DOCSLIB.ORG

Native Trees on Mount Lantoy Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA), Argao, Cebu, Philippines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Native Trees on Mount Lantoy Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA), Argao, Cebu, Philippines Philippine Journal of Science 148 (2): 359-371, June 2019 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 13 Dec 2018 Native Trees on Mount Lantoy Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA), Argao, Cebu, Philippines Edgardo P. Lillo1,3*, Archiebald B. Malaki1, Steve Michael T. Alcazar1, Ritchie U. Nuevo1, and Raamah Rosales2 1Cebu Technological University – Argao Campus, Argao 6021 Cebu, Philippines 2Cebu Technological University – Main Campus, Cebu City 6000 Cebu, Philippines 3Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College 4031 Laguna, Philippines The forest cover of Cebu Island was now less than 1% of its total land area. The almost complete deforestation of Cebu Island has apparently led to the extinction of many native trees, birds, and other wildlife. Assessing native trees on Mount Lantoy key biodiversity areas (KBA) was important in providing materials to support the human decision-making process in the management of the area. Permanent plots with 20 m x 100 m dimension were established both in lower and upper elevations of Mount Lantoy KBA. A total of four plots were established in highly stratified vegetation to generate information in all vegetation classes. A total of 112 species, classified into 64 families and 84 genera, were recorded. Out of 112 species, 88 were native trees, 10 shrubs, three ferns, three herbs, four vines, and four epiphytes. Majority of the species were recorded in Plots 1, 2, and 4. Seventeen native trees were categorized as threatened – with two species considered as critically endangered, three endangered, nine vulnerable, and three other threatened species identified. Mount Lantoy KBA has high species diversity (‘H = 3.5”), dominated by the species of Parishia malabog Merr. (15.287%) in terms of diameter, richness, and density per hectare. Majority of the native trees have a diameter of 10–19 cm (66%) and basal area of 8 m2/ha. Native trees of Mount Lantoy were threatened by illegal cutting, hunting, and the rampant conversion of forests to agriculture, with disturbance index value of moderately disturbed. All this information on native trees were essential for decision making, particularly in the rehabilitation and conservation of Mount Lantoy KBA. Keywords: Argao, Cebu Island, key biodiversity areas (KBA), Mount Lantoy, native trees INTRODUCTION the Manila-Acapulco trade route during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. American colonialists further The island of Cebu is located in Central Visayas and developed forest extraction and engaged in the wanton considered as the most denuded island in the central exportation of logs to their home country (Asia Magazine Philippines (Collar et al. 1999). Rapid depletion of 1984). Bensel (2008) reiterated further that expansion of Philippine forest resources began during the Spanish agriculture and fuel wood gathering is still increasing and colonial period. During this period, the island of Cebu creating pressure on the last remaining forests on Cebu. was completely stripped of its large hardwood trees to provide lumber for building Spanish galleons plying The forest cover of Cebu Island is now less than 1% of its total land area (Mallari et al. 2001). Several forest *Corresponding author: [email protected] species recorded in the late 1950s are now considered 359 Philippine Journal of Science Lillo et al.: Native Trees on Mt. Lantoy Vol. 148 No. 2, June 2019 Key Biodiversity Areas locally extinct (Rabor 1959, Magsalay et al. 1995, Brooks the diversity and structure of the native tree species in et al.1995, Collar et al.1999). The almost complete KBA are essential in providing information on species deforestation of Cebu Island has apparently led to the richness and for forest management purposes, as well as in extinction of many native trees, birds, and other wildlife understanding forest ecology and ecosystem functioning (Brooks et al. 1995). Bird Life International identified (Giriraj et al. 2008, Pappoe et al. 2010). Sustainable use Cebu as an important bird area. It is one of the world’s and management of natural resource is intimately linked most critical endemic bird areas in terms of both numbers to ecology, as each management system interferes with the of threatened endemic species and degrees of threat forest structures and processes (Schmidt 1982). (Dickinson et al. 1991, Stattersfield et