DOCSLIB.ORG

Finnish Swedish Infrastructure.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Swedish-Finnish railway bridge over Torne River in Haparanda/Tornio. The Swedish part is blue and the Finnish part is grey. Photo: Thomas Johansson Abstract North Finland and North Sweden are sparsely populated areas with rich natural resources, forests, nature as tourist industry and especially exploitable deposits. There are also plenty of activities supporting that industry in the area. Long transports pose a challenge. A driving force behind this study is the demand for raw materials on the world market and the rise in market prices which led the mining industry to invest in research in the region. This is combined with the need to regard national infrastructure development also in a European and international perspective. This study is concentrated on iron ore transports in Pajala-Kolari area because the mines, with a size comparable with the Swedish iron ore mine in Malmberget, cannot be opened without an efficient chain of logistics. The transports from and to the planned mines will also mean considerable changes to the transport patterns in the North. The mining activities will create up to 1800 new jobs in Sweden and Finland and the investments in the necessary infrastructure will add the job opportunities during the construction period. The cost benefits of the different alternatives of the whole chain of transport from mine to customer as well as the models of implementation suitable for major infrastructure construction projects, were evaluated and compared. In addition the socio-economical consequences of the mining operations and costs for the construction of infrastructure and transports were assessed. The result is thus based on several technical and economical sub-surveys made during this study as background studies. A number of possible combinations of railway, harbour and fairway solutions for the iron ore transports are studied. The conclusion is that Kemi harbour is needed in the first stage to enable mining operations. Necessary needs of infrastructure improvements must be decided this year. Further conditions for starting up mining activities should be considered in the ongoing planning processes in Sweden and Finland. According to socio-economic calculations the effects of mining activities with construction of relating roads, railways and fairways are significant. The first 3 million tonnes of iron ore/ year can be transported from Pajala mine to Kolari by trucks and on to Kemi by train during the year 2012. To ensure the cost-efficiency of the mine transport for larger volumes, up to 10 million tonnes/year, further infrastructure investments have to be made. They include a track to the Pajala mine area and upgrade of the track from Kolari to Kemi at least for 25 tonne axle load, 12 tonne metre load and 750 metre long trains including electrification and noise and vibration protection. They also include investments in the harbour and the fairway in and to Kemi. The total cost sum, used in the calculations for these investments, is 528 million euro which includes the rail connection Kolari-Kemi with 235 million euro. The big challenge is how the infrastructure required by mining activities is to be financed. Three different solution principles are sketched in the report. This study comprises also a survey of the transports between Finland and Sweden. Infrastructure of common interest is identified and a number of conclusions are drawn. A Swedish outlook on the Baltic States is also sketched. The most important conclusions for the study as a whole are summarised: Conclusions regarding transport corridors in the North in an EU-perspective General questions • The Bothnian Corridor is a joint Finnish –Swedish framework skirting the Gulf of Bothnia and connecting the Nordic Triangle with the Northern Axis and should be given priority as part of the TEN-T network. • The Bothnian corridor crosses the Finnish-Swedish border between Haparanda and Tornio. Improved capacity for this corridor means a need for improved ability also for the border crossing infrastructure. I Maritime questions • A general finding is that the sea traffic between Sweden and Finland is served in an adequate way by the harbours concerned. • The on-going icebreaking cooperation between Finland and Sweden can be further improved. • There may be a potential to coordinate the Finnish and Swedish fairway charges in order to promote increased sea traffic efficiency. • A joint ambition for Finland and Sweden for the ferry connection between Umeå and Vaasa is that it should develop into a viable business concern as a long-term component of the infrastructure (E12). • The on-going planning for the Horsten