DOCSLIB.ORG

THE RAMON TREE of YUCATAN (Brosimiim Alicastrum)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE RAMON TREE of YUCATAN (Brosimiim Alicastrum) 198 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY this test, although the root tip continued to derm covers the portions of the rootlet older grow vigorously. Indeed, root growth was than this white tip. It is evident that absorp good under all the test conditions here em tion of water and nutrients is dependent on ployed. the ramification of this root system so as to Roots were also examined of trees- growing provide a maximum amount of these absorb in tubs in the greenhouse in a sandy loam soil, ing tips, since no root-hair system is developed and of trees of large size growing out-of-doors to increase absorbing area in the usual way. in a Norfolk fine sand. Repeated examination Figure 1 shows a portion of the root system failed to discover any root-hairs on these root developed in peat where the porous nature of tips. the medium gives ideal conditions for root- The avocado forms in soil a much branched hair development. Several tips are clearly system of secondary roots', each rootlet having visible, magnified ab~out 3 times, but nothing a white tip about 2 mm. long. A brown peri- resembling root hairs. THE RAMON TREE OF YUCATAN (Brosimiim alicastrum) DAVID FAIRCHILD, Coconut Grove Mrs. Fairchild and I spent a few days with years ago, shortly after his trip into Peten the Sylvanus Morleys in Merida last Novem where he found the pretty palm, Opsiandra ber. Their life work on the Maya ruins of maya. The muleteer who was taking him in Yucatan has made them well known among to the wilds of that inhospitable country fed the archaeologists of the world. his mules on the branches of the ramon tree As we entered their "finca", "Chen Ku" and when Cook told him he had never seen (Nest in the Well), I noticed that the place the tree before, he remarked incredulously, was filled with picturesque dark green trees, —"No tiene ramon en su pais?" 'You don't tall and irregular in shape like the poplars in have ramon trees in your country?') Holland for example. "What trees are these, Somehow or other this innocent remark Sylvanus?" I inquired. "They are ramon stuck in my memory and I determined some trees and the only plants on the finca out of day to see this ramon tree which Cook's mule which we make any money. They form what teer thought he should have in his country. the Yucatecans call a "ramonal" and in the Brosimum alicastrum is its name and it has dry season there come out from Merida the so several relatives, one of which is the "Milk called "ramoneros" who climb the ramon trees, Tree" of Venezuela, B. galactodendron, the and with their machetes cut off most of the milky juice or latex of which is sweet and is branches and cart them to town where they drunk by the natives like cow's milk. form one of the important sources of fodder I knew that there was a tree of this species for the mules and horses and cattle. We get in the Plant Introduction Garden at Chapman about 40 cents for the branches from a sin Field. I thought I recalled a plant of it which gle ramon tree. Since the trees cost us noth grew from some seed brought in by my old ing to keep and we have three hundred or so, friend G. N. Collins in 1913 from Merida and we make a little money from them." which withstood the great freeze of 1917 at There came back to me, when he said this, our old Buena Vista Garden, being killed back a remark made by by friend 0. F. Cook many but not killed out by a temperature of 25 F. FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 199 But it is one thing to have an isolated tree complained that the returns from his date or two of an important economic plant in ones orchard are limited by the inability or disin garden and quite another to be surrounded by clination of men or boys to climb his 60-foot the same species and see the people using it palms to pick the fruits. and considering it as a tree of value. It is I would like to have spent more time with true that Collins had strongly recommended the ramoneros who climbed the ramon trees it in one of the characteristic notes which he in the ramonals and took the green branches generally attached to any seeds he sent in. to market loaded on carts and trolley cars and I cannot refrain from quoting him here. even on the tops of busses, but it was not pos "34876 S. P. I. Ramon. Seeds from the Hos sible then. Should some of the obvious prob pital Grounds, Merida, Mexico. A small tree lems of this forage tree be worked out through common in northern Yucatan, the branches of plantings in Florida, a detailed study of the which are the principal fodder during the dry chemical and other dietetic factors of its use season. All kinds of animals seem to eat the would be in order. leaves freely. The plant is strictly tropical As we drove through the city of Merida, a and I do not know that it could be grown any town comparable in size to Miami, we saw where in the United States, but it was so ex that some of the principal avenues were shad tensively used and seemed to afford such ex ed by rows of ramon trees which cast a deep cellent forage in the dry regions of Merida shade and whose very dark green leaves make that it might be