ISHPES Congress2011

From GymnasticstoSports– Relations,Interactions,Contradictionsin the Past andthe Present: ACongress on the Occasion ofthe Founding ofthe GermanTurnerMovementin1811

Frankfurt,August8-12,2011

Program and Abstracts Content

Greetingsfrom...... 1 GudrunDoll-Tepper...... 1 RainerBrechtken...... 3 AnnetteHofmann andGertrudPfister...... 5

Committees...... 7

WhoisWho...... 8

GeneralInformation ...... 10

Program...... 11 MondayAugust 8,2011 ...... 11 TuesdayAugust9,2011 ...... 12 WednesdayAugust 10,2011 ...... 14 ThursdayAugust 11,2011...... 16 FridayAugust 12,2011...... 18

YoungScholarProgram...... 19

Abstracts ...... 20 Greetingsfrom

GudrunDoll-Teppe r

Greetingsfrom GudrunDoll-Tepper Dear CongressParticipants, Itis mygreatpleasure towelcomeall representatives, delegates, friendsand partners as well as academics andmembers of ISHPES in the name of myself andonbehalf of the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) tothe congress in Frankfurt.Embedded in an idyllic surrounding, the seatof the GermanOlympic Sports Confederation,the German GymnasticsFederation(DTB) and severalother sportorganizations are located in the midstof the urban forestin Frankfurt.IamveryhappythatISHPESdecidedonthis location,expressingthe close relationshipbetween turnen ,sportand gymnasticsand their long traditioninourcountry.The ISHPES Congress 2011 picksuptopicsthatcombineand connectall three movementcultures. Itis devoted totheirrelationships, mutual influencesaswell as the societal expectations andpoliticaldemands. The central congress topicsare of greatimportance, regarding the comprehensionofourcurrentmovementculture.Originating from Europe, turnen,gymnastics andsportdeveloped worldwide. Their fascinationisdisplayed atthe Olympic Games and bothatnational and international championships as wellasworld championships, World Games,CommonwealthGames and the Universiades. Their variousopportunities,educational values and social possibilities

1 Greetingsfrom influence people of all countriesand continentsfar beyond international sportevents. In order tocope withall currentchallenges, weneedtocultivatethe rootsofourmovement.Onlybyrecollecting ourhistoryandby campaigning for ourvenerable values, can wefulfilloursignificant role in society withregard tothe education of young people. In thissense,Iwish youall asuccessfulcongress. Mygoodwishes are connected withgratitude and appreciationfor the work of ISHPES and ourexcellentcooperation. This should be of greatmotivationfor ustokeepupand extend ourfruitfulcooperationinthe future.

Yours faithfully,

GudrunDoll-Tepper Vice-Presidentof the German OlympicSportsConfederation (DOSB)

2 Greetingsfrom

RainerBrechtken

RainerBrechtken

Dear CongressParticipants, th 2011 is devoted tothe 200 anniversaryof turnen in Germany.The DTB celebrates thisunder the motto“200 Years of Turnen–200 Years of Social Responsibility”. Withabout fivemillion members, the German Gymnastics Federation (DTB) is the second biggestsportsfederationinGermany.Itis responsible for elitesports, leisure sportsand healthactivitiesfor womenand men,old andyoung,aswell as people of diverse social and ethnic backgrounds. This is mirrored in itsbrands, namely “Turnen”,“Gymwelt” and“Kinderturnen”. Currently,more than 1.6million children participateinthe Kinderturnensportsprograms provided bythe German Turn- and Sportsvereins (sportsclubs) . Theyare acknowledged as the “nurseriesofsports”.The turner movementtakes over agreatamount of responsibility withregard tohealthpromotionthrough exercise. Turnen andgymnasticsconstitutethe framework for the various programs forbothmen and womenofanyage withinthe fitness and the recreational sportsector (GYMWELT) of the Turnvereins. Approximately2.2million women between the age of 18 and 70

3 Greetingsfrom constitute70%ofall membersofthe Turnvereins.900,000 members are over the age of 60. The turner movementand its Turnvereins wereasupportingpillarin the freedom movementof 1848 and the following democratic developmentsinGermany.The manymembers who take on honoraryresponsibilitiesinthe Vereins havebeen an indispensable componentof civic involvementin sport.Solidarity and social community are formativeelementsofthe turnermovement. The ISHPES congress will on the onehandbeapossibility tospread the ideological ideasand the physical conceptsof turnen internationally;onthe otherhand, itis importanttosee how turnen , gymnasticsand sporthavedeveloped in other countries. Iwish youallaninteresting congress and fruitfuldiscussions.

Rainer Brechtken Presidentof the Deutsche Turner-Bund (DTB)

4 Greetingsfrom

AnnetteHofmann GertrudPfister

AnnetteHofmann andGertrudPfister

Dear Colleaguesand Friends, In the name of ISHPES,wewanttowelcome youtoFrankfurtandto the Congress “From Gymnastics toSportsRelations, Interactions, Contradictionsinthe Pastand the Present:aCongress on the Occasionofthe Foundingofthe German Turner Movementin 1811”. We areveryglad thatabout 80ISHPES members from almost20 countries found their waytothe “Walter-Kolb-Haus–Lindner Sports Academy” toshare their knowledge on the global historyof turnen , gymnasticsand sports. We are looking forward toexcitinglectures and fruitfuldiscussions. We thankthe GermanGymnastics Federation (DTB) for hosting usin th itsSportsAcademyandwewill celebratetogetherthe 200 anniversaryof the German TurnerMovement. The establishmentof the firstgymnastics ground ( Turnplatz )inBerlin in 1811 byFriedrich Ludwig Jahn markedthe beginningofanew movementculture called turnen.Whereas Jahn’spredecessor Johann Friedrich GutsMuths emphasized the importance of gymnasticsfor the education of bodyand mind,Jahn aimedat

5 Greetingsfrom patriotismand militarypreparedness of young men. Atthe same time, PerHenrik Ling “invented”Swedish Gymnastics and modern sport th emerged in England. In the 19 century, turnen,gymnasticsand sport spreadacross Europe andsoon gained worldwideacceptance. All three movementcultureswere invented bymenand for men; women were “latecomers”andbegan toparticipateinthe secondhalfofthe century.Before World War I, newformsofgymnastics inspiredby modern dance became a“women’smovement” in European countries. Gymnastics, turnen andsportnotonlycompeted witheach other but also influencedeach other in variousways. As aresultof sportificationprocesses, artistic andrhythmic gymnasticsdeveloped intocompetitivesportsatnational andinternational levels. th In the 20 century“Sportfor All”withanemphasis on health, funand recreation became partof aglobal bodyculture movement.In addition,anincreasing number of traditional sportsand games as well as newsporting activities found their enthusiastic adherents. The 2011 ISHPES Congresswillcover thisbroad range of topics related tovariousmovementculturesaround the world, as well as to the relationshipsand influences between them. We wish youall an interesting andexcitingCongress and an enjoyablestayin Frankfurt.

Annette Hofmann and Gertrud Pfister OrganizationCommittee

6 Committees

Honorary Committee:

Rainer Brechtken (German Gymnastics Federation, DTB) GudrunDoll-Tepper (German Olympic SportFederation, DOSB)

Committees Organization Committee:

Chair of Committee (German GymnasticsFederation,DTB; Ludwigsburg University of Education)

GertrudPfister (University of Copenhagen) SandraHeck (Ruhr-University Bochum) Kai Reinhart (University of Münster) DieterDonnermeyer (German Gymnastics Federation,DTB) Martina Dröll (German Gymnastics Federation,DTB)

ScientificCommittee:

Chair of Committee: GertrudPfister (University of Copenhagen)

Annette Hofmann (DTB; Ludwigsburg University of Education) Gigliola Gori (University of Urbino) Patricia Vertinsky (University of British Columbia) ThierryTerret (University of Lyon) Aino Sarje (Jyväskylä University) Gerald Gems (NorthCentral College) Leena Laine (Jyväskylä University) ManfredLämmer (German SportsUniversity Cologne) Malcom MacLean (University of Gloucesterhire) Maureen Smith (California StateUniversity atSacramento) Michael Krüger (University of Münster) Sandra Heck (Ruhr-University Bochum)

7 WhoisWho

WhoisWho

Anne tteHofmann

Head of the OrganizingCommittee

GertrudPfister

Organizing Committee andHead of the Scientific Committee

Martin aDröll

OrganizingCommittee,DTB

8 WhoisWho

SandraHeck OrganizingCommittee Responsiblefor Young Scholars

Silke Buck Organizing Committee

I rinaHuber Organizing Committee

KaiNörrlinger Shuttle Service andTechnician

9 GeneralInformation

GeneralInformation

Internetaccess: There are twocomputers available atthe hotel lobby.Ifyouneed internetin the conference roomsyouneed tobuy acode.

PowerPoint Please bringyourPowerpoint-file about 10minutes beforeyour sessionstartstoinstalliton the computer.

Meals Lunch is providedonAugust9-11. On August11, wewill also haveadinnerinthe Lindner hotel which is includedinyourregistrationfee.

On August9, there is thepossibility tohavedinner togetherat“Apfel- Wein Wagner”,alocal restaurant,after ourcity tour. We made reservations there, however, youneed topayforyourdinner.

Address: Apfelwein Wagner Schweizer Straße71 60594Frankfurt

On August10,dinnerisonyourown.

SocialOffers On August9, several guides willshowusthe city of Frankfurt.

On August10,wewillvisitthe FrankfurtSoccer Stadionand the EintrachtMuseum

GeneralInformation

10 Program

Program ProgramOverview

MondayAugust 8,2011

time

13.00 Registrationall afternoon

15.00 - Council Meeting 17.00

18.00 Opening Ceremony

(Room Gold)

AnnetteHofmann (ISHPESPresident)

Rainer Brechtken (DTBPresident)

11 Program

TuesdayAugust9,2011 time SportsActivities/Breakfast 8.30 Terret - Keynote –JosefMaguire 9.20 CompetingEuropean BodyCulturesand the Making of Modern Sport 1(Room Gold) 2(Room Silber) 3(RoomBronze) 9.30 Terret Hofmann Vertinsky - Gymnastics in France Turneninthe Americas GymnasticsinAsiaI Jean-NicolasRenaud Gerald Gems Mei-Chun Lin 11.00 Dugeste belliqueuxau TheGermanAmerican Radio Gymnastics and mouvementludique –le Turners: The Political Taiwan (1930-1945) glissement de sens de la Transformation of a Yu-Fang Liang gymnastique àtravers Movement Culture Chinese Gymnastics: l’exemple du Jura français de LeomarTesche MartialArt 1879 à1914 TurneninRio Grandedo Hsien-Wei Kuo /Chin- OlivierHoibian Sul/Brasilien:Bilder einer Fang Kuo /Yuan-Ming Les exercices au grand airdes Kultur Hsu scolaires: un effet des Evelise Quitzau /Soares, ThePracticing campagneshygiénistesdu Carmen ConnotationofGirls´ débutduXIXesiècle? Between theold Heimat and Gymnastics in Modern SergeVaucelle anewcountry:the China L’éducationphysiqueauLycée Turnerschaftvon 1890in ‘Pierre de Fermat’ de Toulouse SãoPaulo ― Brazil (France) au XIXes: entre jeux d’exercice, gymnastique et sports 11.00- Coffee Break 11.15 4(Room Gold) 5(Room Silber) 6(Room Bronze) 11.15 Pfister Szikora Aigner - SportPolitical Gymnastics in Europe Horseback-riding, Implications Politicsand War 12.45 Leena Laine RobinStreppelhoff Shaping aNew(Wo)Man. NeleFahnenbruck "Unpolitischer Sport?" - About the Ideologyand „…reitet für Deutschland“: Ursprung undEntwicklung Politics of theSwedish Vernetzungenzwischen einesMythos Gymnasticsin1920s-1930s Pferdesport und Politik in Aino Sarje der Zeit derWeimarer JörnEsch Republik,des Die „Schädenanunserem The InfluenceofGerman Nationalsozialismus und Volkskörper" und der Fußball Neoclassical Aesthetics on Finnish GymnasticCulture der Nachkriegszeit Francisco Pinheiro Yen-He Chen Historyof Gymnasticsin Images Studies:Outdoor HorseRacing (paper hunt) Portugal –Contributionsto th Understandthe Beginning of in late 19 Centuryin thePortugueseGymnastics Shanghai Movement

12 Program

Sandra Heck /Bettina Kratzmüller ThePentathlete as Ideal Warrior –aComparison betweenAntiquityand Modernity 12.45- Lunch 13.45 7(Room Gold) 8(Room Silber) 9(Room Bronze) 13.45 Gori Heck Smith - ASystem of herOwn: German Turnen Olympics: Histories Women's Gymnastics in the 19thCentury andDevelopments 15.15 Between Sportand Beauty PatriciaVertinsky AlexanderPriebe EmanuelHübner PhysicalCulture, Yogaand the Korbball undBasketballin Neue Bilderder Gendered Genealogyof Deutschland–Die Olympischen Spiele von ‘Buildingthe BodyBeautiful Auseinandersetzung um ein 1936 Else Trangbæk deutsches Turn- und Nikoletta Onyestyak FromBeautiful Gymnaststo olympischesSportspiel Political Influenceonthe Sportswomen –DanishWomen JosefUlfkotte HungarianOlympic Gymnasts at theModern F.L.Jahnund dieAnfänge Gymnasts in 1948-1956 Olympic Games der Turnpressein John Horne GertrudPfister Deutschland Continuityand Change in TheSportification of London Olympic Gymnastics/Calisthenics Narratives: 1908–2012 15.15- Coffee Break 15.30 10(RoomGold) 11 (RoomSilber) 12(Room Bronze) 15.30 Trangb æ k Pfister Gems - German Turnen: SportOrganizations Challenges 17.00 Film Heather Dichter Thomas Ameye/Pascal Turnen in Occupied on the Delheye Germanyandthe Re- FromGymnastics to Historyof Foundingofthe Deutscher Sports: Belgian Presidents DanishGymnastics Turner Bund, 1945-50 of International Jörn Hansen Federations, 1881-1947 German Turn-and Sports Goellner,Silvana/Votre, Associations andthe Sebastiao/Pinheiro, German Minorityin North Claudia Slesvig (Sønderjylland) Gymnastics andSportsin Brazil at theBeginningsof KatsuakiHatakoshi th Studyof the Rivalry the20 Century:The Between Turnenand Sport - National Policyto Events Leadingtothe Strengthenthe White GermanGames Celebrated Women’sBody as aNational Festival SocialEvent:Frankfurt CityTour

13 Program

WednesdayAugust 10,2011

Time SportsActivities/ Breakfast 8.30 Pfister - Panel Discussion: SportHistorymeetsSport Sociology 9.20 (Therret, Smith,Vertinsky,Horne, Maguire) 13(RoomGold) 14 (Room Silber) 15 (RoomBronze) 9.30 Horne Laine Wrynn - Olympics: Inventionsand Gymnastics andDance Gender,Feminities 11.00 Changes in Eastern European andBodies LawrenceJudge et al. Countries Amanda Schweinbenz Olympic Games Evolution: Lajos Szabo/Katalin HegemonicFemininity:A Expanding theLegacywith the Szikora PervasiveThreatto InauguralYouth Olympic TheHistoryof theHungarian FemaleAthleticism Games Gymnastic Movementuntil Yoshimi Kasuga DzintraGrundmane /Rita thefirst modern Olympic Women’s Physical Apine Games Education Promotion FromRigaer Turnverein to AnitaSterea Strategyin Japan in Olympic Gold RomanianGymnastics 1900’s:Focusingona Sebastiao Votre /Patricia during theCommunist discourse of “Healthy Lessa period. AHistoricalAnalysis BeautyWomen” Pink Wallet:The Historyof Michael Hepp ThierryTerret Techno-making of Sexual Vergleichende TheGeorges Hebert’s Bodies in the Feminine Tests Strukturanalyse von Balkan- “NaturalMethod” of of the1968 Olympics tänzen undihrehistorische PhysicalEducation:a Interpretation genderedreading

11.00- CoffeeBreak 11.15

16 (RoomGold) 17 (Room Silber) 18 (Room Bronze) 11.15 Pfister/Vertinsky Gems Terret - PhysicalEducation and Gymnastics in France 12.45 Young Scholar Session Sports Psychology andits Relation to Yuan-Ming Hsu German Turnen TheRiseand Decline in the Pathsthrough the TonyFroissart GymnasticsEducation of La gymnastiquefrançaise Academic Labyrinth Modern SchoolinChina et lesréférences Sebastiao Votre /Antonio allemandes(1870-1914): Vargas combattre les Origins andTrajectoryof vulnérabilités ou préparer Sports Psychologyin Brazil, le combat? in theFirst Part of the 20th ThierryArnal Century Reflections on Certain Junwen Li MoralSpecificities of Differences andIntegration French Gymnastics and of PhysicalEducational Their Incompatibilitywith Culture in China andin theSpirit of Turnen (1815- Western Countries 1848)