fairway should be followed through. Railway questions • Upgrade the bearing capacity of the existing railway bridge over Torne River to 25 t axle load and 12 t/m. • Improve the efficiency of the goods terminals in Tornio and Haparanda in view of expected future demands. • The Värta rail line should be kept until other transport alternatives are available. Road questions • Secure a uniform standard of E8/E4 regarding traffic safety and an even traffic flow. Public transport questions • A joint coach station for Haparanda and Tornio will improve public coach service across the border. Conclusions concerning the planned mines in Pajala and Kolari General questions • The iron ore deposits represent huge economic values and indicate major positive socio-economic development for a region burdened of a shrinking economy for decades. Instead of a possible continued development in the same vein, fulfilled mine plans means new job opportunities and an increasing population and growing local economy with possibilities to use existing social investments. • The first 3 million tonnes per/year can be transported in 2012 via road and the existing railway between Kolari and Kemi and via an upgraded Kemi Harbour. • The transports of phosphates from the planned mine in Sokli is not expected to have any influence on the choice of rail/harbour alternative for the iron ore transport. • Iron ore needs to be transported from the Swedish part of the planned new mining field to Kolari. The most efficient and environmental-friendly solution for this is by railway. The infrastructure around the mining field is a matter for the mining company but concerns the rail and road administrations in both countries. Close cooperation between all parties is necessary. • A land use reserve east of Tornio is proposed in order to retain future possibilities to re-route the railway and the road E8. II Maritime questions • In any eventuality, Kemi Harbour is needed in the fist phase to enable the mining operations. The economic analysis conducted in connection to this study indicates that in the second phase, up to 10 million tonne/year, all port alternatives Kemi, Kalix and Narvik alone or combined are possible and reasonable. However, according to the analysis, the Kemi harbour having the highest cost benefit ratio, appears to be a better alternative from a socio-economic perspective. • Transport routes using the harbours in Kokkola, Raahe, Oulu, Luleå or Skibotn mean considerably higher transport infrastructure investments and/or transport costs than the routes included in this study. The need for a harbour complementing Kemi in Kalix or in Narvik is dependent on the development of the planned mines and the development of the harbour in Kemi including the channel dredging to the harbour. This will mean added total investments in infrastructure of about 300 (Kalix) or 700 (Narvik) million euro. • Ice-breaking for the increased ore transport can be carried through without additional, new icebreakers when using smaller, ice classed bulk vessels during the winter season. Railway questions • It will be possible at the beginning of 2015 that a further upgrade of the Kemi-Kolari railway is carried out. • The planning processes for new infrastructure are time-consuming. In order to enable meeting future demands, pre-studies are proposed for possible rail connections for iron ore shipments from Kolari/Pajala to Kalix or Narvik. Road questions • Make the necessary road investments around the mining area. Conclusions especially regarding financing • The start-up time of the new mines is critical and motivates public support. However a viable business concern will create pay back possibilities. That motivates the use of risk-sharing models between the company and the states concerning financing of the needed infrastructure improvements. This study shows three different joint financing models. III Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 The mission ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 How the tasks were carried out ........................................................................................ 3 1.3 Models for financing in Finland and Sweden .................................................................. 4 2. The EU-perspective on transport corridors in Finland and Northern Sweden....................... 6 2.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Trans-European transport network (TEN-T).................................................................... 6 2.3 The Barents Euro-Arctic Region.....................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Climate in Sweden During the Past Millennium - Evidence from Proxy Data, Instrumental Data and Model Simulations