worth while to give it a it in a way suggest the India laurel (Ficus trial." retusa) over which it has one advantage, that Here we were in the finca of an old friend it does not send down aerial roots or send of Cook and Collins where at the moment, up suckers to raise the cement sidewalks or even, a ramonero was climbing one of the interfere with the roadway. ! ramon trees and slashing off the leafy The "Paseo de Montejo," a kilometer and a branches which were falling thick and fast to half long, is lined with ramons and the broad the ground below. With my camera I worked sidewalk which parallels the street is shaded fast on the man, for it was the first time by them. I was told these were 35 years old since I was in Morocco among the Argan trees and that once a year the ramoneros come and that I had been where the leaves of a tree prune them, not heavily as they do Mr. Mor- formed an important part of the food of do ley's trees, which would make them unsuited mestic animals. There it was the goats that for shade trees, but lightly and carefully so clambered into the trees and fed on the leaves as to "keep their symmetry. And instead of and small branches; here it was men with being hired to trim the trees they pay for the machetes who climbed up into the branches branches a considerable sum of money—just and harvested them for the stock. how much I did not discover. There was still another feature of the As I was taking photographs of the avenue scene. I had just been in the Orient and a one-horse cart passed, loaded down with watched the toddy and sugar-sap gatherers ramon branches which the driver informed climb every day tall sugar palms, in order to me he was taking to sell in the market and tap the flower clusters and gather the sap where he expected to get 30 pesos or about that flowed from them, and I had wondered $6.00. When we returned to Mr. Morley's finca at the ease with which those Orientals climb. the ramonero had a wagon load of the branches Here, almost at my door so to speak, were and the mule was browsing on the load, while men just as agile and as accustomed to climb cattle straying on the highway were eagerly ing trees as the Orientals; whereas in the picking up the fragments of leaves and twigs United States I do not recall seeing grown which had fallen beside his wagon. men in trees except to prune them, or at fruit Upon returning to Florida I visited the ra picking time when the fruits are beyond the mons at the U. S. Plant Introduction Garden reach of long pickers. Dr. Swingle has often and was amazed to find how beautiful the old 200 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY tree planted in a pot hole has become. It is wen for it the name of the "Woman's Tongue Tree?" I wonder. There is evidence that this now 50 feet or so high, with superb, drooping habit of producing abundant pods can be con branches which reach the ground and make trolled by severely pruning back the branches of it a very beautiful specimen. A smaller of the tree once a year. one in the rocks had grown slowly and perhaps Should there be some member of the Society this indicates that the tree needs deeper soil who would like to investigate this ramon tree than our rocky reefs. and its relatives further,I may add from tha On the ground lay many seeds, some already literature that according to Engler and Prantl rprouting, but so far as I could find they are there are 8 species of Brosimum.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plants for Tropical Subsistence Farms
    SELECTING THE BEST PLANTS FOR THE TROPICAL SUBSISTENCE FARM By Dr. F. W. Martin. Published in parts, 1989 and 1994; Revised 1998 and 2007 by ECHO Staff Dedication: This document is dedicated to the memory of Scott Sherman who worked as ECHO's Assistant Director until his death in January 1996. He spent countless hours corresponding with hundreds of missionaries and national workers around the world, answering technical questions and helping them select new and useful plants to evaluate. Scott took special joy in this work because he Photo by ECHO Staff knew the God who had created these plants--to be a blessing to all the nations. WHAT’S INSIDE: TABLE OF CONTENTS HOW TO FIND THE BEST PLANTS… Plants for Feeding Animals Grasses DESCRIPTIONS OF USEFUL PLANTS Legumes Plants for Food Other Feed Plants Staple Food Crops Plants for Supplemental Human Needs Cereal and Non-Leguminous Grain Fibers Pulses (Leguminous Grains) Thatching/Weaving and Clothes Roots and Tubers Timber and Fuel Woods Vegetable Crops Plants for the Farm Itself Leguminous Vegetables Crops to Conserve or Improve the Soil Non-Leguminous Fruit Vegetables Nitrogen-Fixing Trees Leafy Vegetables Miners of Deep (in Soil) Minerals Miscellaneous Vegetables Manure Crops Fruits and Nut Crops Borders Against Erosion Basic Survival Fruits Mulch High Value Fruits Cover Crops Outstanding Nuts Crops to Modify the Climate Specialty Food Crops Windbreaks Sugar, Starch, and Oil Plants for Shade Beverages, Spices and Condiment Herbs Other Special-Purpose Plants Plants for Medicinal Purposes Living Fences Copyright © ECHO 2007. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced for training purposes if Plants for Alley Cropping distributed free of charge or at cost and credit is given to ECHO.
