.ORD ?ALMERSTONsS DIPLOMATIC FARTISANSHIP P 1 ID ! V! f~ UUKiíNv. AMjbKloAiN UIVIL WAK DEPOSITEDEPOSITEDD BBYY THTHEE FACULTFACULTYY OOFF GRADUATGRADUATEE STUDIESTUDIESS ANANDD RESEARCRESEARCHH

.\ C\.\ ~-. '-/' ...... , 1....-... r-- \

i '1 r" ,...., ,. V ACC.ACC. NO.NO. r'""'-. u ~J-w""'\:.Ji'w» l:.,JUJDAT.. DATEE LORDLORJ) PAL1lliRSTON'PALMERSTON^SSD DIPLOMATIPLOl!AT:rCTC Pl>?':'T3riI~LiIPBXITTCAVZUI? n~IN FAYOFAVORR OFOF TEETHS CONB'EDERATECONFEDERATE STATESSTATBS DURINGDURING THETHE Arvr8RICANAMKRICAN CIVILCIYIL WARWAR., APRILAPR L,I 18611661 -=-QCTOBER- OCTOBER 24th,I 1862.1862.

TI-lESTKSSIISS ForFor thethe DegreeDegree ofof MasterMast9r ofof ArtsArts

BYB y BenjaminBenjamin SacksSacks

MCGILLMGGILL UNIVERSITYUNIYERSITY 1 9927 2 7 LORDLORD PALMERSTON'SPALMERSTOIP S DIPLOMATICDIPLOMATIC PARTISAlTSHIPPARTISAITSHIP IIIll!T FAVOFA.VORR OFOF THETHE CONFEDERATCONFEDERATSE STATESSTATES DURINGDURINO THETH3 AMERICAITAME.RIOAIT CIVILOIVIL WARWAR,, .8:APPRILR L,I _"!-~61861L=-gC~OBER-?j:th - OCTOBSR 24th 1-:t~62!.1862.

TABLE OF CONTENTS _._---~.TABLE OF CONTEUrTS

ChapterChapter I - IntroductionIntroduction pp.. 11

ChapterChapter IIII - LordLord Pa1merstonPalmerston andand RepublicanismRepublicanism ,.p. 6

C:r.apterChapter IIIIII - LordLord PalmaPa merstorstonn andand CanadaCanada pp.. 2222

ChapterChapter IVIY - LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston andand EnglandEngland atat thethe OUtbreakOutbreak of the American Civil War 33 of the American Civil War pp.. 33

ChapterChapter V-Y - LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston andand EarlyEarly AttemptsAttempts atat Mediation p. 50 Mediation p. 50 Chapter VI - Lord Pa1merston and the Trent Affair p. 64 Chapter YI - Lord Palmerston and the Trent Affair p. 64 Chapter VII - Lord palmerston and General Butler's Order p. 90 Chapter YII - Lord Palmerston and Greneral But er^s Order p. 90 ChapterChapter VIIIYIII - LordLord Pa1merstonPalmerston andand thethe CrisisCrisis inin DiploDiplo­- maticmatic RelationsRelations BetweenBetween GreatGreat BritainBritain anandd thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates pp.# 106106

ChapterChapter IXIX - ConolusionConclusion pp.. 129129

BibliographyBibliography - pp.. 132132 ChapterChapter 1.1. mTRODUCTIOli.l RODUO IOir.

SpemerSpeiæer WalpoleWalpole inin beginninbeginningg hishis lifelife ofof LordLord RussellRussell

says thatthat itit isis thethe oommoncommon practicpraoticee ofof biographerbiographerss toto anticipateanticipate thethe storystory ofof theirtheir hero'shero's lifelife bbyy tracingtracing thethe achievementsachievements ofof hiss iIIDmdiateimmediate anoestors;anoestors; andand thisthis customcustom whichwhich isis perhapperhapss justi­Justi- fiedfied bbyy thethe increasinginoreasing attentionattention whichwhich thoughtfulthoughtful menmen areare payingpaying toto thethe modernmodern doctrinedoctrine oo~f heredityheredity maymay atat firstf irst sightsight seemseem pecu­pecu- liarlyliarly applicableapplicable toto thethe presenpresentt memoir.memoir, forfor ifif thethe qualitiesqualities ofof a manman bebe reallyreally derivedderived fromfrom hishis forefathers,f orefathers, thethe eminenceeminence ofof LordLord JohnJohn RussellRussell maymay be tracedtraced toto circumstancescircumstances antecedentantecedent toto hishis birthbirth.. (1)(1) SoSo thethe writerwriter believebelievess itit toto bbee a necessarynecessary oomplementcomplement inin traoingtracing LordLord Pa1merston'sPalmerston1s attitudeattitude duringduring thethe AmerioanAmerioan Eivi1Sivil WarWar toto tracetrace alsoalso thethe antecedentsantecedents ofof thatthat policpolicyy andand soso perhapsperhaps anticipateanticipate thethe SUbsequentsubsequent attitude.attitude. ItIt isis withwith thisthis beliefbelief thatthat hehe hashas essayedessayed inin thisthis thesisthesis toto gogo behinbehindd thethe ~ip10maticdiplomatic relationsrelations duringduring thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil WarWar andand determinedetermine whetherwhether therethere waswas anyany evidenceevidence previoupreviouss thatthat wouldwould tendtend toto explainexplain hishis subsequentsubsequent attitude.attitude. AccordinglyAccordingly anyany eventevent whiohwhich throwslightthrowslight onon hishis actionsactions hashas beebeenn givengiven duedue consideratconsiderationion..

