Foreword by Whitfield Diffie Preface About the Author Chapter 1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
US 2007/0043.668A1 Baxter Et Al
US 2007.0043.668A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0043.668A1 Baxter et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 22, 2007 (54) METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR Related U.S. Application Data NEGOTABLE-INSTRUMENT FRAUD PREVENTION (63) Continuation of application No. 10/371,984, filed on Feb. 20, 2003, now Pat. No. 7,072,868. (75) Inventors: Craig A. Baxter, Castle Rock, CO (US); John Charles Ciaccia, Parker, Publication Classification CO (US); Rodney J. Esch, Littleton, CO (US) (51) Int. Cl. G06Q 99/00 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl. ................................................................ 705/50 TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW, LLP (57) ABSTRACT TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER EIGHTH FLOOR SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111-3834 (US) An authentication value is provided in a magnetic-ink field of a negotiable instrument. The authentication value is (73) Assignee: First Data Corporation, Greenwood derived from application of an encryption algorithm defined Village, CO (US) by a secure key. The authentication value may be used to authenticate the instrument through reapplication of the (21) Appl. No.: 11/481,062 encryption algorithm and comparing the result with the authentication value. The instrument is authenticated if there (22) Filed: Jul. 3, 2006 is a match between the two. 530 instrument Presented at Port of Sae instrument Conveyed to First Financial MCR line Scanned and instrument 534 Institution Authenticated at Point of Sale 538 Electronic Package Generated with MICR-Line Information andlor image 542 Electronic -
Miss in the Middle
Miss in the middle By: Gal Leonard Keret Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA, Khufu and Khafre • Written by: – Prof. Eli Biham. – Prof. Alex Biryukov. – Prof. Adi Shamir. Introduction • So far we used traditional differential which predict and detect statistical events of highest possible probability. Introduction • A new approach is to search for events with probability one, whose condition cannot be met together (events that never happen). Impossible Differential • Random permutation: 휎 푀0 = 푎푛푦 퐶 표푓 푠푖푧푒 푀0. • Cipher (not perfect): 퐸 푀0 = 푠표푚푒 퐶 표푓 푠푖푧푒 푀0. • Events (푚 ↛ 푐) that never happen distinguish a cipher from a random permutation. Impossible Differential • Impossible events (푚 ↛ 푐) can help performing key elimination. • All the keys that lead to impossibility are obviously wrong. • This way we can filter wrong key guesses and leaving the correct key. Enigma – for example • Some of the attacks on Enigma were based on the observation that letters can not be encrypted to themselves. 퐸푛푖푔푚푎(푀0) ≠ 푀0 In General • (푀0, 퐶1) is a pair. If 푀0 푀0 → 퐶1. • 푀 ↛ 퐶 . 0 0 Some rounds For any key • ∀ 푘푒푦| 퐶1 → 퐶0 ↛ is an impossible key. Cannot lead to 퐶0. Some rounds Find each keys Decrypt 퐶1back to 퐶0. IDEA • International Data Encryption Algorithm. • First described in 1991. • Block cipher. • Symmetric. • Key sizes: 128 bits. • Block sizes: 64 bits. ⊕ - XOR. ⊞ - Addition modulo 216 ⊙ - Multiplication modulo 216+1 Encryption security • Combination of different mathematical groups. • Creation of "incompatibility“: ∗ • 푍216+1 → 푍216 ∗ • 푍216 → 푍216+1 ∗ ∗ Remark: 푍216+1 doesn’t contain 0 like 푍216 , so in 푍216+1 0 will be converted to 216 since 0 ≡ 216(푚표푑 216). -
Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA and Khufu
Miss in the Middle Attacks on IDEA and Khufu Eli Biham? Alex Biryukov?? Adi Shamir??? Abstract. In a recent paper we developed a new cryptanalytic techni- que based on impossible differentials, and used it to attack the Skipjack encryption algorithm reduced from 32 to 31 rounds. In this paper we describe the application of this technique to the block ciphers IDEA and Khufu. In both cases the new attacks cover more rounds than the best currently known attacks. This demonstrates the power of the new cryptanalytic technique, shows that it is applicable to a larger class of cryptosystems, and develops new technical tools for applying it in new situations. 1 Introduction In [5,17] a new cryptanalytic technique based on impossible differentials was proposed, and its application to Skipjack [28] and DEAL [17] was described. In this paper we apply this technique to the IDEA and Khufu cryptosystems. Our new attacks are much more efficient and cover more rounds than the best previously known attacks on these ciphers. The main idea behind these new attacks is a bit counter-intuitive. Unlike tra- ditional differential and linear cryptanalysis which predict and detect statistical events of highest possible probability, our new approach is to search for events that never happen. Such impossible events are then used to distinguish the ci- pher from a random permutation, or to perform key elimination (a candidate key is obviously wrong if it leads to an impossible event). The fact that impossible events can be useful in cryptanalysis is an old idea (for example, some of the attacks on Enigma were based on the observation that letters can not be encrypted to themselves). -