14 Program

12.45- Lunch 13.45

19 (RoomGold) 20 (Room Silber) 21(Room Bronze) 13.45 Hofmann Horne Vertinsky - Historyof Skiing Sporting Practices: Women in Sports 15.15 Biographies Andreas Brugger Mayumi Tabata Maureen Smith/Alison Gymnastics–Mountaineering AStudyon theAscetic Wrynn –Skiing.AStudyaboutTheir Practices of SaitoShintaro, “Barelyvisible: The Relations and Interactions in WhoTrained representationand Vorarlberg Swordsmanship in Feudal participation of women in Domains duringthe Late Hiroshi Arai theinternationaland U.S. TheChangeofthe Skiing 1840s Paralympic organizations, Techniquesduringthe Kaarel Antons 2008–2010. ” Development of Skiing in Being ATop Athlete in Marit Nybelius Japan Estonian SSR in 1952-1964: Sports andMediatization: BiographicalViewpoint GerdFalkner aCaseofWomen Ski- Die „Skiturner und der Chin-Fang Kuo Jumping Arierparagraphim Seeingthe Voice of the HaimoGroenen mitteleuropäischen Skisport zu Athlete: Metaphor-Based Diffusion et résistancesà Beginndes 20.Jahrhunderts OverseasCompetition la sportificationdujudo Travelling Experience fémininenBelgiquedela Libération auxannées 1950:approche compare Flandres–Wallonie

15.15- CoffeeBreak 15.30

Visit of Frankfurt Soccer Stadionand Eintracht Museum

Dinner on yourown

Young Scholar Social Meeting :

at „Depot 1899“ in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen at 20.00

15 Program

ThursdayAugust11,2011

Time SportsActivities/Breakfast

Vertinsky 8.30 ISHPES Award: WrayVamplew - “ Original Sin, CumulativeCausation,and ‘FairCheating All Round’: AnHistorical ExcursionintoRule-Makingand Rule-BreakinginSport” 9.20 22 (RoomGold) 23 (RoomSilber) 24(Room Bronze) 9.30 Sarje Horne Dichter - GymnasticsinAsian Physical Education and TheyMade a Textbooks Gymnastics Difference: 11.00 To-Pin Wen Sebastiao Votre /Marcello Biographies Astudyin China Private Nunes Tokuro Yamamoto School Gymnastics Proposed Curricular Contexts in Über Prof. Dr. Sukeichi textbook (1904) theHistoryof Vocational SHINOHARAs Ping-Fung Lung TraininginPhysicaleducation in „Leibeserziehung – Brazil TheHistoryof aGeneral persönliche Bemerkungen“ Gymnastics Textbook in Yi-ling Huang (1932) Qing Dynasty(1862-1911) Leibeserziehung an denSchulen HiroakiSakakibara in China –aCase Studyof Taiwansunter derjapanischen Karl Völker (1776-1884) Gymnastics on Light Herrschaft „Kominka“(1938- undEduard Biber (1801- Apparatus 1945) 1874): Berührungspunkte zwischen dem Turnenin Chin-Fang Kuo Giuliano Gomes de Assis AModelofthe School Pimentel London gegenEndeder Gymnastics in Modern BrazilianRodeo:ALocal-Global 1820er Jahre und China:The Analysis of Mix? Pestalozzischen “Gymnastics Manual Grundsätzen Gigliola Gori EgleAbruzzini(1936), an Italian at the Pinnacle of InternationalCompetitive RhythmicGymnastics 11.00- Coffee Break 11.15 25(Room Gold) 26(RoomSilber) 27(Room Bronze) 11.15 Smith Laine Horne - Sportand Religion Dance, Gymnastics and Sportification the Bodies Processes 12.45 Stefan Hübner PerJørgensen HaimoGroenen TheYMCA,Moral TheBodyunder Treatment – L’implantation et la Education and the Far TheIntroduction of Swedish sportificationdujudo au Eastern Championship Gymnastics, Physical Therapy, sein de l’Education Games:‘Western’ Sports Chiropractic andthe Physique et Sportiveen Ideologyand‘Eastern’ Relationship to Medical Science France entre lesannées Reactions from 1900 to 1930in Denmark 1950et 1967

16 Program

Haim Kaufmann Chia-JuYen GuyGinciene/Sara TheMaccabiOrganization "Atten -tion! AtEase! ": on the Quenzer Matthiesen as an Expression of Jewish Formationofthe Modern Evidence of Changes in Gymnastics ChineseBodybyMilitary 100 Meters Dash Along theTimes Joshua Fleer Gymnastics Materializingthe Eternal Li-O Chen /Yen-HeChen Seventh Day:The House of Discussionand Investigation of David’s Barnstorming 2009TAIWANDANCE@LIVE Baseball Activities 12.45- Lunch 13.45 28(Room Gold) 29(RoomSilber) 13.45 Hübner Hofmann Film Film - "Olympia1936. Adocumentationfroman NotJust aGame. 15.15 unknownamateurfilmhistory"(in German) Power,Politics &American Sports

15.15- Coffee Break 15.30

15.30 Vertinsky - Gigliola Gori Young Scholar Award Ceremony 18.00 Bieke Gils TheOnlyRace Aviatrixin theWorld": ATributetoBessieColeman (1892-1926)

(15.30-16.15)

ISHPES General Assembly (16.30-18.00)

20.00 Banquetand ClosingCeremony (openend)

17 Program

FridayAugust12,2011 time

SportsActivities/ Breakfast

8.30 CongressChill Out

18 YoungScholarProgram

YoungScholarProgram

Forthe Young Scholars wedohaveafewspecialoccasions.

August9 Sandra Heck will meetyouafter the receptionfor afirstorientation andtogettoknoweach other.

August10 Session16: «Paths through the Academic Labyrinth» (time: 11.15- 12.45) willprovide usefultips for young academicswhere topublish, which conferencestoattendand otherquestions related tothe professional life in sporthistory. Also an ISHPES Young Scholar representativeshould be chosen. The session willbechairedbyGertrudPfister andPatriciaVertinsky. Otherinterested conferenceparticipantsare welcometoattendas well.

August10 All Young Scholars areinvited tomeetat20.00 atthe «Depot1899» in downtownFrankfurtforasocial get-together. ISHPES will provide the drinks forthe Young Scholars.

Address: Textorstr. 33, Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen

August11 At15.30 the Gigliola Gori Young Scholar Award will be presented to BiekeGils after the presentation of herpaper.

YoungScholarProgram

19 Abstracts

Abstracts

From Gymnastics to Sports: times between1919and 1947. Belgian Presidents of Between 1925and 1942,Henry InternationalFederations (1881- de Baillet-Latourwas the 1947) chairmanofthe IOC.The Belgian representationininternational T HOMAS A MEYE &PASCAL sportsorganizationspeaked just D ELHEYE after World WarIand again just University Leuven, Belgium after World War II.

In 1881,NicolaasJan Cupérus became the founding presidentof the FédérationsEuropéennes de B eing aTop AthleteinEstonian Gymnastique.Since he held the SSRin1952-1964:A postuntil 1924, he had agreat BiographicalViewpoint impacton the international positioning of Germangymnastics K AAREL A NTONS ( Turnen ). Before 1894, he fought University of Tartu;Instituteof primarilyagainstthe followers of CulturalResearch andFineArts/ othergymnastic methods.With Estonian SportsMuseum the formationofthe International Olympic Committee,thisstruggle The presented paper focuseson tookonanaddeddimension.In the period of transitionfrom anyevent,much ink was spilled Stalinism tostable socialismasit about the participationof takes place in narratives of gymnastsinthe Olympics. In the people’smemories. Athletes’life meantime,other Belgiansbecame stories,collected in post-Soviet veryactiveinthe international Estonia afterregaining institutionalizationofsports. In independence, are the empirical 1900,Emile de Beukelaer material,analysed bybiographical became the founding presidentof method. the Union Cycliste Internationale. The studyseeks answer tohow In Ghent,the Fédération athletes presentthreedifferent Internationale d’Escrime was sportsideologies:Olympistic foundedin1913,and Belgians (apolitical,idealistic), Soviet were particularlyactiveinituntil (totalitarian, supportingSoviet 1947.Adrien van den Bulcke was power)and common (national chairmanbetween 1912and1920 level) in their life stories. The of the LigueInternationale de athleteasindividual withhis/her Hockeysur Glace,and Paulde experiences is seenindialogue Borman ledthe International withall three ideologies, with Lawn-TennisFederation several attention focused on the influence whichpublic discourses haveon narratives of athletes’life stories.

20 Abstracts

Relying on variousstudies on The Change of Skiing nostalgia,itcan be said that Techniques during the several typesofnostalgia: Development of Skiing in Japan restorative, reflexive, anti- nostalgia etc. influencedSoviet H IROSHI A RAI periodathletes’life stories. In life BiwakoSeikei SportCollege storiesrecorded in Estonia in 1991-2000 itis typical thata This was the historical rupture in narratives begins with developmentperiod of Japanese WorldWar II.The conceptof skiing.Between 1911and 1922 rupture in life stories is skiing techniques changed three constructed as influenceof times in Japan.Inthe firstperiod, nationalhistorical approach on the Alpine skiing techniquewas people’slifestories, usedto used bypeople from 1911 to stress repressions and 1916.In1911,the Austrian occupation. In later life stories, the soldier Theodor Edlervon Lerch period of “mature socialism”is introduced the Alpine skiing separated fromthe World WarII techniqueinTakatacity in Japan rupture.Intheir lifestories, people forthe firsttime. This technique discuss Stalin’spost-mortem was invented bythe skier Mathias periodthrough individual Zdarskyin Austria. The experienceofeverydaylife, characteristic of this technique seekingtheir “righttoHappiness”. was using onepoletoski safely The periodofstable socialism in on steepslopes. This technique Estonianathletes’life stories may has spread all over Japansince notbe connected withStalin’s 1911. death, itmaybe earlier.Athletes In the second period (1916 to trytoseparatetotalitarian society 1922), boththe Norwegianskiing from his/hersportingcareer in life techniqueand the Alpineskiing story’snarrativerestingonhis/her techniquewere used byskiers. ownexperience.World-class Since1912advanced skierswere sportwas tothemasplitofficial unsatisfied withthe Alpine skiing publicsphere,wherethere techniqueand tried touse the existed aformal sphere, Norwegian wayof skiing.They establishedbythe authorities, and thoughtthatthe Norwegian an informal sphere for individual’s techniquewas on ahigherlevel conventional freedom.Withthe compared tothe Alpine skiing helpofnostalgia, athletic pastis technique. Thattechniquehad connected withtoday’spresent spread in Saharin and Hokaido in and instructiveness for the future Japan,whereas the number of is seen. peopleusing the Alpine skiing techniqueincreased in Honshu. After 1922,during the third period, the number of people who used the Alpine skiingtechnique decreased. Mostskiers started to

21 Abstracts use the Norwegian skiing Turnen and Mountaineering- techniquebecause itwas seento Skiing.AStudyaboutTheir be moreadvancedand usedin Relations and Interactions in skiing competitions. Vorarlberg

A NDREAS B RUGGER Montafon Archiv/University of R eflectionsonCertain Moral Innsbruck Specificities of French Gymnastics and Their In Vorarlberg,the turner Incompatibilitywiththe Spirit of movementstarted in the late Turnen (1815-1848) 1840s. Until 1900 no less than18 turnersocietieswerefounded all HIERRY RNAL over theprovince andduring the T A th UniversitéLille Nord second halfofthe 19 century, de France physicalexercises began toplay amoreand more importantrole. Agymnasticsmethod, called In 1869,the Section Vorarlberg of «French»,appearsinthe firsthalf the GermanAlpine Clubwas of the XIXthcentury.Invented by founded and builtfouralpine huts Amoros, itremains in application until 1884.Germansections until the beginning of the XXth supported these activitiesand century,both, in certain French builtfurtherhutsall over schoolsand in the Military Vorarlberg.Manypeople began to Gymnastics“EcoleNormale”at go intothe mountainsand they Joinville.Madeupofsequences were notonlymotivated bythe of exercises, usingavariety of wonderfulview,but alsobythe machines,inparticularapparatus aimtostrengthentheirfitness.In work, itwas often compared to 1901, the SkiClubArlberg was GermanGymnastics. Some foundedand manyotherski clubs authorswentso farastoconsider followed until the outbreak of itaparticularadaptationofJahn’s World War I. Consequently,the principles. However,inspiteof number of peoplevisitingthe similaritiesbetweenthe exercises mountains duringwinter time and an openlypatriotic use of it increased pretty fast. thatechoes Amoros’sapproach, In the firstpartof the paper,the the “French”school of the firsthalf developmentof turnen, of the XIXthcenturyandthatof mountaineeringand skiing willbe the German Turnenare based described from the foundationof upon twoverydifferent the firstclubs tothe interwar conceptions thatare, more often periodwithafocuson: thannot,clearlycontradictory.  Turnen: The developmentin the citiesBregenz,Dornbirn andBludenz.

22 Abstracts

 Mountaineering: Britishbusinessman,established The building of the alpine "Dian-Shi-ZhaiPictorial hutsand their further Magazine" in Shanghai. Strange development. andnewimageshavebeen  Skiing: discovered in the presentstudy Skiing in the Montafon, a which is named “western people valleyin southern runand chase paper”in Chinese. Vorarlberg. We can see the western people In the secondpart,their relations use the paperinsteadofthe fox and interactions willbeanalyzed. forhuntinginthe game. The Whereasthe relationsbetween game is called “paperhunt” or mountaineering andskiingare “paperchase”in English. Based quiteclear,one mightthink that on the “images”research, old there arenostronginteractions texts, magazines, and documents, betweenthese twosportsonthe the presentstudyis conducted by onehandand turnen on the other. the historicalmethodcalled eye However, the paper showsthatat witnessing in which imagesare leastfrom1900 onwards,various usedashistorical evidence.This interactions were developing; learning idea originated from Prof. some of them stillexistatthe Peter Burke. The “French Annales st beginning of the 21 century. School’sMicro History” style is also conducted in this study.The resultsare as follows. Similar activitiesand gamescan be found Images S tudies: Outdoor Horse in othercountries, such as Japan, th Racing (paperhunt) in late 19 India, China, U.S.A., Albania, Centuryin Shanghai French club, Italy,and South Africa.Because of the integration Y EN-HE C HEN of localcultures, paperhuntis National Taiwan Normal presented in variouswaysof University sports.

The Shanghai Considered Socially ,published in 1874, illustrated the British’slovefor D iscussionand Investigationof horseracing.Even stayingfor a 2009TAIWANDANCE @LIVE long timeinothercountries,the Activities Britishwill end upbuilding a modern racecourseand playing L I -O C HEN the horseracing game or China University of Technology activitiesfor fun. There is &Yen-HeChen historical record,showinghorse National Taiwan Normal racinghad been heldinShanghai, University which hadbeen atraditional leisure in British (U.K.)for along 2009TAIWAN DANCE@LIVEisa time. In 1884,ErnestMajor,a streetdance competitionby

23 Abstracts

InnovativefashionableDancing as participantobservation, Associationand Japan photographic dataand semi- DANCE@LIVE combinationwith structured interviews. To a3years contract.The street investigatesuch particular dance competition was held in manifestationofgame, Iopted to frontof Taipei ConfuciusTemple ascanningoffieldinthe stringof plaza. Thecompetitiondivided the participantcomment.From from breaking and free style the Oral History,are analyzed battle.Byobservation official documents, images, and researching, discussingand 13life stories.The emphasisisto interpreting the 2009TAIWAN understandthe transformationof DANCE@LIVE in Confucius Rodeo in sportduring the 1990s temple. There are 4conclusions in Brazil.The studyshowsthat,as as followed:first,the competition culture undergoesprocesses of gotan affirmationofTaipeicivic change,certain typesofbodily administrationand the Confucius movementor activity are templeadministration. Second, preserved in the form of games parentsunderstandparticipating and become averitablememorial streetdancecompetitionisa of thebody.Rodeo practices positiveand aggressiveactivity. preserve–in the form of Third, Taiwan streetdance competitivegame –bodily developmentand exploration is practices and social goingtointernational.Fourth, representations thatarelinkedto streetdance and traditionalspace ruralworktechniques.The tactics application andeducationare and capacitiesrequested in the worthytoaffirm. Thestudyshows existence of those activitiesis thatthe integrationoftraditionand analyzed,understanding as their modernization areworthyto existence while corporal action popularize. leisure of transform-if without escapingofthe basic fulcrumof itsexistence,the extracted life wayof the ruralwork. Withthe Brazilian Rodeo:ALocal- intensifying intertwining of local Global Mix? andglobalelements, this particularvernacularreference G IULIANO G OMES DE A SSIS becomesincreasinglypale,giving P IMENTEL waytomore generic UEM representations thataremore easilyincorporated and The presentwork attemptsto assimilatedbythe public that identifythe interactionofmultiple watch rodeocompetitions.For local andglobal elementsinthe example,dislocationsofthe process of the codificationof meaning of the rodeoare Brazilian Rodeosassport.Our intensified as itis increasingly field workemployed a codifiedassport.Nonetheless, combination of techniques such although rodeo undergoes a

24 Abstracts sportification process, andthus In thispaper,Iexamine the Allied mustembrace internationalrules, understanding of Turnen andhow local contestantsdonotcease to thatinfluencedtheircontrolofthe turn thisprocessinside out, sport,inparticular, the formation applying newlocal meaningsto of anationalorganization. This globalized rodeo practices. paperwill also address howthe actionsofthe Allied High Commission in 1949-50,atthe promptingofChancellorKonrad Tu rnen in OccupiedGermany Adenauer on behalf of German and theRe-Foundingofthe Turner ,helpedenabledGermans Deutscher Turner Bund, 1945- tosecure completecontrolover 50 Turnen even in the face of continued Allied fears of the H EATHER L. D ICHTER reappearance of German York CollegeofPennsylvania militarism.