TheThe perioperiodd discusseddiscussed itselfitself begbegss a question.question. WhyWhy diddid thethe writerwriter treattreat merelymerely ofof thethe perioperiodd fromfrom thethe outbreakoutbreak ofof thethe

(1)(1) - S. Walpole-LordWalpole-Lord JohnJohn Russe11-I-p.1Russell-I-p.l (1891)(1891) -2-•2-

AmericanAmerican CivilCivil WarWar toto OctoberOctober 24th.24tîi, l862?1862? HeHe diddid thisthis becausebecause he sincerelysincerely believebelievedd thatthat itit waswas duringduring thisthis timetime thatthat thethe cri­cri- sissis inin diplomaticdiplomatic relationsrelations betweebetweenn thethe UnitedTJnited statesStates andand GreatGreat BritainBritain ocour.red;occurred; andand thatthat oonsequentlyoonsequently itit wouldwould bbee thethe bestbest timetime inin whiohwhich toto getget a clearclear picturpioturee ofof Palmerston'palmerston'ss realreal atti­atti- tude.tude. withwith InIn proceeding/thiprooeeding/thiss thesisthesis thethe writerwriter has,afterhas,after a moremore oror lessless lengthylengthy studystudy ofof Palmerstonpalmerston., reachedreached thethe conolusionconclusion thatthat inin thethe investigationinvestigation ofof anyany speoialspeoial phasphasee ofof hishis foreignforeign policypolioy., a thoroughthorough comprehensioncomprehension ofof publipublicc opinionopinion andand itsits representative.representative, thethe presspress., isis a necessarynecessary adjunct.adjunct. PalmerstonPalmerston inin allall hishis affairsaffairs realizedrealized thethe powepowerr ofof publipublicc opinionopinion andand accordinglYaccordingly directeddirected hishis policiepolioiess botbothh toto obtainobtain thethe supportsupport ofof publipublicc opinionopinion andand thenthen onceonce obtainedobtained toto useuse itit asas a meansmeans ofof gaininggaining whatwhat he desired.desired. ItIt isis withwith thisthis factfact inin viewview thatthat thethe writerwriter hashas workedworked outout hishis ownown theorj'theory ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston*s aotionsaotions duringduring thethe perioperiodd discussed.discussed. TheThe te.rrIBternspublipublicc opinionopinion andand BritishBritish prespresss areare themselvesthemselves ofof a very oonfusingoonfusing naturenature andand itit wouldwould notnot bbee amissamiss herehere toto explainexplain thethe mannermanner inin whichwhich theythey areare employed.employed. TheThe phrasphrasee "public"public opinion"opinion" isis usedused inin thisthis workwork toto representrepresent thethe sentimentsentiment ofof thethe smallsma l enfranchisedenfranchised bodbodyy ofof ~nglishJáng isti menmen whowho alonealone hadhad a meansmeans ofof directlydirectly influencinginfluencing governmentalgovernmental policpolicyy atat thatthat time.time. ItIt waswas throughthrough thisthis bodbodyy thatthat Palmarstonpa merston hadhad gainedgained hishis objectivesobjectives inin previoupreviouss years.years. ButBut oneone willwill saysay surelysurely thethe massesmasses ofof thethe populatiopopulationn hadhad somesome weightweight inin influ-influ- ancingencing BritishBritish policypolicy.. TheThe writerwriter willwill saysay thatthat theythey diddid butbut -3--3-