    Climate in Sweden During the Past Millennium - Evidence from Proxy Data, Instrumental Data and Model Simulations

    Technical Report TR-06-35 Climate in Sweden during the past millennium - Evidence from proxy data, instrumental data and model simulations Anders Moberg, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University Isabelle Gouirand, Kristian Schoning, Barbara Wohlfarth Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University Erik Kjellstrom, Markku Rummukainen, Rossby Centre, SMHI Rixt de Jong, Department of Quaternary Geology, Lund University Hans Linderholm, Department of Earth Sciences, Goteborg University Eduardo Zorita, GKSS Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany Svensk Karnbranslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co December 2006 Box 5864 SE-102 40 Stockholm Sweden Tel 08-459 84 00 +46 8 459 84 00 Fax 08-661 57 19 +46 8 661 57 19 Climate in Sweden during the past millennium - Evidence from proxy data, instrumental data and model simulations Anders Moberg, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University Isabelle Gouirand, Kristian Schoning, Barbara Wohlfarth Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University Erik Kjellstrom, Markku Rummukainen, Rossby Centre, SMHI Rixt de Jong, Department of Quaternary Geology, Lund University Hans Linderholm, Department of Earth Sciences, Goteborg University Eduardo Zorita, GKSS Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany December 2006 This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. A pdf version of this document can be downloaded from www.skb.se Summary Knowledge about climatic variations is essential for SKB in its safety assessments of a geologi­ cal repository for spent nuclear waste.
  • Geology of the Northern Norrbotten Ore Province, Northern Sweden Paper 11 (13) Editor: Stefan Bergman

    Geology of the Northern Norrbotten Ore Province, Northern Sweden Paper 11 (13) Editor: Stefan Bergman

    Rapporter och meddelanden 141 Geology of the Northern Norrbotten ore province, northern Sweden Paper 11 (13) Editor: Stefan Bergman Rapporter och meddelanden 141 Geology of the Northern Norrbotten ore province, northern Sweden Editor: Stefan Bergman Sveriges geologiska undersökning 2018 ISSN 0349-2176 ISBN 978-91-7403-393-9 Cover photos: Upper left: View of Torneälven, looking north from Sakkara vaara, northeast of Kiruna. Photographer: Stefan Bergman. Upper right: View (looking north-northwest) of the open pit at the Aitik Cu-Au-Ag mine, close to Gällivare. The Nautanen area is seen in the back- ground. Photographer: Edward Lynch. Lower left: Iron oxide-apatite mineralisation occurring close to the Malmberget Fe-mine. Photographer: Edward Lynch. Lower right: View towards the town of Kiruna and Mt. Luossavaara, standing on the footwall of the Kiruna apatite iron ore on Mt. Kiirunavaara, looking north. Photographer: Stefan Bergman. Head of department, Mineral Resources: Kaj Lax Editor: Stefan Bergman Layout: Tone Gellerstedt och Johan Sporrong, SGU Print: Elanders Sverige AB Geological Survey of Sweden Box 670, 751 28 Uppsala phone: 018-17 90 00 fax: 018-17 92 10 e-mail: [email protected] www.sgu.se Table of Contents Introduktion (in Swedish) .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................
  • TEACHING and CHURCH TRADITION in the KEMI and TORNE LAPLANDS, NORTHERN SCANDINAVIA, in the 1700S

    TEACHING and CHURCH TRADITION in the KEMI and TORNE LAPLANDS, NORTHERN SCANDINAVIA, in the 1700S

    SCRIPTUM NR 42 Reports from The Research Archives at Umeå University Ed. Egil Johansson ISSN 0284-3161 ISRN UM-FARK-SC--41-SE TEACHING AND CHURCH TRADITION IN THE KEMI AND TORNE LAPLANDS, NORTHERN SCANDINAVIA, IN THE 1700s SÖLVE ANDERZÉN ( Version in PDF-format without pictures, October 1997 ) The Research Archives Umeå University OCTOBER 1997 1 S 901 74 UMEÅ Tel. + 46 90-7866571 Fax. 46 90-7866643 2 THE EDITOR´S FOREWORD It is the aim of The Research Archives in Umeå to work in close cooperation with research conducted at the university. To facilitate such cooperation, our series URKUNDEN publishes original documents from our archives, which are of current interest in ongoing research or graduate courses at the university. In a similar way, research reports and studies based on historic source material are published in our publication series SCRIPTUM. The main purposes of the SCRIPTUM series are the following: 1. to publish scholarly commentaries to source material presented in URKUNDEN, the series of original documents published by The Research Archives; 2. to publish other research reports connected with the work of The Research Archives, which are considered irnportant for tbe development of research methods and current debate; 3. to publish studies of general interest to the work of The Research Archives, or of general public interest, such as local history. We cordially invite all those interested to read our reports and to contribute to our publication series SCRIPTUM, in order to further the exchange of views and opinions within and between different disciplines at our university and other seats of learning.
  • Sami in Finland and Sweden