In December 1945 the victorious Allies passed DirectiveNo. 23 on the Limitation and Demilitarization D ie „Schädenanunserem of Sportin Germany,establishing Volkskörper“und der Fußball controls over the organizationand practiceofsportand physical J ÖRN E SCH educationinoccupiedGermany. Carl von OssietzkyUniversität Although the Sovietsintroduced Oldenburg thislaw,the Americans, British, and French readilyagreedtoit.In In meinem Vortragmöchteich itsfinalized form,Directive23 michmiteineminder bisherigen forbade somesportswithdirect Forschung zumFußball in links tothe militarywhile Deutschlandvernachlässigten encouragingthe democratization Aspektbeschäftigen,nämlich mit of German sport.Ofall the sports der Relevanzlegitimierender permitted bythe Allies,none Diskurse fürdie Etablierung des came underthe watch of the Fußballs am Endedes 19. occupationauthoritiesmorethan Jahrhunderts. Dass derFußball in Turnen because of the Allied seinen Anfangsjahrenaufheftige perceptionofitslong affiliation Widerstände vor allem seitens der withGerman militarism anduse in Deutschen Turnerschaft (DT) achieving political aims. Turnen stieß, istin breiten Kreisen der presented achallenge tothe Sporthistorikereine anerkannte occupationauthorities, who were Einschätzung.Allerdingshaben facedwiththe dilemma of whether dieDTund vor allem der–1891 toallow Turnen or be waryof it alsReaktionaufdie „Übelstände because of itsrecentrole as a des heutigenLebens“gegründete pursuitordered andvalued bythe – Zentralausschuss für Volks- und Nazistate. Jugendspiele (ZFVJs) eine

25 Abstracts

Einführung desFußballspiels „…reitet für Deutschland“: durchausbegrüßt. Vernetzungenzwischen In meinem Vortrag werde ich Pferdesport und Politik in der zunächstdie Gemeinsamkeiten in Zeit derWeimarer Republik, denArgumentationen derDT, des des Nationalsozialismusund ZFVJs und der Sportlerzeigen derNachkriegszeit und dabei nachweisen, dass die diskursiveKonstruktioneines N ELE M AYA F AHNENBRUCK krankenVolkskörpersvon UniversitätHamburg entscheidenderBedeutung fürdie Etablierung des Fußballs in Eine sporthistorischeForschungs- Deutschlandwar.Ineinem arbeit,die dieWechselwirkungen zweiten Schritt soll es umden zwischen Pferdesportund Politik meines Erachtenseigentlichen analysiert,wurdebisher nicht Streitpunktgehen,der in einer verfasstund stehtnoch aus. unterschiedlichen Wahrnehmung Meine Promotionzeigtdie von Körpern sowie deren Verbindungen zwischen Pferde- Bewegung und Stilisierung lag. sportund Nationalsozialismus, Ablehnende Argumentationen dabei nimmtsie auch die Zeit gegenden Fußballsport machten davor und danach in denBlick sich vor allem ästhetische und fragtnach Kontinuitäten wie Maßstäbezu Nutze. Prominent Diskontinuitäten. Mitdiesem artikuliertediesKarlPlanck, alser wechselseitigen in seiner Schmähschriftdie Beziehungsgeflechtzwischen Bewegungen des Fußballers als Pferdesportund NS-Regime geht „den Menschen zumAffen […] eine Funktionalisierung des erniedrig[end]“beschrieb. Aber Sportes einher.Der Pferdesport auch moderatereGegner des kamdurch sein ihm anhaftendes Fußballsports stürzten sich auf elitäres Prestigeder NS-Politik dieGefährdung desKörpers gelegen und passteauch dank durchdas „sportsmäßige seiner militärischenAusrichtung Trainierender Körperkräftezu sehrgut in das Selbstbild der Höchstleistungen“.Fragen nach paramilitärischen SS alselitärer legitimen und illegitimen „Orden“.Die SS-Reiter gehörten Bewegungen,„gute“und zu den national wie international „schlechte“Nutzung des Körpers erfolgreichsten Reitern, sie sowie dessen„artgerechtes“und bildeten die „Elite“desPferde- „entartetes“Aussehenwerdenin sportes.Sie waren bereitsim meinemVortragdaher von Oktober 1939maßgeblichanden entscheidenderBedeutung sein. Verbrechender SS in Polen So wirdsichzeigen lassen,worin beteiligt.Innerhalb weniger eine zentraleProblematik der Wochenvernichteten sie in ihrem Etablierung des Fußballs in Einsatzgebietnahezu die Deutschlandbestand. gesamtejüdische Bevölkerung. Bei denNürnberger Prozessen blieb dieReiter-SSals

26 Abstracts

Organisationunberücksichtigt;der DieFormierungsphase von Militärgerichtshofhatsie als zentraleuropäischen Skiver- reiterlicheund turniersportliche bänden markierteden Abschluss Gruppierung von Beginn an aus einer frühenEntwicklungsetappe demVerfahren ausgeschlossen. desSkisports, die gekennzeichnet Ab 1933 entstanden im ganzen war durchdessenrasche Land SS-und SA-Reiterstand- Ausbreitung mitsehr betonter arten, SS-und SA-Reitschulen Leistungs- und Wettkampf- und -Turnierewurden ins Leben orientierung.Dabei wurdedieser gerufen. Denländlichen und Entstehungs- und Formierungs- städtischen Reitvereinen kam prozess zumeistin dabei eine besonders gewichtige sportideologischer und inhalts- Rolle zu:Denndurch sie wurde spezifischer Auseinandersetzung derNährbodenfürdie mitund in zunehmender Bemächtigung durch dieMacht- Abgrenzung vom traditionellen habergeschaffen.Die Reitvereine Turnen vollzogen.Diese waren voraussetzendfürdie Entwicklung dauerte, regional Entstehung desNational- stark differenziertund sich in sozialistischenReiterkorps mannigfaltigen Erscheinungs- (NSRK),indem dieSAden formen präsentierend, im militärischen,reitenden Nach- gesamten deutschsprachigem wuchsfürdie Wehrmacht Raumbis in die späten 1930er rekrutierteund ausbildete. Jahre hinein an. Daraufhatten die Erkenntnisleitend istin diesem geopolitischenEntwicklungen in Zusammenhang dieFrage, wie Zentraleuropa nach dem1. dieAneignungsmechanismen der Weltkrieg beträchtlichenEinfluss. bestehenden Struktureninden Dasspiegeltesichskispezifisch Reitvereinen im Einzelnen aus- bei den Skiturnernim sahen undinwiefern diese Österreichischen Deutschen kontinuierlich übernommen Turnerbund (DTB) und im wurden oderetwaVeränderungen Deutschen Turnverband der aufwiesen. Dieses sollam Tschechoslowakei (DTV) wider. Beispiel Hamburgs dargestellt Doch die entwicklungsrelevanten werden. Ursachen finden sich bereitsim Entstehungsprozessvon ski- sportlichenOrganisations- strukturen ausgangs des19. D ie „Skiturner undder Jahrhundertsinder damaligen Arierparagraphimmittel- Donaumonarchie,entfalteten nun europäischenSkisport zu jedoch eine spezifische Beginn des20.Jahrhunderts Entwicklungsdynamik und zeigten Erscheinungsformenund G ERD F ALKNER Tendenzen,die sich von denen Deutscher Skiverband im Deutschland derWeimarer Republikz.T. grundlegend unterschieden.Das zeigtesich

27 Abstracts weniger in der skisportlichen Materializingthe Eternal Praxis, alsvielmehr in dem Seventh Day:The House of deutschnationalistischen Volks- David’s BarnstormingBaseball tumsdenken,dessenTräger die sogenannten Skiturner, Mitglieder J OSHUA F LEER von Skiabteilungen/Skiriegen in Florida StateUniversity Turnvereinen, die an Trainingund Wettkämpfen der Skiverbände In the earlytwentiethcentury, teilnahmen, gar Doppelmit- members of the millennialist gliedschaften in Turn-und House of David conceived that Skiverbänden besaßen, waren. theirbodies would liveforever in a Dasführtezu ständigen permanentutopiaalready Auseinandersetzungen in den underwayin Benton Harbor, Skistrukturen.Diese empfanden Michigan.Playingbaseball sich selbstzwar als hinreichend allowed those withinthe House of deutschnational, wurden trotzdem David toembodythismillennial ständigmitultimativerhobenen expectationofthe eternal seventh Maximalforderungen derSkiturner day.Astheyadapted tochanging nachVerschärfung and elusiveconceptions of nationalistischer verbands- immortality,the House of David politischer Positionen konfrontiert. continuallylooked toward Dies beeinflusstenachhaltig die barnstorming baseballfor tangible gesamteSkipolitik und spiegelte waystoworkout their religious sich insbesondereinden practices andconceptions of their Satzungs- und Regelwerken bodies. wider, exemplarischu.a.im HistoriansofAmericanreligion sogenannten Arierparagraphen, haveargued thatthe House of dessenAusgestaltung und teils David’sbarnstorming baseball rigorose Anwendung in der teamseither served as afaçade skisportlichen Praxis zu foritsother enterprises or thatthe ethnischenAusgrenzungen bei lure of success diverted the skisportlichen Wettkämpfen House of David from their führte. Das beschwor immer “theological center”of beliefs and wieder Konflikteinder doctrines. Areconsiderationof internationalen Skiwelt,mitder emplaced materiality,however, InternationalenSkikommission showsthatbaseball served (ISK) ab 1910und demdaraus insteadasanintegral meansof 1924hervor-gegangenen bothinternalization andprojection InternationalenSkiverband (FIS) as the House of David negotiated herauf. themselves andtheir claims. This paperexplores howHouse of David memberspercieved themselves as baseballplayers within the frameworkofthe House of David,and itoffers an investigationintohowthe House

28 Abstracts of David usedbaseball to française.Orl’Union des negotiatetheir finitude by Sociétés de gymnastiquede projectingthemselves intoand France n’estcrééequ’en 1873, beyond their horizons. When lesBataillonsscolairesnevoient membersstepped ontothe field, le jourqu’en 1882.Quelleestla theydid notviewbaseball as a raison de ce temps de latence? separate, secular sphere Pourquoi,après la défaitede whereupon their identity morphed Sedan(Ardennes), notamment from religioustoathletic,from dansles régions lesplus House of David membersto meurtries comme la Champagne baseball players. This paper oulesArdennes, le modèle du moves beyondlong-standing Turnen considéré comme un approachestothe studyof élémentde la victoire allemande religion as systems of belief and n'est-il pasimmédiatementrejeté? examineshowthese embodied L’hypothèse défendueestque peopleoriented themselves within pourdes raisons àlafois theirculture through such physical pragmatiques etsanitairesil activitiesasthrowingand hitting, convienten prioritédelutter fulfilling theirstrong missionary contre lesvulnérabilités sensibilities and negotiating, consécutives auconflitavant through embodiment, d’envisagerdereconstruire les expectations of,and limitsto, an forcescombattantes.Ilconvient ever-elusivebodilyimmortality. cependanttout autantde reconstituer l’étatmoral de la nationquedeviserl’amélioration physique. Dèslorsles références La Gymnastique Françaiseet allemandespeuventêtre les Références Allemandes différemmentperçues selon (1870-1914): Combattreles qu’ellessontàviséeshumanistes, Vulnérabilités ou Préparer le ouquellessontàorientation Combat ? guerrière. C onstruiteselon lesprincipes T ONY F ROISSART d’une histoire des UniversitédeReims-Champagne- représentations,cetteétude Ardenne s’appuie surl’analyse des vecteurs de communication à Commel’amontré C. Farenc, en traverslaconsultationdesources France,dansles régions d’originefrançaise:lapresse dévastéespar la guerre de 1870 fédérale, la revue«Le gymnaste» l’espritde revanchenese (1873-1914), la presse développe pasaulendemain de généralisterégionale la défaite, mais unpeuplustard. (l’Indépendantrémois) des Pourtant,l’idée d’une monographiesetles compte gymnastiquerevancharde et rendusdel’académiede guerrière estfréquemment médecine. avancée dans l’historiographie

29 Abstracts

The German AmericanTurners: earlier in the decade succeeding The Political Transformationof the arrival of the 48ers as German aMovementCulture turnersbecamethoroughly engagedinthe politicalissues G ERALD R. G EMS besettingthe American culture.I NorthCentral College contendthatsuch symbiosis eventuallytransformed the This studywillexamine the meaningsand programs of acculturationand assimilationof turnerisminthe United States. GermanTurnersinthe United States over the courseofseveral generationstodetermine the meansand reasonsfor the Evidence of Changes in 100 political transformation of the Meters dash alongthe Times movement.Assimilationtheorists nowpositthatAmericanization G UY G INCIENE & maytakefourtofivegenerations. S ARA Q UENZER M ATTHIESEN Germans migrating tothe United UNESP,Rio Claro/Brazil States after the failed revolutionof 1848 assimilated atamuch faster This research aimed todiscover pace.Though theyexpressed the main changesthatoccurred in relativelyradical political positions the 100 metersdash, from its uponarrival and throughout the origins tothe currentdays. Based nineteenthcentury,such on theoretical research, sentimentsdissipated rapidly characterized as aliterature thereafter.The Americanization search,weattempted torescue processes thatpoliticized the the particularitiesinthe historyof turnermovementalso the 100 metersdashatthe transformed the intentof OlympicGames, checking for turnvereinestopromotethe regulatoryandstructuralchanges Germanculture,German thatinterferedinitdevelopment language,and itsparticular over time.Among the resultsit movementculture.Bythe was found thatthe firstOlympic twentiethcenturyAmericanborn GamesofAncientGreece in 776 offspringbegan toforsake formal a. C.,occurred withonlyone gymnasticstrainingfor the event,the stadion –sprintrace of American sportforms, such as 192.27meters.After withdrawal of basketball, volleyball, and the Olympic Gamesin369 d. C., baseball. the sprintracesstarted tobe While historians havetraditionally disputed again in 1896 bythe pointed tothe repressive initiativeofBaron de Coubertin. measuresthatafflicted Germans The fastestrace thenproceeded in the United States duringWorld tobethe 100 meter dash,which WarIas acatalystforsuch underwentseveral changes, change,Icontendthatthe rootsof including:mandatorystarting transformationstarted much block; disqualificationinthe case

30 Abstracts of false startetc. Although such understanding of howBrazilian changesare poorlyknown, we nationalistdiscourse, in searching hope,through this research,to for“racial refinement”,was providesubsidiesfor Physical concentrated on (strengthened) Educationteacherssotheycan whitewomen while making black teach thathistoryas partof the womeninvisible . contentof theirclassesat Brazilian schools. Financial support:CNPq; Prograd/Núcleo de Ensino;PROPG/Unesp. Egle Abruzzini(1936), an Italian at thePinnacle of International CompetitiveRhythmic Gymnastics Gymnastics and Sports in Brazil at theBeginning of the G IGLIOLA G ORI th 20 Century:the National University of Urbino,Italy Policyto Strengthen theWhite Women’sBody This paperfocusesonthe enormouslyimportantcontribution S ILVANA V ILODRE G OELLNER, of EgleAbruzziniinthe S EBASTIÃO J OSUÉ V OTRE & developmentand diffusion of C LAUDIA P INHEIRO competitiverhythmicgymnastics in herowncountryandabroad. Based on post-structuralist If in recentyearsItalian athletes feministand gender studies, this havebeenvictoriousinthis paperanalyzes the importance specialty,winning many attributed togymnasticsand prestigiousprizes and medals, it sportspractices withinthe is greatlyowingtothe nationalpolicyof strengthening commitmentand the directionof the whiteBrazilianpopulationat thisextraordinarywoman. the beginning of the twentieth Atthe internationallevel, the century.Itdemonstrates, above name of thispioneer is easily all, the investmentsmadeinthe recognized bythose “in the know” whitefemalebodyidentifiedasan as onewho has served instrumenttowards achieving that continuouslyfrom 1988 to2010 end.Ourresearch was basedon as presidentof the Technical the use of documents, books, Committee for Competitive manuals, proceedingsfrom Rhythmic Gymnasticswithin the scientificcongresses, official International Federationof Braziliangovernmentpublications Gymnastics(FIG). as wellasall the issues of the first Egle’spassion forrhythmic Brazilian journal devoted gymnasticswill be elaborated in specificallytothe area of Physical greater detail in the paper.This Educationassources.Through enthusiasmwas born as long ago content-analysis of the material as 1954when she debuted collected, wecometoan brilliantlyas astudentatthe

