Nippon Retto sakura tabi. [Flowering
cherry journey through Japanese Archipelago.] 214 pp., illus. Grafusha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: SB413.C5F84 Orien Japan. Fujiwara, Sadaie. 1180-1233. Meigetsuki. [Meigetsu
diary.] Compiled by Teikoku Daigaku Shiryo Hensan Gakari. : v. Tosho Kankokai, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1970; photo-offset of 1911-12, reprinted.) LC: PL791.M4 1970 Orien Japan. The author included notes on horticultural practices for transplanting and grafting of flowering cherries. and Fumio Imagawa (annotator). 1977 (orig. 1180-1233). Kundoku Meigetsu. [Meigetsu diary translated from classic Japanese.] 6 v. Kawade Shobo Shinsha, Tokyo. LC: PL791.Z5A3 Orien Japan. In the section on horticulture, grafting and postgraft
33 development of flowering cherries are discussed. Funatsu, Seisaku. 1921. Kohoku ofu. [Flowering cherry albums
of Kohoku.] 4 v., i 1 1 us. [In Japanese with Latin names; unpublished; copy on file U.S. Natl. Agr. Libr., Beltsville, Md.] Excellent illustrations of all flowering cherries previously cultivated in Kohoku, Tokyo. Galloway, B. T., comp. 1905. Seeds and plants imported during the period from September, 1900, to December, 1903. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 66, Inventory 10, 315 pp. 1907. Seeds and plants imported during the period from December, 1903, to December, 1905. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 97, Inventory 11, 255 pp. Gashu, Kuhei. 1976. Sekai no nihonzakura [Japanese flowering cherries of the world.] 183 pp. Seibundo Shinkosha, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB435.G38 Orien Japan. Critical notes and descriptions on various horticultural forms of Japanese flowering cherries in Japan and around the world where Gashu investigated. Gordon, G. 1876. Double-flowered cherries. Garden 10:
486-487, pi. 47. General notes on various horticultural forms. Gray, Asa. 1856. Account of botanical specimens. In Perry, M. C., Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China seas and to Japan 1852-54. U.S. Cong. 33, 2d Sess., Exec. Doc. 79(2): 305-332.
Haneda, Takemi. 1982. Sekai o sakura no mankai ni. [Let
flowering cherries blossom all over the world.] In Nihon Jidobungakusha Kyokai, Sekai to akushu [Shake hands with the world], pp. 104-125. Kodansha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] Children's book of flowering cherry.
Hara, Hiroshi. 1950. Sakura. In Ishii, Yugi, Engei Daijiten,
Comprehensive horticultural dictionaries, v. 2, pp. 914-932. Seibundo Shinkosha, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: Sb45.175 Orien Japan. A general treatment of wild and cultivated flowering cherries. 1970. In Saishin, Engei Daijiten Henshu-Jinkai (comps.), Encyclopedia of horticulture, v. 5. Seibundo Shinkosha,
Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB45.S25 Orien Japan. Hayashi, Yasaka, and Michizo Toida. 1975. Sakura hyakka. [100 blossoms of flowering cherries.] 144 pp.,
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34 [Ornamental trees and shrubs of Japan.] 344 pp., illus. Kodansha, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB435.H433 Orien Japan. A general note. Heian (Hirayasu), Kajo. 1886. Kaidai oga cho. [Picture album of flowering cherries throughout the nation.] In Honda, M., and Y. Hayashi, Nihon no sakura, pp. 37-38. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1974.) Listed are 33 flowering cherry names. Hillier and Sons. 1974. Hilliers' manual of trees and shrubs. 576 pp. Winchester, England. Hiroe, Minosuke. 1976. Sakura to jinsei. [Flowering cherries
and man's life.] 270 pp. Meigen Shobo, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB413.C5H57 Orien Japan. Both wild and cultivated flowering cherries are discussed. Honda, Masaji, and Yasaka Hayashi. 1974. Nihon no sakura. [Japanese flowering cherries.] 306 pp. Seibundo Shinkosha, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB435.N5 Orien Japan. Critical notes and descriptions of wild and cultivated flowering cherries in Japan.
Ingram, C. 1925. Notes on Japanese cherries I. Roy. Hort. Soc.
Jour. 50: 73-99, illus. 1926a. A dwarf cherry {Prunus incisa). Garden 90: 68,
illus. 1926b. Prunus serrulata var. fudan zakura. Gard. Chron.