al. 1998). The study aimed to assess the native trees in Mount Mount Lantoy is among the 117 terrestrial areas Lantoy KBA for protection and biodiversity conservation. designated as KBA based on criteria of vulnerability and Specifically, the study aimed to describe the physical irreplaceability, and is part of the 85 new sites (Mount description of the sites, composition, conservation status, Lantoy and Nug-as KBA) with a total area of 10,457 phenology, clustering analysis, disturbance, and threat. hectares. These sites have two critically endangered, two endangered, four vulnerable, and 16 restricted- range species (CI/DENR-PAWB/Haribon 2006). Pelser and Barcelona (2017) recorded the critically METHODOLOGY endangered Cynometra cebuensis species in Mount Lantoy KBA. Native trees constitute the basic foundation Study Area of the country’s forest ecosystems. Countless centuries The study was conducted in Argao (Mount Lantoy) Forest of evolution through natural selection has given native (9°549 N, 123°329 E) at 100–800 m elevation (Figure 1). trees adaptability to their respective local environments Mount Lantoy is part of the Argao-Dalaguete Watershed (Lantican 2015). Forest Reserve declared by a Presidential Proclamation 2 Information on the diversity and structure of native trees (No. 414, 29 Jun 1994). Its peak has an area of 0.5 km in any of the KBA of the southern part of Cebu Island is and is surrounded by cultivation, coconut plantations, and still inadequate and nowhere found in any of the published plantations of non-indigenous trees and scrubland, which literature in a scientific journal. Evaluating and updating were also used by local communities for grazing their Figure 1. Cebu Island in the Philippine map, the study site (Mount Lantoy) in the map of Cebu, and plot locations (GIS generated map; Landsat 8; www.earthexplorer.usgs.ph; NAMRIA; Philippine GIS data). 360 Philippine Journal of Science Lillo et al.: Native Trees on Mt. Lantoy Vol. 148 No. 2, June 2019 Key Biodiversity Areas livestock. Seasonal crops like cabbage, corn, onion, and other plants below 1 m in height) was accounted for inside carrot were planted in agricultural farms surrounding the the 1 m x 1 m quadrat for all the plots. forests (Paguntalan and Jakosalem 2008). Plant Species Identification and Conservation Status Establishment of Sampling Plots Voucher specimens for every individual of plants within Permanent plots were established in lower (less than 200 the plots were collected and tagged. The collected m) and upper elevation (above 500 m) areas of Mount specimens were brought to the herbarium laboratory Lantoy. The size of the plots was 20 m x 100m, and a of Cebu Technological University – Argao Campus for total of four plots were established in highly stratified proper identification after oven-drying. Identification vegetation to generate information in all vegetation of sample specimens were done through manual means classes (Figure 2). A vegetation class is usually composed (Checklist of Species in Mount Makiling; Fernando of different strata or layers such as tree canopies, shrub 2007), herbarium comparison (Philippine National canopies, grass cover, and litter (Wang et al. 2001, Wu Museum file), digital database (Co’s Digital Flora of the and Zhao 2001, Zhang et al. 2006). Coordinates of all the Philippines; https://www.philippineplants.org), online established permanent plots were taken and recorded. The literature (http://www.theplantlist.org), and the expertise number of established permanent plots depends upon on of Dr. Edwino S. Fernando and Dr. Pastor Malabrigo the availability of stratified vegetation cover, as well as (plant taxonomist; CFNR, UPLB, Laguna, Philippines) as on the accessibility of the site. project consultants. Conservation status of the species was determined based on classifications by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR 2017) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2017). The identified herbarium specimens were deposited in the newly established mini-museum of the institution. The mini-museum showcased the different species collected from Mount Lantoy KBA for instruction and research purposes. Measurement of Trees The data for forest structure includes DBH, TH, crown diameter, and basal area. Native trees with diameters of 10 cm and above were measured. The measurement of DBH was done with the use of diameter tape for larger trees and tree caliper for smaller trees. For the total height of the trees, the measurement was made by the use of Abney hand level. For the crown height and width, their measurements were done through estimation. TH and DBH were categorized