31 Abstracts

Superior InstituteofPhysical plusieurs conceptions dujudo. Education(ISEF), in Rome. Itwas L’implantationetla diffusion there thatshebecameacquainted différenciéesdujudo en régions withand attended lessonsbythe flamande etfrancophone,etles famousinstructor of modern spécificités socio-culturelles gymnastics, ProfessorAndreina marquantles communautés GottaSacco.Sincethen Egle has linguistiques justifientune devoted herentirelifetothe approche comparée dujudo study,diffusion and teaching of fémininenFlandres etWallonie. thisdisciplineinItaly,bothin Alacroiséed’une histoire sociale, school and university.Atthe culturelle etinstitutionnelle,nous same timeshe hasworkedatthe questionnonslaplace etla international level in orderto reconnaissancedes femmesdans modernise and reorganise le judo belge, lesfinalités et rhythmic gymnasticstotransform pratiques dujudo féminin, etla itintoasportingactivity thathasa construction dugenre quis’y technical difficulty and artistic exprime. Nousavonsanalysé et contentthatsetsiton an equal croisé diversessources écrites footingwithotherOlympic events. (revues etmanuels de judo, archives fédérales, presse) et orales(entretiens auprès de pionniers).L’étude se termine en D iffusionetRésistancesàla 1959lorsqu’une réunification SportificationduJudo Féminin fédéralefaitévoluer le judo en BelgiquedelaLibération féminin. auxAnnées 1950:Approche Minoritaire etsoustutelle Comparée Flandres –Wallonie masculine, le judo belge féminin restetributaire d’une H AIMO G ROENEN représentationtraditionnelle de la Universitéd’Artois, France femmetout en renvoyantàun moyen d’émancipation. Ce Le judo estimplantéenBelgique processusempruntelavoie de la aprèslaLibération,dansunpays self-défense etduloisir sportif en divisé aux plans communautaire Flandres,pourconduirejusqu’à etlinguistique, principalement des compétitionsdejudo en entre Flamands etWallons. Le Wallonie quiconstitueunespace judo belge construitdurablement pluspropicepourla son identitéplurielle autourde reconnaissanceetla dimensionséducatives, sportives, sportivisation dujudoféminin. Les philosophiques etla self-défense. pointscommuns etdifférences Son institutionnalisation conduità observables danslejudo féminin des championnatsmasculins et dépendentd’unfacteursocio- féminins, respectivementen 1949 culturellié aux normesetvaleurs et1974.Maisdes fédérations dominantes en Flandreseten dissidentes flamande et Wallonie, des spécificités francophone diffusentdès1951 techniques etaxiologiques du

32 Abstracts judo,des aspirationsdes judokas résultentd’abordd’initiatives féminins etdes conceptions des locales de professeurs d’EPS, acteurs fédéraux influents. maislaFFJ œuvre également rapidementdanscesens. Pourtant,siles professeurs d’EPS impliqués militentpourunjudo L’Implantation et la strictementsportif etcompétitif, SportificationduJudo au sein lesdirigeantsdelaFFJ réfutent de l’EducationPhysique et cettevoie tout comme les SportiveenFranceentre les conceptions techniques et Années 1950et 1967 pédagogiques sous-jacentes.Ces oppositionscachentdesenjeux H AIMO G ROENEN différents. PourlaFFJ, le judo Universitéd’Artois, France scolairereprésenteunvivier potentielpourson élitemais Jusqu’aux années1950le judo risquededénaturerl’identitédela français renvoie principalementà discipline japonaise.Pourles une méthoded’éducation professeurs d’EPS, le judo physique, morale etintellectuelle, scolaireestunmoyen de maissimultanémentàunsport, promouvoirune conception une méthodedeself-défenseet sportivedujudo ausein de la une philosophie. Dès lesannées FFJ, etune EPSsportiveface à 1960,ilconnaîtunessoretune différentes méthodesde sportification importants. gymnastiqueoud’EP.Au-delà Nousquestionnonsl’implantation des enjeux etconjonctures à dujudo àl’écoleàtravers les prendreencompte, acteurs etprocessusenjeu,la l’interprétationhistoriqueintègre conceptiondujudo etles lescaractéristiques sociales et méthodesd’enseignement biographiques desacteurs pour retenus. Cetteétude s’étenddes comprendreleurs conceptions. années 1950à1967et l’intégrationdujudo dansles programmesd’EPS.Nousavons analysé etcroisé plusieurs From Rigaer Turnvereinto sources :revues etmanuels de Olympic Gold judo,revues spécialisées et textes officielsd’EPS,archives de D ZINTRA G RUNDMANE la fédération française de judo University of Latvia (FFJ). Durantla périodeétudiée, & R ITA A PINE l’EPSetla FFJ sontface àdes LatvianSportsMuseum débatsidentitaires concernantla placeàréserver aux normes et The historyof the Latviansports pratiques sportives dans leur is closelyconnected withthe disciplinescolaire oufédérale. Baltic regionsince the 19th L’implantationdujudo dansla century.The earlystage of the leçond’EPSetle sportscolaire sportslifeinthe Baltic provinces

33 Abstracts was influencedbythe traditionsof compulsorysubject.A.Wachmuth the German nobility andthe is consideredtobethe first mentality of the Baltic Germans. founderofthe movementof Bythe favourableinfluence of gymnasticsand sportsinLatvia their culture the movementof and the Baltic countries. gymnasticsbegan todevelop in th the thirtiesofthe 19 centurybut in westernEurope ittookplace on th th the turn of the 18 and19 GermanTurn- andSports century. Associationsand the German In 1831, AlexanderWachmuth Minorityin North Slesvig (1805-1880), who hadjust (Sønderjylland) finished hislawstudiesatthe German university,learned about J ØRN H ANSEN the movementfounded bythe University of Southern Denmark, German gymnasticsfather Odense Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. SoonA.Wachmuthfounded the Todaythereisanexemplary gymnasticsinstitutioninJelgava cooperationbetweenthe Danish (atthe end of Liela Street)onthe sportsassociations and the sports model of F. L. Jahn,addingthe associationsofthe German dancing lessons. In the period minority northofthe borderline from 1833 till1846,when he betweenDenmark andGermany. workedatTöchterschule St. The reportexamines the difficult Trinitatis in Mitau(Jelgava) as a historyof howthiscooperation dancing teacher,hewenttostudy slowlywas establishedsince the in GermanyandPetersburg. demarcationin1920.Inthe In 1846 A. Wachmuthformed the beginning the sportsassociations gymnasticsinstitutioninRiga on of the Germanminority were in an MarstaluStreetNo.4 in the former opposition tothe Danish house of blueguards.Inthe same populationbecause theyformed a year the Riga dome school link toaGermanTurn-ideology introducedthe physical exercise from the Bismarck-time, which in the curriculumfor the firsttime easilyafter 1933 turned intoa and agymnasticsplace was Nazi-ideology.After the Second arranged in the yard. World War the Danish sports In 1862A. Wachmuthwas invited associationswereunwilling to toworkasagymnasticsteacher cooperatewiththe associations of in Mitauer gymnasiums (Jelgava). the German minority because of He was appointed the main theirideologyand political specialistin gymnasticstoinstruct orientation before the War. But teachersinthe artof gymnastics. graduallyboththe Danish sport Jelgavagymnasiumwas the first associationsand the associations learning institution in the Baltic of the German minority changed countries where gymnasticswas their positionand the sportscene introducedinthe curriculumasa from the 1970´tiesbecame a

34 Abstracts place forexemplarycooperation festivals. Gameslinkedto betweenthe Danish population festivalsdevelopedtosuch an and the German minority in the extentthateventuallyaplanwas borderline region. drawnupfor acompetitiontobe heldatnational level. This plan developed intoadebatewhether Germanyshould participateinthe S tudyof theRivalrybetween international Olympic Games Turnen andSport -Events and/orthe abovementionedevent Leading to theGermanGames thathadbeenplanned byF. A. CelebratedasaNational Schmidt,H.Raydt,and E. v. Festival Schenckendorff which was not heldbefore the FirstWorldWar.A K ATSUAKI H ATAKOSHI national-leveleventsconsistingof Nippon SportSience University, Turnen andsportscompetitions Japan was finallyheldinBerlin in 1922. In thispaper itis argued thatthe This studyaims togain an movementtopromotegames understandingofthe historical played an importantroleinthe developmentof Sportvereine process through which the conflict (sport clubs) in Germanyund between Turnen and sport looks atthe complexprocess developed intoamerger between through which Turnen,apartof the twoassportwas being Germany’straditional culture, accepted intoGermany. resisted sportandthenmerged withitas sportwas being accepted intoGermany.The studyalso examinesthe The Pentathlete as Ideal developmentof the movementfor Warrior–aComparison promotinggames, the process between Antiquityand leading tothe national and Modernity international Olympic Games in postwar Germany. S ANDRA H ECK While the conflictbetweensport Ruhr-University Bochum and Turnen grewmore heated, the movementforpromoting & B ETTINA K RATZMÜLLER Antikensammlung/ gamesthatstarted in the 1870s Kunsthistorisches Museum served tobring the twotogether. Vienna The Spielerlass ,proclaimedbyG. v.Goßlerin1882,gavethe ”Jason[…]combined the five impetusfor gamestoberegarded events, and Peleus[…]gained as atype of supplementto victoryandwas considered the physicaleducation in additionto mostwarlike of men because of Turnen .Theydidnotjustdevelop the valourthathe displayed in the within schools, but werealso battles andbecause his training in incorporated intolocal Sedan the fivewas warlike”(Philostratos,

35 Abstracts

Gymnastic 3). Whereasa mythological explanationisgiven Vergleichende Strukturanalyse here,scholarsalsoagree thatthe von Balkantänzen undIhre rootsofthe ancientpentathlon – Historische Interpretation discusthrow,long jump,javelin throw,stadion race andwrestling M ICHAEL H EPP –can be found in the military UniversitätMünster training.Ancientpentathletes as the bestall-round athletes needed Kreiskettentänzedes Balkans abalanced physical development bilden ein Reliktarealeiner because theyhad toperformin Tanzform,die biszumspäten lightandheavy athletics. Mittelalter in ganzEuropa In modern times several forms of vorherrschendwar. Ihre pentathlon closelyfollowing or Ursprüngegehen möglicherweise imitating the ancientmodel were bisaufdie Entstehung und held, forinstance exercisedbythe Ausbreitung des Neolithikums Philanthropistsand the German zurück.Historische Belege fürdie Turnersorasatrack-and-field- Verbreitung gibtes allerdingserst eventduringthe 1906Intercalated ab der Bronzezeit. Olympic Games in Athens. Nach demMittelalter ersetzten in However, ittookuntil Stockholm Mittel- und Westeuropa Paartänze 1912before the ideal warrior was diealten Kreiskettentänze. Auf revived in the formofthe modern dem Balkan verhindertedie pentathlon, combininghorse- jahrhundertelange Besatzung riding,shooting,fencing, durchdas osmanische Reich im swimming and cross-country- Zusammenspiel mitder running.Borninapre-war-context nationalen orthodoxen Kirche, and exclusivelypractised by dasssichNeuerungen wie der officers modern pentathlon Paartanzausbreiten konnten. seemedtobethe perfectmilitary Deminteressierten Beobachter preparation. bietetsich heutedortein This studydealswiththe vielfältigesBilddieser Tänze, die characteristics of boththe ancient sich durch unterschiedliche and the modern pentathlonand Musik,regionale Bewegungsstile, investigates howthe ideal warrior ethnischgeprägteKostüme und of the time was represented in the viele weiter Punkteauszeichnen. respectivemultidisciplinarysport. Bob Leibman stellte1992eine The comparison finallyallowsan Strukturanalyse speziellfür evaluation of whetherthe modern Kettentänzevor, diees pentathloncontinued the tradition ermöglicht,die Tänzeunabhängig of the ancientforerunner,or von regionalen odernationalen ratherusedthe spiritof the Stilausprägungen zu vergleichen. antiquity togain popularity and Nach dem Modellvon Leibman hence convince the IOC members wurden einegrößere Anzahl von tobecomeapartof the Olympic Tänzen ausverschiedenen Games. Balkanländern untersucht.Diese

36 Abstracts

Strukturanalyse erlaubtnichtnur n’estquedansune seconde Rückschlüsse aufdie regionale, étapequeles revendications des sondern auch aufdie historische médecinsviendraientcontester Verbreitung spezifischerTanz- lesorientations militaristes de la formen. gymnastiquescolaire. Cependant, DieErgebnisse dieser Analysen àyregarder de plusprès,on liefern einenGradienten,bei dem observequeles premières achttaktigeTanzmuster von West campagnes en faveurde nachSüdostauffallendab- l’exercice physiquechezles nehmen. Zudem könnenÜber- adolescentsmenacéspar «les gangsformen zwischen ur- effetsnéfastes de la sédentarité sprünglichenund achttaktigen etde la vie urbaine »démarrent e Strukturen festgestelltwerden. dés lespremières annéesduXIX Auch beiden Strukturender siècles. Cesmobilisations Tanzmusikistdieser Wandel conduisentàlamultiplication des feststellbar,aber schonweiter initiatives pédagogiques augrand fortgeschritten.Die Ergebnisse aircommeles promenades, les lassen sich so interpretieren, dass excursions pédagogiques,les einProzessinRichtung caravanesscolaires, maisaussi symmetrischenund achttaktigen l’escrime, l’équitationetparfois Strukturen sowohl in der même la pratiquedela musikalischenPhrasierung, als gymnastique. Dès cetteépoque, auch in denTanzmustern,der in la relation entre exercice physique Mitteleuropa bis zum18. Jahr- augrandair etaméliorationdela hundertabgeschlossen war, auf santésembleêtre admise y demBalkangerade zurZeit compris parmi certains stattfindet. responsables de l’Instruction publique. Quelssontles arguments avancés par cesprosélytes pour Les ExercicesauGrand Air des justifier l’instaurationdemesures Scolaires :UnEffetdes visantàmodifierles habitudes Campagnes Hygiènistes du et/ouleshabitusdes jeunes e DébutduXIX Sècle? scolaires catégoriséscomme une populationvulnérable ? O LIVIER H OIBIAN E nnousappuyantsuruncorpus UniversitéPaulSabatierFrance documentaire constituéde publication médicales (Traités En France,une certaine tradition d’hygiènes, Annalesd’hygiène historiographiqueseréfèreà publique, …)etdesarchives du l’influence des préoccupations Ministèredel’Instruction publique, patriotiques oumilitaires pour nouschercheronsàmontrer que e expliquer l’instauration des dés la fin duXVIII siècle, les exercicesphysiques dans le médecins vonts’attacherà cadre scolaire (DécretDuruy- prévenirles maladiesenmodifiant 1869,Loi George–1880). Ce l’environnementmatériel etmoral

37 Abstracts des populations lesplus Iwillstructure mydiscussion by exposées. Ilsadoptentalors une highlightingtwoaspectsofmega- nouvelle épistémé,celle du eventsidentified byMaurice modèle de la thermodynamique, Roche(in Mega-events and inspiréedes travaux de Lavoisier. Modernity ,2000,London: Elle permetaux médecins Routledge). Firstlyhe noted the hygiènistes de disposerd’un waysWorld’sFairs, Exposand cadredepenséeetde catégories the Olympic Gamesreflected the communesquivontleurpermettre developmentof capitalism, de diffuserdansles différentes nationalism andimperialism. sphères sociales, la croyance Secondly,heregards these dansles effetsbénéfiques des mega-eventsasimportantfocal exercicesducorps augrandair. pointsinthe emergence of an international dimension in modern public culture. Clearlythere is apotential Continuityand Changein contradictionhere,alsomanifest LondonOlympic Narratives: in the person of BaronPierrede 1908-2012 Coubertin,whose life projectwas the establishmentof the modern J OHN H ORNE Olympic Games. De Coubertin University of CentralLancashire was acommitted internationalist who inscribedinternationalism The UK is onlythe secondnation intothe founding documents, tobeawardedathird Olympic practices andritualsofthe Games, and London is the first Olympic Games.But he was also city tostage athird Summer apatriotwho was concernedover Olympic Games.Inthiscontext the poor physicalstateand the main focusofthis paper will indisciplineofFrench youth, and be on howconceptions of worried about the decline of his 'London', 'Englishness/ countryand itseclipse bythe Britishness', 'sport', 'the world'and risingpower of Germany.The 'Olympism'havebeen tensionbetween nationalismand constructed in the three Olympic internationalism continues tobea narratives of 1908, 1948and significantfeature of the Olympic 2012.Archival resources Games, andthiswillbe including documents(guide highlighted in this presentation. books, bid documents, reports, newspaperaccounts, and media reportage) and images,for example, posters, from 1908, The Rise andDeclineinthe 1948 and2012willbeanalysed to Gymnastics Educationof identifyandcontrastthe key Modern School in China narrativethemesfor each of the London Olympic Games. Y UAN -MING H SU University of Kang Ning,Taiwan

38 Abstracts

Leibeserziehunganden The term ‚gymnastics’in this SchulenTaiwansunter der studyrefers tothe gymnastics japanischen Herrschaft curricula thatwere developed in „Kominka“(1938 –1945) Germanyin the 19 centuryand introducedintoChina,then Y I - LING H UANG becameasortof sportforall.The InstitutefürSportgeschichteder historical datawerecollected and Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln interpreted in ordertodevelop an understandingofhowwestern DerBegriff „Kominka“,auch gymnasticswas introducedinto Japanisierung oder Nippon- China andhowitwas practiced in isierung,bezeichnetdieletzte China. Theresultsshowthatthe Periodeder japanischen Kolonial- modern ‚gymnasticseducation’ herrschaftüber Taiwan (1938- formallybecame arequired 1945). Im Jahre 1937begann der courseservingasafitness-and- ZweiteChinesisch-Japanische security countrycourseand for Krieg.Taiwan wurde alswichtiger pursuingmodernizationmainlyin Stützpunktder japanischen alllevels of schoolsinChina in Expansionspolitik in Richtung 1902.Itincluded twotypes.One Südenweiter ausgebaut.ImZuge is general fitness gymnastics dieser Bemühungenforcierteder consisted of westernunarmed, Gouverneurdie Japanisierung auf apparatusand special gymnastics der Insel.Die Bewohnersollten and China martialarts diejapanische Identitätan- gymnastics. The otherismilitary nehmen, wehrfähig gemacht martial artsgymnastics. Through werden und aufjapanischerSeite the WWIand China May4th kämpfen. In dieser Studiesollen CulturalMovementof 1919, the dieEinführung derLeibes- American-formeducational erziehung an den Schulenunter system was practiced in 1922 to derjapanischen Herrschaftund resultin that‚physical education ihre Ziele dargestelltwerden. Die course’tookthe place of Schwerpunktelagenaufden ‚gymnasticscourse’and ‚military MaßnahmenzurVerbesserung gymnastics’was eliminated. The desGesundheitszustandes der ‚general gymnastics’became a Schülerund aufder Festlegung partof physicaleducation course neuer Standards fürdie like game,trackand field, dance Prüfungen in Leibeserziehung and balls. währendder Kriegszeit. Abschließend wird der Einfluss der Leibeserziehung nach der Wiederausrufung derRepublik China aufTaiwan (1949) kurz diskutiert.