Ill, v. 79, p. 27, fig. 13.
1926c. The hill cherry of Japan. Gard. Chron. III., v. 80, pp. 331-332, figs. 151, 152. A general note on Prunus mutabilis. 1927a. A new Japanese flowering cherry: Tai Haku
Sakura. Gard. Chron. Ill, v. 82, p. 107, figs. 44, 45.
1927b. Sargent's cherry. Gard. Chron. Ill, v. 81, p. 32,
fig. 19. Prunus sachalinensis from Japan and Sakhalin.
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Silva 5: 53-55, fig. 19. 1935. The nomenclature of the Japanese flowering
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1941 . Corrections in the names of Japanese cherries.
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35 A discussion on some cultivated species, including Prunus serrulata shimidzuii n. var.
1944a. Chinese and Japanese hill cherries. Gard. Chron.
I, v. 115, pp. 117-118. Reduces Prunus hupehensis to variety of P. serrulata and P.
mutabilis to a synonym of P. s. var. spontanea with a new Latin description. 1944b. Yamazakura. Roy. Hort. Soc. Jour. 69: 126-130. On the origin and introduction into Japan of Prunus serrulata var. spontanea from China.
1945. Notes on Japanese cherries. III. Roy. Hort. Soc.
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1 976.) LC: SB99J281 86 Orien Japan. Listed are 46 flowering cherries with descriptions.
Jacques, A. 1832. Cerisier parmentier a. fleurs doubles. Roy. Hort. Soc. Ann. 11: 75-76.
1 "Chikin sho" is referred to as "jikin sho" in some publications.
36 Japan of Graphic Company. 1976. Sakura: Nihon no bi. [Flowering cherries: Beauty of Japan.] 139 pp.,
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medicarum. Fasc. V, Plantarum Japonicarum . . ., 799 pp. Lemgoviae. Kaibara, Ekiken. 1630-1714. Kafu, Saifu. [Flower album,
vegetable album.] Yasaka Shobo, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1973.) LC: SB404.6.J3K34 Orien Japan.
This is a reproduction in one volume of two horticultural manuals from the 17th century. 1698. Kafu. [Flower album.] 3 v. Pub. unknown,
Japan. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1844.) LC: 623K15 Orien Japan. Katsumata, Senkichiro, ed. 1954. Kenkyusha's new Japanese-English dictionary. Ed. 3, 2202 pp. Kenkyusha, Tokyo.
Kitamura, Fumio, and Yurio Ishizu. 1963. Garden plants in Japan. 226 pp. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, Tokyo. Koehne, E. 1902. Prunus pseudocerasus wafer/ und P. serrulata
Hisakura. Gartenflora 51: 2, pi. 1494. General notes on Japanese cherries. 1909. Die in Deutschland Eingefuhrten Japonischen Zierkirschen. In Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. Mitt. 18: 161-179. 1912. Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora nov. var. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 10: 507. 1917. Die kirschen arten Japans, mit kritischer benutzung
von E. H. Wilson. Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. Mitt. 26: 1-71, illus. Koidzumi, G. 1913. Conspectus rosacearum Japonicarum.
Tokyo Imp. Univ. Col. Sci. Jour. 34, art. 1 , 1 75 pp, illus.
1915. What is Prunus serrulata Lindl.? Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 29: 387-388. A critical note in Japanese. 1916. On Prunus serrulata Lindl. Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 30:417. A brief botanical note in Japanese. 1917. On Prunus pseudo-cerasus and P. serrulata found in eastern Asia. Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 31: 122-124. Notes and descriptions in English and Japanese with
republication of information in J. Lindley (1825).
37 1932. Prunus yedoensis Matsum. is a native of Quepaert.
Acta Phytotaxonom. et Geobot. 1: 177-179, i 1 1 us. [In Japanese. Kubo, Tatewaki. c. 1842. Chojagamaru Hakuo Teien chu hyaku-sanjuroku hin. [136 varieties from Chojagamaru Garden.] In Honda, M., and Y. Hayashi, Nihon no sakura, pp. 34-35. (Reprinted, 1974.)
Listed are 136 names of flowering cherries cultivated in Chojagamaru's garden.
