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Songs in Fixed Forms
Songs in Fixed Forms by Margaret P. Hasselman 1 Introduction Fourteenth century France saw the development of several well-defined song structures. In contrast to the earlier troubadours and trouveres, the 14th-century songwriters established standardized patterns drawn from dance forms. These patterns then set up definite expectations in the listeners. The three forms which became standard, which are known today by the French term "formes fixes" (fixed forms), were the virelai, ballade and rondeau, although those terms were rarely used in that sense before the middle of the 14th century. (An older fixed form, the lai, was used in the Roman de Fauvel (c. 1316), and during the rest of the century primarily by Guillaume de Machaut.) All three forms make use of certain basic structural principles: repetition and contrast of music; correspondence of music with poetic form (syllable count and rhyme); couplets, in which two similar phrases or sections end differently, with the second ending more final or "closed" than the first; and refrains, where repetition of both words and music create an emphatic reference point. Contents • Definitions • Historical Context • Character and Provenance, with reference to specific examples • Notes and Selected Bibliography Definitions The three structures can be summarized using the conventional letters of the alphabet for repeated sections. Upper-case letters indicate that both text and music are identical. Lower-case letters indicate that a section of music is repeated with different words, which necessarily follow the same poetic form and rhyme-scheme. 1. Virelai The virelai consists of a refrain; a contrasting verse section, beginning with a couplet (two halves with open and closed endings), and continuing with a section which uses the music and the poetic form of the refrain; and finally a reiteration of the refrain. -
BRITISH and COMMONWEALTH CONCERTOS from the NINETEENTH CENTURY to the PRESENT Sir Edward Elgar
BRITISH AND COMMONWEALTH CONCERTOS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT A Discography of CDs & LPs Prepared by Michael Herman Sir Edward Elgar (1857-1934) Born in Broadheath, Worcestershire, Elgar was the son of a music shop owner and received only private musical instruction. Despite this he is arguably England’s greatest composer some of whose orchestral music has traveled around the world more than any of his compatriots. In addition to the Conceros, his 3 Symphonies and Enigma Variations are his other orchestral masterpieces. His many other works for orchestra, including the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, Falstaff and Cockaigne Overture have been recorded numerous times. He was appointed Master of the King’s Musick in 1924. Piano Concerto (arranged by Robert Walker from sketches, drafts and recordings) (1913/2004) David Owen Norris (piano)/David Lloyd-Jones/BBC Concert Orchestra ( + Four Songs {orch. Haydn Wood}, Adieu, So Many True Princesses, Spanish Serenade, The Immortal Legions and Collins: Elegy in Memory of Edward Elgar) DUTTON EPOCH CDLX 7148 (2005) Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61 (1909-10) Salvatore Accardo (violin)/Richard Hickox/London Symphony Orchestra ( + Walton: Violin Concerto) BRILLIANT CLASSICS 9173 (2010) (original CD release: COLLINS CLASSICS COL 1338-2) (1992) Hugh Bean (violin)/Sir Charles Groves/Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra ( + Violin Sonata, Piano Quintet, String Quartet, Concert Allegro and Serenade) CLASSICS FOR PLEASURE CDCFP 585908-2 (2 CDs) (2004) (original LP release: HMV ASD2883) (1973) -
1 the Middle Ages
THE MIDDLE AGES 1 1 The Middle Ages Introduction The Middle Ages lasted a thousand years, from the break-up of the Roman Empire in the fifth century to the end of the fifteenth, when there was an awareness that a ‘dark time’ (Rabelais dismissively called it ‘gothic’) separated the present from the classical world. During this medium aevum or ‘Middle Age’, situated between classical antiquity and modern times, the centre of the world moved north as the civil- ization of the Mediterranean joined forces with the vigorous culture of temperate Europe. Rather than an Age, however, it is more appropriate to speak of Ages, for surges of decay and renewal over ten centuries redrew the political, social and cultural map of Europe, by war, marriage and treaty. By the sixth century, Christianity was replacing older gods and the organized fabric of the Roman Empire had been eroded and trading patterns disrupted. Although the Church kept administrative structures and learning alive, barbarian encroachments from the north and Saracen invasions from the south posed a continuing threat. The work of undoing the fragmentation of Rome’s imperial domain was undertaken by Charlemagne (742–814), who created a Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently by his successors over many centuries who, in bursts of military and administrative activity, bought, earned or coerced the loyalty of the rulers of the many duchies and comtés which formed the patchwork of feudal territories that was France. This process of centralization proceeded at variable speeds. After the break-up of Charlemagne’s empire at the end of the tenth century, ‘France’ was a kingdom which occupied the region now known as 2 THE MIDDLE AGES the Île de France. -
