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Od Oświecenia Ku Romantyzmowi I Dalej : Autorzy, Dzieła, Czytelnicy

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Od Oświecenia Ku Romantyzmowi I Dalej : Autorzy, Dzieła, Czytelnicy Od oświecenia ku romantyzmowi i dalej... PRACE NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU ŚLĄSKIEGO W KATOWICACH N R 2238 Od oświecenia ku romantyzmowi i dalej... Autorzy - dzieła - czytelnicy pod redakcją Marka Piechoty i Janusza Ryby Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Katowice 2004 Redaktor serii: Historia Literatury Polskiej Jerzy Paszek R ecenzent Józef Bachórz 3 3 3 1 1 0 Spis treści W stę p ....................................................................................................................... 7 Agnieszka Kwiatkowska „Rozumne zawody” Polemiki polskiego oświecenia.................................... 9 Janusz Ryba „Mały” P otocki....................................................................................................... 40 Monika Stankiewicz-Kopeć Znaczenie roku 1817 w polskim procesie litera c k im .................................. 49 Magdalena Bąk W arsztat Mickiewicza tłu m ac z a ....................................................................... 72 Damian Noras Ziemia - kobieta - płodność. (O pierwiastku żeńskim w Panu Tadeuszu). 89 Aleksandra Rutkowska Czasy teraz na literaturę złe - Mickiewicz na rynku wydawniczym w pierw­ szej połowie XIX wieku. Rekonesans............................................................. 108 Jacek Lyszczyna Zemsta Aleksandra Fredry wobec klęski powstania listopadowego . 127 Maciej Szargot Koniec baśni. O [Panu Tadeuszu] J. Słowackiego Mariusz Pleszak O biograficznych kontekstach Tłumaczeń Szopena Kornela Ujejskiego . 146 Barbara Szargot Legenda przeciw legendzie. O powieści J.I. Kraszewskiego Dwie królowe . 162 Elżbieta Malinowska Rosja i Rosjanie we wspomnieniach Maksymiliana Jatow ta ................... 184 Henryk Gradkowski Z dziejów szkolnej recepcji Słowackiego w wieku XIX (rekonesans) . 199 Elżbieta Dutka Od romantycznego obrazu miasta Słowackiego ku nostalgicznym poszuki­ waniom — Krzemieniec w Krótkich dniach Włodzimierza Paźniewskiego . 221 Indeks osobowy.....................................................................................................237 S u m m a ry .............................................................................................................................247 R é su m é ................................................................................................................................. 249 Wstęp To pierwsza zbiorowa publikacja Zakładu Historii Literatury Oświe­ cenia i Romantyzmu Instytutu Nauk o Literaturze Polskiej Uniwer­ sytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach nie będąca ujęciem stricte m onogra­ ficznym i nie stanowiąca równocześnie pokłosia konferencji nauko­ wej1. Z tym większą radością konstatujemy, że udało nam się również zgromadzić, spośród dość licznego grona Przyjaciół Zakładu, kilkoro gości, którzy zechcieli wpisać się w dość pojemną od strony teore­ tycznej i historycznoliterackiej formułę: Od oświecenia, ku romantyz­ mowi i dalej... Autorzy - dzieła - czytelnicy. Ze zrozumiałych wzglę­ dów nie usiłujemy nawet oddzielać atrakcyjności formuły tytułowej