Lindley, J. 1827-28. Report upon the new or rare plants which flowered in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick,
between March, 1825, and March, 1826. Pt. I (1827), Tender
plants; Pt. II (1828), Hardy plants. Hort. Soc. London, Trans 7: 46-75, 224-253. Includes Camellia euryoides, Tephrosia chinensis, Aspidistra
punctata, Rosa banksiae, Prunus serrulata, P. salicina, and Rubus parvifolius from China. Makino, Tomitaro. 1908. Observations on the flora of Japan. Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 22: 102. 1909. Observations on the flora of Japan. Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 23: 74. 1926. Nippon shokubutsu zukan. [Flora of Japan.] Ed. 4, 1344 pp. Hokuryukan, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] NAL (Natl. Agr. Libr., Beltsville, Md.): 460.15 M282N 1927. My donation of seedlings of Prunus serrulata Lindl. var. sachalinensis Makino to be planted in parks. Jap. Jour. Bot. 4: 53-59, illus. A note in Japanese including a republication of the original description of P. serrulata var. sachalinensis Makino. 1929. Herbarium specimens of flowering cherries on the banks of the Arakawa near Tokyo. Jap. Jour. Bot. 6: 59-63. A critical discussion in Japanese of some Prunus species. 1933a. Makino's illustrated flora of Japan. 1060 pp. illus. Hokuryukan, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] 1933b. Prunus yedoensis Matsum. (Rosaceae). Jap. Jour.
Bot. 8, 1 pi. [In Japanese. and Kwanji Nemoto. 1925. Nippon shokubutsu soran. (Flora of Japan.) 1942 pp. Nippon Shokubutsu Soran Publishing Association, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] NAL: 460.15 M82NL and Kwanji Nemoto. 1931. Nippon shokubutsu soran. (Flora of Japan.) Ed. 2, 1936 pp. Shunyodo Shoten, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] NAL: 460.15 M282NL Matsuoka, Gentatsu Igansai. 1758. Igansai ohin [Igansai's flowering cherry selections.] 92 pp., illus. Bunkyudo, Kyoto, Japan. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1891.) LC: 623M15 Orien Japan.
38 Describes and illustrates 69 selected flowering cherries accompanied by some historical notes. An excellent historical document of cultivated flowering cherries. Mikuma, Katen. 1803. Oka cho. [Flowering cherry notebook.] In Honda, M., and Y. Hayashi, Nihon no sakura, pp. 31-33. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1974). Listed are 32 flowering cherry names. Miyoshi, Manabu. 1910. Nihon no shokubutsu kai. [The plant world of Japan.] 740 pp., illus. Maruzen Kabushiki Kaisha, Tokyo. [In Japanese with some Latin names.] NAL: 460.15 M693PL. 1916. Japanische bergkirschen ihre wildformen und
kulturrassen. Tokyo Imp. Univ. Col. Sci. Jour. 34, art. 1, 175 pp., illus. 1920-28. Untersuchugen uber Japanischen Kirschen
Mil. Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 34(1920): 159-177, illus.; 36(1922): 1-18; 42(1928): 545-552.
1 921 . Oka gaisetsu. [A general outline of flowering cherries.] 69 pp., illus. Addition: Sakura ni kansuru tosho kaidai ryaku. [Brief notes on the literature of flowering cherries.] 103 pp. Unsodo, Kyoto, Japan. [In Japanese with Latin names.] NAL: 97.31 M69D. These are general notes on the history and description of flowering cherries. 1927. Notes on some rare or remarkable plants. Imp. Acad. Japan, Proc. 3: 236-238. Description of new forms of Prunus. 1934a. Sakura, Japanese cherry. 73 pp. Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways, Tokyo. NAL: 97.31 M69 1934b. Uber einige merkwurdige Pflanzen. Imp. Acad. Japan, Proc. 10: 424-425. P. ohiraensis sp. nov. and P. serrulata kinryu form. nov. 1934c. Varietal characters of cherries. Bot. and Zool. 2
713-718, illus. [In Japanese.]