    [Show full text]
  • 422 Part 180—Tolerances and Ex- Emptions for Pesticide
    Pt. 180 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–16 Edition) at any time before the filing of the ini- 180.124 Methyl bromide; tolerances for resi- tial decision. dues. 180.127 Piperonyl butoxide; tolerances for [55 FR 50293, Dec. 5, 1990, as amended at 70 residues. FR 33360, June 8, 2005] 180.128 Pyrethrins; tolerances for residues. 180.129 o-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt; PART 180—TOLERANCES AND EX- tolerances for residues. 180.130 Hydrogen Cyanide; tolerances for EMPTIONS FOR PESTICIDE CHEM- residues. ICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD 180.132 Thiram; tolerances for residues. 180.142 2,4-D; tolerances for residues. Subpart A—Definitions and Interpretative 180.145 Fluorine compounds; tolerances for Regulations residues. 180.151 Ethylene oxide; tolerances for resi- Sec. dues. 180.1 Definitions and interpretations. 180.153 Diazinon; tolerances for residues. 180.3 Tolerances for related pesticide chemi- 180.154 Azinphos-methyl; tolerances for resi- cals. dues. 180.4 Exceptions. 180.155 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; tolerances 180.5 Zero tolerances. for residues. 180.6 Pesticide tolerances regarding milk, 180.163 Dicofol; tolerances for residues. eggs, meat, and/or poultry; statement of 180.169 Carbaryl; tolerances for residues. policy. 180.172 Dodine; tolerances for residues. 180.175 Maleic hydrazide; tolerances for resi- Subpart B—Procedural Regulations dues. 180.176 Mancozeb; tolerances for residues. 180.7 Petitions proposing tolerances or ex- 180.178 Ethoxyquin; tolerances for residues. emptions for pesticide residues in or on 180.181 Chlorpropham; tolerances for resi- raw agricultural commodities or proc- dues. essed foods. 180.182 Endosulfan; tolerances for residues. 180.8 Withdrawal of petitions without preju- 180.183 Disulfoton; tolerances for residues.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Services Provided by Bats
    Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-8923 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue: The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology Ecosystem services provided by bats Thomas H. Kunz,1 Elizabeth Braun de Torrez,1 Dana Bauer,2 Tatyana Lobova,3 and Theodore H. Fleming4 1Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. 2Department of Geography, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. 3Department of Biology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Address for correspondence: Thomas H. Kunz, Ph.D., Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215. [email protected] Ecosystem services are the benefits obtained from the environment that increase human well-being. Economic valuation is conducted by measuring the human welfare gains or losses that result from changes in the provision of ecosystem services. Bats have long been postulated to play important roles in arthropod suppression, seed dispersal, and pollination; however, only recently have these ecosystem services begun to be thoroughly evaluated. Here, we review the available literature on the ecological and economic impact of ecosystem services provided by bats. We describe dietary preferences, foraging behaviors, adaptations, and phylogenetic histories of insectivorous, frugivorous, and nectarivorous bats worldwide in the context of their respective ecosystem services. For each trophic ensemble, we discuss the consequences of these ecological interactions on both natural and agricultural systems. Throughout this review, we highlight the research needed to fully determine the ecosystem services in question. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of economic valuation of ecosystem services.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybridizing Indigenous and Modern Knowledge Systems: the Potential for Sustainable Development Through Increased Trade in Neo- Traditional Agroforestry Products T.H
    California in the World Economy Chapter V Chapter V: Hybridizing Indigenous and Modern Knowledge Systems: The Potential for Sustainable Development through Increased Trade in Neo- Traditional Agroforestry Products T.H. Culhane Introduction .............................................................................................................157 1. A Consideration of the Problem.........................................................................160 1.1 Deforestation: A Prime Driver of Outmigration to California......................160 1.2 A Determination of the Causes........................................................................161 2 The Maya Breadnut Solution: ............................................................................161 