onlyonly whenwhen theirtheir interestsinterests werewere oonverselyconversely affeotedaffected bbyy thethe polioypolicy beinbeingg pursuepursuedd bbyy thethe BrJ.tisBr~tishh Government.Government. EvenEven thenthen thethe influ­influ- enceence ofof thethe massesmasses waswas negligiblenegligible unlessunless therethere werewere somesome veryvery ableable menmen presenpresentt toto leadlead themthem andand arousearouse them.them. ItIt waswas onlyonly whewhenn theythey werewere organizedorganized intointo a ooherentcoherent bodbodyy thatthat theythey werewere ableable toto over-ru.leover-rule thethe eleotorateelectorate andand compelcompel thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGrovernment toto taketake heedheed ofof theirtheir wishes.wishes. InIn thisthis thesisthesis thethe massesmasses atat firstfirst hadhad littlelittle influenceinfluence simplysimply becausbecausee theythey diddid notnot knowknow muohmueh aboutabout thethe strugglestruggle onon thethe otherother sideside andand werewere notnot organizedorganized asas a body.body. AsAs a eonsequeneeconsequenoe theirtheir in:fluemeinfluence waswas smallsmal andand publipubliec opinion.opinion, whichwhich meantmeant thatthat ofof thethe electorate.e ectorate, directeddirected thethe policpolieyy ofof thethe BritishBritish Government.Grovernment. AsAs longlong asas PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad onlyonly thisthis bodybody ofof EnglishmenEnglishmen toto appealappeal toto forfor support.support, hehe couldcould pursupursuee hishis owownn methods.methods, bubutt whenwhen thethe massesmasses werewere arouse~,itaroused.it waswas thenthen necessarynecessary forfor himhim toto gaingain botbothh sidessides andand thethe storystory ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston's actionsactions isis inin thethe endend a taletale ofof thethe strugglestruggle betweebetweenn thethessee twotwo group·s.groups. TheThe phrasphrasee "British"British presspress"" 'sas usedused herehere appliesapplies onlyon y toto a part.part, thoughthough itit waswas thethe largestlargest andand mostmost influentialinfluential partpart toto bbee sure.sure, ofof thethe newspapersnewspapers and.and journaljournalss ofof thethe day;day;anandd refleotedreflected thethe opinionopinion ofof thethe electorateelectorate onon GovernmentalGrovernmental actions.actions. ThThee remainderremainder ofof thethe paperpaperss andand journaljournalss werewere eithereither supporterssupporters ofof thethe massesmasses oror independentindependent andand theirtheir influenceinfluence waswas moremore oror lessless negligible.negligible. TheThe outerouter worlrdworld lookedlooked uponupon thethe BritishBritish prespresss asas thethe organorgan ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston's governmentgovernment and.and consequentlyconsequently regardedregarded itsits opinionopinion asas indleativeindicative ofof thethe attitudeattitude ofof thethe BritishBritish nation.nation. InIn connectionconnection withwith thisthis subjectsubject thethe writerwriter hashas encoun­encoun- teredtered throughoutthroughout thisthis studystudy thethe beliebelieff onon thethe parpartt ofof a numbenumberr -4--4-

ofof writerswriters thatthat thethe LondonLondon TimesTimes t, thethe MorningMorning Post,Post, andand inin factfact thethe majoritymajority ofof thethe influentialinf uential newspapersnewspapers andand journjournalsa s whichwhich composedcomposed thethe BritishBritish prespresss werewere tlJethe offioialofficial organsorgans ofof thethe BritishBritish GoverrmentGroverrment•. ItIt isis truetrue thatthat theythey werewere thethe recipientsrecipients ofof minis-minis- terialterial confidencesconfidences bubutt thenthen toto drawdraw thethe conclusionconclusion thatthat theythey werewere dictateddictated theirtheir viewsviews bbyy thatthat GovermentGroveronent appearsappears toto thethe writerwriter toto be a miscomprehensionmiscomprehension ofof thethe realreal relationshiprelationship betweebetweenn thethe BritishBritish prespresss andand thethe Government.Grovernment. TheThe newspapersnewspapers adoptedadopted thetheiirr viewsviews becausbecausee theirtheir readers,readers, whowho oomposedoomposed thethe majoritymajority ofof thethe smallsmall electorate,electorâte, approvedapproved ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston's governmentalgovernmental policypolicy.. TheyThey reflectedref ected thisthis approvalapproval inin thethe beliebelieff thatthat theythey werewere merelymerely re-re- echoingechoing thethe sentimentsentiment ofof theirtheir readers.readers. IfIf theirtheir readersreaders dis-dis- approvedapproved ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston^s policpolicyy theythey denounceddenounced himhim asas happenedhappened onon severalseveral occasions,occasions, notablynotably hishis actionaction inin thethe OrsiniOrsini affairaffair ofof 1858.1858. Mr.Mr. TrevelyanTrevelyan aptlyaptly sumssums upup thethe influenceinfluenoe ofof thethe twotwo sections:sections: "In"In EnglandEngland thethe upperupper ranksranks ofof societysociety sympathizedsympathized