Includes illustrations of varieties of P. sachalinensis, P. serrulata, P. incisa, and P. apetala. 1936. Uber zwei merkwurdige Kirschen. Imp. Acad. Japan, Proc. 12: 261
P. mutabilis f. kongo and P. serrulata f. vexillifera.
1938. Sakura. [Flowering cherries.] V. 1, illus. Fuzanbo, Tokyo. A general treatment with history, selections, famous trees, and localities. Mizuno, Motokatsu. 1681. Kadan komoku. [Flower garden
outline.] 117 pp. Pub. unknown, Osaka, Japan. [In
39 Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1716.) LC: 623M24 Orien Japan. Listed are 40 names of ornamental flowering cherries. Moriya, Tadayuki. 1958. Wild cherries of Chichibu, Central
Japan. Amatores Herbarii 19(3): 7-9, illus. [In Japanese.] Notes on seven species of Prunus. Mountain, M. F. 1952. Japanese cherries. 136 pp. [Unpublished master's thesis. Copy on file Univ. Reading, Reading, Berks, England.] Murayama, Shuichi. 1947. Meigetsuki: Kamakura jidai no shakai
to seso. [Meigetsu diary: Society and its social conditions of the Kamakura era.] 192 pp. Takagiri Shoin, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] EA (East Asia Collection, McKeldin Libr., Univ. Md., College Park): DS859.M87. Notes on the horticultural practices, including flowering cherry grafting, of the Kamakura era (11 92-1 333).
Muyser, H. 1939. Notes on Japanese cherries. New Zeal. Inst. Hort. Jour. 9: 45-50, illus. Nakai, Takenoshin. 1935. The oldest specimen of Prunus yedoensis in the botanic garden of Tokyo Imperial University. Jap. Jour. Bot. 11: 341-346, figs. 1-4. [In Japanese.]
Nemoto, Kanji. 1950. In Ishii, Yugi, Engei Daijiten, Comprehensive horticultural dictionaries. Seibundo Shinkosha,
Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB45.175 Orien Japan. A general treatment of wild and cultivated flowering cherries. Nihon Hana no Kai. (Flower Association of Japan.) 1980. Showa 54-nendo shubyo tokusei bunrui chosa kokoku sho: Sakura. [Report of 1979 diagnostic investigations of varietal seedlings-flowering cherry.] 223 pp., illus. Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] 1982. {See Flower Association of Japan, 1982.) Norin Suisan Gijutsu Kaigi. 1968. Sakura no shuyo hinshu. [Important varieties of flowering cherries.] 13 pp., illus. Jimukyoku, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB435.J36 Orien Japan. Nortcutt, R. C, and R. F. Nortcutt. 1935. Flowering cherries. Roy. Hort. Soc. Jour. 60: 354-362, illus. Generally concerns horticultural forms of Japanese selections. Ohta, Yoai. 1980. Sakura. 222 pp., illus. Nihon Shoseki, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: SB41 3. C5035 Orien Japan. Includes excellent illustrations of ornamental flowering cherries. Ohwi, Jisaburo. 1949. On the origin of domesticated Japanese flowering cherries. Nat. Sci. Mus. Bui. (Tokyo) 16 (3/4):
12-16. [In Japanese without Latin names.]
40 1961. In Sano, T., Sakura. (Flowering cherries of Japan.) 124 pp., illus. Mitsumura Suiko Shoin, Kyoto, Japan. [In Japanese and English with Latin names.] LC: SB435.S25 Orien Japan. 1965. Flora of Japan. 1067 pp., illus. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. and Yoai Ohta. 1973. Nihon no sakura shu. (Flowering cherries of Japan.) 325 pp., illus. Heibonsha, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB435.036 Orien Japan. Includes excellent illustrations of ornamental flowering cherries.
Okada, Jo, Masaji Honda, and Toemon Sano. 1975. Sakura Taikan. (A comprehensive book on the national flower of Japan.) 242 pp., illus. Bunka Shuppan Kyoku, Tokyo. [In Japanese with Latin names.] LC: SB413.C5S24 Orien Japan.
Osborn, A. 1927. Prunus yedoensis. Gard. Chron. Ill, v. 81, p.
285, fig. 138. Parson and Company. 1862. Japanese trees. Horticulturist 17: 186-187.
Pilipenko, F. S. 1954. Vostochnoaziatskie dekorativnye vishni v
SSSR. [The Far-Eastern ornamental cherry trees in the
USSR.] Akad. Nauk SSSR Bot. Sada Bui. 18: 17-27, figs. 1-3.
[In Russian.]
Rehder, A. 1958. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America. Ed. 2, 996 pp. New York. Rinaldi, Z. 1930-33. Le Prunue ornamentali. Soc. Toscana
Ort. Bui. 55: 16-19, 36-41, 56-60, illus.; 56: 21-27, 45-48,
63-67, illus.; 57: 105-108, illus.; 58: 51-57, illus. A botanical and horticultural treatment in Italian of the ornamental selections of Prunus. Russell, P. G. 1928. Japanese flowering cherries. U.S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 31, 8 pp., illus.