into different classes, namely: 10–19 cm, 20–29 cm, 30–39 cm, and 40 cm and above (Lulekal et al. 2008). Basal area was calculated by using Figure 2. Location of sampling plots in the study site (GIS generated the formula BA = 0.7854 (d)2, where d is the DBH in meter map; Landsat 8; www.earthexplorer.usgs.ph; NAMRIA; (DENR 1993). Plant density was a count of the numbers of Philippine GIS data). individuals of species within the quadrant and computed on hectare basis. Documentation of the vegetative and reproductive structures of native trees were done with Nested quadrat sampling technique was used to assess and high resolution camera. The phenology also of the native characterize the structure and species composition of the trees inside the plot were recorded. Species and family different plant communities. For large woody plants whose names followed the latest Angiosperm Phylogeny Group diameter equal or greater than 10 cm, measurements of classification (APG 2016). diameter at breast height (DBH), merchantable height (MH), and total height (TH) were done inside the 20 m x Mapping of Native Tree Species 100 m quadrat.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cebu 1(Mun to City)
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Map of Cebu Province i Map of Cebu City ii - iii Map of Mactan Island iv Map of Cebu v A. Overview I. Brief History................................................................... 1 - 2 II. Geography...................................................................... 3 III. Topography..................................................................... 3 IV. Climate........................................................................... 3 V. Population....................................................................... 3 VI. Dialect............................................................................. 4 VII. Political Subdivision: Cebu Province........................................................... 4 - 8 Cebu City ................................................................. 8 - 9 Bogo City.................................................................. 9 - 10 Carcar City............................................................... 10 - 11 Danao City................................................................ 11 - 12 Lapu-lapu City........................................................... 13 - 14 Mandaue City............................................................ 14 - 15 City of Naga............................................................. 15 Talisay City............................................................... 16 Toledo City................................................................. 16 - 17 B. Tourist Attractions I. Historical........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SOIL Ph MAP N N a H C Bogo City N O CAMOT ES SEA CA a ( Key Rice Areas ) IL
    Sheet 1 of 2 124°0' 124°30' 124°0' R E P U B L I C O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S Car ig ar a Bay D E PA R T M E N T O F A G R IIC U L T U R E Madridejos BURE AU OF SOILS AND Daanbantayan WAT ER MANAGEMENT Elliptical Roa d Cor. Visa yas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City Bantayan Province of Santa Fe V IS A Y A N S E A Leyte Hagnaya Bay Medellin E L San Remigio SOIL pH MAP N N A H C Bogo City N O CAMOT ES SEA CA A ( Key Rice Areas ) IL 11°0' 11°0' A S Port Bello PROVINCE OF CEBU U N C Orm oc Bay IO N P Tabogon A S S Tabogon Bay SCALE 1:300,000 2 0 2 4 6 8 Borbon Tabuelan Kilom eter s Pilar Projection : Transverse Mercator Datum : PRS 1992 Sogod DISCLAIMER : All political boundaries are not authoritative Tuburan Catmon Province of Negros Occidental San Francisco LOCATION MA P Poro Tudela T I A R T S Agusan Del S ur N Carmen O Dawis Norte Ñ A Asturias T CAMOT ES SEA Leyte Danao City Balamban 11° LU Z O N 15° Negros Compostela Occi denta l U B E Sheet1 C F O Liloan E Toledo City C Consolacion N I V 10° Mandaue City O R 10° P Magellan Bay VIS AYAS CEBU CITY Bohol Lapu-Lapu City Pinamungajan Minglanilla Dumlog Cordova M IN DA NA O 11°30' 11°30' 5° Aloguinsan Talisay 124° 120° 125° ColonNaga T San Isidro I San Fernando A R T S T I L A O R H T O S Barili B N Carcar O Ñ A T Dumanjug Sibonga Ronda 10°0' 10°0' Alcantara Moalboal Cabulao Bay Badian Bay Argao Badian Province of Bohol Cogton Bay T Dalaguete I A R T S Alegria L O H O Alcoy B Legaspi ( ilamlang) Maribojoc Bay Guin dulm an Bay Malabuyoc Boljoon Madridejos Ginatilan Samboan Oslob B O H O L S E A PROVINCE OF CEBU SCALE 1:1,000,000 T 0 2 4 8 12 16 A Ñ T O Kilo m e te r s A N Ñ S O T N Daanbantayan R Santander S A T I Prov.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Instruments for the Sustainable Management Of
