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Edible Seeds, Leaves and Flowers As Maya Super Foods: Function and Composition

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Edible Seeds, Leaves and Flowers As Maya Super Foods: Function and Composition International Journal of Phytocosmetics doi 10.15171/ijpni.2019.02 and Natural Ingredients 2019;6:2 Review Article Edible seeds, leaves and flowers as Maya super foods: function and composition Armando Cáceres1,2*, Sully M. Cruz1 1Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria zona 12, Ed. T-10, Guatemala 2Farmaya Natural Products Laboratories, 4a calle “A” 3-00, zona 3, Guatemala *Correspondence to Armando Cáceres Abstract Email: Mesoamerica is a megadiverse region where one of the Vavilov center has developed; Guatemala is [email protected] part of this region, and the heart of the Mayan world. The biodiversity includes the traditional utilization of food (grains, fruits, herbs, flowers and rhizomes), flavors, aromas, condiments, dyes and colorants, Received 3 Mar. 2018 medicinal and ritual plants, as well as other products from nature. At least 76 vegetal species were Revised 11 July 2019 developed as food. In this paper it will be presented the information on seeds and grains (Amaranthus Accepted 8 Aug. 2019 ePublished 20 Aug. 2019 cruentus, Brosimum alicastrum, Crescentia alata, Cucurbita pepo, Phaseolus vulgaris, Salvia hispanica, Theobroma cacao, Zea mays), herbs (Amaranthus hybridus, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Crotalaria longirostrata, Dysphania ambrosioides, Lycianthes synanthera, Solanum americanum, S. nigrescens, S. wendlandii), and flowers Cucurbita( pepo, Chamedoroea tepejilote, Fernaldia pandurata, Erythrina berteroana, Gliricidia sepium, Yucca elephantipes,) traditionally used as food. Other foods include fruits, rhizomes, tubers and condiments. The functional properties and nutritive composition are described for 22 native seeds, leaves and flowers. In comparison with recognized international herbs, it is demonstrated that some native Mesoamerican herbs have an important nutritious and functional composition. A rich traditional culinary heritage is the way that these foods are consumed. The use of traditional dishes and innovative fusions with Maya Super Foods is recommended for economy improvement of the region as well as health and beauty. Keywords: Ancestral foods, Edible flowers, Functional seeds, Nutritious leaves Introduction nearly 80 vegetal species. The most recent and relevant Mesoamerica is considered to be one of the eight Vavilov investigation on the chemical composition and biological centers of the world, which means that the original activity of edible seeds, leaves and flowers will be described inhabitants (Toltecs and Mayas) interacted with their in some detail, emphasizing the origin, use, functional environment, collected important seeds, learned how to activity and composition. cultivate them, and provided very important food crops to mankind.1 Guatemala is an important territory of this Ancestral Seeds and Grains region, being considered the 19th megadiverse country, is Amaranthus cruentus L. (Amaranthceae) [Amaranth, rich in biological diversity, which means the valorization tzets]. Although there are three main amaranth species of these resources from a traditional and integral vision.2 with important seeds in the continent, this is the Examples of these useful biodiversities are food particularly native species of Mesoamerica. It is a pseudo (grains, fruits, herbs, flowers, rhizomes), flavors, aroma, cereal of low gluten content, great protein quality, and condiments, dyes, colorants, medicinal and ritual plants, it is useful in the management of elevated glycemia, as well as construction and handicraft materials, animals cholesterol and oxidative stress, as well as anti-cancer, and their products.3,4 The most important part of this is the hepato- and cardioprotective.6 Its constituents include cultural diversity that interacts with environment making protein (albumins, globulins), essential amino acid (lysine, this integrally useful. Maya descendant populations tryptophan), micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), maintain the knowledge on ancestral foods, mainly fatty acids (squalene) and tocopherols.7-9 through its culinary tradition.4 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. (Moraceae) [Mayan nut, This keynote refers to the ancestral foods consumed by ramon, ujushte]. Native to Yucatan and Peten as a forest the Mayan population in Guatemala, which accounted for resource.10 It is a fruit of an important tree of hot-humid Please cite this paper as: Cáceres A, Cruz SM. Edible seeds, leaves and flowers as Maya Super Foods: function and composition. Int J Phytocos Nat Ingred. 