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The Future of the Kosciusko Summit Area: a Report on a Proposed Primitive Area in the Kosciusko State Park Reprinted from the Australian Journal of Science, Vol

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The Future of the Kosciusko Summit Area: a Report on a Proposed Primitive Area in the Kosciusko State Park Reprinted from the Australian Journal of Science, Vol 'i'511 c.. SO IL CONS!;RYATtO; -~ ~ :. IW I CE SYDNEY I . The Future of the Kosciusko Summit Area: A Report on a Proposed Primitive Area in the Kosciusko State Park Reprinted from The Australian Journal of Science, Vol. 23, No. 12, June, 1961, p. 391. The Future of the Kosciusko Summit Area: A Report on a Proposed Primitive Area in the Kosciusko State Park THE .AUSTRALIAN .AOADE:MY OF SOIENOE I. INTRODUCTION 11. THE PRIMITIVE .AREA- GENERAL In 1958 a large group of scientists and CONSIDERATIONS naturalists in Canberra and Sydney prepared The Kosciusko State Park .Act of 1944, a submission to the Kosciusko State Park Section 5 (iii), states: Trust and to the Federal Government, The Trust may retain as a primitive _area favouring the establishment of a 'primitive such part of the Kosciusko State Park. (not exceeding one-tenth of th_e area of area' or natural reserve in the Kosciusko that Park) as it may think fit. State Park of New South Wales. The State .A primitive area has been defined as an Park .Act of 1944-52 provides for the retention outstanding tract of land in a national park of such a 'primitive area' but to date no in which preservation of natural conditions action along these lines has been taken. The is the primary aim of management. submission was sent to the Prime Minister and to the Minister for National Develop­ The Kosciusko State Park is an enormous ment. It was, in some respects, critical of area of wild mountain country, mainly the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric forested. .A century of grazing, recurrent .Authority, and the Minister for National fire, and essential engineering works have Development, in replying to the signatories, considerably changed its character, and _it virtually rejected the submission. would now be impossible to find an.r large tract in the Park which is in the virgin Subsequently, the Council of the .Australian state. Nevertheless, we very strongly support .Academy of Science, feeling that there was the view that there should be a 'primitiv.~ some misunderstanding between the Snowy area' set aside in the State Park, in whirih Mountains .Authority and the scientific group all further development should be at a mini­ interested in the primitive area, appointed a mum. We also recommend that this should Committee to examine the whole position. include the Kosciusko Summit .Area, in vieW The Committee visited the area and discussed of its unique scientific value. .A serious diffi­ the hydro-electric problems with senior culty arises, however, in that the Snowy officers of the .Authority and with many others Mountains Hydro•Electric .Authority has concerned. .A draft report was submitted to planned for engineering works in the Summit the .Authority and modified in the light of its .Area. 'rhere is a conflict of interests which suggestions. , The report has- been critically must be resolved. examined by appropriate Fellows of the The .Authority has stated: .Academy, · including two engineers. The Council of the .Academ'y _has approved the Where the interest ·is from the viewpoint of scenery, it cannot be agreed th,qt pro­ publication of this final report. posed works should be abandoned or· an'1J 392 THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE JUNE loca.tion other than the most economical Ill. T'HE SUMMIT PRIMITIVE AREA OR ALPINE one adopted. Scenia value is largely a RESERVE matter of personal opinion, ana in a number oj countries hydro-electric works There are four regions within the Kosciusko of the type associated with the Snowy National Park which could be set aside as Mountains scheme are considered to add primitive areas. These are (1) The Pilot to the natural attractions. region, (2) Mt. Jagungal and its environs, We agree with these vi-ews as far as the (3) a northerly region around Cooleman Kosciusko Park as a whole is concerned. Plain and ( 4) the Summit area of Kosciusko. The Snowy Mountains Authority has provided All these areas have many valuable features fine access roads, and has made it possible and properly form part of a national park. for thousands of tourists to visit the area. The first three lack the magnificent scenery Probably the majority of these peopl·e would of the Summit area and, what is much more agrel'l that wei'l;desi'gned 'power stations, dams, important, they do not carry truly alpine even pylops, add to the interest of heavily . vegetation. They are also devoid of the forested mountain scenes. Certainly thou­ glacial character of the Summit; they are sands of people have visited and will continue much less valuable to the scientist. On other to visit the area in order to inspect and to grounds- thos•e of isolation and distance take a pride in the engineering achiev•ements from engineering operations-it would be of the Snowy .Mountains Authority. It is tempting and easy to ·select one of them as also obvious that •skiing.