How the Villanelle's Form Got Fixed. Julie Ellen Kane Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1999 How the Villanelle's Form Got Fixed. Julie Ellen Kane Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kane, Julie Ellen, "How the Villanelle's Form Got Fixed." (1999). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6892. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6892 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been rqxroduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directfy firom the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fiice, vdiile others may be from any typ e o f com pater printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, b^innm g at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
Chapter 2: Secular and Cathedral Music in the High Middle Ages I
Chapter 2: Secular and Cathedral Music in the High Middle Ages I. Introduction – Chapter 1 dealt primarily with sacred music, influenced by the fact that initially only sacred music was available for observation. Chapter 2 turns to secular music. II. Troubadours and Trouvères A.Troubadours 1. The first European vernacular poet whose work survives was William IX (7th count of Poitiers and 9th duke of Aquitaine). b. The tradition of these poets is known as the troubadour. c. The troubadour tradition was a “top down” as those of the highest social ranks were the main participants. Their poetry celebrated feudal ideals. d. Different types of troubadour verse dealt with various aspects of the feudal system, including songs of alliance, knightly decorum, exploits, challenges, and death. 2. Courtly love lay at the heart of the troubadour tradition. a. The canso was a song about love. b. Courtly love songs celebrated the same high ideals as other types of songs. c. The lady about whom a poet wrote usually outranked him, making her theoretically unattainable. d. Courtly love was generally more about veneration than physical love. e. The poetic style matches the lofty ideals of courtly love, as demonstrated in Can vei la lauzeta mover. B. Performance and Oral Culture 1. We do not know the rhythm of troubadour songs, but most likely the loftier style of the troubadour songs approximated that of contemporary chant. 2. Some troubadour songs matched a lower-class style; these were not based on chant style. a. Pastorela is one such genre. b. L’autrier jost’ una sebissa by Marcabru is an example. -
Sachgebiete Im Überblick 513
Sachgebiete im Überblick 513 Sachgebiete im Überblick Dramatik (bei Verweis-Stichwörtern steht in Klammern der Grund artikel) Allgemelnes: Aristotel. Dramatik(ep. Theater)· Comedia · Comedie · Commedia · Drama · Dramaturgie · Furcht Lyrik und Mitleid · Komödie · Libretto · Lustspiel · Pantragis mus · Schauspiel · Tetralogie · Tragik · Tragikomödie · Allgemein: Bilderlyrik · Gedankenlyrik · Gassenhauer· Tragödie · Trauerspiel · Trilogie · Verfremdung · Ver Gedicht · Genres objectifs · Hymne · Ideenballade · fremdungseffekt Kunstballade· Lied· Lyrik· Lyrisches Ich· Ode· Poem · Innere und äußere Strukturelemente: Akt · Anagnorisis Protestsong · Refrain · Rhapsodie · Rollenlyrik · Schlager · Aufzug · Botenbericht · Deus ex machina · Dreiakter · Formale Aspekte: Bildreihengedicht · Briefgedicht · Car Drei Einheiten · Dumb show · Einakter · Epitasis · Erre men figuratum (Figurengedicht) ·Cento· Chiffregedicht· gendes Moment · Exposition · Fallhöhe · Fünfakter · Göt• Echogedicht· Elegie · Figur(en)gedicht · Glosa · Klingge terapparat · Hamartia · Handlung · Hybris · Intrige · dicht . Lautgedicht . Sonett · Spaltverse · Vers rapportes . Kanevas · Katastasis · Katastrophe · Katharsis · Konflikt Wechselgesang · Krisis · Massenszenen · Nachspiel · Perioche · Peripetie Inhaltliche Aspekte: Bardendichtung · Barditus · Bildge · Plot · Protasis · Retardierendes Moment · Reyen · Spiel dicht · Butzenscheibenlyrik · Dinggedicht · Elegie · im Spiel · Ständeklausel · Szenarium · Szene · Teichosko Gemäldegedicht · Naturlyrik · Palinodie · Panegyrikus -
CIM/CWRU Joint Music Program Wednesday, Octoberdecember 5, 7,2016 2016
