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Neptune Polar Orbiter with Probes* NEPTUNE POLAR ORBITER WITH PROBES* 2nd INTERNATIONAL PLANETARY PROBE WORKSHOP, AUGUST 2004, USA Bernard Bienstock(1), David Atkinson(2), Kevin Baines(3), Paul Mahaffy(4), Paul Steffes(5), Sushil Atreya(6), Alan Stern(7), Michael Wright(8), Harvey Willenberg(9), David Smith(10), Robert Frampton(11), Steve Sichi(12), Leora Peltz(13), James Masciarelli(14), Jeffrey Van Cleve(15) (1)Boeing Satellite Systems, MC W-S50-X382, P.O. Box 92919, Los Angeles, CA 90009-2919, [email protected] (2)University of Idaho, PO Box 441023, Moscow, ID 83844-1023, [email protected] (3)JPL, 4800 Oak Grove Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, [email protected] (4)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, [email protected] (5)Georgia Institute of Technology, 320 Parian Run, Duluth, GA 30097-2417, [email protected] (6)University of Michigan, Space Research Building, 2455 Haward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, [email protected] (7)Southwest Research Institute, Department of Space Studies, 1050 Walnut St., Suite 400, Boulder, CO 80302, [email protected] (8)NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, [email protected] (9)4723 Slalom Run SE, Owens Cross Roads, AL 35763, [email protected] (10) Boeing NASA Systems, MC H013-A318, 5301 Bolsa Ave., Huntington Beach, CA 92647-2099, [email protected] (11)Boeing NASA Systems, MC H012-C349, 5301 Bolsa Ave., Huntington Beach, CA 92647-2099 [email protected] (12)Boeing Satellite Systems, MC W-S50-X382, P.O. Box 92919, Los Angeles, CA 90009-2919, [email protected] (13) )Boeing NASA Systems, MC H013-C320, 5301 Bolsa Ave., Huntington Beach, CA 92647-2099, [email protected] (14)Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., P.O. Box 1062, Boulder, CO 80306-1062 [email protected] (15)Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., P.O. Box 1062, Boulder, CO 80306-1062 [email protected] ABSTRACT The giant planets of the outer solar system divide into Such a mission would ideally study the deep Neptune two distinct classes: the ‘gas giants’ Jupiter and Saturn, atmosphere to pressures approaching and possibly which consist mainly of hydrogen and helium; and the exceeding 1000 bars, as well as the rings, Triton, ‘ice giants’ Uranus and Neptune, which are believed to Nereid, and Neptune’s other icy satellites. A potential contain significant amounts of the heavier elements source of power would be nuclear electric propulsion oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon and sulfur. Detailed (NEP). Such an ambitious mission requires that a comparisons of the internal structures and compositions number of technical issues be investigated, however, of the gas giants with those of the ice giants will yield including: (1) atmospheric entry probe thermal valuable insights into the processes that formed the protection system (TPS) design, (2) probe structural solar system and, perhaps, other planetary systems. By design including seals, windows, penetrations and 2012, Galileo, Cassini and possibly a Jupiter Orbiter pressure vessel, (3) digital, RF subsystem, and overall mission with microwave radiometers, Juno, in the New communication link design for long term operation in Frontiers program, will have yielded significant the very extreme environment of Neptune’s deep information on the chemical and physical properties of atmosphere, (4) trajectory design allowing probe release Jupiter and Saturn. A Neptune Orbiter with Probes on a trajectory to impact Neptune while allowing the (NOP) mission would deliver the corresponding key spacecraft to achieve a polar orbit of Neptune, (5) and data for an ice giant planet. finally the suite of science instruments enabled by the probe technology to explore the depths of the Neptune * This work discussed in this paper was funded under a NASA Visions Contract, NNH04CC41C. 29 atmosphere. Another driving factor in the design of the the phenomena observed in planetary atmospheres. Orbiter and Probes is the necessity to maintain a fully However, now that preliminary studies of individual operational flight system during the lengthy transit time atmospheres in the outer solar system have been from launch through Neptune encounter, and completed, more detailed comparative studies of the throughout the mission. atmospheres, satellites, rings, and magnetospheres of the Gas and Ice Giants are needed. Following our response to the recent NASA Research Announcement (NRA) for Space Science Vision Although quite diverse, the terrestrial planets and the Missions for mission studies by NASA for Gas Giants share a number of characteristics. The implementation in the 2013 or later time frame, our similarities and differences between the moons, team has been selected to explore the feasibility of such atmospheres, geology, chemistry, and magnetospheres