    Sami in Finland and Sweden

    A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland Indigenous peoples and rights Stefan Ekenberg Luleå University of Technology Department of Human Work Sciences 2008 Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland Indigenous peoples and rights Stefan Ekenberg Department of Human Work Sciences Luleå University of Technology 1 Summary The Sami is considered to be one people with a common homeland, Sápmi, but divided into four national states, Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. The indigenous rights therefore differ in each country. Finlands Sami policy may be described as accommodative. The accommodative Sami policy has had two consequences. Firstly, it has made Sami collective issues non-political and has thus change focus from previously political mobilization to present substate administration. Secondly, the depoliticization of the Finnish Sami probably can explain the absent of overt territorial conflicts. However, this has slightly changes due the discussions on implementation of the ILO Convention No 169. Swedish Sami politics can be described by quarrel and distrust. Recently the implementation of ILO Convention No 169 has changed this description slightly and now there is a clear legal demand to consult the Sami in land use issues that may affect the Sami. The Reindeer herding is an important indigenous symbol and business for the Sami especially for the Swedish Sami. Here is the reindeer herding organized in a so called Sameby, which is an economic organisations responsible for the reindeer herding. Only Sami that have parents or grandparents who was a member of a Sameby may become members.
  • Space-Related Education on the Kiruna Space Campus, Sweden

    Space-Related Education on the Kiruna Space Campus, Sweden

    Space-related Education on the Kiruna Space Campus, Sweden The town of Kiruna lies approximately 140 kilometres above the Arctic Circle Space research and industry in northern Sweden. The high latitude Carol Norberg, The largest research organization in Kiruna Reader in Space Physics, makes Kiruna an attractive base for is the Swedish Institute of Space Physics, which Department of Space Sci- international space-related projects of carries out research in experimental space and ence, atmospheric physics. Measurements are made from many kinds. A space research insti- Umeå University, the ground, with balloons, and from satellites. Prob- Box 812, S-981 28 Kiruna, tute was first created in Kiruna in the ably the most well-known space centre in Kiruna is Sweden. 1950’s. During the last decade, there Esrange, a space facility belonging to the Swedish Space Corporation. Esrange has its own satellite has been a rapid expansion in the area station, and facilities for launching sounding rockets of space-related education at university and stratospheric balloons. Close to Esrange is the Swedish Institute of Space level, which has its foundations on the European Space Agency satellite station at Salmi- järvi. The headquarters of the European Incoherent Physics, Headquarter in local expertise in space science and Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) are located Kiruna. engineering. Through cooperation with Picture: IRF the Swedish Space Corporation stu- dents in Kiruna are offered the opportu- nity to participate in rocket and balloon launches as part of their education. The two most northern universities in Swe- den, Luleå University of Technology and Umeå University have formed a joint Department of Space Science located on the Kiruna Space Campus togeth- er with the Swedish Institute of Space Physics.
  • International Rate Centers for Virtual Numbers

