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Almerstonss DIPLOMATIC FARTISANSHIP P 1 ID ! V! F~ Uukiínv .ORD ?ALMERSTONsS DIPLOMATIC FARTISANSHIP P 1 ID ! V! f~ UUKiíNv. AMjbKloAiN UIVIL WAK DEPOSITEDEPOSITEDD BBYY THTHEE FACULTFACULTYY OOFF GRADUATGRADUATEE STUDIESTUDIESS ANANDD RESEARCRESEARCHH .\ C\.\ ~-. '-/' ........, 1....-... r-- \ i '1 r" ,...., ,. V ACC.ACC. NO.NO. r'""'-. u ~J-w""'\:.Ji'w» l:.,JUJDAT.. DATEE LORDLORJ) PAL1lliRSTON'PALMERSTON^SSD DIPLOMATIPLOl!AT:rCTC BXITTCAVZUI?Pl>?':'T3riI~LiIP In~N FAYOFAVORR OFOF TEETHS CONB'EDERATECONFEDERATE STATESSTATBS DURINGDURING THETHE Arvr8RICANAMKRICAN CIVILCIYIL WARWAR., APRILAPR L,I 18611661 -=-QCTOBER- OCTOBER 24th,I 1862.1862. TI-lESTKSSIISS ForFor thethe DegreeDegree ofof MasterMast9r ofof ArtsArts BYB y BenjaminBenjamin SacksSacks MCGILLMGGILL UNIVERSITYUNIYERSITY 1 9927 2 7 LORDLORD PALMERSTON'SPALMERSTOIP S DIPLOMATICDIPLOMATIC PARTISAlTSHIPPARTISAITSHIP IIIll!T FAVOFA.VORR OFOF THETHE CONFEDERATCONFEDERATSE STATESSTATES DURINGDURINO THETH3 AMERICAITAME.RIOAIT CIVILOIVIL WARWAR,, .8:APPRILR L,I _"!-~61861L=-gC~OBER-?j:th - OCTOBSR 24th 1-:t~62!.1862. TABLE OF CONTENTS _._---~.TABLE OF CONTEUrTS ChapterChapter I - IntroductionIntroduction pp.. 11 ChapterChapter IIII - LordLord Pa1merstonPalmerston andand RepublicanismRepublicanism ,.p. 6 C:r.apterChapter IIIIII - LordLord PalmaPa merstorstonn andand CanadaCanada pp.. 2222 ChapterChapter IVIY - LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston andand EnglandEngland atat thethe OUtbreakOutbreak of the American Civil War 33 of the American Civil War pp.. 33 ChapterChapter V-Y - LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston andand EarlyEarly AttemptsAttempts atat Mediation p. 50 Mediation p. 50 Chapter VI - Lord Pa1merston and the Trent Affair p. 64 Chapter YI - Lord Palmerston and the Trent Affair p. 64 Chapter VII - Lord palmerston and General Butler's Order p. 90 Chapter YII - Lord Palmerston and Greneral But er^s Order p. 90 ChapterChapter VIIIYIII - LordLord Pa1merstonPalmerston andand thethe CrisisCrisis inin DiploDiplo­- maticmatic RelationsRelations BetweenBetween GreatGreat BritainBritain anandd thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates pp.# 106106 ChapterChapter IXIX - ConolusionConclusion pp.. 129129 BibliographyBibliography - pp.. 132132 ChapterChapter 1.1. mTRODUCTIOli.l RODUO IOir. SpemerSpeiæer WalpoleWalpole inin beginninbeginningg hishis lifelife ofof LordLord RussellRussell says thatthat itit isis thethe oommoncommon practicpraoticee ofof biographerbiographerss toto anticipateanticipate thethe storystory ofof theirtheir hero'shero's lifelife bbyy tracingtracing thethe achievementsachievements ofof hiss iIIDmdiateimmediate anoestors;anoestors; andand thisthis customcustom whichwhich isis perhapperhapss justi­Justi- fiedfied bbyy thethe increasinginoreasing attentionattention whichwhich thoughtfulthoughtful menmen areare payingpaying toto thethe modernmodern doctrinedoctrine oo~f heredityheredity maymay atat firstf irst sightsight seemseem pecu­pecu- liarlyliarly applicableapplicable toto thethe presenpresentt memoir.memoir, forfor ifif thethe qualitiesqualities ofof a manman bebe reallyreally derivedderived fromfrom hishis forefathers,f orefathers, thethe eminenceeminence ofof LordLord JohnJohn RussellRussell maymay be tracedtraced toto circumstancescircumstances antecedentantecedent toto hishis birthbirth.. (1)(1) SoSo thethe writerwriter believebelievess itit toto bbee a necessarynecessary oomplementcomplement inin traoingtracing LordLord Pa1merston'sPalmerston1s attitudeattitude duringduring thethe AmerioanAmerioan Eivi1Sivil WarWar toto tracetrace alsoalso thethe antecedentsantecedents ofof thatthat policpolicyy andand soso perhapsperhaps anticipateanticipate thethe SUbsequentsubsequent attitude.attitude. ItIt isis withwith thisthis beliefbelief thatthat hehe hashas essayedessayed inin thisthis thesisthesis toto gogo behinbehindd thethe ~ip10maticdiplomatic relationsrelations duringduring thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil WarWar andand determinedetermine whetherwhether therethere waswas anyany evidenceevidence previoupreviouss thatthat wouldwould tendtend toto explainexplain hishis subsequentsubsequent attitude.attitude. AccordinglyAccordingly anyany eventevent whiohwhich throwslightthrowslight onon hishis actionsactions hashas beebeenn givengiven duedue consideratconsiderationion.. TheThe perioperiodd discusseddiscussed itselfitself begbegss a question.question. WhyWhy diddid thethe writerwriter treattreat merelymerely ofof thethe perioperiodd fromfrom thethe outbreakoutbreak ofof thethe (1)(1) - S. Walpole-LordWalpole-Lord JohnJohn Russe11-I-p.1Russell-I-p.l (1891)(1891) -2-•2- AmericanAmerican CivilCivil WarWar toto OctoberOctober 24th.24tîi, l862?1862? HeHe diddid thisthis becausebecause he sincerelysincerely believebelievedd thatthat itit waswas duringduring thisthis timetime thatthat thethe