The Migrant's Journey

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The Migrant's Journey The Migrant’s Journey: Border-Crossing, Otherness, and the Politics of Place in Contemporary Spanish Culture, 1986-2008 Sueños emigrantes / fronteras inmigrantes: el viaje migratorio en la cultura española contemporánea, 1986-2008 by Raquel Vega-Duran A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Romance Languages and Literatures: Spanish) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Cristina Moreiras-Menor, Chair Professor Michael Ugarte, University of Missouri Associate Professor Gustavo Verdesio Assistant Professor Giorgio Bertellini Raquel Vega-Duran 2009 A mis padres To my parents ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Quiero agradecerle a mi directora de tesis Cristina Moreiras-Menor su amistad, confianza, ayuda y apoyo incondicional durante mi doctorado. Conocerla en el 2002 y asistir como oyente a una de sus clases me hizo elegir la universidad de Michigan para mi formación graduada, un hecho que ha marcado mi vida de manera muy positiva. También me gustaría darle las gracias a los miembros de mi comité de tesis Gustavo Verdesio, Michael Ugarte y Giorgio Bertellini. A Gustavo me gustaría agradecerle su amistad desde que nos conocimos en el año 2000. Sus consejos y modo de ver la cultura me han ofrecido nuevas perspectivas desde las que afrontar mi futuro profesional. A Michael Ugarte le agradezco el apoyo que recibí desde un primer momento, sus estimulantes comentarios y el haberme presentado un mundo hasta el momento desconocido para mí, el de Guinea Ecuatorial. Las conversaciones de cine con Giorgio me abrieron los ojos a nuevas perspectivas y sus consejos sobre cómo enseñar textos fílmicos me ayudarán en mi futuro próximo como profesora de cultura visual. También me gustaría agradecerle a cada uno de los profesores con los que he tomado clases en el departamento de Romance Languages and Literatures. Gracias a Catherine Brown, Santiago Colás, Juli Highfill y Gareth Williams por transmitirme su conocimiento y entusiasmo. Mi interés por el cine encontró su lugar en el departamento de Screen Arts and Cultures con profesores como Richard Abel, Herbert Eagle y Gaylyn Studlard. En particular me gustaría agradecerle a Richard Abel su iii amistad, ayuda y ánimos constantes durante el proceso de escritura de mi tesis. Nunca olvidaré nuestras inolvidables charlas durante los almuerzos del otoño de 2008. En Harvard tuve la oportunidad de asistir como oyente a “Borderlands,” un curso dirigido por los antropólogos David Carrasco y Michael Jackson y les agradezco el pensamiento crítico que fomentaron en mí sobre la idea de frontera y hogar. Me gustaría agradecer a José Luis Tirado y Pablo Zapata Lerga por su total disposición en las entrevistas por correo electrónico. Y a Ohthere y Wulfstan les debo el nacimiento de mi interés por las narrativas de viajes. Mi faceta como instructora de español (GSI) ha ocupado gran parte de mi tiempo en la Universidad de Michigan. Quiero agradecerle a Dennis Pollard sus continuos consejos y ayuda desde mis comienzos como lectora y la confianza y amistad que ha perdurado durante mi etapa como doctoranda. A Alejandro Herrero-Olaizola y a Gustavo Verdesio les agradezco la orientación y la flexibilidad que me permitieron a la hora de enseñar mis primeras clases de introducción a la literatura en español. También me gustaría agradecerle al departamento de Romance Languages and Literatures por las ayudas de verano y la beca que durante mi primer año me permitió dedicarme por completo a mis clases. Gracias a Mary Fallert y a Mindy Niehaus- Fukuda por su indispensable ayuda. Al Center for European Studies y el European Union Center les agradezco sus becas de verano, ayudas para conferencias y sobre todo la Jean Monnet Graduate Fellowship on Issues of European Integration que me permitió llevar a cabo la investigación de mi cuarto capítulo. A Rackham Graduate School le doy las gracias por las ayudas para conferencias nacionales e internacionales y por su International Research Fellowship. También me gustaría agradecerle al iv departamento de Screen Arts and Cultures por la confianza que depositaron en mí desde un principio con su Alice Webber Glover Award. También me gustaría agradecer a los lugares en los que gracias a llamémosles musas, inspiración o la prisa de las fechas límites, he llevado a cabo la escritura e investigación de esta tesis. Espresso Royale de State Street, Hatcher Library, Widener Library, Rackham, mi oficina 4307, la Biblioteca Nacional en Madrid, Askwith Library y la Filmoteca Nacional. En particular me llevaré maravillosos recuerdos de las horas y horas (y más horas) que pasé conversando y riendo con amigos tanto en el Espresso Royale, delante de mi habitual chai latte, como en el MLB. A José Luis Fernández García, Radi