39 Abstracts

fairplay,and tokeepsportsand The YMCA, Moral Education politicsseparated served tobring and the FarEastern Asianstogetherinapeaceful ChampionshipGames : atmosphere.However,although ‘Western’SportsIdeologyand the valueofphysicaleducation ‘Eastern’Reactions. and sportwas notthatcontested anymore in Asia,itwas disputed if S TEFAN H ÜBNER itwas appropriatetomeet JacobsUniversity Bremen, potentialenemiesinan Germany international sportsevent.The benefitsofteamsports, seen as a The FarEastern Championship waytohelpmould peaceful Gameswerefounded in 1913by citizensofdemocratic states, American YMCA-members. werealsoquestioned. The Rapidlyexpandinginsizeand bellicose atmosphere in the 1910s numberofevents, theybecame still suggested thatanotheridea, the world’ssecond largestsports toproduce healthyand nationally- festival.Until their dissolutionin minded potentialsoldiers, had not 1934theytookplace ten times, lostall of itsappeal. withthe Philippines, Japan and China as the main participants. Mypaper willmostlybe basedon documentsfound atthe IOC- and Neue Bilder derOlympischen YMCA-archives, publications of Spiele von1936 the FarEasternAthletic Association and some Japanese E MANUEL H ÜBNER material.Iwillfocusonthe Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität motivationsand effortsofseveral Münster American YMCA membersofthe physicaldepartment,who aimed Auch nach 75 Jahren finden die tospread ‘Western’amateur Olympischen Spiele von 1936 sportsvalues in Asia via the nochgroßes Interesse in der Games. Theproblemsthey Öffentlichkeit.Die visuelle encountered during the process Erinnerung der Nachgeborenen will also be addressed. an diesessportlicheGroßereignis Amateursports’values like for wird dabei in Bezugaufbewegte example ‘tolose withdignity’were Bilderinhohem Maße von dem meanttoovercome seemingly im Auftrag des IOC gedrehten Asian problemslike forexample und vom DeutschenReich the loss of face in EastAsiaafter finanzierten zweiteiligenOlympia- adefeator aggressivebehaviour film Leni Riefenstahls bestimmt. in case of the Philippines. Bei derdurchPhotographien Democratic ‘teamspirit’ was beeinflussten visuellen hopedtodefeat‘nationalistic’ Erinnerung der damaligen Japanesemartial arts, likejū d ō , Ereignisse dominierendagegen ky ū d ō and kendō .Sportsmanship, professionellePressephotos,wie

40 Abstracts siedamalszu hunderten in Im Vortragwerden ausgewählte Tageszeitungen und später bis Beispiele vorgeführt. weitin denZweiten Weltkrieg hinein in Monographienund Sammelbilderalbenverbreitet wurden. Allen diesenBildern ist The Bodyunder Treatment– gemeinsam, dass sievor ihrer TheIntroduction of Swedish Veröffentlichung eine staatlich Gymnastics, Physical Therapy, gelenkteZensurdurchlaufen Chiropractic and the habenund daher in gewisser RelationshiptoMedical Weise nurdie demNS-Regime Science from 1900 to 1930in genehme Sichtwiedergeben. Denmark. Von derForschung bislangwenig bisgar nichtbeachtetwurdeaber, P ER J ØRGENSEN dass danebenauch privateFilm- University of Southern Denmark und Photoaufnahmen existieren, dieBesucher der Olympischen Atthe beginning of the 20th Spieledamals lediglichzur century,Swedish gymnastics, privaten Erinnerung anfertigen. physicaltherapyand chiropractic Da sienie füreine were establishedinDenmark Veröffentlichung bestimmtwaren, respectivelyin the schoolsystem mussten sie auch keine Zensur (gymnastics) and the treatment durchlaufen,sondernvermitteln system (physicaltherapyand unverfälschtund ohne chiropractic.The commonpointof propagandistische Absicht departure for the three activities aufgenommen die Sichtvon was thathealthand healingcould Privatpersonen aufdie Ereignisse be achieved bymanipulationand in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Berlin movementof jointsand muscles. und Kiel (Segelwettbewerbe). This paperexaminesthe activities Im Rahmen eines Forschungs- and theirrelationship tothe projektes hatderVerfasser established medical science at mehrere hundertPhotographien the time regarding definitionof und ein Dutzend Amateurfilme science,healthand healing. zusammengetragen.Zieldes Furthermore,the relationship laufendenProjektes istneben betweenexperts(doctor, einerBeschreibung dieser chiropractor, physicaltherapistor Bildbestände die Frage, ob und teacher) andlayman(patientor wie sich die bildlicheDarstellung student)isexamined. The der Amateurphotographenund - medical worldviewed gymnastics, filmervon derjenigen der Profis physiotherapyand chiropractic unterscheidet.Nebenden differently,and the three acted inhaltlichen Momenten müssen differentlyin the meetingwiththe dabei auch diesichdeutlichvon medical world. Thescientific einander unterscheidenden basis, claimedbythe leadersof technischenMöglichkeiten in den the Swedish gymnastics, was Blickgenommen werden. shotdownbymodern science.

41 Abstracts

Physiotherapistsaccepted that representingonly14 countries, theirsubjectwas notviewed as a competed in 42eventsinthose science but ratheracraftand that firstmodernOlympics. While the subjectwas underthe control additional eventsand competitors of the doctorsinterms of were introducedduring each accreditation, training and Olympic Games,fewmajor leadershipofthe professional changesweremade until 1924 association.Chiropractorswere whenthe Winter Olympics were involved in adecade-longstruggle launchedinChamonix,France. withmedical science.The The Olympics havecontinued to struggle was two-fold–dealing evolveasthe numberofindividual withachievingrecognitionby and team events, countries obtaining authorizationand represented,and participants defining health, illness and continued togrow.Inaddition, scienceaswell as the therapist's world-wideOlympic exposure relationshiptothe patient. increased dramaticallyprimarily Nowadays, scientificfindings duetoadvancesinmedia havemoved the boundaries for coverage and technology. interpreting scienceaswellasthe However, as the Olympics understandingofthe correlation maturedsodid theiraudience, betweenbody,movementand and in response the International health. Olympic Committee (IOC) approved the YouthOlympic Gamestargeting 14 to18year old athletes on 5July,2007. The Oly mpic Games Evolution: 2010YouthOlympic Games Expanding the Legacywiththe (YOG), hosted in Singapore, InauguralYouth Olympic joined the SummerOlympics and Games the Winter Olympicsbecoming the third IOCsportfestival. L AWRENCE W. J UDGE, This studyexamined awareness Ball StateUniversity and opiniondatafromcoaches, D AVID B ELLAR, parents, andadministrators University of Louisianaat representingvarioussportsfrom Lafayette 26countriesprior tothe 2010 J EFFREY C. P ETERSEN YOG.Asix-questionsurvey BaylorUniversity assessed preliminaryawareness E RIN G ILREATH and opinion data. Theparticipants Ball StateUniversity in the investigation(n=637, 40% & K ARIN S URBER male 60%female, age: CISCOSystems 32.4±12.1yrs) reported verylow (likertscale 1to7)personal The modernOlympic Games, familiarity (mean:2.1±1.6)and founded in 1894,hosted itsfirst public awareness(mean:1.9±1.3) competitionin1896inAthens, forthe inaugural YOG. The Greece.Fewer than250athletes, kurtosis values were large

42 Abstracts positivescores for both As suggested in previousstudies, distributions (personal familiarity = the mostcrucial factor that 1.25; publicawareness =2.80) hinderedthe dissemination of suggestingthe resultswere women’sphysical educationwas distributed non-normallyaround anotion thatgymnasticsmany thelower endofthe likertscales. men were critical tosuch activity. The lowlevel of personal Mostpeoplesawgymnasticsas awareness andpublicawareness something thatdeprived the maybe linkedtolimited marketing innatemoral nature of women. A andpromotional activitiesfor the change of values was needed YOG. Thisstudyapplies historical among Japanese for institutionalism as atheoretical disseminationofwomen’s frameworktoanalyzethe IOC’s physicaleducation.The discourse performance stagingthe YOG. about “healthybeauty” had a significantmeaningasawas unfeminineand lacked “femininity” in considerationofthe traditional Women’s PhysicalEducation viewon women. Withaviewthat Promotion Strategyin Japan in itis “disgraceful”forwomento 1900’s:Focusingona work on physical exercise, Discourse of “HealthyBeauty women’sphysical education Women” strategy.

Y OSHIMI K ASUGA WasedaUniversity The Maccabi O rganization as This studyaims atclarifying the an Expression of Jewish relationshipbetweenwomen’s Gymnastics physicaleducation duringthe late Meiji period and the change of H AIM K AUFMAN discourse of beautifulwomen in Zinman College of Physical the same period.Iwillclarifythe Educationand SportsSciencesat processinwhich healthwas the WingateInstitute, Natanya, generallyaccepted as an element Israel of beauty,and aconceptof “healthybeautifulwomen”took In Europe,gymnastmovements, form. From lateMeijitoTaisho such as the German (Deutsche period, the conceptof femininity Turnerschaft)and Czech(Sokol) including the conceptof female associations, wereaimed at beautywas significantlychanged. reinforcing nationalawareness by Isuggestthatthe establishment fostering social consolidationand of the conceptof “healthy physicalstrengthening.These beautifulwomen”hadagreatrole associationshad amajor impact in reducing the publicresistance on JewsinEurope who againstwomen’sphysical established similar ones. These education.

43 Abstracts eventuallyledtothe foundationof Seeingthe Voiceofthe Athlete: the Maccabi Organization. Inquiryinto Constructinga Maccabi was initiated withthe Consensus Map of Metaphor- establishmentof the Jewish Based Overseas Competition GymnastMovement(Jüdische Traveling Experience Turnerschaft)in1903.This association was established C HIN-FANG K UO withinthe ZionistCongress AletheiaUniversity,Taiwan, framework, but did notdefine R.O.C. itself as Zionistso thatnon-Zionist nationalistJewswould be Everymega-sporteventcontains included as well. the metaphor of various In Ottoman Palestinegymnast meanings. This studyaims to associationsbegantoappear in explore the core thoughts, 1906. In 1912MaccabiEretz feelings andexpectations of Israel was established,deeming Taiwan athletes in an entire itself apartof the Jewish overseas competition trip. GymnastMovement. Therefore, narrativeinquiryand In 1921the Maccabi WorldUnion theZaltmanMetaphorElicitation was founded.Unlike other Technique(ZMET)are employed gymnastassociations,itdefined toidentifythe keyconstructsin itself in Zionistterms,asa the mindofathletes andthento reflection of the changing status buildupthe consensusmap.The of the ZionistMovementwhich final elicited keyconstructsthat received internationallegitimacy showathletes’core thoughtsare bythe mandategiven toGreat identified through the research BritainonEretz Israel. and furtherdivided intooriginator WhileinEretz Israel Maccabi constructs, connector constructs begantoadoptapolitical anddestinationconstructs. All character and, in practice, turned these constructsare usedto intoacompetitivesport completethe above-mentioned association,the Maccabi World consensusmap thatrepresents Union continued tobean athletes’deepthoughtsand show organizationwithagymnastic thistargetgroup’sconsensusas character whose purposewas to well. Thisstudyhopesthat serveZionistgoalsinthe through induction, the consensus Diaspora. map indicates the athletes’initial motivations, thinkingframe and final expectationsthatcould be usedasthe basis of assumption theoryor conceptstructure.

44 Abstracts

AModelofSchoolGymnastics in Modern China:AnAnalysis The Practicing Connotation of of the“GymnasticsManual” Girls Gymnastics in Modern China C HIN-FANG K UO &HSIEN-WEI K UO AletheiaUniversity,National H SIEN-WEI K UO Taiwan SportUniversity National Taiwan SportUniversity C HIN-FANG K UO ‘Occidentalized’educationmade AletheiaUniversity (Taiwan) agreatimpacton the school Y UAN -MING H SU gymnasticseducationinmodern University of Kang Ning (Taiwan) China. Thegovernmentof Ching- Dynasty hadpracticed the New Thematerials of physical Deal since 1901(Guang-Xu27) education in the disciplinary and the next yearpromulgated system of modernChina emerged the “Yin-yan Educational System after abolishing the imperial (1902)”.Henceforward, the examinations, foundingschools gymnasticsbecame arequired and opening people’smindsto courseofschool physical newideasinthe late19centuryto education. This studyfocuseson early20century.Thisstudy the analysisofthe publication focused on the practicing “Gymnastics Manual”issued by connotationsofgirls gymnastics the China WarDepartmentin the in modern China.Therefore,the thirdyear of Xuan-tuon Period (in contentof the “Textbook of Girls 1911)inorder tocomprehendthe Hygiene Gymnastics”andthe purposeand contentof physicaltraining courses of the gymnasticsatthe time. The “Constitution of Chineseand resultsofmyanalysis showed WesternGirlsSchool”(McTyeire thatimproving physical strength School)wereusedtobeanalyze and energywas the main the subject,and validatethe purpose, andthe contents references. The findings show includedcalisthenics, apparatus thatthe twotypesofgirls’ and applied gymnastics. The schools, missionaryschools and calisthenics was aimed at Chinese schools,were developed developingphysicalstrength, in order tohelp womentolearn keeping healthyand modifying the gymnasticsand emphasizeon physiquesothatmilitarymen theirhealthinorder tobearstrong would haveastrongbodyand children.Moreover,the forms of flexible motions. Theapparatus girls’gymnasticsweresimilar to gymnasticswas designed to currentwarm-upgymnasticsof develop the musclesand men’s physicaleducationcourses in courage.The appliedgymnastics presentschools. Besides, was todeal withanykinds of Chinese andWesternGirls situation quickly. Schoolspaidattentiontothe teachingofhygiene,formal gymnastics, sportsgames and

45 Abstracts rhythmic playsinordertoimprove GymnasticsFederationwas the general health, the posture involved in the years between the and the carriage of women, to twoWorld wars. cultivateaspiritof fairness, as well as loveofsport,and also to develop grace of bodily movement. Differences and Integration of PhysicalEducational Culture in China andin Wester nCountries Shaping aNew(Wo)Man.About the Ideologyand Politics of the J UNWEN L I SwedishGymnastics in 1920s- Shan Xi SportsBureau 1930s China

L EENA L AINE This paper discussesthe origin of University of Jyväskylä the Chinese and westernphysical educational culture (PEculture), The LingianGymnasticswas a and theircharacteristic Swedishinventionthatwas widely differences. Itpointsout thatPE spread in the westernworldsince culture is aproductof society.Itis th the 19 century.However its the condensation of different image abroad differedfromthe nationalities, differentcountries, ideals appliedonitin the home ideologies, cultural traditions, country.According toresearch, values,codes of conductand way the earlySwedish gymnastics of life,etc. Itis an importantpart movementstarting from P.H. Ling of alargeculture.This had cherishedthe Old Norse and paperstressesthatthe Chinese Geatish traditions in PE culture and westernPE reconstructingthe masculinity, culture arebasedonthe different and even femininity. culturalbackgrounds, different Earlier research hasshownthat characteristics andcultural the picture and discourse of patterns.Firstand foremost,the Swedish Gymnasticswas partly ancientChinese PE culture,as changedduring the 1920s-30s. the importantpartof ancient Myclaim is thatthe change and Oriental PE culture,isnotonlythe the neworientationwere stronger integration andcrystallizationof thanbelieved beforeand thatthe allethnicgroups in China ideaswere partlyintroduced into together,but alsothe significant gymnastics movementfrom partof PE culture of the world. outside -but fell on afertile Second,the modern western ground.Iwill outline thispolitical- physicaleducationwas ideological developmentby introducedtoChina through analysing aselectionofpublished variousways. Itfirstlaunchedin textsaswellasactivitiesand the army,and thenbegan to contactswhichthe Swedish spread in schools, andfinally

46 Abstracts extendedtothe community, itsfunctions of strengthennation formed the prototype of cultural and body.In1927the Republicof integrationofthe Chineseand China united the nationand western PE culture. Third, the National Artwas arectifiedname contemporaryage is the newera forChinese indigenousphysical forbothChinese andwestern education since then. Bydoing modern physicaleducationtoco- so,Chinese martialartbecame existandshare the glorywith the material of school physical eachother. The developmentof education withthe prior PE culture should notonlybase considerationofpowering nation. on the PE culture of oneregion, After Japan invaded the Northeast weshould also payattentionto of China,called 918-Incidentin the world's majorcountries. 1931, the rise of “militaryphysical Therefore, the establishmentof education”and “martialart Chinese theoretical system of PE education”broughtabout the culture should absorb the argumenton “physical education”. essenceofthe West.Sothatthe Researches considered that mutual integrationofChinese and physiology,anatomyandscience western PE culture canbetter werethe lack of the martialart. realize, andthatChinese PE However, the professionals of culture can better spread around martial artthoughtthatmartial art the world. has itsmilitaryfunction. Therefore, therewas nota connectionbetweenthem.