generallygenerally withwith thethe SouthSouth andand thethe lowerlower withwith thethe lNorth. orth. SinceSincet, however,however, thethe UortherNorthernn sympathizerssympathizers werewere notnot thenthen enfranchized.enfranehized, thethe southernSouthern sympathizerssympathizers werewere vocalvocal andand importantimportant outout ofof propor-propor- tiontion toto theirtheir numbers.numbers. JournalistsJournalists andand statesmenstatesmen werewere notnot thenthen obligedobliged toto appealappeal toto working-olassworking-class opinion.opinion, andand theythey mademade EnglandEngland appearappear moremore "Southern""Southern" thenthen sheshe reallyreally was."was." (1)(1)

(1)(1) G.G. M.M. Trevelyan-BritishTrevelyan-British HistoryHistory inin thethe MnE&teentNimteenthh Century.Century. pp.. 331331.. -5--5-

MaterialsMaterials forfor thisthis studystudy havehave beenbeen oollectedcollected fromfrom ParliamentaryParliamentary debates,debates, biographies,biographies, autobiographies,autobiographies, mono­mono- graph~.worksgraphs.works onon thethe war,war, andand a greatgreat msnymany magazinemagazine articlesarticles writtenwritten duringduring thethe warwar andand after.after. WheneverWhenever possiblepossible thethe writerwriter hashas usedused Palmerston'sPalmerston's personalpersonai lettersletters asas thethe bestbest modemode ofof reviewingreviewing hishis inclinations.inclinations. TheThe writerwriter here,here, how­how- ever,ever, wisheswishes toto soundsound thethe warningwarning thatthat hishis lettersletters DIllstmust notnot bebe takentaken atat theirtheir faceface value.va ue, butbut shouldshould bebe viewedviewed inin thethe lightight ofof condiconditiontionas atat thethe time.time. OtherwiseOtherwise manymany ofof hishis lettersletters areare aptapt tptp bebe misleading.misleading. -6-6--

ChapteChapterr IIII

LORLORDD PALMERSTOPALMERSTONl AflANDD .RBPUBLICREPUBLICANISM.A Î SM. -~~ --,_.-

IInn discussindisoussingg a subjecsubjectt ooff ththee naturnaturee ooff LordLord Palmerston'Palmarston'ss attitudattitudee towartowardd ththee UniteUnitedd Statestatess ooff AmericaAmerica durinduringg ththee AmericaAmericann CiviCivill WarWart, aann understandinunderstandingg ooff ththee innerinner workingworkingss ooff hihiss minmindd wilwilll aiaidd greatlygreatly.. IndividuIndividualsa s willwill ueuallueuallyy reacreactt ttoo novenovell situationsituationss iinn ththee lighlightt oof£ pastpast experiencesexperienoes.. WheWhenn ththee individualindividualss whwhoo eontrocontroll ththee politicalpolitical destinydestiny ofof a nationationn havhavee oocasionoccasion ttoo enterenter intointo relationrelationss withwith otherother powerspowers,, theitheirr actionsactions willwill., ttoo a greatgreat extent.extent, bebe governedgoverned bbyy previoupreviouss relationrelationss witwithh ththee particulaparticularr powers.powers. SoSo inin arrivingarriving atat a completecomplete understandinunderstand1Qgg ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston's aotionsactions inin 18611861 andand 1862,1862, a studystudy ofof hishis relationsrelations withwith thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates inin previousprevious yearsyears willwill affordafford a concreteconcrete back­back- ground.ground.