    International Rate Centers for Virtual Numbers

    8x8 International Virtual Numbers Country City Country Code City Code Country City Country Code City Code Argentina Bahia Blanca 54 291 Australia Brisbane North East 61 736 Argentina Buenos Aires 54 11 Australia Brisbane North/North West 61 735 Argentina Cordoba 54 351 Australia Brisbane South East 61 730 Argentina Glew 54 2224 Australia Brisbane West/South West 61 737 Argentina Jose C Paz 54 2320 Australia Canberra 61 261 Argentina La Plata 54 221 Australia Clayton 61 385 Argentina Mar Del Plata 54 223 Australia Cleveland 61 730 Argentina Mendoza 54 261 Australia Craigieburn 61 383 Argentina Moreno 54 237 Australia Croydon 61 382 Argentina Neuquen 54 299 Australia Dandenong 61 387 Argentina Parana 54 343 Australia Dural 61 284 Argentina Pilar 54 2322 Australia Eltham 61 384 Argentina Rosario 54 341 Australia Engadine 61 285 Argentina San Juan 54 264 Australia Fremantle 61 862 Argentina San Luis 54 2652 Australia Herne Hill 61 861 Argentina Santa Fe 54 342 Australia Ipswich 61 730 Argentina Tucuman 54 381 Australia Kalamunda 61 861 Australia Adelaide City Center 61 871 Australia Kalkallo 61 381 Australia Adelaide East 61 871 Australia Liverpool 61 281 Australia Adelaide North East 61 871 Australia Mclaren Vale 61 872 Australia Adelaide North West 61 871 Australia Melbourne City And South 61 386 Australia Adelaide South 61 871 Australia Melbourne East 61 388 Australia Adelaide West 61 871 Australia Melbourne North East 61 384 Australia Armadale 61 861 Australia Melbourne South East 61 385 Australia Avalon Beach 61 284 Australia Melbourne
  • Joint Barents Transport Plan Proposals for Development of Transport Corridors for Further Studies

    Joint Barents Transport Plan Proposals for Development of Transport Corridors for Further Studies

    Joint Barents Transport Plan Proposals for development of transport corridors for further studies September 2013 Front page photos: Kjetil Iversen, Rune N. Larsen and Sindre Skrede/NRK Table of Contents Table Summary 7 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Background 12 1.2 Objectives and members of the Expert Group 13 1.3 Mandate and tasks 14 1.4 Scope 14 1.5 Methodology 2 Transport objectives 15 2.1 National objectives 15 2.2 Expert Group’s objective 16 3 Key studies, work and projects of strategic importance 17 3.1 Multilateral agreements and forums for cooperation 17 3.2 Multilateral projects 18 3.4 National plans and studies 21 4 Barents Region – demography, climate and main industries 23 4.1 Area and population 23 4.2 Climate and environment 24 4.3 Overview of resources and key industries 25 4.4 Ores and minerals 25 4.5 Metal industry 27 4.6 Seafood industry 28 4.7 Forest industry 30 4.8 Petroleum industry 32 4.9 Tourism industry 35 4.10 Overall transport flows 37 4.11 Transport hubs 38 5 Main border-crossing corridors in the Barents Region 40 5.1 Corridor: “The Bothnian Corridor”: Oulu – Haparanda/Tornio - Umeå 44 5.2 Corridor: Luleå – Narvik 49 5.3 Corridor: Vorkuta – Syktyvkar – Kotlas – Arkhangelsk - Vartius – Oulu 54 5.4 Corridor: “The Northern Maritime Corridor”: Arkhangelsk – Murmansk – The European Cont. 57 5.5 Corridor: “The Motorway of the Baltic Sea”: Luleå/Kemi/Oulu – The European Continent 65 5.6 Corridor: Petrozavodsk – Murmansk – Kirkenes 68 5.7 Corridor: Kemi – Salla – Kandalaksha 72 5.8 Corridor: Kemi – Rovaniemi – Kirkenes 76
  • How People Regard the Mine Establishment in Kaunisvaara, Tapuli and Hannukainen Areas

    How People Regard the Mine Establishment in Kaunisvaara, Tapuli and Hannukainen Areas