2019;6:2. doi:10.15171/ijpni.2019.02. Cáceres and Cruz http://www.ijpni.org Mayan super food tropical forest. It has antioxidant activity, low glycemic nutrition, becoming the staple food in many parts index, high nutritional content, and it is gluten free.11 of the world, particularly in Mesoamerica where it is It has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acid, ash fundamental to everyday cuisine as a sacred grain, containing minerals, nutritional dietary fiber and phenolic considering its inhabitants as “hombres de maiz”.31 compounds (higher than walnut, almond and peanut).12 Crescentia alata HBK (Bignoniaceae) [Morro, jicaro]. It Ancestral Edible Leaves is native dry regions of Mexico and Central America. The At least 12 native edible leaves were documented in the seeds are commonly used raw or roasted for preparation Mayan cuisine, although here we present the relevant of beverages with pleasant sensory properties, and high information of only eight of them, in comparison with caloric value.13 Functional properties include antioxidant most recognized international herbs (Moringa oleifera, and α-glucosidase activity due to soluble melanins.14 It Spinacea oleracea), it is demonstrated that some native contains unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids and Mesoamerican herbs have an important nutritious and low anti-nutritional factors.15 functional composition.32 Cucurbita pepo L. and C. argyrosperma K. Koch Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthaceae) [Pigweed, (Cucurbitaceae) [Pepitoria, pumpkin]. The first one is a bledo]. Native to Mesoamerica, now distributed in tropical quite common vegetable from the American continent, and subtropical regions worldwide, it is widely consumed but the second is native to Mesoamerica. The pulp is as a valuable nutritious vegetable. The leaves have widely consumed worldwide, but the seeds are less antioxidant, antibacterial and xanthine oxidase inhibition consumed. The seed has a great potential for kidney activity.33 It contains most of the essential amino acids, and hepatic damage control, lowering high glucose carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, amarantin, betalains content, show antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, and minerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn).32,34,35 anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity,16 as well as Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Mill. (Euphorbiaceae) contribute to prevent benign prostatic hyperplasia.17,18 It [Mayan spinach, chaya]. Domesticated leafy dark green contains phytosterols, phospholipids, cucurbitosides and vegetable of the Maya region highly appreciated for it minerals (Se).16 nutritious benefits now cultivated worldwide.36 It has Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. dumosus Macfady (Fabaceae) shown antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, [Bean, frijol, piloy]. The exact origin is unknown, but antimutagenic, hepatoprotective, hypo-glycemic and evidence place it in Mesoamerica as domestication of sedative activity.36-38 It contains flavonoids (kaempferol), wild species19 or hybridization between other Phaseolus protein, tannins, minerals (Fe, Zn),32 and vitamins (A, C), species.20 Both species are fundamental to Mesoamerican even though it contains cyanogenic glucosides, so it has to nutrition and its composition and functional properties for be consumed cooked.39 handling chronic degenerative disease are well known.21 Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn. (Fabaceae) Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae) [Chia, chan]. Native [Chipilin]. Medium-size shrub from lowlands and pine- from Mesoamerica, now cultivated in South America. oak forest in Guatemala and El Salvador, it is consumed It is a well-known seed for its functional activity in the as a leaf or aromatic dish due to a particular aroma and nervous system development, combating hyperlipidemia, flavor.40 The leaves have antioxidant and sedative activity, preventing cardiovascular diseases, and increasing as well as antifungal activity to pytopathogens.40,41 It the immune system, being considered a functional contains nontoxic alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, nutriceutrical.22,23 Its main constituents are polyunsaturated minerals (Mg, Fe, Zn)32, amino acids and vitamin C.42 fatty acids (rich in omega 3, 6 and 9), phenolic compounds Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (cinnamic acids), coumarins, dietary fiber and proteins (Amaranthaceae) [Apazote, wormwood]. Strongly (19-23%).9,23,24 odorous herb aromatic leaves of which amply used in Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) [Cacao]. Originally Mesoamerican cuisine. Plant extracts and essential oil from the Amazonian basin, but its use was developed in has demonstrated essential oil which possess amoebic, Mesoamerica.25 It could be prepared as cocoa or chocolate, analgesic, antipyretic, antifungal, antioxidant and anti- considered the Food of the Gods,26 it has important tumor activity.43,44 It contains essential oil (ascaridol, functional activities such as prevention of cardiovascular, myrcene, safrol), flavonoids, tocopherols, and minerals neurological, endocrine, immunological and other (Mg, Mn, Zn).32,44,45
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