Rangelova, Dani Arroyo, Aurelia Carranza, Fernando Velásquez, Edward Yu y Alice Weinreb, por nuestras charlas inolvidables. Mi mayor y más especial agradecimiento es para mis padres, Francisco y Elvira, a los que he dedicado esta tesis. A mi padre, con el que compartí su curiosidad por los detalles y al que he estado echando de menos desde el 19 de enero de 2008. A mi madre, por haberme dado la vida, por sus continuos ánimos y apoyo incondicional, y sobre todo por confiar en mí cuando yo no lo hacía. A mis hermanas Laura y Clara por seguir cada una de las etapas de esta tesis con interés y darme el apoyo moral y psicológico perfecto en cada momento. A mis tías Nani, Adita y Angelines, a Clarita y a Rafa, por mostrar siempre sus ganas de volver a vernos. Y unas gracias muy especiales a Jonathan Bolton, por su paciencia y ayuda con las becas, con la tesis y durante la búsqueda de trabajo, por su constante apoyo, por haber estado siempre allí, en las alegrías y en las tristezas y por compartir su vida conmigo. Gracias a todos por compartir mi entusiasmo por el tema de la inmigración y por vuestro continuo apoyo durante todo el “viaje” de esta tesis. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRACT xii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: “España Fortaleza”: el papel de las fronteras físicas, legales y mediáticas en la construcción del inmigrante como diferencia negativa Primera parte: “España Fortaleza”: control, defensa y vigilancia de la “diferencia” 10 Segunda parte: La “nueva inmigración”: el papel de los discursos legales y mediáticos en la creación de la figura del inmigrante en España. 56 CHAPTER 2: Rumbo al “Norte”: el significado de la etapa emigrante en la comprensión del sujeto inmigrante Primera parte: La España “emigrante” y la recepción del sujeto “inmigrante” 79 Segunda parte: La mirada española desde la otra orilla: Las voces del Estrecho y la obra de José Luis Tirado 119 Tercera parte: Reflexiones sobre la importancia de la emigración en las narrativas migratorias 165 CHAPTER 3: ¿“Otros” entre “nosotros”? Género y raza como mecanismos de alteridad en el cine español contemporáneo: el caso de Princesas y Bwana Primera parte: Presencias de la “otra orilla”: una perspectiva simmeliana de la otredad del inmigrante 171 vi CHAPTER 3 (Cont.): Segunda parte: El género como elemento diferencial en Princesas 182 Tercera parte: Bwana o el “otro” civilizado 202 Cuarta parte: Consideracciones finales 228 CHAPTER 4: La última estación: el florecimiento de hogares híbridos e identidades nacionales al final del viaje Primera parte: Conviviendo con el extranjero: fracturas y continuidades de hogares transatlánticos en el cine español contemporáneo 245 Segunda parte:Naciones/Españas Unidas? La idea de “invasión” inmigrante y la emergencia de la españolidad 278 FINAL REMARKS 316 BIBLIOGRAPHY 328 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figura 1.1: Frontera Ceuta (España)-Marruecos 15 Figura 1.2: Presencia militar en la frontera 15 Figura 1.3: Sirga tridimensional, de Fernando Rubio 17 Figura 1.4: Estación radar 28 Figura 1.5: Antena de control 28 Figura 1.6: Mapa “invasión” pateras 31 Figura 1.7: Mapa invasión Irak 31 Figura 1.8: Patrullando la frontera I 32 Figura 1.9: Patrullando la frontera II 32 Figura 1.10: SIVE I 34 Figura 1.11: SIVE II 35 Figura 1.12: SIVE III 35 Figura 1.13: Torre de control I 36 Figura 1.14: Torre de control II 36 Figura 1.15: Unidades del SIVE 38 Figura 1.16: Entrada a Europa 46 Figura 1.17: “Inmigrante” antes de cruzar la frontera 49 Figura 1.18: La mano que aprieta 64 Figura 2.1: Portada de ¡Contamos contigo! 88 viii Figura 2.2: Llegada de La Elvira a Venezuela 95 Figura 2.3: “Avalancha de cayucos en Tenerife” 95 Figura 2.4: Salida hacia Europa 106 Figura 2.5: El “extranjero” 110 Figura 2.6: Inmigrantes agarrados a una red 138 Figura 2.7: Almadraba 138 Figura 2.8: “Estrecho” 151 Figura 2.9: Instalación Paralelo 36 I 155 Figura 2.10: Instalación Paralelo 36 II 155 Figura 2.11: Instalación Paralelo 36 III 155 Figura 2.12: Exposición de zapatos en Auschwitz 157 Figura 2.13: Vanitas de la frontera 159 Figura 2.14: Emigración española 167 Figura 2.15: Portada de El peaje de la vida 167 Figura 3.1: Fotograma de Princesas 189 Figura 3.2: Fotograma de Princesas 189 Figura 3.3: Fotograma de Princesas 189 Figura 3.4: Fotograma de Princesas 189 Figura 3.5: Caricatura del siglo XIX de la “Venus Hottentote” 194 Figura 3.6: Fotograma de Bwana 207 Figura 3.7: Fotograma de Bwana 207 Figura 3.8: Fotograma de Bwana 207 Figura 3.9: Tintin in the Congo 223 ix Figura 3.10: Tintin in the Congo 223 Figura 3.11: Tintin in the Congo 223 Figura 3.12: Fotograma de Princesas 229 Figura 3.13: Fotograma de Princesas 229 Figura 3.14: Fotograma de Princesas 229 Figura 3.15: Fotograma de Princesas
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