The Development of Chinese Gymnastics:Martial Art R adio Gymnasticsand Taiwan Y U -FANG L IANG (1930-1945) ChangSing Junior High School Taiwan M EI-CHUN LIN National Taiwan Normal This studyaims toexplore the University developmentof Chinese gymnastics“Martial art”.Inthe Radio gymnastics meansdoing later of 19thcenturygeneral gymwithmusicfrom gymnasticsincluded occidental broadcasting.The Japanese st andChinese styles. The former startedthisbroadcastingsince 1 , originated from Germanyand November,1928. After that, Sweden and introduced toChina Taiwanese in the Japanese from Japan. Thelatter was colonial erastarted broadcasting indigenousphysicaleducationof in everydaysince April, 1930 till China andspread during the early 1945,the end of Japanese period (1912)ofThe Republic of controlled. China, andalso called Wu-Ji, The purposeofthis research is to Martial Artand National Artwith reveal thedevelopmentof radio

47 Abstracts gymnasticsinTaiwan andthe historical meaning.Byhistorical The Historyof aGeneral approach,there are five Gymnastics TextbookinQing conclusions as followed:First, Dynasty(1862-1911)inChina – radio gymnasticswerespread aCaseStudyof Gymnastics on from Europeand Americaby LightApparatus Japanesebureaucrats. The original of radio gymnasticsis P ING-FUNG L UNG Metlife insurance companyof National Taiwan SportUniversity NewYork,United states of America, composed topromote This paperpresentsaresearch healthinsurance. Japanese concerningthe background of a spread ittoTaiwan through general gymnasticstextbook in colonization. Second, the China, published duringthe Qing broadcasting time mean that Dynasty,and an analysisofits peoplegotupearlytodoradio function andconcept. gymnastics. Besides, the western Furthermore,itseffectuponQing musicand radio weremodernized Dynasty gymnasticseducationwill in thattime. Third,movementsof be discussed. An analysis of gymnasticswere matching up originaldocumentsallowsthree human bodymovements. Itis main results, as following: reasonable for human healthto First,Qing Dynasty started be developed through 70rhythms adaptingwesterncivilizationafter per minute. Furthermore, ithelps 1860,the secondtime Britishand spreading thoughtof healthcare. French in acombined operation Fourth, compare withmartial attacked Beijing. Thetranslation gymnasticsofmilitaryor school, of foreign books forChinese use radiogymnasticsiseasyand was onepartof the educational made peoplehappy.The radio revolution;e.g.atextbook for gymnasticswerebroadcasting in Normal junior high school the same time anddifferent gymnasticswas translated from places. Everybodydid gymnastics Japanese.The textbook was withthe same music. Itwas a examined bythe Minister of “resonance world”bythe EducationofChina,and was broadcasting and body accepted as an official textbook. movement.Fifth, Japanese Second, the exercisesincluded in governmentcomposed 3 the Qing Dynasty general broadcasting gymnastics foruse textbookwere gymnasticsonlight in Taiwan.After 1937, there was a apparatus: dumbbellsgymnastics, largevariety of groupgymnastics, ballpolegymnastics, stick emphasizing exercise as agroup, gymnastics, and wooden consistency,and Japanesestyle. suspension link gymnastics. Also, ithelpedpeople stronger in Moreover,itwas tohelpstudents accordance toconform towar todevelop bodystrength, mobilization. sensitivity,softness, andsense of balance. Third,dumbbell

48 Abstracts gymnastics, stickgymnasticsand second of March Björn Einar ballpolegymnasticswerepartof Romören, aworld cupjumper,did performancesofnormal school the firstjump during atraining and highschool in Jian-Suunited session.Thisactstarted a school athleticsin1914. Thus, the significantchain of events. The translated textbooks from Japan biggestNorwegian web – were usedgenerallyin normal magazinesVerldens Gang and schoolsand high schools till the Aftenposten made this the head earlyof the RepublicofChina. It storyandtheyinvited the readers affected the gymnastic education tointeraction. Within 24hours of China normal school andhigh 11 000commentswerewritten, school deeply. mostof theminfavor of Sagen and againstRomören´sbehavior. TheNorwegian SkiAssociation excludedRomören from two S portsand Mediatization: A World Cupcompetitions. Whatdid Case of Women´s Ski-Jumping happen during these daysinthe media? Iwanttopresentthe M ARIT N YBELIUS activities, which wenton in two Dalarna University -Media and web-magazines,and analyzethe CommunicationStudies articleswritten on the topic. Main Sweden issues aretoshowwhatan impactasocial media network Skijumping was the onlysport had on the sportin thisspecific included in the Winter Olympics, caseand howdifferentactors wherewomenwerenotallowed to appearedinthe mediaand takepartuntil the firstweek of discuss if Romörens exclusion April2011,when IOC decided to was aresultof the mediatization. letthemintothe Olympicfamily, amajor victoryforwomen´s ski- jumping.Since 2004the Norwegian media hadwomen ski PoliticalInfluenceonthe jumping as oneimportanttopicin Hungarian Olympic Gymnasts their media coverage. Thethird of 1948-1956 March 2010the new Holmenkollen ski-jumpinghill was N IKOLETTA O NYESTYÁK inaugurated.Ithad been rebuilt Semmelweis University Budapest, forthe World Championships Faculty of PhysicalEducation and 2011.The firstjump on the hill SportSciences was surrounded byan intense debate. AnnetteSagen was Sportis adouble-edged sword: it decided tobethe firstjumper on has the potentialtobring nations the hill after apoll on the social together but itcanalso mediachannel Facebookthat demonstrateand exacerbatethe gaveAnnetteSagenover 40000 political tensions andconflictsof votes.However Tuesdaythe the world.Sportingevents,

49 Abstracts especiallythe OlympicGames, decided nottogoback to can notonlypromote Hungary,but trytostartanewlife understanding, celebrate outsidethe ironcurtain. commonalities, facilitate cooperationand bridge differences but theycanprovidea stagefor political rivalries and TurnvereinMovement: struggles, as well. Inspiration foranygymnastic After WorldWar II,the soviet movement model statestructure was introducedinHungary,and A NJUM P ADYAL according tothe communistsport DeshbandhuCollege,University policythe maintargetwas to of Delhi attain sportingsupremacy, India particularlythroughout the OlympicGames.Although the war Todaythe word Turnverein is causedbig damagesinthe sport usedinGerman-speaking infrastructure,and the countries torefer toclubs that circumstancesofthe preparation offersportactivitiesorphysical werenotideal,the political, recreation. Turnen is an activity ideological,institutional andeven thatoriginated in Berlin by financial pressure resulted in Friedrich Ludwig Jahn.The goals outstanding sportingresultsinthe of the Turners were the liberation 1950s. Hungarian gymnastics, from French occupation,which startingwiththe performanceof followed the defeatof the FerencPatakiand János Prussianarmyin the Napoleonic Mogyorósi-Klencs in London, and Wars (following the French followingwiththe unique Revolution),the overthrowof the achievementof the woman’s feudal order and an endtothe team-members in 1948, 1952and division of Germanyintomany 1956,contented the political small states in favourofaone- demands. Seven out of the total nationstate. The Turners played 14 HungarianOlympicgold an importantroleinthe German medals in gymnasticswere nationalistmovementand in the obtainedinthese three Summer warsofliberation;many Games, as for the Silber medals participated activelyin the fight the scaleis5out of 11,and as for againstthe French occupying the bronzemedals itis 8out of forces. 11. The various Turnfeste whichwere This golden time period in heldfrom the 1840son, offered Hungariangymnastics was cut the opportunity todemonstrate through in 1956,whenafter the Turnen tothe populationand to sovietinterventioninthe exchange the ideasoftheir Hungarian revolutionfive(Keleti, movement.Main partswere Korondi, Molnárné, Nagy,Takács) paradesbut also gymnastics and of the nineOlympic gymnasts

50 Abstracts otherperformances among other had alarge upswinginthe 1920s, things. in particular in Scandinavia, GermanyandFrance, where numerous“schools”with thousandsofmostlyfemale The Sportification of gymnastsand various Gymnastics/Calisthenics philosophies emerged.Acommon traitof the gymnastic systems G ERTRUD P FISTER was theirrejectionofmodern University of Copenhagen sport.However, callisthenic exerciseswereincludedinthe The aim of thispaper is to team gymnastic (onapparatus) describeand analyzethe various competitions of women in the gymnastic systemsinEurope and 1928and 1936Olympics. In the toexplorethe “sportification”of a 1930s, criteriafor the difficulties movementculture whichfavored and the rightexecutions of othervalues andprinciplesthan gymnastic performances were modern sport.Gymnastics developed. emerged atthe endofthe 18th This p resentationwillfocusonthe centuryandspreadrapidlyin personsand processes which Europe. Whereas GutsMuths lead tothe establishmentof usedthe terminacomprehensive competitions in rhythmic sense, the various“gymnastic gymnasticsand tothe recognition th systems”of the 19 century of rhythmicgymnastics as asport focused on differentexercises in 1962.The sources are teaching andhad differentmeanings. books, articles in Deutsches Turnen,developedbyFriedrich Turnen andnewspaper articles. Ludwig Jahn andhis adherentsin th the beginningofthe 19 century, consisted of games,athletics, exercisesonapparatusand group H istoryof Gymnastic in “calisthenics”.Masscalisthenics Portugal –Contributionsto areuntil todayimportantpartsof Understand theBeginning of Turner Festivals. Swedish the Portuguese Gymnastic gymnasticsemphasized health Movement and didnotinclude exerciseson th apparatus. Atthe endofthe 19 F RANCISCO P INHEIRO century,women beganinvarious University of Coimbra,Portugal European countriestoparticipate in the differentforms of Thegymnastic in Portugal began gymnasticsand todevelop new in the decade of 1860,under the “gymnastic cultures”which were French influence.Several military inspired bythe “bodyculture and public schoolsbegan toteach movements”as well as the gymnastic,especiallywhenthe protagonistsoffreedance. primaryeducational system got Rhythmic-expressivegymnastics responsibility of the cities

51 Abstracts councils. Thebestexample was Itwas the recognition that the capital,Lisbon,where a gymnastic was averyimportant scholarregulationthatgavean issuetothe Portuguesesociety. extraordinaryimportanceto physicaleducation was created, especiallygymnastic.The politics consideredgymnastic Korbball undBasketball in indispensabletothe physical Deutschland –Die Auseinander- regeneration of the Portuguese setzung um ein deutsches Turn- men. Ithad the objectiveof und olympisches Sportspiel depriving Portuguesemen of their addictions andpreparing them for A LEXANDER P RIEBE anewfuture.Somemajorschools Odenwaldschule, Heppenheim begantoteach gymnastic, with the collaboration of French Basketballhatin Deutschland eine gymnastic teachers. Themost Geschichte, dieweitvor der importantteacher was Paulo Gründung desDeutschen Lauret.Hetaughtin different BasketballBundes (DBB)1949 schools (the mostimportantwere beginnt.Angeregtvom US- Escola Moderna,inLisbon) and amerikanischen Basketball nahm the gymnastic clubs in Lisbonand das deutscheKorbballspiel zum Oporto. He also created the first Beginn des20.Jahrhundertseine gymnastic newspaper in Portugal, eigeneEntwicklung,die zunächst on November 15,1875, in Lisbon, im Zentralausschuss fürVolks-und withthe title of OGymnasta.This Jugendspieleund dann besonders newspaperpublished newsabout in derDeutschen Turnerschafteine the developmentof gymnastic in tragfähigeinstitutionelle Ein- Europe, especiallyin France, bindung fand. Mitdemerneuten Sweden,Denmarkand Germany Bekanntwerdendes Basketball- –he publishedgymnastic news spielsimZuge derOlympischen from the German newspaper Spiele1936kam es zu einer Deutsche-Turn-Zeitung. parallelen Entwicklung beider During the 1880s, the evolution of Spiele. WährendKorbball ab gymnastic continued in Portugal. 1935/36imFachamt1fürTurnen, In May1885,the Ginásio Club Gymnastik und Sommerspiele des Português organizedthe first Deutschen Reichsbundesfür Portuguesegymnastic festival,in Leibesübungen gefördertwurde, Lisbon. Itwas asuccess. This nahm sich dasFachamt4für clubwas the mostimportant Handball/Basketball dem gymnastic society in Portugal in Basketballspiel an. Zwischen dem thatperiod andgaveanimportant deutschenTurnspiel und dem contributiontothe promotionand olympischenSportspiel entwickelte developmentof gymnastic.In sich eine ideologisch motivierte 1902,the Portuguesegovernment Konkurrenz.Unter den Turnern war establishedgymnastic as a dieAuffassung verbreitet,dassdie regularsubjectin public schools. Einführung des amerikanischen

52 Abstracts

Basketballsnichterforderlich sei, conditions.InBrazil mostof these da es dasdeutsche Korbballspiel immigrantssettledinthe south schongäbe. Während Korbball in and southeastregions. Theyhad denzahlreichen Turnvereinen als brought Turnen as partof their Sommerspiel Verbreitung fand, culturalluggage totheirnew mussten Basketballvereine erst home country.Turnen was not gegründetwerden.Trotz onlyaformofamusementor body beträchtlicher Bemühungenseitens strengthening method, but also a dernationalsozialistischenSport- Germancustom.Thus, besides führung blieb aber die Bedeutung German educational and des Basketballspiels im Dritten beneficentinstitutionswecan also Reichbegrenzt. find,inthe German colonization DieEtablierung von Korbball in den regions, institutions dedicated to Turnvereinen, deren ambivalente the practiceof Turnen . und in deneinzelnen Landes- This research aims toanalyze verbänden unterschiedliche Turnen as aspecificformofbody Haltung gegenüberdem modernen education atthe Turnerschaft von Basketball stellten auch nach 1945 1890in SãoPaulo,founded in the Hindernisse dar, mitdenen sich der city of São Paulo (Brazil), in a DBBnachseiner Gründung 1949 periodcomprisedbetweenthe auseinandersetzen musste. end of the nineteenthcenturyand Basketball istdamitein Beispiel für theSecondWorld War, amoment den komplexen Enkulturations- when thisinstitution ― as wellas prozesseines internationalen otherforeign associations in olympischenSportspielsineine Brazil ― is forced tostructural nationale Spiel- und Sportkultur. changesand had itsname changedto Clube Ginástico Paulista . In order todevelop this research Between theOld Heimat and a followingdocumental sources NewCountry:The Turnerschaft were analyzed: a) the statuteof von 1890inSãoPaulo ― Brazil the club, b) commemorative magazinesoccasionallypublished E VELISE A MGARTEN Q UITZAU bythe club, and c) Monlatliche & C ARMEN L ÚCIA S OARES Rundschau,monthlymagazine UNICAMP ― StateUniversity of published bythe clubduring the Campinas(São Paulo/Brazil) 1930’s. Those documentsare gathered in the archives of the The gymnasticsdeveloped in city of São Paulo: Public Archive Germanyduring the nineteenth of São Paulo Stateand Martius- centurywas widelyspread and StadenInstitute. becameadeeplyingrainedhabit of the Germanpopulation. In this period, thousandsofGermans migrated tothe American continenthoping forbetter life

53 Abstracts

Du Geste Belliqueuxau collectif àunregardplus MouvementLudique –le individualisantsurl’athlète.Par un Glissement de Sens de la processusdejugementde plus Gymnastique àTravers en pluscodifié, la gymnastique l’ExempleduJura Français de acquerraitprogressivementles 1879 à1914 stigmates dusportet s’émanciperaitde la finalité J EAN -NICOLAS R ENAUD belliqueuse dugeste. Durant30 ENS-Cachan,Antennede ans,leprocessusde Bretagne sportivisation transforme le rapportàlapratiquepar petites Lorsqueles premièressociétés touchesetla presse locale,non de gymnastiqueapparaissentau spécialisée, se faitalors le début desannées1880dansle révélateurdelamutationen départementduJura,elles modifiantses commentaires, ses répondentàune demande assez narrationsousesphotographies. répanduedansl’Estde la France. Cettelogiquesedéploie surle départementpendanttoutela Belle Epoque. En faisant Karl Völker (1776-1884)und l’apologied’uncorps vif et EduardBiber (1801-1874): discipliné, la pratiquese Berührungspunktezwischen positionne progressivement dem TurneninLondon gegen commeunacteurplaisantdes Ende der1820er Jahre und fêtes,surtout lorsqueces Pestalozzischen Grundsätzen dernières sontde nature patriotique. La presse locale H IROAKI S AKAKIBARA s’invitealorsdans le processus FukuokaUniversity of Education, de diffusiondelapratique. Du Staatliche Hochschule der plaisird’être vu etglorifié au Erziehung plaisirdesemouvoiravec Japan aisance,lerapportàl’activité glisse progressivementen DasZiel dieserArbeitist,die directiondel’agrément.La PersonenKarlVölkerund Eduard gymnastiquesembleraitperdrede Biberzu beschreibenund die sa portée collectivepourréjouir Berührungspunktezwischen dem davantagelapartindividuelle de TurneninLondongegen Ende chacundes acteurs,ponctionnant der 1820er Jahre und den en passantle prestigedes Grundsätzen Pestalozzis aufzu- dirigeantspourlerépandre sur zeigen.Zudiesem Thema liegt l’auréolerépublicaine des bereitseine hervorragende Arbeit gymnastes.Atraverslalecture de von Professor Michael Krüger vor. nombreux hebdomadaireslocaux ProfessorKrügererklärtin de 1880à1914, nousretracerons Völkers Manuskript,dasssich la trajectoirequelagymnastique seinepädagogischen Ambitionen asuivie pourpasser d’unrapport mehr aufseinSchweizer Vorbild