    Economic Instruments for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources A Case Study on the Philippines’ Forestry Sector Economic Instruments for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources A Case Study on the Philippines’ Forestry Sector National Institution leading the Study: University of the Philippines Los Baños, the Philippines National Team Contributing Authors: Herminia Francisco, Edwino Fernando, Celofe Torres, Eleno Peralta, Jose Sargento, Joselito Barile, Rex Victor Cruz, Leonida Bugayong, Priscila Dolom, Nena Espriritu, Margaret Calderon, Cerenilla Cruz, Roberto Cereno, Fe Mallion, Zenaida Sumalde, Wilfredo Carandang, Araceli Oliva, Jesus Castillo, Lolita Aquino, Lucrecio Rebugio, Josefina Dizon and Linda Peñalba UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1999 NOTE The views and interpretation reflected in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect an expression of opinion on the part on the United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP/99/4 ii The United Nations Environment Programme The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the overall coordinating environ- mental organisation of the United Nations system. Its mission is to provide leadership and encour- age partnerships in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and people to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. In accord- ance with its mandate, UNEP works to observe, monitor and assess the state of the global environ- ment, and improve our scientific understanding of how environmental change occurs, and in turn, how such changes can be managed by action-oriented national policies and international agree- ments. With today’s rapid pace of unprecedented environmental changes, UNEP works to build tools that help policy-makers better understand and respond to emerging environmental challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • PESO-Region 7
    REGION VII – PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE OFFICES PROVINCE PESO Office Classification Address Contact number Fax number E-mail address PESO Manager Local Chief Executive Provincial Capitol , (032)2535710/2556 [email protected]/mathe Cebu Province Provincial Cebu 235 2548842 [email protected] Mathea M. Baguia Hon. Gwendolyn Garcia Municipal Hall, Alcantara, (032)4735587/4735 Alcantara Municipality Cebu 664 (032)4739199 Teresita Dinolan Hon. Prudencio Barino, Jr. Municipal Hall, (032)4839183/4839 Ferdinand Edward Alcoy Municipality Alcoy, Cebu 184 4839183 [email protected] Mercado Hon. Nicomedes A. de los Santos Municipal Alegria Municipality Hall, Alegria, Cebu (032)4768125 Rey E. Peque Hon. Emelita Guisadio Municipal Hall, Aloquinsan, (032)4699034 Aloquinsan Municipality Cebu loc.18 (032)4699034 loc.18 Nacianzino A.Manigos Hon. Augustus CeasarMoreno Municipal (032)3677111/3677 (032)3677430 / Argao Municipality Hall, Argao, Cebu 430 4858011 [email protected] Geymar N. Pamat Hon. Edsel L. Galeos Municipal Hall, (032)4649042/4649 Asturias Municipality Asturias, Cebu 172 loc 104 [email protected] Mustiola B. Aventuna Hon. Allan L. Adlawan Municipal (032)4759118/4755 [email protected] Badian Municipality Hall, Badian, Cebu 533 4759118 m Anecita A. Bruce Hon. Robburt Librando Municipal Hall, Balamban, (032)4650315/9278 Balamban Municipality Cebu 127782 (032)3332190 / Merlita P. Milan Hon. Ace Stefan V.Binghay Municipal Hall, Bantayan, melitanegapatan@yahoo. Bantayan Municipality Cebu (032)3525247 3525190 / 4609028 com Melita Negapatan Hon. Ian Escario Municipal (032)4709007/ Barili Municipality Hall, Barili, Cebu 4709008 loc. 130 4709006 [email protected] Wilijado Carreon Hon. Teresito P. Mariñas (032)2512016/2512 City Hall, Bogo, 001/ Bogo City City Cebu 906464033 [email protected] Elvira Cueva Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • A. O. No. 71-2014
    1Rt11ubltc of tlJ~ 'hUtpptncn S>upreme QLourt .