CIM/CWRU Joint Music Program Wednesday, OctoberDecember 5, 7,2016 2016 La Fonteinne amoureuse CarlosCWRU Salzedo Medieval (1885–1961) Ensemble Tango Ross W. Duffin, director Grace Cross & Grace Roepke, harp with CWRU Early Music Singers, ElenaPaul Hindemith Mullins, (1895–1963) director from Sonate für Harfe Sehr langsam Grace Cross ProgramCarlos Salzedo Chanson dans la nuit Grace Cross & Grace Roepke Kyrie from La Messe de Nostre Dame Guillaume de Machaut (ca.1300–77) Caroline Lizotte (b. 1969) from Suite Galactique, op. 39 Early Music Singers Exosphère Gracedirected Roepke by Elena Mullins Pierre Beauchant (1885–1961) Triptic Dance Douce dame Machaut Grace Cross & Grace Roepke Nathan Dougherty, voice withSylvius Medieval Leopold WeissEnsemble (1687–1750) from Lute Sonata no. 48 in F-sharp minor (arr. for guitar by A. Poxon) I. Allemande Lucas Saboya (b. 1980) from Suite Ernestina I. Costurera Quarte estampie royale II. DeAnonymous Algún Modo (Manuscrit du Roy) AllisonBuddy Johnson Monroe, (1915-1977) vielle • Karin Cuellar,Since rebec I Fell for You Laura(arr. for Osterlund, guitar by A. recorderPoxon) • Margaret Carpenter Haigh, harp Andy Poxon, guitar Agustín Barrios (1885–1944) Vals, op. 8, no. 4 Comment qu’a moy lonteinne Machaut J. S. Bach (1685–1750) from Sonata no. 3 in C major, BWV 1005 Margaret Carpenter Haigh, voice IV. Allegro assai Heitorwith ensemble Villa-Lobos (1887–1959) Etude no. 7 Year Yoon, guitar Portrait of Helen Sears, 1895. John Singer Sargent (American, 1856–1925). Oil on canvas; 167.3 x 91.4 cm. Museum of Fine(continued Arts, Boston Gift of Mrs. onJ. D. Cameron reverse) Bradley 55.1116. -
Troubadours NEW GROVE
Troubadours, trouvères. Lyric poets or poet-musicians of France in the 12th and 13th centuries. It is customary to describe as troubadours those poets who worked in the south of France and wrote in Provençal, the langue d’oc , whereas the trouvères worked in the north of France and wrote in French, the langue d’oil . I. Troubadour poetry 1. Introduction. The troubadours were the earliest and most significant exponents of the arts of music and poetry in medieval Western vernacular culture. Their influence spread throughout the Middle Ages and beyond into French (the trouvères, see §II below), German, Italian, Spanish, English and other European languages. The first centre of troubadour song seems to have been Poitiers, but the main area extended from the Atlantic coast south of Bordeaux in the west, to the Alps bordering on Italy in the east. There were also ‘schools’ of troubadours in northern Italy itself and in Catalonia. Their influence, of course, spread much more widely. Pillet and Carstens (1933) named 460 troubadours; about 2600 of their poems survive, with melodies for roughly one in ten. The principal troubadours include AIMERIC DE PEGUILHAN ( c1190–c1221), ARNAUT DANIEL ( fl c1180–95), ARNAUT DE MAREUIL ( fl c1195), BERNART DE VENTADORN ( fl c1147–70), BERTRAN DE BORN ( fl c1159–95; d 1215), Cerveri de Girona ( fl c1259–85), FOLQUET DE MARSEILLE ( fl c1178–95; d 1231), GAUCELM FAIDIT ( fl c1172–1203), GUILLAUME IX , Duke of Aquitaine (1071–1126), GIRAUT DE BORNELH ( fl c1162–99), GUIRAUT RIQUIER ( fl c1254–92), JAUFRE RUDEL ( fl c1125–48), MARCABRU ( fl c1130–49), PEIRE D ’ALVERNHE ( fl c1149–68; d 1215), PEIRE CARDENAL ( fl c1205–72), PEIRE VIDAL ( fl c1183–c1204), PEIROL ( c1188–c1222), RAIMBAUT D ’AURENGA ( c1147–73), RAIMBAUT DE VAQEIRAS ( fl c1180–1205), RAIMON DE MIRAVAL ( fl c1191–c1229) and Sordello ( fl c1220–69; d 1269). -
Refrain, Again: the Return of the Villanelle
Refrain, Again: The Return of the Villanelle Amanda Lowry French Charlottesville, VA B.A., University of Colorado at Boulder, 1992, cum laude M.A., Concentration in Women's Studies, University of Virginia, 1995 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Virginia August 2004 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ABSTRACT Poets and scholars are all wrong about the villanelle. While most reference texts teach that the villanelle's nineteen-line alternating-refrain form was codified in the Renaissance, the scholar Julie Kane has conclusively shown that Jean Passerat's "Villanelle" ("J'ay perdu ma Tourterelle"), written in 1574 and first published in 1606, is the only Renaissance example of this form. My own research has discovered that the nineteenth-century "revival" of the villanelle stems from an 1844 treatise by a little- known French Romantic poet-critic named Wilhelm Ténint. My study traces the villanelle first from its highly mythologized origin in the humanism of Renaissance France to its deployment in French post-Romantic and English Parnassian and Decadent verse, then from its bare survival in the period of high modernism to its minor revival by mid-century modernists, concluding with its prominence in the polyvocal culture wars of Anglophone poetry ever since Elizabeth Bishop’s "One Art" (1976). The villanelle might justly be called the only fixed form of contemporary invention in English; contemporary poets may be attracted to the form because it connotes tradition without bearing the burden of tradition. Poets and scholars have neither wanted nor needed to know that the villanelle is not an archaic, foreign form. -