cri­cri- sissis inin diplomaticdiplomatic relationsrelations betweebetweenn thethe UnitedTJnited statesStates andand GreatGreat BritainBritain ocour.red;occurred; andand thatthat oonsequentlyoonsequently itit wouldwould bbee thethe bestbest timetime inin whiohwhich toto getget a clearclear picturpioturee ofof Palmerston'palmerston'ss realreal atti­atti- tude.tude. withwith InIn proceeding/thiprooeeding/thiss thesisthesis thethe writerwriter has,afterhas,after a moremore oror lessless lengthylengthy studystudy ofof Palmerstonpalmerston., reachedreached thethe conolusionconclusion thatthat inin thethe investigationinvestigation ofof anyany speoialspeoial phasphasee ofof hishis foreignforeign policypolioy., a thoroughthorough comprehensioncomprehension ofof publipublicc opinionopinion andand itsits representative.representative, thethe presspress., isis a necessarynecessary adjunct.adjunct. PalmerstonPalmerston inin allall hishis affairsaffairs realizedrealized thethe powepowerr ofof publipublicc opinionopinion andand accordinglYaccordingly directeddirected hishis policiepolioiess botbothh toto obtainobtain thethe supportsupport ofof publipublicc opinionopinion andand thenthen onceonce obtainedobtained toto ususee itit asas a meansmeans ofof gaininggaining whatwhat he desired.desired. ItIt isis withwith thisthis factfact inin viewview thatthat thethe writerwriter hashas workedworked outout hishis ownown theorj'theory ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston*s aotionsaotions duringduring thethe perioperiodd discussed.discussed. TheThe te.rrIBternspublipublicc opinionopinion andand BritishBritish prespresss areare themselvesthemselves ofof a very oonfusingoonfusing naturenature andand itit wouldwould notnot bbee amissamiss herehere toto explainexplain thethe mannermanner inin whichwhich theythey areare employed.employed. TheThe phrasphrasee "public"public opinion"opinion" isis useusedd inin thisthis workwork toto representrepresent thethe sentimentsentiment ofof thethe smallsma l enfranchisedenfranchised bodbodyy ofof Ján~nglishg isti menmen whowho alonealone hadhad a meansmeans ofof directlydirectly influencinginfluencing governmentalgovernmental policpolicyy atat thatthat time.time. ItIt waswas throughthrough thisthis bodbodyy thatthat Palmarstonpa merston hadhad gainedgained hishis objectivesobjectives inin previoupreviouss years.years. ButBut oneone willwill saysay surelysurely thethe massesmasses ofof thethe populatiopopulationn hadhad somesome weightweight inin influ-influ- ancingencing BritishBritish policypolicy.. TheThe writerwriter willwill saysay thatthat theythey diddid butbut -3--3- onlyonly whenwhen theirtheir interestsinterests werewere oonverselyconversely affeotedaffected bbyy thethe polioypolicy beinbeingg pursuepursuedd bbyy thethe BrJ.tisBr~tishh Government.Government. EvenEven thenthen thethe influ­influ- enceence ofof thethe massesmasses waswas negligiblenegligible unlessunless therethere werewere somesome veryvery ableable menmen presenpresentt toto leadlead themthem andand arousearouse them.them. ItIt waswas onlyonly whewhenn theythey werewere organizedorganized intointo a ooherentcoherent bodbodyy thatthat theythey werewere ableable toto over-ru.leover-rule thethe eleotorateelectorate andand compelcompel thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGrovernment toto taketake heedheed ofof theirtheir wishes.wishes. InIn thisthis thesisthesis thethe massesmasses atat firstfirst hadhad littlelittle influenceinfluence simplysimply becausbecausee theythey diddid notnot knowknow muohmueh aboutabout thethe strugglestruggle onon thethe otherother sideside andand werewere notnot organizedorganized asas a body.body. AsAs a eonsequeneeconsequenoe theirtheir in:fluemeinfluence waswas smallsmal andand publipubliec opinion.opinion, whichwhich meantmeant thatthat ofof thethe electorate.e ectorate, directeddirected thethe policpolieyy ofof thethe BritishBritish Government.Grovernment. AsAs longlong asas PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad onlyonly thisthis bodybody ofof EnglishmenEnglishmen toto appealappeal toto forfor support.support, hehe couldcould pursupursuee hishis owownn methods.methods, bubutt whenwhen thethe massesmasses werewere aroused.iarouse~,itt waswas thenthen necessarynecessary forfor himhim toto gaingain botbothh sidessides andand thethe storystory ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston's actionsactions isis inin thethe endend a taletale ofof thethe strugglestruggle betweebetweenn thethessee twotwo group·s.groups. TheThe phrasphrasee "British"British presspress"" 'sas useusedd herehere appliesapplies onlyon y toto a part.part, thoughthough itit waswas thethe largestlargest andand mostmost influentialinfluential partpart toto bbee sure.sure, ofof thethe newspapersnewspapers and.and journaljournalss ofof thethe day;day;anandd refleotedreflected thethe opinionopinion
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