· · i1l\unila ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 71-2014 For a more efficient administration of justice and pursuant to Sec, 5 (3) Article VUI of the Constitution, Hon. Charina G. Navarro-Quijano, Presiding Judge, Branch 2, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, Talisay City, Cebu, is hereby DESIGNATED as .Acting Presiqing Judge of Branch 3, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, Cebu City, Cebu, in addition to her regular duties in her· own court, effective immediately, and to continu~ until the appointment and assumption .to duty of the regular presiding judge thereat, or until further orders from this Court. As Acting Presiding Judge, Judge Navarro:".Quijano shall continue to .handle all the cases previously assigned to her· while then the Assisting Judge of Branch 3, Municipal Trial Court· in Cities, Cebu City, Cebu, pursuant to A.M. No. 06-2-37-MTCC, all the cases she is presently handling and the cases with pending incidents that were previo~sly handled by former Presiding Judge Acosta. All the newly-raffled cases assigned to Branch 3, Municipal. Trial . Court in Cities, Cebu City, Cebu, shall be divided equally between Acting Presiding Judge Navarro-Quijano and Assisting Judge Francis Rainer R. Navarrete. Judge Navarro-Quijano shall be. entitled to reimbursement of traveling expense with per diems and additional expense allowance and judicial incentive allowance as provided for in the Resolution of the Court En Banc dated 2 February 1999 in Administrative Order No. 99-1-04-SC, effective upon discharge of her judicial functions as Presiding Judge of Branch 2, Municipal Trial Court in Cities, Talisay City, Cebu.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Potential Analysis of Honey Bee Feed Apis Dorsata in Mountain Tinanggo Kolaka
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 Resource Potential Analysis Of Honey Bee Feed Apis Dorsata In Mountain Tinanggo Kolaka Rosmarlinasiah, Daud Malamassam, Sampe Paembonan, Yusran Yusuf Abstract: Honey Bees feed in the form of nectar, pollen and water, the bees used to build nests, and establish colonies. A hexagonal honeycomb as a store of honey, pollen and seedlings. If feed honey bees (flower plants) are abundantly available continuously, then the always active bees build nests, and fill each cell nest of honey, pollen, eggs, and other products. The purpose of research is to determine the types of flowering plants as a potential feed honey bees (nectar and pollen). The experiment was conducted at Mount Tinanggo Kolaka Southeast Sulawesi Province which lasted from March 2013 until March 2014. Determined by purposive sample observations based on the location of the nearest and farthest honey, using the method of terraced paths. Samples were placed systematically with the withdrawal of the central point on the tree path beehive, a radius of 700 meters from the center of the North, East, South, and West. Data type of plant, plant density and stem diameter were analyzed to determine the importance value index and diversity index type at the tree level, trees, saplings, and seedlings. Based on the results of the enumeration on the collected research sites by 591 plant specimens were clustered on the tree level 152, level 102 poles, 178 degree and 159 degree stake seedlings. Levels of tree species diversity and relatively abundant mast high, and the level of saplings and seedlings are relatively abundant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philippines Illustrated
    The Philippines Illustrated A Visitors Guide & Fact Book By Graham Winter of www.philippineholiday.com Fig.1 & Fig 2. Apulit Island Beach, Palawan All photographs were taken by & are the property of the Author Images of Flower Island, Kubo Sa Dagat, Pandan Island & Fantasy Place supplied courtesy of the owners. CHAPTERS 1) History of The Philippines 2) Fast Facts: Politics & Political Parties Economy Trade & Business General Facts Tourist Information Social Statistics Population & People 3) Guide to the Regions 4) Cities Guide 5) Destinations Guide 6) Guide to The Best Tours 7) Hotels, accommodation & where to stay 8) Philippines Scuba Diving & Snorkelling. PADI Diving Courses 9) Art & Artists, Cultural Life & Museums 10) What to See, What to Do, Festival Calendar Shopping 11) Bars & Restaurants Guide. Filipino Cuisine Guide 12) Getting there & getting around 13) Guide to Girls 14) Scams, Cons & Rip-Offs 15) How to avoid petty crime 16) How to stay healthy. How to stay sane 17) Do’s & Don’ts 18) How to Get a Free Holiday 19) Essential items to bring with you. Advice to British Passport Holders 20) Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Disasters & The Dona Paz Incident 21) Residency, Retirement, Working & Doing Business, Property 22) Terrorism & Crime 23) Links 24) English-Tagalog, Language Guide. Native Languages & #s of speakers 25) Final Thoughts Appendices Listings: a) Govt.Departments. Who runs the country? b) 1630 hotels in the Philippines c) Universities d) Radio Stations e) Bus Companies f) Information on the Philippines Travel Tax g) Ferries information and schedules. Chapter 1) History of The Philippines The inhabitants are thought to have migrated to the Philippines from Borneo, Sumatra & Malaya 30,000 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands," by Elmer D