Chapter 3: the Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Early Fourteenth Century A. Introduction 1. Changes I
Chapter 3: The Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Early Fourteenth Century A. Introduction 1. Changes in notation in the thirteenth century allowed for musical experimentation in the early fourteenth century. 2. The evidence that tells us that fourteenth-century composers understood that they were doing something different can be found in two treatises: The Ars novae musicae by Jehan de Murs and the Ars nova by Philippe de Vitry. B. Music from Mathematics 1. During the fourteenth century, mathematics expanded beyond the boundaries previously seen in European thought. Music, the discipline so closely coupled with mathematics, followed suit. a. A fourfold system existed for musical time. Each of those listed is a subdivision of the previous: Maximodus, Modus, Tempus, and Prolatio. b. Each of these could be divided into two or three parts. 1) The first two are essentially theoretical concepts, and practical use resided in the latter two. 2) These possibilities yield, in modern terms: 9/8, 3/4; 6/8, 2/4. 2. Not everyone liked the innovations of the Ars nova. a. One example of disapproval is Jacobus de Liege’s Speculum musicae. 1) He dismissed the complexity and innovation as superfluous. C. Music about Music 1. Another new idea in the Ars nova concerns a growing realization of self- awareness as composers of art. 2. Music composition is seen as an art, not a craft. D. Establishing the Prototype: The Roman de Fauvel 1. The earliest surviving pieces in the Ars nova style are found in the Roman de Fauvel. a. Compiled around 1317, poem by Gervais du Bus, this manuscript includes 126 musical compositions (different genres). -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO How Music Travels: the Opera Blood Hunger Child a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfac
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO How Music Travels: the Opera Blood Hunger Child A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Music by Jon Forshee Committee in charge: Professor Anthony Davis, Chair Professor Katharina Rosenberger, Co-Chair Professor Norman Bryson Professor Amy Cimini Professor Aleck Karis Professor Lei Liang 2017 Copyright Jon Forshee, 2017. All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Jon Forshee is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………….……………………………iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….iv List of Supplemental Files……………….…………..…………………………….…...v List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...vi Vita……………………………………………………………………………….…..….vii Abstract of the Dissertation……………………………………………………...…...viii How Music Travels - The Opera Blood, Hunger, Child: Introduction…….…………1 Chapter 1: Sources and Background……….………………………………………...7 Chapter 2: The Story….……………………………………………………...………..15 Chapter 3: The Libretto in Verse…..………………………………………………… 19 Chapter 4: Vocal Types and Orchestration….……………………………………….31 Chapter 5: Transcription as Creative Practice...…………………………………….34 Chapter 6: Esu-Legba and the Orisha…...………………………………………….36 Chapter 7: The Story within the Story……………………………………………….54 References…………………………………………………………………………..…58 iv LIST OF SUPPLEMENTAL FILES Blood | Hunger | Child, Chamber Opera -
An Analysis of Guillaume De Machaut's "Le Lay De La Fonteinne" in Cultural Context Patricia A
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 12-2001 Words and music in communion: an analysis of Guillaume de Machaut's "Le Lay de la Fonteinne" in cultural context Patricia A. Turcic Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Turcic, Patricia A., "Words and music in communion: an analysis of Guillaume de Machaut's "Le Lay de la Fonteinne" in cultural context" (2001). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 486. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/486 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. WORDS AND MUSIC IN COMMUNION: AN ANALYSIS OF GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT’S “LE LAY DE LA FONTEINNE” IN CULTURAL CONTEXT By Patricia A. Turcic B.A. Colby College, 1977 M.A. Bowling Green State University, 1988 B.M. University of Maine, 1996 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in Liberal Studies) The Graduate School The University of Maine December, 200 1 Advisory Committee: Cathleen Bauschatz, Professor of French, Advisor Kristina Passman, Associate Professor of Classical Language and Literature Beth Wiemann, Assistant Professor of Music Copyright 200 1 Patricia A. Turcic All Rights Reserved .. 11 WORDS AND MUSIC IN COMMUNION: AN ANALYSIS OF GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT’S “LE LAY DE LA FONTEINNE” IN CULTURAL CONTEXT By Patricia Turcic Thesis Advisor: Dr.