WhatWhat waswas P8lmerstonpalmerston'' s positionposition asas toto thethe mannermanner inin whichwhich GreatGreat BritainBritain shouldshould conductconduct itsits foreignforeign affairs?affairs? DidDid thethe policypolicy e~øf thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates interfereinterfere withwith suchsuch a position?position? DidDid relationsrelations betweenbetween thethe BritiShBritish GovernmentGovemment andand thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates havehave anyany effecteffect onon suchsuch a position?position? IfIf so.so, whatwhat policypolicy wouldwould PalmerstonPalmerston tendtend toto adoptadopt towardtoward thethe UnitedUnited States?States? More­More- overover diddid thethe politicalpolitical eventsevents onon thethe EuropeanEuropean Continenteontinent havehave anyany influenceinfluence inin furtheringfurthering thethe policypolicy whichwhich PalmerstonPalmerston wouldwould tendtend toto adoptadopt towardtoward thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicfRepublic? TheThessee areare thethe Ieleadinadingg questionsquestions withwith whiohwhioh wewe areare confrontedconfronted inin searchingsearching forfor aa -7--7- solutionsolution ofof thethe proproblemb em ofof hishis attitudeattitude towardtoward Republicanism.Repub icanism. PalmerstonPalmerston grewgrew uupp inin anan ageage inin whichwhich thethe prestigeprestige ofof a nationnation asas a "Great"Great state"State" waswas measuredmeasured bbyy itss prowesprowe sss oonn thethe battlefielbattlefieldd andand onon thethe sea.sea. InIn anan atmosphereatmosphere inin whichwhich thethe probleproblemm ofof a wel1-equippedwell-equipped militarymilitary forceforce waswas ofof thethe greatestgreatest importanceimportance toto a nation.nation. TheThe questionquestion naturallynaturally arisesarisee asas toto howhow muchmuch ofof thisthis beliebelieff diddid PalmerstonPalmerston tmbibe?imbibe? TheThe evidenceevidence pointpointss toto thethe factfact thatthat hehe adoptedadopted thisthis beliebelieff unequivocally.unequivocally. Thus.asThus.as SecretarySecretary atat WarWar inin 1816.1816, whilewhile advocatingadvocating increasedincreased fortificationsfortifications forfor Canada.Canada, hehe givesgives practicapracticall evi­evi- demedence ofof thisthis bbelief:e ief: "He"He wouldwould ventureventure toto laylay downdown asas aa generalgeneral principlprinciplee thatthat therethere werewere nono bettebetterr meansmeans forfor securingsecuring a continuancecontinuance ofof peacepeace andand tranquilitytranquility toto anyany countrycountry thanthan toto havehave itit knownknown thatthat anyany possessionpossessionss inin thethe neighborhoodneighborhood ofof aa foreignforeign statestate werewere inin a conditioncondition toto repelrepel attack.attaek. HeHe waswas firmlyfirmly persuadepersuadedd thatthat amongamong nationsnations weaknessweakness wouldwould nevernever bbee a foundationfoundation forfor security."n (1(1j) HeHe waswas goinggoing toto continuecontinue toto upholduphold thethe prestigprestigee ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain asas a greatgreat statestate bbyy lettingletting otherother nationsnations knoknoww a tfcat/well-organizetbat~ll-organizedd militarymilitary forceforce stoodstood bbyy readyready toto protecprotectt it.it. TheThe BritishBritish EmpireEmpire waswas notnot goinggoing toto bbee dismembereddismembered bbyy a lacklack ofof preparednesspreparedness.. SirSir HoraceHorace RumboldRumbold remarkedremarked thatthat "He"He was,was,iinn fact,fact, largelylargely imbuedimbued - perhapperhapss unconsciouslyunconsciously - withwith thatthat trulytruly DnperialImperia spiritspirit withoutwithout whichwhich nono greatgreat EmpireEmpire cancan bbee rightlyright y administered."administered." (2)(2) (1(l)-Hansard-ls)-Hansard-lstt Series-32-p.Series-32-p.865865.. (2)-Recollections(2)-Reeollections ofof a Diplomatist-l-p.llO.Diplomatist-l-p.110. -8--8-