    A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland How people regard the mine establishment in Kaunisvaara, Tapuli and Hannukainen areas Peter Waara, Leif Berglund, Leena Soudunsaari and Ville Koskimäki Luleå University of Technology Department of Human Work Sciences 2008 Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland How people regard the mine establishment in Kaunisvaara, Tapuli and Hannukainen areas Peter Waara, Leif Berglund, Leena Soudunsaari and Ville Koskimäki Department of Human Work Sciences Luleå University of Technology 2 Summary of interview study. It is difficult to define who is or is not a legitimate stakeholder when it comes to issues that most likely will affect a community and a region for some 30 or 40 years. With regard taken to known sources of influence, such as environmental effects open pits eventually will give raise to, the dimensions of not yet acknowledged risks, effects and other factors will, sooner or later, be addressed in debates, thoughts and also actions of various kind. Who will be more or less likely to act and to react against the opening of mines in these remote areas in Finland and Sweden? Such questions will not be answered in this paper/report, since we have no possibility to foresee how people actually will respond to both positive as well as negative effects of the development of iron ore mining in Kaunisvaara and in Haanukainen. Our report aims to define and present on a descriptive level how a sample of people from both Finland and Sweden today, before the mines are opened, think about opportunities and risks associ- ated to the exploitation of iron ore in this region.
  • New Research Supports Volcanic Origin of Kiruna-Type Iron Ores 12 April 2019

    New Research Supports Volcanic Origin of Kiruna-Type Iron Ores 12 April 2019

    New research supports volcanic origin of Kiruna-type iron ores 12 April 2019 The origin and actual process of formation of Kiruna- type ores has remained highly controversial for over 100 years, with suggestions including a purely low-temperature hydrothermal origin, sea floor precipitation, a high-temperature volcanic origin from magma, and high-temperature magmatic fluids. To clarify the origins of Kiruna-type ores, a team of scientists from Uppsala University, the Geological Survey of Sweden, the Geological Survey of Iran, the Indian Institute of Technology in Bombay, and the Universities of Cardiff and Cape Town, led by Uppsala researcher Prof. Valentin Troll, employed Fe and O isotopes, the main elements in magnetite (Fe3O4), from Sweden, Chile and Iran to chemically fingerprint the processes that Credit: CC0 Public Domain led to formation of these ores. By comparing their data from Kiruna-type iron ores with an extensive set of magnetite samples from The origin of so-called Kiruna-type apatite-iron volcanic rocks as well as from known low- oxide ores has been the topic of a longstanding temperature hydrothermal iron ore deposits, the debate for over 100 years. In a new article researchers were able to show that more than 80 published in Nature Communications, a team of percent of their magnetite samples from Kiruna- scientists presents new and unambiguous data in type apatite-iron oxide ores were formed by high- favour of a magmatic origin for these important iron temperature magmatic processes in what must ores. The study was led by researchers from represent volcanic to shallow sub-volcanic settings.
  • Mr. Ari Makela Torne Basin

    Mr. Ari Makela Torne Basin

    Torne basin Workshop on transboundary water mgmt. in Western and Central Europe, Budapest, Hungary, 8-10.2011 Senior researcher Ari Mäkelä, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Torne basin General description of the Torne basin • The river length 470 km • Outlet at the Gulf of Bothnia, in the Baltic Sea • Two dams on the Torne’s tributaries --- the main channel free of dams • Altitude 200-500 m.a.s.l • Total 40’157 km 2 (Norway <1%, Finland 36%, Sweden 64%) • Waterbodies 5,5%, forests 92,2%, cropland 1,4%, urban/industrial 0,8% • 2,25 persons/ km 2 • 9 Natura areas, 3 RAMSAR sites Hydrology • Surface waters 13,6 km 3 /year • Ground waters 0,1 km 3 /year • Water per capita 350 863 m 3/year Discahrge characteristics 1991-2005 (1961-1990) 3 •Qav 430 (387) m /s 3 •Qmax 3179 (3667) m /s 3 •Qmin 58 (57) m /s • Peak flow in May 1093 (1037) m 3/s –June 1187 (1019) m 3/s Projected climate change impacts • Increase of 1,5-4,0 Celsius in annual mean temperature • 4-12 % increase in annual precipitation in forthcoming 50 years • Changes in seasonal hydrological change -5…+10%. The frequency of spring floods may increase • The lowest groundwater levels on late summer and in autumn may be even lower in the future than nowadays • Extreme water conditions overflows of treatment plants • In small groundwater bodies oxygen depletion, contents of dissolved iron and manganese and other metals may increase • Flood risk mgmt plan 2015-2021 Trans-boundary groundwaters • Not an issue, so far.
  • Final Report: ”National Balance Sheets for Non-Financial Assets in Finland”