1931a. Prunus serrulata Li nd I. Oriental cherry. Variety
Mikuruma-gaeshi. Natl. Hort. Mag. 10: 218-220, illus.
1931b. Prunus serrulata Li nd I. Variety Ichiyo. Oriental
cherry. Natl. Hort. Mag. 10: 144-146, illus.
1931c. Prunus serru la ta Li nd I. Variety Kwanzan. Oriental
cherry. Natl. Hort. Mag. 10: 46-48, illus.
1932a. Prunus serrulata Li nd I. Oriental cherry. Variety
Fukurokuju. Natl. Hort. Mag. 11: 150-151, illus.
1932b. Prunus serru la ta Li nd I. Oriental cherry. Variety
Shogetsu. Natl. Hort. Mag. 11: 64-67, illus.
1933. Prunus serru la ta Li nd I. Oriental cherry. Variety Ohnanden. Natl. Hort. Mag. 12: 68-70. 1934. The oriental flowering cherries. U.S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 313, 72 pp.
41 and B. M. Leese, Jr., comps. 1960. Plant material
introduced January 1 to December 31, 1954. U.S. Dept. Agr. Inventory No. 162, 440 pp. Ryerson, K. A., comp. 1929. Plant material introduced by the office of foreign plant introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry,
October 1 to December 31, 1926. U.S. Dept. Agr. Inventory No. 89, 56 pp. Saito, Shojo. 1980. Nihonjin to sakura. [Japanese and flowering cherry.] 542 pp. Kodansha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: SB413.C523 Orien Japan. Sakamoto, K6setsu/K6zen. Tenpo era: 1830-43. Gunokafu. [Flower album of flowering cherries.] In Honda, M., and Y. Hayashi, Nihon no sakura, pp. 35-37. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1974.) 1842. Kosetsu ofu. 2 [Flowering cherry album of
Kosetsu.] In Miyoshi, M., Oka gaisetsu. Addition: Sakura ni
kansuru tosho kaidai ryaku. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1921 .) Listed are 134 ornamental flowering cherry names. Sano, Toemon. 1961. Sakura. (Flowering cherries of Japan.) 124 pp., illus. Mitsumura Suiko Shoin, Kyoto, Japan. [In Japanese and English with Latin names.] LC: SB435.S25 Orien Japan. 1970. Oka sho. [Flowering cherry excerpts.] 247 pp. Seibundo Shinkosha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: SB435.S24 Orien Japan.
Listed are all ornamental flowering cherries cultivated in Sano Nursery in Kyoto, Japan.
1973. Sakuramori nidai ki. [Memoir of two generations of flowering cherry keepers.] 275 pp., illus. Kodansha, Tokyo. LC: SB437.5.C5S26 Orien Japan. General notes on Sano Nursery's ornamental flowering cherry collections.
Sawada, T. 1927. Is Prunus yedoensis Matsum. a hybrid? Jap. Jour. Bot. 4: 66-71. A critical discussion in Japanese with extracts from several western publications. Shirakawa, Rakuo. 1822. Hana no kagami. [Mirror of flowers.] In Honda, M., and Y. Hayashi, Nihon no sakura, pp. 33-34. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1974.) Listed are more than 100 cultivated flowering cherry names.
Siebold, P. F. von. 1830. Synopsis plantarum oeconomicarum universi regni Japonici. Verhandel. Bataviaasch Genootsch. 12: 1-74.
2 Also known as Chojagamaru ofu.
42 Singh, J. P., Y. K. Arora, and J. N. Sharma. 1967. Kulu Valley takes to Japanese flowering cherries. Indian Hort. 11(3): 10, 12,
illus. Described are varieties Yamazakura {Prunus donarium), Yayezakura (P. donarium var. spontanea), and Yoshino (P. yedoensis).