MoreoverMoreover inin hishis relationsrelations withwith otherother nationsnations therethere wawass goinggoing toto bbee nono lacklack ofof aggressivenessaggressiveness onon hishis partpart.. HeHe usedused toto Bayaay thatthat everyevery statestate wouldwould bbee disposeddisposed toto givegive upup threethree outout ooff everyevery fourfour que.tionaquestions soonersooner thanthan toto gogo toto warwar toto maintainmaintain themthem.. IfIf youyou ohoosechoose toto givegive wayway hastilyhastily onon these.these, becausbecausee youyou areare nonott preparepreparedd toto gogo toto warwar withwith them,them, youyou willwill mostmost frequentlyfrequently antioipateantioipate youryour antagonists.antagonists. (1(1)) HeHe believebelievedd thatthat thethe besbestt wayway toto faoeface thisthis everlastingeverlasting threatthreat ofof warwar whichwhich oastscasts itsits shadowshadow overover everyevery countrycountry isis ttoo puputt onon a boldbold frontfront andand n&vernever shrinkshrink fromfrom itsits presencepreseme.. ThuThuss inin a speeohspeeoh inin thethe HouseHouse ofof CommonsCommons hehe remarked:remarked: "There"There isis nnoo doubtdoubt thatthat allall nationsnations areare aggressive;aggressive; itit isis thethe naturenature ofof menmen.. ThereThere startstart upup fromfrom timetime toto timetime betweebetweenn oountries,countries, antagonisantagonis­- tictic passionpassionss andand questionsquestions ofof conflictingconflicting interests.interests, whioh,which, iiff notnot properlproperlyy dealtdealt with.with, wouldwould terminateterminate inin thethe explosionexp osion ooff war.war. NowNow., ifif oneone countryeountry isis ledled toto thinkthink thatthat anotheranother eountrycountry., withwith whichwhich suchsuch quaquestionstionss arise,arise, isis fromfrom fearfear disposeddisposed onon everyevery occasionoecasion tamelytamely toto submitsubmit toto anyany amountamount ofof indignity.indignity, thatthat iiss anan encouragementencouragement toto hostilehostile conducteonduct andand toto extremeextreme proceedingsproceedings whichwhieh leadlead toto conflict.conflict. ItIt maymay bbee dependeddepended onon thatthat therethere iiss nono bettebetterr securitysecurity forfor peacpeacee betweebetweenn nationsnations thanthan thethe convictionconviction thatthat eacheach mustmust respectrespect thethe other.other, thatthat eacheach isis capableeapab e ooff defendingdefending itself.itself, andand thatthat nono insultinsult oror injuryinjury committedcommitted bbyy ononee againstagãinst thethe otherother wouldwould paspasss unresented."unresented." (2(2))

(I)-Ashley-Life(l)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord palmerston-I-p.424.Palmerston-I-p.424. (2)-Hansard-3rd(2)-Hansard-3rd series-165-p.393.Series-165-p.393. JJote-ThiNote-Thiss samesame beliebelieff maymay bebe observedobserved inin a letteretter printedprinted inin Guedalla'sGuedalla's Palmerston-p.244.Palmerston-p.244. -9--9-

PalmerstonPalmerston believebelievedd thatthat a policpolicyy ofof thisthis naturenature wouldwould avertavert warwar andand thatthat itit wouldwould showshow thethe restrest ofof thethe worldworld thatthat GreatGreat BritainBritain intendedintended toto gogo thethe limitlimit inin maint~iningmaintqining itsits positiopositionn asas a WorldWorld Power.Power. BoundBound upup withwith thisthis theorytheory waswas thethe necenecessitssityy ooff maintainingmaintaining thethe "balance"balance ofof powerpower"" 1;hetheororyy onon thethe EuropeanBuropean Continent.Continent. InIn orderorder toto holdhold itsits heabeadd high.high, GreatGrreat BritainBritain IIIllstmust taketaka oareeare thatthat nono nationnation onon thethe ContinentContinent becombecomee tootoo powerfulpowerful.. ThatThat PalmerstonPalmerston keptkept anan anxiousanxious eyeeye onon EuropeEurope isis a well-knownwell-known fact.fact. Hi s interferenceinterferenee inin thethe affairsaffairs ofof FrancePrancet, Spain.Spain, Austria.Austria, Italy.Italy, TurkeyTurkey andand elsewhereelsewhere areare mootmoot evidenceevidence ofof thatthat fact.fact. ThatThat he succeededsucceeded inin upholdingupholding BritishBritish prestigeprestige isis alsoalso anan unquestionableunquestionable fact.fact. Mr.Mr. BucklBuck e inin hishis ad.mlraadmirablblee workwork strikesstrikes thethe generalgeneral impressionimpression andand opinionopinion asas toto thethe "' , resultresult ofof Palmerston'sPalmerston*s foreignforeign policypolicy,i "]lor"Por fiftyfifty yearsyears afterafter thethe BattleBattle ofof waterloo,Waterloo, GreatGreat BritainBritain waswas recognizedrecognized asas thethe firstfirst PowerPower inin Europe.Europe. PalmerstonPalmerston conceivedconceived that·that thethe positionposition whichwhich sheshe hadhad acquiredacquired justifiejustifiedd herher inin meddlingmeddling inin allall thethe affairsaffairs ofof otherother EuropeanEuropean countries,countries, theirtheir internalinternal difficultdifficultieiess asas wellwell asas theirtheir externalexternal relations."relations." (1)(1) Palmerstonsforeigpa1merstom foreignn policpolicyy thenthen maymay bbee summedsummed upup bbyy thethe statementstatement thatthat behe viewedviewed withwith suspicionsuspicion anyany nationnation thatthat shouldshould threatenthreaten thethe positiopositionn ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain asas a WorldWorld Power.Power. AnAnyy nationnation thatthat shouldshould jeopardizjeopardizee thl,sthis positiopositionn wouldwould naturallynaturally be lookedlooked uponupon withwith disfavourdisfavour andand dislikedislike bbyy him.him.

