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Innovation in Flight: Research of the Nasa Langley Research Center on Revolutionary Advanced Concepts for Aeronautics

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Innovation in Flight: Research of the Nasa Langley Research Center on Revolutionary Advanced Concepts for Aeronautics INNOVATION IN FLIGHT: RESEARCH OF THE NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER ON REVOLUTIONARY ADVANCED CONCEPTS FOR AERONAUTICS By Joseph R. Chambers NASA SP-2005-4539 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am sincerely indebted to the dozens of current and retired employees of NASA who consented to be interviewed and submitted their personal experiences, recollections, and files from which this documentation of Langley contributions was drawn. The following active and retired Langley personnel contributed vital information to this effort: Donald D. Baals Louis J. Glaab Vivek Mukhopadhyay Daniel G. Baize Sue B. Grafton Daniel G. Murri E. Ann Bare Edward A. Haering, Jr. (NASA Thomas A. Ozoroski J.F. Barthelemy Dryden) Arthur E. Phelps, III Dennis W. Bartlett Andrew S. Hahn Dhanvada M. Rao CIP Steven X. S. Bauer Roy V. Harris Richard J. Re Bobby L. Berrier Jennifer Heeg Wilmer H. Reed, III Jay Brandon Jerry N. Hefner Rodney H. Ricketts Albert J. Braslow William P. Henderson A. Warner Robins Dennis M. Bushnell Paul M. Hergenrother Gautam H. Shah Richard L. Campbell Joseph L. Johnson, Jr. William J. Small Peter G. Coen Denise R. Jones Stephen C. Smith (NASA Ames) Fayette S. Collier Donald F. Keller M. Leroy Spearman Robert. V. Doggett, Jr. Lynda J. Kramer Eric C. Stewart Samuel M. Dollyhigh Steven E. Krist Dan D. Vicroy Cornelius Driver John E. Lamar Richard D. Wagner Clinton V. Eckstrom Robert E. McKinley Richard A. Wahls James R. Elliott Domenic J. Maglieri Richard M. Wood Michael C. Fischer Mark D. Moore Jeffrey A. Yetter Charles M. Fremaux Robert W. Moses Long P. Yip Neal T. Frink Thomas M. Moul Steven D. Young I would like to express my special gratitude to Noel A. Talcott and Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, who provided the inspiration and mechanism to undertake this activity. The efforts of the following active and retired industry members in reviewing the material signifi- cantly enhanced the accuracy and content of the final product: The Boeing Company: A. L. “Del” Nagel, Rudy N. Yurkovich, Eric Y. Reichenbach, M. Emmett Omar, Michael J. Janisko, Robert A. Woodling, D. L. “Tony” Antani, Norbert F. Smith, Daniel Smith, Arthur G. Powell, Robert H. Liebeck, and William E. Vargo. Lockheed-Martin Corporation: Barry Creighton. Gulfstream Aerospace: Michael P. Mena. Northrop Grumman Corporation: Heinz A. Gerhardt, Dave H. Graham, Dale J. Lorincz and Vince Wisniewski. Thanks also to Percival J. Tesoro for the cover design and desktop publishing, Alicia V. Tarrant and Jeffrey B. Caplan for outstanding assistance in photographic research in the Langley files, and Denise M. Stefula and Kay V. Forrest for editing. iii CONTENTS Special thanks and gratitude go to Dennis M. Bushnell, Senior Scientist of the NASA Langley Research Center, for his support and comments in the preparation of this document. His personal Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... iii example and dedication to the pursuit of revolutionary technology have served as the stimulus Preface........................................................................................................................vi and encouragement sought by thousands of his peers during his outstanding and remarkable Innovation: Seed Corn and Barriers.............................................................................1 NASA career. Selected Examples of Langley’s Research On Revolutionary Advanced Concepts Joseph R. Chambers Supersonic Civil Aircraft ......................................................................................7 Yorktown, VA Blended Wing Body...........................................................................................71 August 22, 2005 Synthetic Vision.................................................................................................93 Laminar Flow Control .....................................................................................123 Upper-Surface Blowing ....................................................................................163 Active Control of Aeroelastic Response ............................................................191 Joined Wing Aircraft........................................................................................227 Vortex Flap ......................................................................................................247 Innovative Control Effectors ............................................................................269 Personal Air Vehicles ...............................................................................................299 The Future of Innovation: Priming the Pump..........................................................319 Bibliography............................................................................................................322 Index.......................................................................................................................348 NASA History Series...............................................................................................369 About the Author....................................................................................................387 iv v PREFACE This document is intended to be a companion to previous books by the author: NASA SP-2000- efforts and minimize the so-called “reinvention of the wheel” syndrome. More importantly, the 4519, Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft information identifies major obstacles to advanced aeronautics technology, thereby providing of the 1990’s, and NASA SP-2003-4529, Concept to Reality: Contributions of the Langley a sensitivity for multi-faceted research projects to ensure a higher likelihood of application. A Research Center to U.S. Civil Aircraft of the 1990’s. Material included in the previous volumes definition of current barriers to application is extremely valuable for use in the future, when new provides informative and significant examples of the impact of applications of aeronautics research breakthroughs in various technical disciplines may eliminate or minimize some of the critical barriers conducted by the NASA Langley Research Center on important U.S. civil and military aircraft of that have traditionally blocked the application of some of these specific revolutionary concepts. the 1990s. These contributions occurred because of the investment of the Nation in the innovation, Finally, a review of the material will hopefully inspire the nontechnical (as well as technical) expertise, and dedication of a staff of researchers and their unique facilities at Langley. Within that communities that aeronautics is not a “mature science” and that considerable opportunities exist research environment, literally thousands of revolutionary concepts and advanced technologies to revolutionize the future. for aeronautics have emerged, directed at challenges and barriers that impede the advancement of the state of the art in aircraft design and mission capabilities. Unfortunately, in the world of The written material has been prepared for a broad audience and does not presume any significant technology only a handful of advanced concepts are ever applied, due to a number of reasons. technical expertise. Hopefully, it will provide informative and interesting overviews for researchers Factors that inhibit the application of advanced research technology are numerous and varied in engaged in aeronautics activities, internal NASA policy makers, national policy makers, NASA nature, including cost, environmental impact, safety, complexity, reduced or inadequate funding stakeholders, the media and the general public. A bibliography is provided for technical specialists and human resources, world events, perceived or actual risk, technical barriers, and others. and others who desire a more in-depth discussion of the concepts. The objective of this publication is to discuss the importance of innovation and the role of revolutionary advanced concepts within the aeronautics research community, and to provide information on typical advanced research projects conducted by Langley and its partners on topics that have not yet been applied by the military or civil aviation industry to production aircraft. Detailed information is first provided to describe each advanced concept, the projected benefits that could be provided if the technology is applied, and the challenges faced by the NASA research team to reduce the risk of application. Next, descriptions of specific research activities on the concepts identify the key projects, accomplishments, personnel, and facilities involved in the development of each concept. Finally, perspectives are provided on the current status of the subject concepts, including discussions of factors or future events that might intensify interest in their use for future applications. Many of the concepts described herein are subjects of ongoing NASA research thrusts, for which significant technical challenges are in the process of being addressed. Some of the research activities discussed were conducted and completed in past NASA projects; however, evolving requirements for military or civil aircraft systems demand a reexamination of the potential and current feasibility of the principles involved. This document is intended to serve several purposes. As a source of collated information on revolutionary concepts, it will serve as a key reference for readers wishing to grasp the underlying principles and challenges related to specific revolutionary concepts. Hopefully,
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