Giza and the Pyramids, Veteran Hosni Mubarak
An aeroplane flies over the pyramids and Sphinx on the Giza Plateau near Cairo. ARCHAEOLOGY The wonder of the pyramids Andrew Robinson enjoys a volume rounding up research on the complex at Giza, Egypt. n Giza and the Pyramids, veteran Hosni Mubarak. After AERAGRAM 16(2), 8–14; 2015), the tomb’s Egyptologists Mark Lehner and Zahi Mubarak fell from four sides, each a little more than 230 metres Hawass cite an Arab proverb: “Man power during the long, vary by at most just 18.3 centimetres. Ifears time, but time fears the pyramids.” It’s Arab Spring that year, Lehner and Hawass reject the idea that a reminder that the great Egyptian complex Hawass resigned, amid armies of Egyptian slaves constructed the on the Giza Plateau has endured for some controversy. pyramids, as the classical Greek historian four and a half millennia — the last monu- The Giza complex Herodotus suggested. They do, however, ment standing of that classical-era must-see invites speculation embrace the concept that the innovative list, the Seven Wonders of the World. and debate. Its three administrative and social organization Lehner and Hawass have produced an pyramids are the Giza and the demanded by the enormous task of build- astonishingly comprehensive study of the tombs of pharaohs Pyramids ing the complex were key factors in creating excavations and scientific investigations Khufu, Khafre and MARK LEHNER & ZAHI Egyptian civilization. CREATIVE GEOGRAPHIC L. STANFIELD/NATL JAMES that have, over two centuries, uncovered Menkaure, also known HAWASS The authors are also in accord over a the engineering techniques, religious and as Cheops, Chephren Thames & Hudson: theory regarding the purpose of the Giza cultural significance and other aspects of and Mycerinus, 2017. -
Encryption Block Cipher
10/29/2007 Encryption Encryption Block Cipher Dr.Talal Alkharobi 2 Block Cipher A symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. When encrypting, a block cipher take n-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding n-bit block of ciphertext. The exact transformation is controlled using a secret key. Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes n-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and yields the original n-bit block of plaintext. Mode of operation is used to encrypt messages longer than the block size. 1 Dr.Talal Alkharobi 10/29/2007 Encryption 3 Encryption 4 Decryption 2 Dr.Talal Alkharobi 10/29/2007 Encryption 5 Block Cipher Consists of two algorithms, encryption, E, and decryption, D. Both require two inputs: n-bits block of data and key of size k bits, The output is an n-bit block. Decryption is the inverse function of encryption: D(E(B,K),K) = B For each key K, E is a permutation over the set of input blocks. n Each key K selects one permutation from the possible set of 2 !. 6 Block Cipher The block size, n, is typically 64 or 128 bits, although some ciphers have a variable block size. 64 bits was the most common length until the mid-1990s, when new designs began to switch to 128-bit. Padding scheme is used to allow plaintexts of arbitrary lengths to be encrypted. Typical key sizes (k) include 40, 56, 64, 80, 128, 192 and 256 bits. -
COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE L T P C 2161CS127 CYBER SECURITY PRINCIPLES 3 0 0 3 Course Category: Program Core A
COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE L T P C 2161CS127 CYBER SECURITY PRINCIPLES 3 0 0 3 Course Category: Program Core A. Preamble : This course describes the concepts of network security and cyber security principles. B. Course Outcomes : Upon the successful completion of the course, students will be able to: Level of learning CO domain (Based on Course Outcomes Nos. revised Bloom’s taxonomy) CO1 Compare and contrast various cryptographic protocols K2 CO2 Demonstrate various ethical hacking and system hacking K3 CO3 Explain the various cyber threats and vulnerabilities. K2 Discuss the pseudo random sequence generators and stream CO4 K2 ciphers CO5 Design and implement secure applications K2 C. Correlation of COs with POs : COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 CO1 H L CO2 H H CO3 L L L CO4 M L M M CO5 M M H M H- High; M-Medium; L-Low D. Course Content : UNIT I Cryptographic Protocols (9) Introduction to Protocols-Communications Using Symmetric Cryptography-One-Way Functions- One-Way Hash Functions-Communications Using Public-Key Cryptography-Digital Signatures- Digital Signatures with Encryption-Random and Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generation-Basic Protocols-Key Exchange-Authentication-Authentication and Key Exchange. UNIT II Ethical Hacking and System Hacking (9) Introduction-Importance of Security-Elements of Security-Phase of an Attack- Hacker Attacks – Hacktivism –Ethical Hackers –Computer Crimes and Implication. Introduction–Cracking password–Password cracking websites–Password guessing Algorithms–Password cracking Tools Countermeasure–Escalating Privileges-Executing Applications –Key loggers and spywares. UNIT III Cyber Threats and Vulnerabilities (9) Cyber Threats-Cyber Activism-Cybercrime-Cyber Espionage-Cyber terrorism-Cyber Warfare- Cyber World Vulnerabilities-Cyber Operations-Cyber Weaponry-Society’s Critical Structures as Targets. -
Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell a Participatory Textbook on Functional Programming
Two Dozen Short Lessons in Haskell a participatory textbook on functional programming by Rex Page School of Computer Science University of Oklahoma Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997 by Rex Page Permission to copy and use this document for educational or research purposes of a non-commercial nature is hereby granted, provided that this copyright notice is retained on all copies. All other rights reserved by author. Rex Page School of Computer Science University of Oklahoma 200 Felgar Street — EL114 Norman OK 73019 USA [email protected] Table of Contents 1.................................................................................................. How To Use This Book 5.................................................................................................... Hello World, Etc. 1 10..............................................................................................................Definitions 2 14...............................................................................How to Run Haskell Programs 3 17......................................... Computations on Sequences — List Comprehensions 4 21...................................................................... Function Composition and Currying 5 25.......................... Patterns of Computation — Composition, Folding, and Mapping 6 33......................................................................................................................Types 7 37........................................................ Function Types, Classes, and Polymorphism 8 42........................................... -
On Probability of Success in Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis
J. Cryptol. (2008) 21: 131–147 DOI: 10.1007/s00145-007-9013-7 On Probability of Success in Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis Ali Aydın Selçuk Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey [email protected] Communicated by Eli Biham Received 28 April 2003 and revised 7 August 2007 Online publication 14 September 2007 Abstract. Despite their widespread usage in block cipher security, linear and dif- ferential cryptanalysis still lack a robust treatment of their success probability, and the success chances of these attacks have commonly been estimated in a rather ad hoc fashion. In this paper, we present an analytical calculation of the success probability of linear and differential cryptanalytic attacks. The results apply to an extended sense of the term “success” where the correct key is found not necessarily as the highest-ranking candidate but within a set of high-ranking candidates. Experimental results show that the analysis provides accurate results in most cases, especially in linear cryptanalysis. In cases where the results are less accurate, as in certain cases of differential cryptanaly- sis, the results are useful to provide approximate estimates of the success probability and the necessary plaintext requirement. The analysis also reveals that the attacked key length in differential cryptanalysis is one of the factors that affect the success probabil- ity directly besides the signal-to-noise ratio and the available plaintext amount. Key words. Block ciphers, Linear cryptanalysis, Differential cryptanalysis, Success probability, Order statistics. 1. Introduction Differential cryptanalysis (DC) [1] and linear cryptanalysis (LC) [11,12]aretwoofthe most important techniques in block cipher cryptanalysis today. -
Cryptography
University of Indonesia Magister of Information Technology Cryptography Arrianto Mukti Wibowo University of Indonesia – University of Budi Luhur Magister of Information Technology Tujuan • Mempelajari berbagai metode dan teknik penyembunyian data menggunakan kriptografi. University of Indonesia – University of Budi Luhur Magister of Information Technology Topik • Symmetric & asymmetric cryptography, key strength, cryptosystems, public key infrastructure (PKI), one-way function, hash function, key management, cryptographic attacks University of Indonesia – University of Budi Luhur Magister of Information Technology Cryptography Issues (Schneier ‟96) • Kerahasiaan (confidentiality) dijamin dengan melakukan enkripsi (penyandian). • Keutuhan (integrity) atas data-data pembayaran dilakukan dengan fungsi hash satu arah. • Jaminan atas identitas dan keabsahan (authenticity) pihak-pihak yang melakukan transaksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan password atau sertifikat digital. Sedangkan keotentikan data transaksi dapat dilakukan dengan tanda tangan digital. • Transaksi dapat dijadikan barang bukti yang tidak bisa disangkal (non-repudiation) dengan memanfaatkan tanda tangan digital dan sertifikat digital. University of Indonesia – University of Budi Luhur Magister of Information Technology Makna Kriptografi • Krupto + Grafh = secret + writing • Cryptography: ilmu untuk membuat sebuah pesan menjadi aman University of Indonesia – University of Budi Luhur Magister of Information Technology Cryptographic algorithm & key • Cipher: fungsi matematika yang -
Analyses of Curupira Block Cipher