(I)-Life(l)-Life ofof BenjaminBenjamin Disraeli-IlI-p.169-170.Disraeli-III-p.169-170. -10--10-

DidDid thethe UnitedUnited statesStates interfereinterfere withwith thisthis position?position? TheThe suooesssuoeess ofof thethe AmerioanAmerican RepublioRepublic inin itsits RevolutionRevolution hadhad oertainlycertain y lessenedlessened BritishBritish prestigeprestige.. surelySurely PalmerstonPalmerston oouldcould notnot bubutt viewview thethe humiliationhumiliation ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain withwith anan aohingaching heart.heart. SubsequentSubsequent eventsevents servedserved greatlygreatly toto aggravateaggravate thisthis soreness.soreness. HeHe observedobserved thethe risingrising AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic aoroasacross thethe SeaSea reaohingreaching outout andand inoreasingincreasing notnot onlyonly itsits territorialterritorial boundarieboun.darless bubutt alsoalso extendingextending itsits influenceinf uence withoutwithout itsits boundariesboundaries.. TheThe purchaspurchasee ofof thethe LouisianaLouisiana territoryterritory inin 1803,1803, thethe aoquisitionacquisition ofof thethe FlorJi.das,Floridas, EastBast andand WestWest inin 1819,1819, andand thethe effecteffect ofof thethe MonroeMonroe DootrineDoctrine allall tendedtended toto makemake thethe UnitedUnited statesStates thethe leadingleading powepo1Aerr onon thethe AmericanAmerican Continent.Continent. ItIt seemedseemed veryvery probablprobablee thatthat thisthis youngyoung "upstart""upstart" wouldwould soonsoon ohallengechallenge thethe supremacysupremacy ofof GreatGrreat BritainBritain asas a WorldWorld power.Powar. SurelySurely GreatGreat BritainBritain mustraust taketake oarecare thatthat thisthis "upstart""upstart" diddid notnot increaseincrease itsits powepovverr andand holdingsholdings atat herher expenseexpense•. ..LorLordd Palmerston.Palmerston, inin 1842.1842, givesgives evidenceevidence thatthat thethe sorenesssoreness andand bittebitterr feelingfeeling ofof humiliationhumiliation overover thethe lossoss ofof thethe NortNorthh AmericanAmerican privinceprivincess werewere stillstil alivealive inin a speechspeech againstagainst LordLord Ashburton1sAshburton1 s actionsactions inin HeNeww York.York. LordLord Ashburton,Ashburton, afterafter thethe oompletioncompletion ofof thethe treatytreaty whiohwhich bearbearss hishis name,name, hadhad visitedvisited BeNeww York.andYork.and 1nin a speeohspeech atat a banquebanquett hadhad gloatedgloated overover thethe triumphtriumph ofof thethe AmerioanAmerioan RepUblioRepublie inin thethe RevolutionRevolution ofof 1776.1776. "No"ITo manman oancan denydeny thatthat thethe lossloss ofof thosethose ooloniescolonies waswas a creatgreat blowblow toto thethe powerpower ofof thethe BriBritistiehh Empire t, andand thatthat ourour feeblenefeeblenessss inin thethe warwar muohmuch loweredowared ourour militarymilitary reputation.reputation. ------ItIt 111iii becomebeoomess anan EnglishmanEng ishman toto exultexult inin thethe humiliationhumiliation -11--11-

ofof hishls country,country, oror toto findfind a topictopic forfor triumphtriumph inin herher defeats;defeats; leastleast ofof all.all, whenwhen addressingaddressing anan assemblyassembly ofof foreigners,foreigners, whoswhosee fathersfathers gainedgained thethe doubledouble victoryvictory ofof rightright andand ofof mightmight overover