2.1 The Case for Ramón........................................................................................162 2.2 Perceived Disadvantages of Ramón: Barriers to market entry..........................170 2.3 The emphasis is on information.......................................................................177 2.4 Seizing the day: California’s Potential for Competitive Leadership in Ramón Production ............................................................................................................178 3. Maya Silviculture: Agroforestry as Agricultural Policy .......................................180 3.1 Attacking the Problem at Its Root:...................................................................180 3.2 Forest Farming as Solution..............................................................................180
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity in Forests of the Ancient Maya Lowlands and Genetic
    Biodiversity in Forests of the Ancient Maya Lowlands and Genetic Variation in a Dominant Tree, Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae): Ecological and Anthropogenic Implications by Kim M. Thompson B.A. Thomas More College M.Ed. University of Cincinnati A Dissertation submitted to the University of Cincinnati, Department of Biological Sciences McMicken College of Arts and Sciences for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 25, 2013 Committee Chair: David L. Lentz ABSTRACT The overall goal of this study was to determine if there are associations between silviculture practices of the ancient Maya and the biodiversity of the modern forest. This was accomplished by conducting paleoethnobotanical, ecological and genetic investigations at reforested but historically urbanized ancient Maya ceremonial centers. The first part of our investigation was conducted at Tikal National Park, where we surveyed the tree community of the modern forest and recovered preserved plant remains from ancient Maya archaeological contexts. The second set of investigations focused on genetic variation and structure in Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, one of the dominant trees in both the modern forest and the paleoethnobotanical remains at Tikal. We hypothesized that the dominant trees at Tikal would be positively correlated with the most abundant ancient plant remains recovered from the site and that these trees would have higher economic value for contemporary Maya cultures than trees that were not dominant. We identified 124 species of trees and vines in 43 families. Moderate levels of evenness (J=0.69-0.80) were observed among tree species with shared levels of dominance (1-D=0.94). From the paleoethnobotanical remains, we identified a total of 77 morphospecies of woods representing at least 31 plant families with 38 identified to the species level.
    [Show full text]
  • Certified Nursery
    CERTIFIED NURSERY Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery, LLC #BRN: 0444 15-1782 Mikana St., 21st Ave. Keaau, HI 96749 VALID FROM YEAR: 2020 Contact: Steve Starnes PHONE: (808) 966-7466 Date Inspected: 5/20/2020 Island: Hawaii Date Inventory Reviewed: 5/20/2020 Plant Genus Pot Sizes Adenanthera pavonina 4X10 inch pot and 5.5 inch Adenanthera perigrina 4X10 inch & 5.5 inch Adonidia merrillii 5.5 inch square pot Aframomum mildbraedii 5.5 inch square Afzelia quanzensis 4X10 inch pot Aglaia odorata 5.5 inch square pot Aglaia odoratissima 4X10 inch & 5.5 inch Alocasia hybrid 5.5 inch square pot Alocasia longiloba 5.5 inch square pot Aloe microstigma 5.5 inch square pot Alpinia purpurea 5.5 inch square pot Amomum subulatum 5.5 inch square Annona muricata 5.5 inch square pot or 4x4x10 Annona scleroderma 5.5 inch square pot or 4x4x10 Anonna cherimola 5.5 inch square pot or 4x4x10 Anonna montana 5.5 inch square pot or 4x4x10 Anonna reticulata 4X10 inch & 5.5 inch Aphelandra sinclairiana 5.5 inch square Areca catechu 5.5 inch square pot Areca guppyana 5.5 inch square pot Areca macrocalyx 5.5 inch square pot Areca macrocarpa 5.5 inch square pot Areca triandra 5.5 inch square pot Areca vestiaria 5.5 inch square pot Artocarpus altilis (A. camansi) 5.5 inch square Artocarpus heterophyllus 5.5 inch square & 4x4x10 & 2.5x10 Artocarpus integer 5.5 inch square & 4x4x10 & 2.5x10 Artocarpus odoratissimus 5.5 inch square pot or 4x4x10 Artocarpus sericicarpus 5.5 inch square pot Attalea cohune 5.5 inch square pot Azadirachta indica 5.5 inch square pot Baccaurea dulcis 5.5 inch square pot Baccaurea racemosa 5.5 inch square Bactris gasipaes 5.5 inch square pot or 4x4x10 Baikiaea plurijuga 4X10 inch & 5.5 inch Bambusa boniopsis 5.5 inch square pot Bambusa distegia 5.5 inch square pot & 2 gal.