VIII Simpósio Brasileiro em Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais 89 Analyses of Curupira Block Cipher Jorge Nakahara Jr 1jorge [email protected] Abstract. Curupira is a 96-bit block cipher, with keys of 96, 144 or 192 bits, and variable number of rounds, an algorithm described at SBRC 2007. This paper1 presents impossible-differential, boomerang and higher-order multiset attacks on reduced-round versions of Curupira, that were not previously considered in the security analysis by its designers. Also, we provide security analyses based solely on the block size and on the key size of the cipher, such as plaintext leakage and related-key attacks. Our analyses indicate new attacks on up to 6-round Curupira. 1. Introduction Curupira is a block cipher designed by Barreto and Simpl´ıcio and presented at SBRC 2007 [Barreto and Simpl´ıcio Jr 2007]. This cipher has a Substitution Permutation Net- work (SPN) structure, like the AES [AES 1997] and is based on the wide-trail design strategy [Daemen 1995]. In [Barreto and Simpl´ıcio Jr 2007], the designers of Curupira argued about its security under several attack settings. The best reported attack was the square or saturation attack [Daemen et al. 1997] on up to seven rounds of Curupira, with a complexity smaller than that of an exhaustive key search. In this paper, we describe impossible-differential (ID), boomerang and higher-order multiset attacks on reduced- round versions of Curupira. The motivation for the ID and boomerang attacks are the fact that these techniques exploit the cipher from both the encryption and decryption di- rections, namely, the corresponding distinguishers are based on differentials constructed from both ends of a given cipher. -
The GCHQ Protocol and Its Problems
The GCHQ Protocol and Its Problems Ross Anderson, Michael Roe Cambridge University Computer Laboratory Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QG Email: (rjal4,mrr)@cl. cam.ac .uk Abstract. The UK government is fielding an architecture for secure electronic mail based on the NSA’s Message Security Protocol, with a key escrow scheme inspired by Diffie-Hellman. Attempts have been made to have this protocol adopted by other governments and in various do- mestic applications. The declared policy goal is to entrench commercial key escrow while simultaneously creating a large enough market that software houses will support the protocol as a standard feature rather than charging extra for it. We describe this protocol and show that, like the ‘Clipper’ proposal of a few years ago, it has a number of problems. It provides the worst of both secret and public key systems, without delivering the advantages of ei- ther; it does not support nonrepudiation; a.nd there are serious problems with the replacement of compromised keys, the protection of security la- bels, and the support of complex or dynamic administrative structures. 1 Introduction Over the last two years, the British government’s crypto policy has changed completely. Whereas in 1994 the Primc Minister assured the House of Com- mons that no further restrictions on encryption were envisaged, we now find the government proposing to introduce a licensing scheme for ‘trusted third par- ties’, and licenses will only be granted to operators that escrow their customers’ confidentiality keys to the government’s satisfaction [ll,211. In March 1996, a document describing the cryptographic protocols to he used in government electronic mail systems was issued by CESG, the department of GCHQ concerned with the protection of government information; it has since been made available on the worldwide web [4]. -
Ontario Superior Court of Justice
CourtFileNo.: CV-17- -OOCP ONTARIO SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE MATTER OF a Proceeding under the Class Proceedings Act, 1992, S.O. 1992, C. 6 ARLENE MCDOWELL and BRYAN MADRYGA Plaintiffs - and- FORTRESS REAL CAPITAL INC., FORTRESS REAL DEVELOPMENTS INC., JAWAD RA TH ORE, VINCENZO PETROZZA, LAMB CALGARY INC., ORCHARD CALGARY INC., BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT MORTGAGES CANADA INC., ILDINA GALATI, FFM CAPITAL INC., ROSALIA SPADAFORA, KRISH KOCHHAR, TONY MAZZO LI, SAUL PERLOV, FMP MORTGAGE INVESTMENTS INC., MICHAEL DARAMOLA, TONINO AMENDOLA, GRAHAM MCWATERS, DEREK SORRENTI, GRANT MORGAN, SORRENTI LAW PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION, OLYMPIA TRUST COMPANY Defendants STATEMENT OF CLAIM TO THE DEFENDANT(S): A LEGAL PROCEEDING HAS BEEN COMMENCED AGAINST YOU by the Plaintiff. The Claim made against you is set out in the following pages. IF YOU WISH TO DEFEND THIS PROCEEDING, you or an Ontario lawyer acting for you must prepare a Statement of Defence in Form l 8A prescribed by the Rules of Civil Procedure, serve it on the Plaintiff lawyer or, where the Plaintiff do not have a lawyer, serve it on the Plaintiff, and file it, with proof of service, in this court office, WITHIN TWENTY DAYS after this Statement of Claim is served on you, if you are served in Ontario. If you are served in another province or territory of Canada or in the United States of America, the period for serving and filing your Statement of Defence is forty days. If you are served outside Canada and the United States of America, the period is sixty days. Instead of serving and filing a Statement of Defence, you may serve and file a Notice of Intent to Defend in Form 18B prescribed by the Rules of Civil Procedure.