54 Abstracts

Pestalozzials aufseinen Endeder 1820er Jahre zu deutschenTurnvater Jahn ergänzen. stützen.KarlVölkerhatte1826in London den LondonerTurnverein (London Gymnastic Society) gegründet.ImRahmen dessen The Influence of German wurde Völker in einen Diskurs mit NeoclassicalAesthetics on dem zurgleichenZeitin London Finnish Gymnastic Culture aktiven P.H. Cliasverstrickt.Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass A INO S ARJE VölkerimRingen umdie Jyväskylä University Durchsetzung seiner Artdes Finland Turnensgegenüber der Gymnastik Clias’unterlag. In mypaper,Iwilldealwith Professorin ChristianeEisenberg neoclassical ideasongymnastics schreibtsogar von einem and the ideal gymnast’s Scheiterndes Kulturtransfers des personality and outlook. deutschenTurnensnach Neoclassicism was based on England.Während Völkers AncientGreekculture.Iwill Turnen in London an Popularität describethe aesthetic values and verlor, sah diesereinen Ausweg conceptsthatwereadopted by in der Erziehungslehre von gymnasticsfromthe culture of the Pestalozziund Fellenberg.Im Hellenes. Iwillconcentrateon Juni 1827wurdeeineBroschüre studying elitegymnasticsin mitdem Titel “NEW Finland andthe German PESTALOZZIAN INSTITUTION” neoclassicalinfluence on the herausgebracht.Die Verfasser Finnish gymnastic culture.The waren KarlVölkerselbstund der subjectis of interestin the sense 25-jährige,im25-jähringen thatitdescribes the Württemberg geborene Eduard distinctivenessofnational Biber. Biberwar von 1823 bis featurescreated byan 1825aneiner Lehranstaltvon international trend. NiedererinYverdon alsLehrer In Europe from the late1700s tätig. Anschließend gingauch er onwards, the German Johan nach London.Inseinem Buch Joachim Winckelmann’sworks “ HenryPestalozzi, andHis Plan of transmitted the exemplariness of Education”beschrieb er sowohl the Antique. Itwas notuntil the diePestalozzischen Grundsätze end of 1800sthatthese ideas alsauch Völkers Turnen. Dabei reached Finnish gymnastic kritisierteerdie Gymnastik von culture,but theybecome very Clias und lobtedas Turnen von popularamong the gymnastsin Völker. Die vorliegende Arbeit upperclass as wellasinworking versuchtnun, die bisherigen class gymnasticsclubs.Intheir Arbeiten überdas Wirkenvon works, the Finnish gymnastic Karl Völker in London gegen theoreticiansViktor Heikeland Elli Björkstén wereinfluencedbythe

55 Abstracts

Antiqueartandthe assumed Championships,noone hadever gymnastic culture of Ancient heardofCaster Semenya. While Greece.Heikel devoted himselfto her performance atthe junior the gymnasticsofAntiquity in The championships would havesetoff Historyof Gymnastics (1905). warning bellsinMonaco, itwas The majorsourcefor hiswork her physical appearance that was OttoHeinrich Jaeger’s alarmedathleticsofficials. As research on the sportsculture of such,IAAFofficialsrequested that AncientGreece. Elli Björkstén the SouthAfrican athletics described the culture of the association begin the processof ancientworld as “the wellofliving verifying hergender. water”.She appliedneoclassical Sextesting waslaunchedby aestheticstothe Swedish international sportofficialsasa gymnasticsofthe day.She waytopreventmen from became well knowninternationally competinginwomen’sevents. withher extensiveworkonthe Originallyavisual examination theoryof gymnastics Principles of performed byagynecologistator Gymnastics for Women andGirls priortocompetition, sextesting (1918, 1923). required female athletes to‘prove’ In mypaper,the main sources are theirgender. As timeprogress, textswritten bythese sextesting became more theoreticians.Inaddition,Ihave technologicallyadvancedwiththe studied articles in sports adventof chromosomal testing magazines.Iwill also show and the formerinvasivephysical photographs toillustratethe examination was replaced. neoclassicaspectof Finnish Scientistsand physiciansbegan gymnastic culture. tolookfor chromosomal anomaliesinfemale athletes ratherthansexcharacteristics to determine whetherornotathletes H egemonic Femininity:A wereinfactwomen. PervasiveThreat to Female C ontroversyover gender Athleticism verification remainedconstant until the IAAF andthe A MANDA N. S CHWEINBENZ International Olympic Committee Laurentian University eliminated the testsinthe 1990s. However, bothorganizations Atthe 2009International retainedthe righttotestany AssociationofAthletics athletewhose gender was Federation (IAAF) Championships deemedquestionable.Assuch, in Berlin, Germany,SouthAfrican international sportremains a track sensationCaster Semenya venuethatpromotes heterosexist eclipsedthe field bywinning the notions appropriatefemininity. women’s800mraceinatime of The deep-seated anxiety of 1:55.45.Until Julyof 2009, when deviantfeminine appearance is she won the African Junior pervasiveand the presence of

56 Abstracts athletic,powerfulwomen disrupts Gameshavenotfared nearlyas the seeminglynaturalphysical well as their Olympic superiority of men. While female counterparts, representing only athletes’athletic excellence has 24.1% of the 2010Paralympic been touted bynational Olympic participants. committees, the pervasive Womenhavefewopportunities to discourse maintainsthatthose serveinleadershipcapacities. who do notadheretohegemonic The International Olympic femininity willbescrutinized. Committee (IOC)has established a20%thresholdgoalthatis infrequentlymetforthe inclusion of womeninall affiliated “Barelyvisible:The organizations within the Olympic representationand andParalympic movement. participation of women in the Mediacoverage of the Summer international and U.S. Paralympic Games in the United Paralympic organizations, 2008 States remainsminimal. –2010.” Coverage of the Paralympic Winter Gamesisnoticeably M AUREEN S MITH absent.Fewarticlesappear in California StateUniversity newspapers, internetsites Sacramento devoted tosport(such as & A LISON W RYNN ESPN.com), or television. California StateUniversity This paperanalyzes the Long Beach representationand participationof women in the international and Atfirstglance,the summer and U.S. Paralympic organizations. In winter Olympic Games appear to addition itexaminesthe types and be asettingwhere female extentof opportunities thatare athletes havenearlyreached provided forwomenin parity withmen. However,itis administrativeand leadership evidentthatwomen haveonly roleswithinthese structuresand recentlybeengiven increased the chanceswomen haveto opportunitiesineventsand as competeinthe Games participantsinsummerand winter themselves.This paper also Olympic sportingevents. Even assesses the extentthatthe IOC, more troubling is the factthat IPC and USOC are fulfilling their women havefar more limited stated missions withrespectto participation opportunitiesthan fairness andgender equity and men haveinthe Paralympic whetherornotlegal statutes are Games. Only37.1% of the 2004 being upheld. Paralympians werefemale. Atthe 2008Games in Beijing, the participation of femaleathletes had droppedto34.5%.Female Paralympians in the Winter

57 Abstracts

Romanian Gymnastics during achievementsofRomaniaasa the CommunistPeriod. A communiststate. Historical Analysis In mypaper Iwillanalyzeall these aspects: the meaningof A NITA S TEREA sportin apostwar communist University of Bucharest state; the concentrationina limited number of sportsfor Gymnasticsistoday(maybe) one gainingsuccess and the political of the mostimportantand use of sportssuccess.Inmy appreciated sportsinRomania, studyIwill startwiththe first because of all the international resultsingymnasticsmadeinthis success and visibility ithas discipline beforeNadiaCamaneci, broughttothe country.When you and continuewiththe most say“Romania”almosteverybody importantresults, athletes and recalls the name of Nadia coaches (NadiaComaneci, Comaneci. Nadia withher perfect OctavianBelu,etc).Nadia ten achievementsinthe Olympic Comaneci will representanother GamesinMontreal became the subjectthatwill be analyzed, how mostknowRomanianathlete sheachieved the perfectten, how around the world.But howdid she was treed in Romania after Nadia Comaneci become shebecameastar,and whyshe famous? Whyis all the time ran awayfrom Romaniain1988. Romania on the top level in In the same time Iwillstudythe gymnastics? resources usedand the role of After World War II, when the political leaders andtheiractions communistparty tookthe power in connectionwiththe top level in Romania,the newcommunist sports. governmentstarted toinvestin sport,and after (whenthe result came with) the successofNadia Comaneci, the investmentswere “Apolitical Sport?”-Roots and especiallyconcentrated in DevelopmentofaMyth competitivegymnastics. After the Montreal moment,everylittle girl R OBIN S TREPPELHOFF wanted tobecomeanewNadia, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln– so the numbersofsmall gymnasts InstitutfürSportgeschichte and the possibility toselectnew st talentsgrewenormously. In the 21 centuryacademicsand In the sametimethe President sportfunctionarieshave Ceausescuusedthisnew increasinglyacknowledged that momentas atool in hispublic sportandpolitics areintertwined – diplomacyandpolicy.Athletes’ arelationthatis postulated not performanceswereseen as a onlyfor the presentbut also for possiblechancefor the dictator to the past.However,during the showtothe world the interwar periodthe idea thatsport and politicsexisted in two

58 Abstracts separated worldsgained gymnastic movement,studyingits international acceptance.Thus, it historicaland social background, is importanttoask howthis as well as the stronginfluence of discourse about an “apolitical the Germangymnastic sport” started in the firstplace. It movement.The latter was a was onlyafter the Brundage era consequence thatatthe time thatthe International Olympic Hungary–albeitnotwillingly– Committee (IOC)–or atleast was partof the Habsburg Empire, some of itsmembers–tooka therefore a“German speaking” th differentstance on thismatter. country.The firsthalfofthe 19 Until then, the IOC asked for centurywas atimewhen governmental supporttosecure Hungarianswere fightingfor their the OlympicGamesfinancially ownrightswhich includedthe whilstatthe sametimerejecting righttouse the Hungarian anyattemptbypoliticians to language andfromthe 1830s interfere in Olympic issues. several text books –including This paperaimstoshedlighton gymnastic ones –werepublished thisobviousinconsistencyby bilinguallyadvancing the clarifying whatthe actors expansion of the Hungarian understoodby“politics”.Different language.The firstones to definitions and unreflected introduce the ideas of modern repetition of the credo that“sport gymnasticsinHungarywerethe and politicsdon’t mix” havesurely educators and doctorswho in the th played their partin creatinga firsthalfofthe 19 centuryvisited myth. But this credowas also and studied in German andSwiss exploited in ordertosecure the institutions andlater returningto IOC’sautonomy,which will be their nativecountrypromoting the illustrated through Brundage’s thoughtsand methods of the speeches. philanthropists. The development Kommentar[W1]: of the Hungarian gymnastic sind 2Striche? movementrevived after the Austro-HungarianCompromise of The Historyof theHungarian 1867.The Austrian influence GymnasticMovement until the decreased greatlyand the first firstmodernOlympic Games modern sportclubwas formed as the National Gymnastic L AJOS S ZABÓ Association(NTE). Competitive Director of the Hungarian Sport gymnastic sportalso emerged Museum and Hungarian gymnastscould & K ATALIN S ZIKORA join the firstmodernOlympic HungarianUniversity of Physical Games.This was also aresultof Education the factthatin 1868 physical Budapest education was made a compulsorysubjectin elementary The theme of mypaperisthe schools. ThecurriculumofPEat developmentof the Hungarian the timemostlyconsisted of

59 Abstracts gymnastics, alongwithtraditional the Rempeikan.Inthe Kaei era gamesand skating.The NTEalso (1840s),hetraveled tovarious launchedthe firstcourses to feudal domains, but the detailson educategymnastic teachers. In shugyo ,such as places, dates, 1881 the firstfemale studentwas instructors, and schools(ryuha ), enrolled and the issueoffemale werenotdescribed. Two gymnastic educationwas also unpublished historical sources, solved. ShoshuShugyoEimei-roku (1847–1849)and Shugyo-chu Shohan Houmei-roku (1849), introduce his footprintsand lead A Studyon theAscetic tothe following conclusions. Practicesof SaitoShintaro, According tothese historical who TrainedSwordsmanshipin sources, Shintaro visited a Feudal DomainsaroundJapan numberoffeudaldomains from during the Late 1840s April 1847 toSeptember 1849. Thefirstplace visited byhimwas M AYUMI T ABATA the Koga domain (nowIbaragi GraduateSchoolofPhysical prefecture). He visited places Education, National Instituteof near boththe center and the trip Fitness andSportsinKanoya, of Japan, namelyall over the Japan country.Inparticular, he conducted matchesmoreactively The purpose of this studyis to in the northof Kyushu than he did clarifythe ascetic practices of in otherdistricts. From the records Saito Shintaro (1828–1888)and of the smalland unknownschools the places(the feudal domains) ( ryuha ), wecan conclude thathe and the timesoftheir visited notonlythe famous implementation. Thesepractices instructorsbut also the local ones. were called kaikoku-shugyo and Furthermore,ifwefocusonlyon includedmatches and skill Houmei-roku,itis evidentthathe trainings on swordsmanship. traveled tofeudal domains with Nurmerouswarriors traveled to the aimofplaying taryu-jiai. the feudaldomains torefinetheir skillsinplaying taryu-jiai (inter- school matches). Shintaro was the eldestson of Saito Yakuro The Georges Hebert’s “Natural (1798–1871), awell-known Method”of PhysicalEducation: swordsmanship instructor during AGendered Reading the end of the Tokugawaperiod. Yakuro hadestablished the T HIERRY T ERRET Rempeikan,which was atraining CRIS University Lyon 1 center and one of the so-called “threegreat dojo ”. Shintaro was In the early20thcenturyin trainedinswordsmanship and France,GeorgesHébertcreated studies byhis father. He inherited anewconceptof physical

60 Abstracts educationlater called “natural forhim.Inrevisitingsomeofhis method”,which could be taught mostinfluential works written undertwomainforms.Inthe first between1919 and 1936, Iwill one,the methodconsisted in arguethatHebertwas rather puttingpeople in anatural gender conservativedespite environment(forests, fields…)to some obviousinnovations. make them reacttothe diverse conditions andsituations they experienced.Inthe second one, which was more appropriateto Turnen in Rio Grande do urbanschools, the method Sul/Brasilien: Bilder einer consisted in rationalexercises Kultur taken fromten largegroups of physicalskills. In parallel to L EOMAR T ESCHE Swedishgymnasticsand tosport, Unijuí–CampusSantaRosa – Hebertismbecameone of the Brasil mostimportantmethods of physicaleducation in France Anlässlich des200.Jahrestages before WWIand was later derErrichtung desersten recognized withinboththe school deutschenTurnplatzes 1811 auf curriculumand the soldiers’ der Berliner Hasenheide durch physicalpreparationfor almost Friedrich Ludwig Jahn,sollen in half acentury,withaclimaxof diesem BeitragAbbildungen, bzw. legitimacyreached during the Fotografien als Quelle zur Vichyregime(1940-1945). TurngeschichteinBrasilien For manyscholars, Hebertwas a fungieren.Die ausgewählten pioneerinadvance on histime, Fotografien stammen ausSchrift- who shared alotwiththe verylast stückenund Dokumenten über proposals in modern pedagogy. das Turnen in Brasilien. One of the unsolved questions, Dieser Beitragbeziehtsich auf however,iswhetherornothis zwei Forschungsquellen:zum model of educationwas Einenhandeltes sich dabei um conservativeorratherinnovative schon bekannteschriftlichen in terms of gender. Indeed, in his Dokumente, zumAnderen um manybooks and papersaswell Abbildungen.Letzterezeigen as through hisvariousinstitutional Menschengruppen, die in fast initiatives Hébertexplicitlyor unvorstellbarenUmgebungen indirectlydefinedwhathe turnen. Gut gekleidetund consideredthe ideal manand the uniformiertglaubten die Turner, idealwoman.Heeven was oneof dasssie durchdas Turnenihre the fewtowriteabook devoted to deutsche KulturinBrasilien ein female estheticsand tocreate stückweitweiter am Leben specificconditions forthe erhalten könnten.Ausdieser educationofgirls andwomen: the Form derVisualisierung kann so-called“palestras”.Onthe other deutlich gezeigtwerden, dass die hand, virility was akey-concept KörperkulturinFormdes Turnens