    [Show full text]
  • Brosimum Alicastrum) Para Incrementar La Fibra Dietética Total
    Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ISSN: 0122-8706 ISSN: 2500-5308 [email protected] Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria Colombia Domínguez Zárate, Pedro Antonio; García Martínez, Ignacio; Güemes-Vera, Norma; Totosaus, Alfonso Texture, color and sensory acceptance of tortilla and bread elaborated with Maya nut (Brosimim alicastrum) flour to increase total dietary fiber Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, vol. 20, no. 3, 2019, September-, pp. 721-741 Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria Colombia DOI: https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol20num3art:1590 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=449961664016 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Cienc Tecnol Agropecuaria, Mosquera (Colombia), 20(3): 721-741 september - december / 2019 ISSN 0122-8706 ISSNe 2500-5308 721 Transformation and agro-industry Scientific and technological research article Texture, color and sensory acceptance of tortilla and bread elaborated with Maya nut (Brosimim alicastrum) flour to increase total dietary fiber Textura, color y aceptación sensorial de tortillas y pan producidos con harina de ramón (Brosimum alicastrum) para incrementar la fibra dietética total Pedro Antonio Domínguez Zárate,1* Ignacio García Martínez,2 Norma Güemes-Vera,3 Alfonso Totosaus4 1 Associate Lecturer, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Cintalapa, División de Ingeniería en Industrias Agroalimentarias. Cintalapa, México. Email: [email protected]. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4562-6336 2 Lecturer-Researcher, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec, División de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Ecatepec de Morelos, México.
    [Show full text]
  • Brosimum Alicastrum Sw
    B Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ANÍBAL NIEMBRO ROCAS Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Xalapa, Veracruz, México MORACEAE (MULBERRY FAMILY) No synonyms Bread nut, maseco, mo, ojite, ojoche, ox, ramón, ramón blanco, talcoíte, tillo, tzoltzax, ujushe blanco Brosimum alicastrum is native to America. It is distributed nat- and vitamins A and C. In some places, they are eaten boiled urally from Mexico across Central America to northern South and are said to taste like chestnuts. Toasted and ground, they America and in the West Indies. The plant is an important com- are used as a coffee substitute. Specific gravity of the wood is ponent of hot-humid and subhumid tropical forests, where it 0.69. The wood is white or yellowish, and it is used for fire- forms groupings of different sizes (Little and Dixon 1983). wood, railroad ties, veneer, floors, tool handles, packing Brosimum alicastrum is a fast-growing, evergreen, boxes, inexpensive furniture and cabinets, and bee honey- monoecious tree with latex, of up to 40 m in height and 150 combs, as well as rural construction and handicrafts. The tree cm d.b.h. The trunk is straight, cylindrical, and grooved with is cultivated in numerous backyards, and it is planted as a well-developed spurs and a pyramidal crown made up of ris- shade and ornamental tree in streets, parks, and gardens (Bar- ing, and then hanging, branches with a dense foliage. The rera 1981, Cabrera and others 1982, Chavelas and González leaves are simple, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic to ovate, 1985, Chudnoff 1979, Echenique-Manrique 1970, Flores and 4 to 18 cm long by 2 to 7.5 cm wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Brosimum Alicastrum Moraceae
    Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Moraceae LOCAL NAMES English (ramon tree,bread nut); Italian (capomo); Spanish (ramon,masico,capomo) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Brosimum alicastrum trees grow to heights of 20-40 m; trunk may attain a diameter of 1-1.5 m; bark is thin and contains a white, sticky latex. Leaves are simple, alternate, with pointed stipules, 4-15 cm long and 2-8 cm wide, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, with a pointed apex, lustrous Mature trees: Small back-yard (home- green above and glaucous beneath; petioles 2-10 mm long. garden) stand near Valladolid, Yucatan, Mexico. Trees of Brosimum, known locally Flowers in heads with many male flowers; male flowers have a as 'Ramon', are protected and cultivated rudimentary perianth and 1 stamen; female flowers surrounded by male throughout the Yucutan Peninsula for its flowers. edible fruit and livestock fodder. (Colin Hughes) Fruit a berry, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, with a thick, greenish-orange pericarp and an agreeable sweet flavour; seeds 1.5-2 cm in diameter, surrounded by a shiny seed coat. BIOLOGY It is monoecious. Its pollination mechanism is not precisely known but it is probably wind pollinated. Seed-eating birds disperse the seed. Mature trees: Small back-yard (home- garden) stand near Valladolid, Yucatan, Mexico. The trees pictures are pollarded for fodder production. (Colin Hughes) Fruit and foliage (Trade winds fruit) Agroforestry Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009) Page 1 of 5 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Moraceae ECOLOGY Found in tropical rainforest, deciduous tropical forest, thorn scrub and hillside forests. Although indigenous to moist forest, it is extremely tolerant of drought.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Protection Agency § 180.41