· is an increasingly the major . primitive reserve. But· we are popular sport in Australia, and .that there unanimous in considering any one of them are legitimate demands for further develop­ as greatly inferior . to the area described ment of skiing activities in the Park. below and in the Appendix. As this area is But any national park, in addition to less than on•e half of . the specified one tenth catering for the tourist and certain types of of the Kosciusko Park which could, by recreational sport, must also comprise areas Act, be reserved as a primitive area, it would in which conservation is the prime object. be proper to consider either the Mt. Jagungal This is piuticularly important in Australia, .region or the Cooleman Plain as a second a continent whose endemic flora and fauna primitive area, supplementing but not attract world-wide attention. All local and replacing .the Summit area. wisiting biologists ar·e impressed by the fact There is then ilo difficulty whatever in 'that, after only a short period of settlement, selecting the most important area within the very few virgin areas of native vegetation Park for reservation as a primitive or wilder­ survive in Australia. Native plants, birds ness ar•ea. This must include the Summit and animals are rapidly disappearing from area of Kosciusko, · aptly described by the the scene, even in districts in which there is Park Superintendent as 'the heart of the no settlement as yet. A number of primitive Park'. The minimum area which, in our areas will be essential if we wish to preserve opinion, should be reserved is that outlined for posterity charact-eristic examples of the in Figure 1. Australian biota still existing in their natural The following ar•e the major reasons for environment, so that they can be studied by selecting it: the scientist and, at the same time, provide a. It is the only extensive alpine area a living museum for the naturalist and lay­ in the whole mainland continent of :man. Such primitive areas must be large Australia, and no area in the whole •enough to ensure that hydrological features, continent more truly· merits reserva­ tion. soil, and local climate are undisturbed by b. It includes, within a few miles of man's activities; large enough also to ensure traverse,· the highest inomi.tains in the that the ecological balance of the plant and continent, ·with • ail unmatched' altitu­ dinal sequence from 1,500 to 7,300 feet. animal communities is maintained.. It follows. that grazing, forestry, roadmaking and all c..Within it are well-defined moraines, engineering activities are out of place in a cirques, polished . pavements, glacial varves, and a sedes . of glacial lakes, JJrimitive area. unique i!i' the Australian maini'artd. 1961 ____T.:....:H.:..::E'-'_'-'-AU=-:S::.:.T_:_:_RA:.::L::.:.I:.::ANc:....::J=.O=-:UR_:_:_N.::.:A:_::Lc__cD::.:.F----"-'SC:_:_IE=-=N~C:_::E____________ 393 MAP MAP OF "KOSCIUSKO SUMMIT REGION SHOWING PROPOSED PRIMITIVE AREA Scale of Miles I Main ROads Access Roads Access Tracks Boundary of Proposed Pnm1tive Area NMP/61/204 Drawn by O•v•s•on ol National MiiDPinS, Department ol NatiOnal Development, Canberra, A,C,T. 1961 Figure 1 3_9_4__________T'-'-H'--E-'Ac:cU=-cS_c_TR=A.c.-:.LIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE JUNE d. It contains the best d•evelopment of b. That every possible effort should be alpine flora of the mainland, including made to prevent further disturbance in two plant communities (fjaeldmark) this area, and that in particular not represented elsewhere, and several (i) grazing should be completely and species not found elsewhere in the permanently >excluded from it; Continent. (See Appendix.) (ii) no further tourist roads should e. It is watered by permanent alpine be constructed in this small area; streams, some containing the original (iii) no permanent ski lodges or ski fauna and flora as yet unaltered by lifts should be allowed within its the introduction of trout or by stream boundaries; diversion. (There are excellent plans for Apart from these features of scientific the further development of ski centres and ski lifts in a large interest, the scenery in the area is area east of this reserve, e.g., at unequalled. At present the only engine>et·ing Thredbo, The Perisher, Smiggins' work within the area is the old access road Hole and at Guthega.) to the summit of Kosciusko, and its asso­ (iv) an extension of hydro-electric works into this area would ciated gravel pits. seriously threaten its integrity. The area is not in a primitive state, and It will be shown that the planned engi­ part of it has been seriously damaged by fire neering developments near the Summit would and erosion connected with early sheep cost between £12 and £15 million; that they grazing.
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