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Stone Testing Stone Testing An excerpt from the Dimension Stone Design Manual, Version VIII (May 2016) Produced and Published by the Marble Institute of America 380 East Lorain St. Oberlin, Ohio 44074 Telephone: 440-250-9222 Fax: 440-774-9222 www.naturalstoneinstitute.org © 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the Natural Stone Institute. Stone Testing slicing the stone thin with an ultraprecision, thin-blade diamond saw. The stone slice on a slide is then precision-ground to a precise 1.0 INTRODUCTION thickness of about 20 to 30 microns. At that thickness most minerals, regardless of color, 1.1 General. Testing evaluates the are translucent and can be studied under a suitability of a specific stone for a particular microscope. In this way minerals can be application. The strength of the stone is tested identified, the crystal or fragment boundaries to determine its resistance to crushing and can be evaluated, and incipient microfractures bending. The density, or specific gravity, is can be seen, as can any chemical degradation tested to design a support system capable of that may weaken stone, permit water entry, or carrying the weight of the stone. The amount allow unanticipated breakup. of water the stone will absorb (absorption rate) will help determine the resistance of the stone 1.3.2 Exact identification of the minerals by to staining and freezing. The stone’s wear thin section is a subjective, experience-based resistance and slip resistance are crucial in skill and is largely being replaced by exact flooring applications. methods of chemical analysis. Having both the thin section and chemical analysis is the 1.2 ASTM tests, many of which are preferred procedure, as the physical features conducted within engineering parameters, do can be seen documented on known mineral not include petrographic and other geologic crystals or grains. tests useful to evaluating stone behavior through time in adverse environmental 1.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is settings. If and when a failure occurs, questions one of the tried-and-true analytical techniques about what went wrong and why are asked; used for decades in petrology and remains the however, test data reviewed frequently may preferred technique in certain situations. not reveal information useful to answer these However, more modern analytical techniques questions. Stone behavior is directly related to have evolved that are far more precise, analyze the behavior of the mineral or minerals that far more compounds and elements, and are make up the stone. Knowing something about rapidly replacing XRD for most routine physical and chemical characteristics of the purposes. common minerals found in stone can be very useful in understanding its behavior. 1.5 Lithogeochemistry, the chemical analysis of stone, relies on many new 1.3 Petrography is the science of procedures too numerous to attempt description and classification of rocks. A explanation here. The following are just a few petrograpic analysis can be arranged through notable lithogeochemical analysis procedures: most construction material laboratories. A comprehensive petrographic analysis will often 1.5.1 Instrumental Neutron Activation suffice to answer many behavioral questions. Analysis (INAA) Other, more sophisticated analyses performed in well-equipped chemical laboratories to 1.5.2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AA) determine exact chemical and trace element content can also be useful. 1.5.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) 1.3.1 Perhaps the most common and time- tested petrologic studies use thin sections of 1.5.4 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XFS) stone. These are prepared by polishing small samples very flat, gluing them to glass microscope slides (1" x 3" to 2" x 3"), and 2016 Marble Institute of America Stone Testing • Page 4-1 1.5.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission formally reaffirmed without change in 1994. Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) The latest edition should be used. Copies of ASTM standards can be obtained from ASTM 1.5.6 A few grams of a stone can be International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959 accurately for bulk stone chemical content plus U.S.A. Telephone 610.832.9585. Copies can more than 53 trace elements–some to also be ordered through ASTM’s web site and fractional parts per billion. downloaded electronically. The Internet address is www.astm.org. 1.5.7 Although the ASTM Committee on Stone, C-18, has yet to include petrologic tests 2.3 ASTM Standard Specifications. In in their repertoire, lithogeochemistry is addition to the standard test methods, ASTM already quality-standardized by the has developed a series of standard specifications International Organization for Standardization prescribing the minimum performance of each (ISO). ISO/IEC Guide 25 is an accreditation kind of stone when tested in accordance with that many laboratories have because of the the standard test methods. The ASTM importance of these studies in the global Standards and Specifications are listed in mineral-extraction industries. Chapter 2. 2.0 ASTM STANDARD TEST 2.3.1 These specifications are the standard METHODS AND methods for determining the characteristics of SPECIFICATIONS building stone needed for proper design for a particular application. They should be performed with care and the results used with 2.1 ASTM International, formerly an understanding of their intent and known as the American Society for Testing and limitations. An independent testing laboratory Materials, has developed several standard test properly equipped and capable of performing methods to evaluate stone characteristics so the tests should perform all tests. Stone that stones can be compared on a uniform basis. Producers or Distributors, Associations, and The Marble Institute of America recommends other Promotional Organizations may publish ASTM methods and standards for dimension typical test values. While these values can serve stone as guidelines for specification and as a guide, current tests should be conducted installation. ASTM International is the world’s on the actual stone to be used for a particular largest voluntary standards development project. organization. Note that stone testing according to European methods and conditions may use 2.4 Review for Suitability. ASTM test different procedures that give different results results for various stones are guidelines and than do ASTM methods for the same stone. information on the stone characteristics. In This is particularly true of tests for abrasion many cases, an Engineer should be employed (wear). The ASTM Standard Test Methods are to review the results of the test data and listed in Chapter 2. compare with actual installation methods to determine if the stone is suitable for the 2.2 Current Standards. ASTM standards application in the specified thickness suggested, are revised from time to time. A revised and if not, what changes should be employed to version is indicated with a hyphen followed by make the stone work as intended for the job in a two-digit number after the basic designation question. Evaluation and/or testing of of the standard, e.g., ASTM C119-11, showing compatibility of grouts, sealers, setting that it was revised in 2011. An additional methods, and anchoring must be performed number in parentheses, e.g., ASTM C97- along with the stone. 92(1994), indicates that the 1992 edition was Page 4-2 • Stone Testing 2016 Marble Institute of America 3.0 OVERVIEW OF STANDARD sedimentary stone such as slate, than in a stone TEST METHODS with a less definite rift, such as some igneous stones. The variation also depends on how 3.1 Stone Uniformity. Stone is a product strongly the layers are cemented or adhered to of nature, and as such, it varies. The properties each other. To determine the variation, of stone from one part of a quarry may not be strength tests are conducted with the load truly representative of the same stone from a parallel and perpendicular to the rift. For different part of the quarry. Some Architects general information only one direction is specify strength-testing specimens from each tested, but the Specifying Authority may quarry block to verify sufficient uniformity for specify testing in both directions to ensure that the application. At the very least, current test the stone strength is adequate for the results should be used because they are more application. When specimens are submitted for apt to reflect the stone currently being such testing, it is important that the rift be quarried. clearly marked. The strength tests can be conducted by four conditions, wet or dry, and 3.2 Wet/Dry Testing. For most tests, the with the load parallel or perpendicular to the stone specimens are tested dry. However, rift. since the strength may vary when the stone is wet, the strength tests (i.e. compressive 3.4 Horizontal Applications. ASTM strength, flexural strength, modulus of C99, Standard Test Method for Modulus of rupture) are sometimes performed using wet Rupture of Dimension Stone, ASTM C170, stone specimens. For the dry condition, the Standard Test Method for Compressive stone specimens are dried in an oven at 60°C Strength of Dimension Stone, and ASTM ±2°C (140°F ±2°F) for at least 48 hours or C880, Standard Test Method for Flexural until the weight does not change with Strength of Dimension Stone test results are additional drying. For the wet condition, the not suitable to use for horizontal (floor) stone specimens are soaked in water at 22°C applications where the thickness of the stone ±2°C (72°F ±2°F) for 48 hours, wiped, and tile being used is less than 1¼". immediately tested.
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