    4r^ ^\1 J- 1903.—No. 8. DEPARTMEl^T OF THE IE"TEIlIOIi BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES. A DICTIONARY OF THE PLAIT NAMES PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By ELMER D, MERRILL, BOTANIST. MANILA: BUREAU OP rUKLIC I'RIN'TING. 8966 1903. 1903.—No. 8. DEPARTMEE^T OF THE USTTERIOR. BUREAU OF GOVEENMENT LABOEATOEIES. r.RARV QaRDON A DICTIONARY OF THE PLANT PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By ELMER D. MERRILL, BOTANIST. MANILA: BUREAU OF PUBLIC PRINTING. 1903. LETTEE OF TEANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Government Laboratories, Office of the Superintendent of Laboratories, Manila, P. I. , September 22, 1903. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith manuscript of a paper entitled "A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands," by Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist. I am, very respectfully. Paul C. Freer, Superintendent of Government Laboratories. Hon. James F. Smith, Acting Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I. 3 A DICTIONARY OF THE NATIVE PUNT NAMES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By Elmer D. ^Ikkrii.i., Botanist. INTRODUCTIOX. The preparation of the present work was undertaken at the request of Capt. G. P. Ahern, Chief of the Forestry Bureau, the objeet being to facihtate the work of the various employees of that Bureau in identifying the tree species of economic importance found in the Arcliipelago. For the interests of the Forestry Bureau the names of the va- rious tree species only are of importance, but in compiling this list all plant names avaliable have been included in order to make the present Avork more generally useful to those Americans resident in the Archipelago who are interested in the vegetation about them.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Evolution in Cebu, Central Philippines: the Impact of Sea Level, Social History, and Tectonism on Archaeological Landscapes
    Landscape Evolution in Cebu, Central Philippines: The Impact of Sea Level, Social History, and Tectonism on Archaeological Landscapes JOHN A. PETERSON introduction Over seventy years ago, H. Otley Beyer (1947) sketched the archaeology of the Philippines. Occasional dramatic discoveries have been made since then, but there continue to be enormous gaps in settlement history, and some periods have gone entirely missing. The volume of archaeological investigations in the Philippines, espe- cially in the last decade, has been extensive and steady, although sites or terrains with long, continuous histories in Philippine landscapes have so far eluded discovery. This has frustrated chronology building in the archipelago (Table 1). Beyer’s vague and derivative chronology, divided into the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Iron or Metal Age, Porcelain Age, and Spanish periods, thus remains the best heuristic fit to the data. Physical changes in the landscape stemming from tectonism, sea level changes, and the aggradation and degradation of ground surfaces both destroy and preserve frag- ments of the human history of the landscape. Cultural choices and human history itself impact the landscape. Changes in subsistence patterns and foreign contact intro- duce new practices, with new effects on landscape formation and transformation. This article summarizes an effort to read the Visayan landscape in hopes of learning why archaeological landscapes from throughout more than 60,000 years of settlement in the Philippines have been so elusive (Fig. 1). Fred Eggan, the American anthropologist who sponsored and supported Philippines studies for several decades in the mid- twentieth century, recommended to his students to find a home research terrain that they could return to from time to time, always seeking lessons and learning from ­increasing familiarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Initiative for Exchange and Development Inc. (GIED) Is a Non-Profit and Non- Government Organization Established Last July 07, 2015 in Cebu City, Philippines