od wielorakich łączących nas więzów. Mamy też nadzieję, że ten krąg współpracowników nie będzie malał, tym bardziej że nie wszystkie ogniwa wskazanego tu szeregu zostały wypełnione z jednakową pie­ czołowitością. Adresujemy ten tom głównie do odbiorców (badaczy, doktoran­ tów i studentów) zainteresowanych literaturą wieku XIX, zwłaszcza zaś problemami romantycznymi - tym zagadnieniom poświęcono 8 spośród 13 tekstów; w drugim rzędzie do studiujących kwestie wcze­ śniejsze - oświeceniowe (dwa początkowe teksty) i późniejsze (trzy końcowe), dotyczące recepcji romantyzmu w literaturze i dydaktyce poromantycznej. Brak monograficznego ujęcia problemowego wyna­ gradzamy Czytelnikom znaczną rozmaitością autorskich upodobań 1 Takim „mieszanym” przedsięwzięciem, monograficznym i pokonferencyjnym, był poprzedni tom Zakładu: „Pieśni ogromnych dwanaście...”. Studia i szkice o „Panu Tade­ uszu”. Red. M. Piechota. Katowice 2000, s. 236. metodologicznych i rzeczywiście wielobarwną paletą zagadnień szcze­ gółowych. Przekonani o wyższości pluralizmu metodologicznego nad wszel­ kiego rodzaju apriorycznymi ustaleniami narzucającymi sposoby od- czyt}'wania tekstów przed ich przeczytaniem, dajemy pod rozwagę tych kilka myśli, z których przynajmniej część wydaje nam się nowa i zasługująca na uwagę Czytelników. Katowice, listopad 2003 R edaktorzy Agnieszka Kwiatkowska „Rozumne zawody” Polemiki polskiego oświecenia Kultura polskiego oświecenia, pełna wewnętrznych napięć i skła­ dająca się z wielu opozycji, sprzyjała licznym polemikom. Rozmaitym sporom często towarzyszyła atmosfera sensacji, skandalu i prywat­ nych rozgrywek. Rzeczowe argumenty dyskutantów były wzmacnia­ ne albo wręcz wypierane aluzjami personalnymi, które — dzięki to­ warzyskiej plotce - były zrozumiałe dla wąskiego kręgu odbiorców. Dyskusje, które toczą się na łamach rękopiśmiennych lub drukowa­ nych rozpraw, artykułów dziennikarskich i innych tekstów, charak­ teryzują się wyraźnym wzajemnym korespondowaniem poszczególnych tekstów, które łączy nie tylko przed­ miot rozważań, lecz także ujawniona w mniejszym lub większym stop­ niu świadomość argumentów zawartych w innych tekstach, odwołanie do nich przez sposoby dowodzenia lub konwencję wypowiedzi.1 Za pierwszą polską polemikę literacką zwykło się uważać spór o Podolankę wychowaną w stanie natury2. Podobne zespoły tekstów, poruszających problemy związane z literaturą i powiązanych z pol­ ską kulturą powstawały jednak znacznie wcześniej. Jednym z nich jest, 1 A.K. Guzek: Polemiki literackie. W: Słownik literatury polskiego oświecenia. Red. T. Kostkiewiczowa. Wrocław 1991, s. 439. Problemy przedstawione w artykule szerzej poruszam w książce Piórowe wojny (Poznań 2001). 2 M.D. Krajewski: Podolanka wychowana w stanie natury, życie i przypadki swo­ je opisująca. Warszawa 1784. prowadzony co prawda po francusku, lecz przecież związany z polską kulturą spór o russoizm:i. Dyskusję rozpętała publikacja Jana Jaku­ ba Rousseau Discours sur les sciences et les arts wydana w 1750 roku4. Głos przeciw rozprawie nagrodzonej przez Akademię w Dijon zabrał między innymi Stanisław Leszczyński w Responce au discours de Mr Rousseau, opublikowanej w Mercure de France w 1751 roku5, nieco później wydanej w formie broszury. Wystąpienie Leszczyńskiego zo­ stało ogłoszone anonimowo, ale dla współczesnych kwestia