    Final Report: ”National Balance Sheets for Non-Financial Assets in Finland”

    Final report 1(54) Department of Economic and Environmental Statistics 24.2.2014 Ville Haltia National Land Survey of Finland Risto Peltola Grant agreement number 20102.2011 .001-2011.181 Theme: 2.01 - National accounts methodological and technical improvements Final report: ”National balance sheets for non-financial assets in Finland” Final report 2(54) Department of Economic and Environmental Statistics 24.2.2014 Ville Haltia National Land Survey of Finland Risto Peltola CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...3 PART I: Evaluation of data sources, the present capital stock and inventories 1. Main data sources and possible need for new data sources…………………………………………………..…3 2. Evaluation of the present capital stock from the point of view of balance sheets 2.1 Description of the present capital stock ……………………………………………………….5 2.2 Improvement needs of the present capital stock from the point of view of balance sheets…....7 3. Changes to the IT-system……………………………………………………………………………………….9 4. Balance sheets by asset type and by sector……………………………………………………………………..10 PART II: Estimation of land value 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 2. Choice of the estimation method.........................................................................................................................12 3. Estimating the value of land by using the direct approach..................................................................................15 4. Estimation of land area by land types 4.1 In general...................................................................................................................................15
  • FOOTPRINTS in the SNOW the Long History of Arctic Finland

    FOOTPRINTS in the SNOW the Long History of Arctic Finland

    Maria Lähteenmäki FOOTPRINTS IN THE SNOW The Long History of Arctic Finland Prime Minister’s Office Publications 12 / 2017 Prime Minister’s Office Publications 12/2017 Maria Lähteenmäki Footprints in the Snow The Long History of Arctic Finland Info boxes: Sirpa Aalto, Alfred Colpaert, Annette Forsén, Henna Haapala, Hannu Halinen, Kristiina Kalleinen, Irmeli Mustalahti, Päivi Maria Pihlaja, Jukka Tuhkuri, Pasi Tuunainen English translation by Malcolm Hicks Prime Minister’s Office, Helsinki 2017 Prime Minister’s Office ISBN print: 978-952-287-428-3 Cover: Photograph on the visiting card of the explorer Professor Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. Taken by Carl Lundelius in Stockholm in the 1890s. Courtesy of the National Board of Antiquities. Layout: Publications, Government Administration Department Finland 100’ centenary project (vnk.fi/suomi100) @ Writers and Prime Minister’s Office Helsinki 2017 Description sheet Published by Prime Minister’s Office June 9 2017 Authors Maria Lähteenmäki Title of Footprints in the Snow. The Long History of Arctic Finland publication Series and Prime Minister’s Office Publications publication number 12/2017 ISBN (printed) 978-952-287-428-3 ISSN (printed) 0782-6028 ISBN PDF 978-952-287-429-0 ISSN (PDF) 1799-7828 Website address URN:ISBN:978-952-287-429-0 (URN) Pages 218 Language English Keywords Arctic policy, Northernness, Finland, history Abstract Finland’s geographical location and its history in the north of Europe, mainly between the latitudes 60 and 70 degrees north, give the clearest description of its Arctic status and nature. Viewed from the perspective of several hundred years of history, the Arctic character and Northernness have never been recorded in the development plans or government programmes for the area that later became known as Finland in as much detail as they were in Finland’s Arctic Strategy published in 2010.