    Environmental Protection Agency § 180.41 to result in residues in a processed com- paya, pawpaw, peanut, persimmon, modity at a higher concentration than in the pineapple, water chestnut, and water- representative commodity. Residue data are cress. required on raw commodities derived from the crops in the crop group tolerance but not (c) Each group is identified by a directly covered by the tolerance. Animal group name and consists of a list of feeding studies with a representative crop representative commodities followed are required if the representative crop is by a list of all commodity members for used as a significant animal feed. the group. If the group includes sub- groups, each subgroup lists the sub- * * * * * group name, the representative com- modity or commodities, and the mem- § 180.41 Crop group tables. ber commodities for the subgroup. Sub- (a) The tables in this section are to groups, which are a subset of their as- be used in conjunction with § 180.40 to sociated crop group, are established for establish crop group tolerances. some but not all crops groups. (b) Commodities not listed are not (1) Crop Group 1: Root and Tuber considered as included in the groups for Vegetables Group. the purposes of this paragraph, and in- (i) Representative commodities. Carrot, dividual tolerances must be estab- potato, radish, and sugar beet. lished. Miscellaneous commodities in- (ii) Table. The following table 1 lists tentionally not included in any group all the commodities included in Crop include asparagus, avocado, banana, Group 1 and identifies the related crop fig, globe artichoke, hops, mango, pa- subgroups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Maya Breadnut Tree: Providing Sustainable Nutrition and Forestry from the Ancient Maya Until Today
    The Maya Breadnut Tree: Providing Sustainable Nutrition and Forestry from the Ancient Maya Until Today Authors: Scott Forsythe, Green Balam Forests1; Sebastian de la Hoz, Green Balam Forests2; Andrew Puente, Journeys in Conservation3 Introduction Cattle ranches surrounding the Maya Biosphere Reserve in northern Guatemala are the source of extensive fires which encroach into the rainforests of the core area of the Reserve. Both deforestation and climate change combine to lower rainfall and water tables, which in turn limit the feasibility of cattle ranching. Thanks to government forestry incentives, and with proper selection of native species, we can provide a working model demonstrating the long-term, economically Fig. 4. Deforestation in the Maya Biosphere Reserve over 15-year attractive option of reforestation over cattle ranching. period (2000-2015) marked in red; Credit: Rainforest Alliance Fig. 3. Map of Mesoamerica, Maya Biosphere Reserve outlined in red; Credit: Jeffrey Hayward Methods We chose Brosimum alicastrum (Maya Breadnut Tree, Ramón) as the predominant species in our agroforestry strategy. We reforest abandoned cattle pastures with a mixture of 30 native, economically useful species. Local use and familiarity, high germination and survival rates, drought resistance, plus high food value for man, wildlife and domestic animals are the reasons to Fig. 1. Geoffrey’s Spider Monkey, Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala; Credit: BBC America rely on this tree. Brosimum alicastrum (Maya Breadnut Tree) • Keystone species of lowland forests in Mexico, Central America, Amazon basin, and Caribbean islands Wheat • Drought-tolerant with roots highly adapted to shallow, karstic soils of Yucatan Peninsula • Seeds a staple of lowland Maya nutrition since pre- Columbian times • Seeds highly viable in contact with soil, yet easily stored for long periods for food purposes • Leaves and seeds are high-protein forage for livestock in Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Billing Code 6560-50-P Environmental
    This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 11/14/2014 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2014-26661, and on FDsys.gov BILLING CODE 6560-50-P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 180 [EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0766; FRL-9918-40] RIN 2070-AJ28 Tolerance Crop Grouping Program IV AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: EPA is proposing revisions to its pesticide tolerance crop grouping regulations, which allow the establishment of tolerances for multiple, related crops based on data from a representative set of crops. EPA is proposing five new crop groups, two new and two revised commodity definitions, and revisions to the regulations on the interaction of crop group tolerances with processed food tolerances and meat, milk, and egg tolerances. Once final, EPA expects these revisions to promote greater use of crop groupings for tolerance-setting purposes, both domestically and in countries that export food to the United States. This is the fourth in a series of planned crop group updates expected to be proposed over the next several years. DATES: Comments must be received on or before [insert date 60 days after date of publication in the Federal Register]. ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by docket identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0766, by one of the following methods: • Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit electronically any information you 2 consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
    [Show full text]