autorstwa była oczywista. Mimo to Rousseau, podejmując polemikę, czuł się zo­ bowiązany do uszanowania anonimowości swego oponenta. Dzieło zna­ ne jako Odpowiedź JJR królowi polskiemu ukazało się pod tytułem Uwagi Jana Jakuba Rousseau o odpowiedzi, której wywołała jego roz­ prawa^. W Polsce spór o russoizm przebiegał o wiele łagodniej niż w Europie Zachodniej. Sytuacja polskiej kultury i nauki nie pozwala­ ła podważać przydatności nauk, a społeczeństwo - w większości ka­ tolickie - niechętnie obserwowało wyrastającą z pism Jana Jakuba Rousseau wizję Boga. Większość polskojęzycznych wystąpień podję­ ła więc dialog z russoizmem, z rzadka tylko biorąc go w obronę. Spory z francuskim filozofem toczyły się głównie na łamach „Monitora” (na przykład 19 sierpnia 1772) oraz „Zabaw Przyjemnych i Pożytecznych”7. 3 Obcojęzyczne polemiki pojawiały się w polskiej kulturze już wcześniej. Odnoto­ wać trzeba na przykład polemikę wywołaną przez wydane w 1753 roku dzieło K. S t ę - plowskiego: Logica incipientium régulas definiendi. Kraków 1753; A. J. Wiśniew­ ski: Carpophorus Philalethes ad auctorem apologiae pro arte dispatandi peripatetico- rum. Werona 1754 (Elbląg 1755). Przedrukował W. Mincer w: „Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki Polskiej” (1956, T. 4, s. 338-344). Przekład polski: Z. Neumanów a: Karpoforus Filalełes do autora apologii sztuki dowodzenia sposobem perypatetycznym. W: „Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki Polskiej” 1956, T. 4, s. 328-338. Do wielu obco­ języcznych polemik związanych z polską kulturą zaliczyć też należy spór wokół dzieła Ubalda Mignoniego, przeciw któremu wystąpił między innymi Franciszek Bohomolec, publikując w 1752 roku Ubaldo Mignonio Schol. Piar. Nocticum Sarmaticarum auctori praeceptori suo suavissimo Varmius exetesticus. [B.m.w. 1752]. 4 J.J. Rousseau: Rozprawa nagrodzona przez Akademię w Dijon w roku 1 750, na temat wysunięty przez tę Akademię: Czy odrodzenie nauk i sztuk przyczyniło się do na­ prawy obyczajów? W: Idem: Trzy rozprawy z filozofii społecznej. Przeł. H. Elzen- berg. Kraków 1956, s. 3-46. 5 S. Leszczyński: Odpowiedź króla polskiego na rozprawą Jana Jakuba Rou­ sseau. W: J.J. Rousseau: Trzy rozprawy..., s. 47-65. Fragm ent w: Polska myśl filo­ zoficzna. Oświecenie - Romantyzm. Wybór, wstęp i przypisy H. Hinz i A. Sikora. Warszawa 1964. 6 Por.: H. Elzenberg: Wstęp do Odpowiedzi JJR królowi polskiemu. W: J.J. Rou­ sseau: Trzy rozprawy..., s. 69. 7 „Monitor” (1770, nr 17) przestrzegał przed lekturą ciekawo-bezbożnych książek Rousseau. Podobny charakter miało też wystąpienie publicystyczne B. Bach miń- Europejskie polemiki w ujęciu polskich oświeconych często przy­ bierały zaskakujący obrót. Specyfika naszej kultury zadecydowała tak­ że o stonowanym przebiegu sporu, który wynikał z różnicy postaw wobec dziedzictwa kulturowego. Querelle des Anciens et des Modems w Polsce nigdy nie zaistniał na wielką skalę. W Polsce antyk, jego mitologia i wzorce osobowe należały do podstawowych wartości sar­ mackiej kultury Oprócz tego powrót do antycznych norm stylistycz­ nych dawał polskiej literaturze szansę odrzucenia wzorców baroko­ wych i dorównania wybitnym osiągnięciom europejskiego klasycy­ zmu. W Polskim oświeceniu odwoływano się do antyku nieomal bez­ refleksyjnie,
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