    . PHILIPPINES WORK PROFILE 2019 - 2020 GIED 1 | P a g e CONTENT About GIED P3 Projects list P4-5 Map P6 Midterm Term Volunteer P7-31 Long Term Volunteer P32-53 GIED 2 | P a g e About us The Global Initiative for Exchange and Development Inc. (GIED) is a non-profit and non- government organization established last July 07, 2015 in Cebu City, Philippines. The organization aims to promote people empowerment and connectivity through the spirit of volunteerism and building communities for sustainable development. Also the organization wants to enhance the inter-cultural interactions of people around the world through exchange and development focusing on a three-point agenda to wit: (1) Global Citizenship and Voluntary Service Exchange; (2) Global Education, Service Training and Capability Building; and (3) Global Social Development Initiatives with Partner Communities. Under each agenda are specific programs, activities and projects that focuses on social issues like education, health and gender sensitivity, children, youth and women participation in society, peace and rights-based issues, IEC for DRR inclusive for persons with disabilities, training and capability building related to the environment, language barrier and other impact social development projects and activities in marginalized communities. GIED is a full member of the Network for Voluntary Development in Asia (NVDA), an official partners of International Cultural Youth Exchange Federation (ICYE) and organization of the Alliance of European Voluntary Service Organizations (ALLIANCE). It is also registered with the Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) as a Volunteer Service Organization, Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as a Social Welfare Organization and the National Youth Commission (NYC) as a Youth Serving Organization of the Philippine Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Composition and Diversity of a Coastal Hill Forest in Perak, Malaysia
    www.ccsenet.org/jas Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 3, No. 3; September 2011 Vascular Plant Composition and Diversity of a Coastal Hill Forest in Perak, Malaysia S. Ghollasimood (Corresponding author), I. Faridah Hanum, M. Nazre, Abd Kudus Kamziah & A.G. Awang Noor Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: 98-915-756-2704 E-mail: [email protected] Received: September 7, 2010 Accepted: September 20, 2010 doi:10.5539/jas.v3n3p111 Abstract Vascular plant species and diversity of a coastal hill forest in Sungai Pinang Permanent Forest Reserve in Pulau Pangkor at Perak were studied based on the data from five one hectare plots. All vascular plants were enumerated and identified. Importance value index (IVI) was computed to characterize the floristic composition. To capture different aspects of species diversity, we considered five different indices. The mean stem density was 7585 stems per ha. In total 36797 vascular plants representing 348 species belong to 227 genera in 89 families were identified within 5-ha of a coastal hill forest that is comprises 4.2% species, 10.7% genera and 34.7% families of the total taxa found in Peninsular Malaysia. Based on IVI, Agrostistachys longifolia (IVI 1245), Eugeissona tristis (IVI 890), Calophyllum wallichianum (IVI 807), followed by Taenitis blechnoides (IVI 784) were the most dominant species. The most speciose rich families were Rubiaceae having 27 species, followed by Dipterocarpaceae (21 species), Euphorbiaceae (20 species) and Palmae (14 species). According to growth forms, 57% of all species were trees, 13% shrubs, 10% herbs, 9% lianas, 4% palms, 3.5% climbers and 3% ferns.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Safety in the Philippines
    Table of Contents Chapter 1 Philippine Regions ...................................................................................................................................... Chapter 2 Philippine Visa............................................................................................................................................. Chapter 3 Philippine Culture........................................................................................................................................ Chapter 4 Safety in the Philippines.............................................................................................................................. Chapter 5 Health & Wellness in the Philippines........................................................................................................... Chapter 6 Philippines Transportation........................................................................................................................... Chapter 7 Philippines Dating – Marriage..................................................................................................................... Chapter 8 Making a Living (Working & Investing) .................................................................................................... Chapter 9 Philippine Real Estate.................................................................................................................................. Chapter 10 Retiring in the Philippines...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]