a Neptune mission. of the inner and outer solar system provide a natural laboratory for identifying and understanding conditions SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION, favorable for enabling and supporting biological OUTLINE/OVERVIEW, BACKGROUND activity, understanding and controlling the effects on the Earth's atmosphere of human activity, as well as Solar system exploration has historically been divided interpreting observations of extra-solar planetary into three overlapping stages – Reconnaissance, systems. Exploration, and In-Depth Study [1]. Since the advent of outer planetary exploration in the 1970s, an initial The overall justification for the Neptune Orbiter with reconnaissance of the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn has Probes (NOP) mission therefore derives from the been completed by the Pioneers 10 and 11, Voyagers 1 importance of continuing comparative studies of the and 2, and Ulysses spacecraft. Exploration of the Jupiter Gas and Ice Giants, as well as between bodies in the and Saturn Systems is in its early stages, initiated by the inner and outer solar system, to address questions of multiyear encounters of the Galileo spacecraft and the planetary origins, and to help discriminate between Cassini / Huygens spacecraft, respectively. However, possible theories of solar system formation and the Ice Giant planets Uranus and Neptune have only evolution. The NOP mission provides an opportunity to been visited once each, by Voyager 2 in 1986 and 1989, contribute to these goals by exploring a member of the respectively. Comparative exploration of one or both of family of Ice Giants. the Ice Giants is the natural next step in the continuing The proposed NOP mission directly addresses a number progression of outer solar system exploration. of common goals, objectives, and themes in the Although sharing a number of characteristics, each of National Academy of Science Decadal Survey, NASA’s the Gas and Ice Giant Planets is a unique system. Not Solar System Exploration theme, and the Solar System only is each a miniature planetary system in its own Exploration Roadmap. right, with moons and rings, dynamic atmospheres and Solar System Exploration Roadmap, 2003 magnetospheres, but the outer planets contain a physical and chemical record of conditions at the time of solar The Solar System Exploration (SSE) Roadmap, 2003 system formation that is complementary to but different [4] lists possible mid-term and long-term flagship from the record encoded in the terrestrial planets. missions that should be selected to build on results of earlier investigations. One of the high priority missions Jupiter and Saturn are dominated by H and He. listed is the NOP mission. Of the 8 primary objectives However, conditions change markedly as we move enumerated in the Roadmap, the first two contain beyond the inner outer solar system to the regions elements that are directly addressed by the Neptune where the Ice Giants Uranus and Neptune reside. Both Orbiter with Probes mission: Uranus and Neptune contain much higher levels of condensed refractories and volatile ices such as How did planets/minor bodies originate. Understand the nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and carbon [2]. Careful initial stages of planet and satellite formation, and study examination and comparison of the compositions and the processes that determined the original characteristics internal structures of the Ice and Gas Giants will of the bodies in our solar system provide important clues regarding the mechanisms by How solar system evolved to current state. Determine which the solar system and, by extension, extra-solar how the processes that shape planetary bodies operate planetary systems formed. and interact, understand why the terrestrial planets are Hammel (2001) [3] points out that previous studies of so different from one another, and learn what our solar planetary atmospheres have stressed the identification system can tell us about extra solar planetary systems. of physical and chemical processes underlying many of 30 Furthermore, the SSE Roadmap indicates that themes described in the NASA Strategic Plan, including “comprehensive exploration of the Ice Giant Neptune formation of the solar system, comparative planetology, will permit direct comparison with Jupiter and more and solar controls on climate . complete modeling of giant planet formation and its Solar System Exploration Theme effect on the inner solar system.” The Roadmap also provides the Neptune Orbiter with Probes mission as an NASA’s Solar System Exploration theme also lists a example of a high priority Flagship mission that would Neptune mission as one of its top priorities for the mid- provide major scientific advances. term (2008-2013) [6,7]. In a recent NASA study, a Neptune mission was
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