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Literature Review Aquatic and riparian plant management: controls for vegetation in watercourses Literature review Project: SC120008/R4 The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England. It’s our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. This report is the result of research commissioned by the Environment Agency’s Evidence Directorate and funded by the joint Environment Agency/Defra Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Research and Development Programme. Published by: Author(s): Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Sebastian Bentley, Rachael Brady, Matthew Bristol, BS1 9AH Hemsworth and Laura Thomas www.environment-agency.gov.uk Dissemination Status: ISBN: 978-1-84911-328-1 Publicly available © Environment Agency – July 2014 Keywords: Aquatic vegetation, riparian, management, control, All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced flood risk management, physical, chemical, with prior permission of the Environment Agency. environmental, biological, biosecurity The views and statements expressed in this report are Research Contractor: those of the author alone. The views or statements JBA Consulting, Epsom House, Chase Park, expressed in this publication do not necessarily Redhouse Interchange, South Yorkshire, DN6 7FE represent the views of the Environment Agency and the Tel: 01302 337798 Environment Agency cannot accept any responsibility for such views or statements. Environment Agency’s Project Manager: Lydia Burgess-Gamble, Evidence Directorate Email: [email protected]. Collaborator(s): E: [email protected]. Lydia Burgess-Gamble (Environment Agency), Jacky Carroll (Penny Anderson Associates), Helen Hamilton (Penny Anderson Associates), Jonathan Newman (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology) and Christine Orchard (Penny Anderson Associates) ii Aquatic and riparian plant management: literature review report Evidence at the Environment Agency Evidence underpins the work of the Environment Agency. It provides an up-to-date understanding of the world about us, helps us to develop tools and techniques to monitor and manage our environment as efficiently and effectively as possible. It also helps us to understand how the environment is changing and to identify what the future pressures may be. The work of the Environment Agency’s Evidence Directorate is a key ingredient in the partnership between research, guidance and operations that enables the Environment Agency to protect and restore our environment. This report was produced by the Scientific and Evidence Services team within Evidence. The team focuses on four main areas of activity: • Setting the agenda, by providing the evidence for decisions; • Maintaining scientific credibility, by ensuring that our programmes and projects are fit for purpose and executed according to international standards; • Carrying out research, either by contracting it out to research organisations and consultancies or by doing it ourselves; • Delivering information, advice, tools and techniques, by making appropriate products available. Miranda Kavanagh Director of Evidence Aquatic and riparian plant management: literature review report iii Executive summary This report contains the findings of a literature review carried out to provide the evidence on which to develop updated guidance on the management of aquatic and riparian vegetation for use by practitioners in the operating authorities responsible for flood risk and water level management in catchments where the desired watercourse functioning relies on the periodic removal of aquatic plants. A number of legislative changes have occurred and new management techniques have been developed since the existing guidance, Aquatic Weed Control Operation - Best Practice Guidelines, published by the Environment Agency in 1999. The main objectives of the literature review were to: • collate the literature, including international examples, for the good practice management of aquatic and riparian plants • review data acquired, including all data from third parties and data/information derived from stakeholder/expert analysis/elicitation • synthesise the latest research to form an evidence base on which to base the revised guidance • identify any knowledge gaps The report explains how the literature review was produced and provides a short introduction to the ecology of aquatic and riparian plants. Details of the most important vegetation types and the issues they can cause are given along with the rationale for aquatic and riparian plant management. Background information is given on classifying watercourse types, looking at both geomorphological and ecological aspects, to help inform the type of management to be undertaken. This is necessary to bring the revised guidance in line with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. The literature review looks at available methods of control within four broad areas: • physical • chemical • biological • environmental It is recognised that there is some overlap between these four categories and in some instances a combination of techniques are employed. The literature review examines different management techniques, noting their potential benefits and impacts. It does not examine the legislative requirements associated with aquatic and riparian plant management, which is detailed in the technical guide. The new guidance incorporates a technical guide, field guide and a decision-making framework to help watercourse managers select the most appropriate management method based on their watercourse type and problem. There is also a case study report. iv Aquatic and riparian plant management: literature review report Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project background 1 1.2 Report structure 1 2 Method of review 3 2.1 Search 3 3 Ecology of aquatic and riparian vegetation 7 3.1 Ecological background 7 3.2 Types of aquatic and riparian plants 9 3.3 Rationale for aquatic and riparian plant management 11 3.4 Problematic aquatic and riparian plants in the UK 17 4 Watercourse type classification 27 4.1 Introduction 27 4.2 Watercourse typology 27 4.3 Conclusions 36 5 Literature review 37 5.1 Physical control 37 5.2 Chemical control 46 5.3 Environmental control 57 5.4 Biological control 67 5.5 Novel management techniques 70 5.6 Management summary 72 5.7 Integrated management approaches 74 5.8 Knowledge gaps 75 References 76 List of abbreviations 88 Appendix A List of known toxic properties of aquatic plants 89 Table 2.1 Keywords used in the literature search 4 Table 3.1 Aquatic invasive plant species in Britain 17 Table 4.1 JNCC river types compared with geomorphic river types 28 Table 5.1 Summary of aquatic plant management techniques and their potential for control 73 Figure 3.1 Diagrammatic representation of riparian vegetation 8 Figure 4.1 Passive single thread channel river type 29 Figure 4.2 Active single thread channel river type 30 Figure 4.3 Pool-riffle river type 30 Figure 4.4 Wandering river type 31 Figure 4.5 Plane bed river type 31 Figure 4.6 Step-pool river type 32 Figure 4.7 Bedrock channel river type 32 Aquatic and riparian plant management: literature review report v 1 Introduction 1.1 Project background Watercourses are managed for a variety of, and often multiple, purposes which can have conflicting aims. In many watercourses, the management of aquatic and riparian plants is essential to ensure their efficient functioning. It is important that this is conducted in a cost-effective manner, taking account of relevant legislation and restrictions, and meeting the objectives of a greatest number of watercourse users while minimising any negative environmental impacts. The existing guide relating to the management of aquatic and riparian vegetation is Aquatic Weed Control Operation: Best Practice Guidelines (Barrett et al. 1999). Since its publication by the Environment Agency in 1999 a number of legislative changes have occurred and new management techniques have been developed. This literature review provides the basis of evidence on which revised guidance has been developed. The updated guidance is aimed at practitioners, both technical staff and field operatives, in the operating authorities responsible for flood risk and water level management in catchments where the desired watercourse functioning relies on the periodic removal of aquatic plants. The guidance incorporates a technical guide, field guide and a decision-making framework to help watercourse managers select the most appropriate management method based on their watercourse type and problem. There is also a case study report. 1.1.1 Aims and objectives The project’s overall aim was to develop good practice guidance on the management of aquatic plants in, and vegetation alongside, watercourses through the comparison of a number of management techniques in different watercourses. The major objectives of the literature review were to: • collate the literature, including international examples, for the good practice management of aquatic and riparian plants • review data acquired, including all data from third parties and data/information derived from stakeholder/expert analysis/elicitation • synthesise the latest research to form an evidence
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