61 Abstracts ihrenTeil dazu geleistethatin der society whilefinelybalancing Fremdeein Stück Heimatweiter them withtraditionalviewsof zu führen,den sozialen womanhood and the collective Zusammenhaltunter Gleich- and health-oriented principles gesinnten zu unterstützen und die underlying Danishgymnastics. deutsche Ethnizitätin Brasilien zu Despitethe opinionsofPierrede fördern.Mitden ausgewählten Coubertin who sawwomen’srole Bildern alsDokumenten soll dies in the Olympics as audience belegtwerden. rather than activeparticipants, Danish female gymnastsfound waysthroughout their performances todemonstrate From BeautifulGymnasts to modern newattitudesabout Sportswomen–Danish Women women’sroleinsociety.This Gymnasts at theModern papertherefore contains an Olympic Games analysis of the importance of Danish gymnastic women's E LSE T RANGBAEK participation in the Olympic University of Copenhagen Gamesand asks in whatways theirgymnastic performances Since the middle of the nineteenth mightalso haveassisted women century,women haveparticipated togain entrancetofuture sporting in gymnasticsand sport.But in activitiesinthe Games, and the area of sportwherecompeti- indeedtosporting activitiesin tionand achievementtook on general.Anumberofanalyses increasing importance, women haveargued thatsportdemands had tostruggle againstcultural qualitiessuch as asteelycharac- normsand the conservative ter,self-discipline andself-denial, opinions of medical scientistswho endurance and courage –all viewed purity,piety,discipline and qualitiesdeemedimportantforthe thriftas importantfor awoman’s developmentof aproperman on role and centraltofemale hiswayaheadinsociety.Ifthisis embodied practices. Such values the case,thendoessportmean were foundational toand indeed the same forwomen as itdoesfor visiblyapparentamongthe men? Andwhatcanthe early Danishfemalegymnastswho Olympic performances of Danish participated in performancesat femalegymnaststell usabout this the Olympic Gamesin1908, issue? 1912,1920 as well as atthe ten year Olympic celebration in Athensin1906. Atthe same time, manyof these female gymnastswere also able to incorporateanumberofmodern newattitudesabout women’s bodies andwomen’srole in

62 Abstracts

F. L. Jahn unddie Anfängeder früheremBerlinerMitarbeiter Turnpresse in Deutschland ErnstEiselen,gab 1843und 1844 in enger Anlehnung an Jahns J OSEF U LFKOTTE Vorstellungen „Jahrbücher der PräsidiumsmitgliedFriedrich- deutschenTurnkunst“ heraus. Ludwig-Jahn-Gesellschaft Gleich vier Turnzeitungen erblickten im Jahre 1846 dasLicht MitderEröffnung desTurnplatzes der Welt:Die „Mainzer Turn- in der Hasenheide legteF.L. Zeitung“,das „Nachrichtsblatt für Jahnden Grundsteinfürdie Deutschlands Turnanstalten und moderne Turn-und Sport- Turngemeinden“,die „Turn- vereinsbewegung in Deutschland. Zeitung“sowie der in Dresden Seine geradezu revolutionäre erscheinende „DerTurner. Erfindung desTurnensvollzog Zeitschriftgegen geistigeund sich losgelöstvon äußeren leiblicheVerkrüppelung“.Damit Zwängen im öffentlichenRaum. nichtgenug, erschien1847 in DerHasenheide-Turnplatz zog Krefeld die „Rheinische Turnhalle. nichtnurdie neugierige Berliner ZeitschriftfürGymnastik“. Bevölkerung an, sondernauch die Im Rahmendes Referates zeitgenössische Presse,die in werden die Gründefürdiese den nächsten Jahren zur Entwicklung ebensobeleuchtet Popularisierung desTurnens wie Jahns Verbindungen zur beitrug. Kaumbeachtetwurde in vormärzlichenTurnpresse. der Forschung allerdingsdie Deutlich gemachtwerdensoll Tatsache, dass Jahn bereitsdie auch,dassdie 1856 gegründete Ideehatte, einFachorgan fürdie „Deutsche Turn-Zeitung“eine Belange desTurnenszu gründen. folgerichtige Konsequenzdes In dieser Hinsichtdachteder JahnschenAnsatzes war. Leiter desHasenheide- Turnplatzes sehr modern. Das „Turnverbot“ 1819/20 verhinderte zunächstdie Verwirklichung L’éducationphysique au Lycée dieses Vorhabens. ‘PierredeFermat’ de Toulouse Dass ein ebenso engagierter wie (France) au XIXes.: entre jeux umtriebiger Arzt ausder d’exercice,gymnastiqueet bayerischen StadtErlangen sports unmittelbarnach derAufhebung des„Turnverbots“in Preußen S ERGE V AUCELLE (1842)den richtungweisenden UFRSTAPS Université«Paul GedankenJahns aufgriff und die Sabatier»TOULOUSEIII „Allgemeine Turn-Zeitung“ gründete, die–wie es aufder Lorsqu’àl’inauguration duLycée Titelseitehieß–von „teutschen Impérial de Toulouse en 1806, le Turnern“erstelltwurde, istkaum premier proviseurinsistepourque bekannt.Der Turnlehrer Karl lesélèves pratiquent Euler, ein Schüler von Jahns régulièrementuncertain nombre

63 Abstracts d’exercices physiques, grandescarrières d’Etat,intégrant l’Education Physiquedans cependantlescontenusles plus l’institutionscolaire française n’en variésdes jeux traditionnelspuis estqu’àses premières des sportsnaissants, cette expérimentations. Aussi, quand discipline scolaire s’estenrichie unmaître de gymnastiquevient de touteune variétédepratiques officier danscetétablissement quisedéveloppentetcohabitent dès 1845,ouquandungymnase dansla«villerose». estédifiépourles pensionnairesà L’originalitédelasituation partir de 1851,lasituation toulousainedevraitainsi nous toulousaine anticipe avec permettre de mieux cernerun originalitésurles premières processuscomplexe mesuresquinesontprisespar d’élaboration, de formalisationet l’Etaten faveurdelagymnastique d’institutionnalisation d’une scolairequebienplustard -à discipline quines’estachevé partir de 1854 (Fortoul),puis qu’ausièclesuivant. véritablementaprès1869 (Duruy) et1880(George). Quandles lycéenseux-mêmes se regroupentpourpratiquer leurs PhysicalCulture, Yoga and the jeux,puis dessports, ausein de Gendered Genealogyof la sociétésportivequ’ils fondent ‘Building the BodyBeautiful’ dès 1869–«LaViolette» -ils anticipentlà encore de plusd’une P ATRICIA V ERTINSKY décenniesurlanaissance du University of BritishColumbia mouvementsportif français. L’objetde cettecommunication On the frontispiece of Mary estd’étudier,àpartir desarchives (Mollie)BagotStack’s Building the de ce lycée toulousain,comment BodyBeautiful:The Bagot Stack lesexercicesphysiques lesplus Stretch andSwing System is a divers se sontprogressivement picture of the sunsetting over the structurésenune institution Himalayas.Itwas ascene,wrote scolaireappelé «gymnastique». Stack, where,asanewly Héritée duterreautrèsvivace des widowed Britishwar bride in India, jeux d’exercice etdesarts shehad contemplated the académiques (équitation, transformativepower of beauty escrime)quiontfaitl’éducation and nature upon the well being of deshautes sociétés d’Ancien the body.Itsparked her Régime puis d’Empire,contrôlée determination, on herreturn to par lesvigilanceséducatives des Englandtoestablish the popular pédagogues, encouragée par les ‘keep fit’ movement, The discours etlespratiques Women’sLeague of Healthand roboratives des médecins Beauty in 1930 dedicated tosafe hygiénistes, renforcéepar les motherhood, peace and aspirations militairesdejeunes embodied spiritual growth. lycéensquisedestinentaux

64 Abstracts

The historyof the Leaguein manipulationofhormones,which England anditsinternational were assimilated bythe sports diffusion hasbeentold many doping toimproveperformance. times over bymembersofits Together withdoping,there is a foundingdynasty,especiallyMary concern toprovethe gender of Stack’sdaughter,Prunella, but the female athletes. In the 1960s, myinteresthere lies in an when television coverageofthe examination of itsgendered Olympics began,viewerssaw genealogy,the complex women win Olympic medals, transnational originsofthis beginning the polemics thatmany physicalculture movement,its of the athletes competingwere theosophistleaningsand Asian menposingaswomen.In1966 yoga rootsaswell as the testsoffemininity wereintroduced medicallyoriented disciplines of duringameetingofIOC:female European styled gymnastics and athletes weredisplayed naked emerging importance of and subjected togynecological expressivestyles of movement. exams. In 1968 the IOC This presentationwilltrace this introducedthe testof femininity to complexbackground andillustrate substitutefor gynecological howMaryStack’sincorporationof exams,a"scientific verification"to postures(ãsanas)intoa see if each competitor hadtwoXX combined programofdynamic chromosomes through.The 1968 and spiritual stretching,rhythmic Olympics were alandmarkinthe breathing and relaxationwithin a earlytestsoffemininity.This ‘harmonial’context builtupon a study,whichischaracterized as a smorgasbord of bodytechniques historicaldocumentaryresearch, and remedial exercisesthat investigates the discourse of the endure in manyrespectstodayas newspapersofthattimeonthe modern hatha yoga. political conditions thatlead to such tests. Oursources werethe SportsNewspaperand the Brazil Newspaper,the period taken into Pink Wallet: The Historyof accountwas the second halfof Techno-Making of Sexual 1968.The contemporaryfeminist Bodies in theFeminineTestsof theorieswere also usedinorder the1968Olympics tokeepadialoguewiththe primarysources. S EBASTIÃO V OTRE & P ATRICIA L ESSA

Sexandgender takeanewshape after the scientific discoveryof the hormones.Itis the beginning of a periodoftechnologicaland political investmentsthat culminateinthe artificial

65 Abstracts

Proposals andRegistered training courses in Brazil in its CurricularContexts in the perspectivemoments. ConstitutiveHistoryof vocationaltraininginPhysical Education in Brazil:fromthe beginning to thepresentdays Originsand Trajectoryof SportsPsychologyin Brazil,in th S EBASTIÃO V OTRE the First Part of the 20 UGF Century & M ARCELLO N UNES UFES /UVV S EBASTIÃO V OTRE UGF In thispaper wewill present & A NTONIO V ARGAS variousofficial documentsand UGF literature about Thevocational training in PhysicalEducation, to Psychologyof Sportis considered identifyanddescribethe historical tohavebeguninBrazil withJoão intricacies of the curricular Carvalhaes, in the decadeof construction in this area of social 1950s. Notwithstanding,the intervention. Withthishistorical guidelines of education, physical reportwedescribe the constituent education and healthbegantobe trajectoryproposals and established anddefined withthe curriculumguidelines, as well as adventof FrenchMission (1920). presentingasetof Brazilian ideologyconcerning recommendations and structures schoolingbodies, in thatmoment, of disciplines thathavedirectly was hygienistand eugenic influencedthe currentcurricula for oriented.Given thiscontext,it training in Physical Educationin seemsreasonabletopostulate Brazil.Weevaluatethatthe thatPsychologyof Sporthad a currentNational Curriculum good space toemergeamong us, Guidelines in the area, and look for favorableevidencein incorporates the instructional published newspapersofthat discourse (elaborated code) that period. Theaim of thisstudyis to has been accumulated through identifyandanalyzethe academic the years. Thecontentanalysis of production and the empirical official documentsonthe studiesrelated tosports formation of the professional psychology,inthe decades offers ussupporttoour between1920 to1950.Webegin propositions, having studies of in 1920,considering thatin the PhysicalEducationand specific National reporton healthin1921 articles of the area as a there is reference tothe need of a theoretical reference.Based on laboratoryon experimental the resultsofthis descriptive psychology,for psychiatrictests, analysis, wewere able toidentify and for evaluatingthe candidates the constitutiveproposalsfor toworkinmilitaryairforces.

66 Abstracts

Datacomefrom files stored in the learning school. Besides, there City of Rio de Janeiro,which was weresome unofficial modern the capital of the country: schools, such as Catholic or Historical FilesofArmy(Arquivos Christianity school.LateQing HistóricosdoExército),School for Dynasty claimed the academic Preparing Officials forthe Army system "Authorized School (Escola de Aperfeiçoamentode Regulation"promulgated in 1902 OficiaisoExército),and School of of the Yin-yan Educational system PhysicalEducation forthe Army and the “Presented School (Escola de EducaçãoFísica do Regulation"promulgated in 1904 Exército).Keywords usedfor of the Kui-Mao Educational investigatingthe topic of System.These twoeducation psychologyof sportswere the systems bothinclude Portuguese language "Gymnastics" course, and laida correspondingto psychology, foundation of Chinese gymnastics psychoanalysis, mind, mentality education. and psychiatry. We found and Thepurpose of thisstudywas analyzed 17 textsonthe theme, keentoanalyzethe gymnastics andconcludedthatthe country textbooks of elementaryschools was under pressure togivebirth in 1904, be called "PrivateSchool toanewand strong race, Gymnasticstextbook". By followingdirectionsofEuropean historicalapproached.There are centersofeugenics. some resultsasfollowed: First, the authors were Japanese TsuboiGendo andTanaka Seigyo, translated byDing,Jin in A Studyin China Private 1904, and been published by SchoolGymnasticsTextbook Shanghai Win-MinPublishing. (1904) There are fourchaptersas, Chapter one,rectification method T O -PIN W EN divided into21sections. Chapter National Taiwan SportUniversity two, correctivesurgerybody divided into17sections. Chapter From 1862to1902,the official three,empty-handed exercise be schools in the newsystem could divided into23 sections. Chapter be divided intofourcategories. Four, empty-handed exercise was Those are foreign-language dividedinto22 sections.This schoolsfor training translator, textbookofthe objectfocusedon such as Translation school. elementarystudents, therefore,it Industryschools fordeveloping focused on the team collection, economic, such as Shanghai dissolutionand moving.Second, machine school,militaryschools corrected the posture andmade fortraining martial people, such the bodyconditionhealthier. At as naval school and ordinary the last,itkeptimprovinghealth schoolsfor basiceducated through empty-handed foundation, such as Western gymnastics. This advanced

67 Abstracts gymnasticstextbook forthe Naturwelt,oder alsLebewesen higher primaryschool textbooks (Organismus),sozusagen als was dumbbells gymnastics. Allin Objektoder dasSubjektselbst all, alateQing Dynasty ignorierend,nuraus elementaryschool gymnastics physiologischem Standpunkt,also textbookwas taken Japanese nurvon außenher denKörper gymnasticsasamodel. betrachtet.Shinohara schlägteine zweiteBetrachtungsformvor, nämlich die„von innen“.Dies bedeutetdem Subjektund den Über Prof.Dr. Sukeichi erscheinendenphysischen Shinoharas „Leibeserziehung – Phänomenen, die internen persönlicheBemerkungen“ Erlebnisse gegenüberzustellen (1932) und somiteinheitlich zu erfassen. Solange dieErziehung eine T OKURO Y AMAMOTO Wirkung aufdie Entwicklung einer Kyoto, Japan Persönlichkeitausübt,istes auch selbstverständlich,dass bei der Pädagoge SukeichiShinohara Erziehung des Leibes, der hattedie althergebrachtesichauf Standpunktder persönlichen Gesundheitspflegeund Betrachtungsweise, derZweiten Gesundheitslehre „von innen„innegehalten werden konzentrierende Leibeserziehung muss. kritisiertund 1932 seinBuch N ochein Punktist,dassman „Leibeserziehung –persönliche hinsichtlich der „geistig, Bemerkungen“veröffentlicht,in willentlichen Gestaltung“den dem er seine originale „Impuls“berücksichtigen muss. Argumentationder Leibes- Shinohara zu folge:“Wenn der erziehung vorstellt,nämlich die Köper den „Impuls“„alsEigenes“ „mehrgeistig und vom Willen wahrnehmen kann,dannheißtes beherrschteGestaltung des erst,dass dies „sein eigener Körpers“.Seine Arbeit Körper“ist.BeimImpuls istder beeinflussteingroßen Maßen, Geistund der Körper vereinigt, viele nachfolgende japanische und keine kleinsteLückeexistiert. Forscher und führende Personen Deshalbistes erdenklich, dass im Bereich von Leibeserziehung man denImpuls physisch und sowie Sport.Bei derdiesmaligen gleichzeitig psychischauffassen Untersuchung wirdaufzwei kann. Beim Impuls handeltes sich Punkte, diedie Basisvon darum, dass der Körper derGeist Shinoharas Ansichten bilden, istund derGeistder Körper.“ Augenmerkgelegt. Aufdiesen zwei Aspekten von EinPunktistein Vorschlag wie Shinohara wurdendie manden Körper auffasst.Bis jetzt nachfolgendenjapanischenLeit- hatmanden Körperausdem prinzipieninBereich Leibes- gleichen Blickwinkel betrachtet, erziehung sowie Sportgebaut. alswäre es eine Sache in der

68 Abstracts

prevailed. Militarygymnastics " Atten -tion! At Ease!": on the became apartof school Formationofthe Modern education.However, owingtothe ChineseBodybyMilitary introductionofliberal thoughtin Gymnastics America, the militarydoctrine of education no longermatched the C HIA -JU Y EN national trend of the times.In National Taiwan SportUniversity 1923,the Qing government announced newacademic Historicalresearch byliterature curriculumstandards, renamed analysisisapplied in this study.In the school " 體操 (gymnastics)" to 1840,after the OpiumWar,China facedanunprecedented series of " 體育 (physical education)", and foreigninvasions andsevere civil also deleted militarygymnastics strife.Atremendousinterest courses in school. developed on the partof the governmentand private individualsinstudying the workof Westernintellectuals. WeiYuan firstproposed“learning foreign technologies toscotch foreigners". The technologies included: the know-howof battleships, gunpower,and training of the army.The origin of militarygymnasticsliesinthe training of the army.Inorderto use Western guns, civil society and the official opposition had to learnWestern trainingmethods. On January8, 1862,the Qing Dynasty approved the "Charter training session", specificallyfor militarygymnastics. In the beginning,QingDynasty soldiers learnedfromBritishand German gymnastics. Later,in1894, after the Jiawu War (China-Japan),the victorybyJapan madethe Qing governmentturn tolearn Japanesemilitarygymnastics. Foreign instructorsfrom the West were replaced bythe Chinese returning from studying abroad. Duetoideological trendwas driven byamilitary-civic ideology

69

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