Étude De La Normativité Sexuelle Contemporaine Le Cas D’Une Communauté De Pratiques BDSM

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Étude De La Normativité Sexuelle Contemporaine Le Cas D’Une Communauté De Pratiques BDSM Étude de la normativité sexuelle contemporaine Le cas d’une communauté de pratiques BDSM Mémoire Caroline Déry Maîtrise en sociologie Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Caroline Déry, 2017 Étude de la normativité sexuelle contemporaine Le cas d’une communauté de pratiques BDSM Mémoire Caroline Déry Sous la direction de : Madeleine Pastinelli, directrice de recherche Résumé Afin de cerner la teneur de la normativité sexuelle en contexte contemporain, cette étude prend pour objet les discours de praticien-ne-s de BDSM (bondage, discipline, domination, soumission, sadomasochisme) et la manière dont ces derniers font l’expérience du regard des autres sur leurs pratiques. L’étude montre que le type de rapport au jeu des praticien-ne- s influence leur rapport à la norme. Selon que les praticien-ne-s cherchent ou non à gommer la distance entre leur rôle dans le cadre du jeu et leur identité sociale, ils sont susceptibles de se positionner en rupture ou en continuité vis-à-vis de la normalité sexuelle. Tandis que ceux qui cherchent à quotidianiser leur pratique adoptent une attitude de distinction et conçoivent la sexualité normale comme étant ennuyeuse, les autres qui conçoivent le BDSM comme un jeu circonscrit dans des moments spécifiques sont portés à normaliser leurs pratiques et à les situer dans le prolongement de la normalité sexuelle. Les distinctions entre les deux types de rapport au BDSM (celui des tenant-e-s de la vieille école et des joueurs) portent essentiellement sur leur rapport aux coulisses du jeu et à la distance vis-à- vis des rôles. Les praticien-ne-s ne ressentent que très peu de stigmatisation auprès d’autrui. Les traces de l’épreuve d’un stigmate n’apparaissent que via le prisme de complexes et questionnements personnels chez les répondant-e-s qui s’interrogent parfois à savoir si leur intérêt pour certaines pratiques est sain. Les pratiques BDSM sont de l’ordre de la sphère privée et constituent un stigmate invisible. Les praticien-ne-s choisissent à qui et de quelle manière révéler qu’ils s’adonnent au BDSM en se basant sur la compréhension qu’ils ont de la normativité. Le niveau d’intimité partagé ainsi que la séparation entre la sphère privée et publique font office de critères pour départager à qui révéler son intérêt pour le BDSM et comment. iii Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................ iii Table des matières ..................................................................................................... iv Liste des tableaux, graphique et figures .................................................................. vi Remerciements .......................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre I ..................................................................................................................... 7 1. Histoire des mœurs et des pratiques sexuelles 1.1 Quelques considérations historiographiques ............................................................... 8 1.2 Définir le concept de norme ...................................................................................... 10 1.3 Les discours institutionnels sur la sexualité comme données ................................... 12 1.4 Religion et sexualité au début du XXe siècle au Québec ........................................... 14 1.5 Le puissant tabou autour de la sexualité .................................................................... 17 1.6 Le marquis de Sade, Von Sacher-Masoch et nous .................................................... 20 1.7 Contraception et naissance de la sexualité plastique en Occident ............................. 21 1.8 Le discours scientifico-médical sur la sexualité ........................................................ 22 1.9 L’avènement de la psychanalyse et la normalisation de la déviance ........................ 24 Chapitre II .................................................................................................................. 26 2. Les transformations de la normativité 2.1 Montée de l’individualisme et de la psycho pop ....................................................... 27 2.2 La psychiatrie à la remorque des normes sociales..................................................... 29 2.3 Maladie mentale ou conflictualité sociale : en quête de définitions .......................... 30 2.4 La subjectivité individuelle comme critère diagnostique .......................................... 33 2.5 La normalité sexuelle selon la psychiatrie ................................................................ 34 2.6 Sadisme et masochisme sexuels : déviance ou troubles mentaux ............................. 37 2.7 Le BDSM sur le plan juridique ................................................................................. 39 2.8 Discussions sur le retrait du sadisme et du masochisme du DSM............................. 41 2.9 Le DSM : d’un usage destiné à la clinique à un usage heuristique ........................... 46 2.10 Réorientation de la psychiatrie devant le constat de son échec ................................. 47 2.11 Les transformations contemporaines de l’intimité en cinquante nuances ................. 51 Chapitre III ................................................................................................................ 57 3. Le BDSM dans la culture populaire: la normativité actuelle 3.1 L’idéologie libérale et l’avènement des libertés individuelles .................................. 57 3.2 Des vecteurs d’une contre-culture SM ...................................................................... 58 3.3 Les pratiques SM et les polémiques au sein des mouvements féministes ................. 60 3.4 Le BDSM au goût du jour dans les chansons pop et au grand écran ........................ 62 3.5 Le statut social mitigé du BDSM .............................................................................. 66 3.6 D’une problématique à une question de recherche .................................................... 68 Chapitre IV ................................................................................................................ 71 4. Méthodologie 4.1 Considérations sociographiques sur le champ d’études de la sexualité .................... 71 4.2 Les pratiques sexuelles: invisibles et indicibles ........................................................ 73 4.3 Stratégies de contournement liées au tabou autour de la sexualité............................ 74 4.4 Méthode : l’entretien compréhensif .......................................................................... 75 4.4.1 Le schéma d’entrevue ....................................................................................... 76 4.5 La préenquête : comment aborder mon terrain.......................................................... 77 4.6 Méthode de recrutement ............................................................................................ 79 4.7 Corpus de données .................................................................................................... 82 iv 4.8 La conduite de l’entrevue et les pièges à éviter ......................................................... 84 4.9 Biais de la recherche ................................................................................................ 86 4.9.1 Les limites de la méthode de recrutement ......................................................... 86 4.9.2 Reprise d’une catégorie émique et constitution idéale-typique ........................ 86 Chapitre V .................................................................................................................. 88 5. Les normes régissant la pratique du BDSM 5.1 Le BDSM : une diversité de pratiques et d’identification à des rôles distincts ......... 88 5.2 Les joueurs ................................................................................................................ 96 5.3 Les praticien-ne-s se disant de la vieille école ........................................................ 101 5.4 Les relations Ds selon les praticien-ne-s de la vieille école .................................... 104 5.4.1 Une incarnation des rôles dans la durée et au quotidien ................................. 106 5.4.2 La « vraie » relation Ds : celle dont on oublie le caractère consensuel .......... 108 5.4.3 La sexualité accessoire et l’immuabilité des rôles .......................................... 111 5.5 Le BDSM conçu par les joueurs.............................................................................. 113 5.6 Un jeu de rôles collectif ou un ensemble de pratiques interindividuelles .............. 116 5.7 Deux rapports au jeu chez les joueurs et les tenant-e-s de la vieille école .............. 120 5.8 Le BDMS : central ou secondaire dans la vie des répondant-e-s ............................ 121 5.9 Ceux qui assument de faire comme si et ceux qui veulent y croire......................... 122 Chapitre VI .............................................................................................................. 132 6. Le rapport à la normalité et à la marginalité sexuelle des praticien-ne-s 6.1 Le rapport à la normalité sexuelle des praticien-ne-s .............................................. 132 6.1.1 L’influence du type de pratiques BDSM sur le rapport à la norme ................ 132 6.1.2
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