Spath, L 1902. Prunus serru la ta 'Hisakura.' Gartenflora 51 : 79. A general note. Stapf, O. 1925. Prunus yedoensis. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 150, pi. 9062. Stepp, G. 1932. Prunus serrulata sachalinensis Wilson and ihre formen. Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. Mitt. 44: 58-60. Critical systematic notes. Sugimoto, Jun'ichi. 1957. Miscellaneous notes on the cherries of
Shizuoka Prefecture. Hokuriku Jour. Bot. 6: 47-50. [In Japanese.] Tachibana, Narisuke. 1254. Kokon chomonjyu. [Collections of excerpt and hearsay of ancient and modern times.] 2 v. Nihon
Kotenzenshu Kankokai, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] (Reproduction 1946 from a 1690 reprint.) EA: PL792.T33. Notes on tales of flowering cherry viewing events and flowering cherry poems in ancient times. Takagi, Kiyoko. 1979. Sakura hyakushu. [Collection of 100 flowering cherry poems.] 148 pp. Tanka Shinbun Sha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: PL728.T23 Orien Japan.
Taleisnik, E. D. 1956. Vishni Dal'nego Vostoka. [The cherries
of the Far East.] Sovetskoe Primor'e 20: 239-252. [In Russian.] On the wild species of Prunus and their prospective utilization. Tanaka, Yoshio. 1981. On the cherry blossoms. Jap. Hort. Soc. Jour. 25: 1-6, pi. 1. General notes in Japanese. Tatewaki, Misao. 1936. Classification of the genus Prunus in
Hokkaido. Hokkaido Forestry Soc. Bui. 35(11): 12-17. [In Japanese with key.] Thunberg, C. P. 1784. Flora iaponica. Sistens plants insularum iaponicarum secundum systema sexuale emendatum redactas. Oriole eds., 418 pp., illus. New York. (Reprinted, 1974.) Tokyo Koenka. 1926. Koganei no sakura. [Flowering cherry in Koganei.] 49 pp., illus. City of Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: SB413.C5T64 Orien Japan. Toyama, Saburo, and Manabu Miyoshi. 1940. A new form of Prunus serrulata, "Iwaizakura." Bot. and Zool. 8: 1073-1074,
figs. 1, 2.
Forma appendiculata Miyoshi described in Japanese.
43 :
and Yojiro Kimura. 1941a. Prunus lannesianus f. mirabilis Y. Kimura & Toyama, n. form. Jap. Jour. Bot. 17: 418-422,
figs. 1, 2. Discussion in Japanese with Latin description.
and Yojiro Kimura. 1941b. Prunus lannesiana Wilson f.
kusimana Y. Kimura et Tuyama f. nov. Jap. Jour. Bot. 21 173-175. [In Japanese with Latin description.] Unger, A. 1924. Prunus serrulata var. setsubun-sakura. Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. Mitt. 34: 381. U.S. Library of Congress. 1983. Manual of romanization, capitalization, punctuation, and word division for Japanese. Cat. Serv. Bui. 20, Spring issue, 65 pp.
Veitch, J. H. 1906. Hortus veitchii. 542 pp. J. Veitch and Sons, London. An account of botanical collectors employed by the Veitch
Nurseries with list of introductions.
Wagner, A. 1902. Prunus serrula ta "H'zakura." Gartenflora 51 49-50. A general note. 1903. Prunus serrulata grandiflora und Prunus mume var. alba plena. Gartenflora 52: 169, pi. 1513. Native of Japan. Watanabe, K., and K. Yoshikawa. 1967. Notes on variation and self-incompatibility in Japanese flowering cherries. Bot.
Mag. [Tokyo] 80: 257-260. [In Japanese.] Wilson, E. H. 1916. The cherries of Japan. Arnold Arboretum Pub. 7, 68 pp., illus. Yashiro, Hirokata. 1821-41. Kokon 3 yoran ko. [Summary outline of excerpts of ancient and modern times.] V. 4. Kokusho Kankokai, Tokyo. (Reprinted, 1906.) LC: AE35.2.K58 Orien Japan. Encyclopedias and dictionaries in Japanese. Listed are 135 flowering cherries with brief descriptions and illustrations. Yokohama Nursery Company, Ltd. 1901-10. Nursery catalogue. Yokohama, Japan. Yoshikawa, Masao. 1927. Washington's Japanese cherries. 13 pp., illus. Pub. unknown, Japan. "Romance of Japanese cherry blossoms." Appeared in Washington, D.C., Star, Apr. 4, 1926.
3 Rendered as "kokin" in some publications with author's name as Koken Yashiro. This publication, however, follows the U.S. Library of Congress catalog listing.
44 Notes Notes
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