ourour own. "1I ((11) ToTo Palmerston,Palmerston, thethe picturpicturee ofof thethe risingrising americanAmerican RepublicRepublie waswas alwaysalways anan irritatingirritating one.one. ItsIts reflectionreflection castcast anan unfavourableunfavourable picturpicturee ofof thethe poopoorr qualityquality ofof thethe BritishBritish armw.army • GreatGreat BritainBritain mustmust regainregain herher lostlost honours.honours. InIn anyany futurefuture relationsrelations withwith thethe UnitedUnited states,States, thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment mustmust taketake oarecare thatthat sheshe doesdoes notnot oomecome outout seoond.second. HeHe wawass awareaware thatthat thethe risingrising influenceinfluence ofof thethe '~ansatlantTransat antiioe llepilb1ioRepúblic waswas notnot anan imaginaryimaginary oneone bubutt a realreal one.one. AsAs earlyearly asas 1838,1838, hehe showedshowed thatthat hehe waswas oognizantcognizant ofof thethe growinggrowing powerpower ofof thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic inin a letterletter toto hishis brothebrotherr inin whiohwhieh hehe revealedrevealed howhow highlyhighly elatedelated hehe waswas atat thethe acceptanceacceptance ofof - rasdiationmediation byby FrameFranee andand thethe Un!Unitetedd statesStates uponupon thethe euggesuggestiost1onn ofof EnglandEngland inin thethe mattermatter ofof AmericanAmerican losseslosses underunder thethe BerlinBerlin andand MilanMilan Decrees:­Decrees:- "When"When twotwo ofof thethe mostmost po~rfulpowarful maritimemaritime nationsnations aoceptaccept usus asas mediatorsmediators uponupon a poinpointt ofof nationalnational honour.honour, itit isis olearclear thatthat wwee havehave notnot forfeitedforfeited ourour own. "ft (2)(2) TheThe UnitedUnited statesStates gavegave fairfair evidenoeevidence thatthat itit wawass goinggoing toto threatenthreaten thethe EnglishEnglish positiopositionn inin worldworld affairs.affairs. EveryEvery diplomaticdiplomatic Victory.vietory, eveneven itif itit waswas onlyonly a moralmoral one.one, overover thethe UnitedUnited statesStates wouldwould tendtend toto makemakø thethe positioposit ionn ofof England.Eng and a mormoree securesecure one.one. ToTo PalmerPalmerstoatonn thisthis becambecamee a maximmaxim inin hishis relationsrelations

(l)-Hanaard-3rd(1) -Hansard-3rd serie8-67-p1217-~8.Series-67-pl217-]L8• (2)-Ashley-Life(2)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord Palmerston-l-p.323.Palmerston-l-p.323. -12--12-

wiwitthh thethe UnitedUnited states.States. "To"To gi-vegive upup to-dayto-day toto thethe Amerioans.Americans, whowho areare anan encroaohingenoroaohing peoplépe opla., a poinpointt deemeddeemed ofof smallsma importance.importance, isis certaincertain toto leadlead toto ourour beinbeingg aakedasked toto givegive upup anotheranother pointpoint ofof moremore importameimportanoe to-morrow.to-morrow, andand beinbeingg thusthus eventuallyeventually .broughtbrought toto givegive upup somethingsomething ofof greatgreat importame.importance, oror toto fightfight becausbeoausee wewe declinedecline toto dodo so.so. IfIf itit isis still:still: IDon't^Don't 1 letlet usus fightfight,t' warwar withwith thethe AmerioansAmericans isis indeedindeed avoided,avoided, butbut otherother nations.nations, whowho havehave watohedwatched ourour oonduotconduct withwith them,them, willwil imitateimitate theirtheir oonducteonduct toto us;us; andand thethe quarrelquarrel avoidedavoided inin thethe firstfirst instanoeinstance willwill multmu^tipliplyy intointo a thousandthousand quarrelsquarrels beforebefore thethe oonsequenoesconsequenees ofof indifferenoeindifference oror timiditytimidity areare donedone with."with." HoNott onlyon y isis PalmerstonPalmerston thinkingthinking ofof thethe directdirect conse­conse- quenoesquences ofof thethe reresulsuItt ofof .AmerioanAmerican aggrandizementaggrandizement atat thethe expenseexpense otof thethe BrlBritist i shh government.government, bubutt behe isis alsoalso thinkingthinking ofof thethe possiblpossiblee effectseffects whichwhich suchsuch anan outeomeouteome wouldwould havehave onon relationsrelations withwith otherother nations.nations* OneOne could.oould, almost,almost, withwith aa greatgreat degreedegree ofof confidence,confidence, saysay thatthat inin Palmarston'sPalmerston's eyes.eyes, thethe AmerioanAmerican RepublicRepublic waswas oneone ofof thethe natiomnations ofof thethe worldworld thatthat stoodstood betweebetweenn GreatGreat BritainBritain andand herher oontinuancecontinuance asas a WorldWorld power.Power. ToTo himhim thisthis growinggrowing influenceinfluence ofof thethe .AmerioansAmericans inin politicapolitioall spheresspheres waswas a thingthing toto bbee lookedlooked onon withwith anythinganything bubutt pleasurepleasure.. TheThe sorenesorenes8Ss whiohwhich thethe AmerioanAmerican RevolutionRevo ution leftleft inin hishis mindmind ripenedripened intointo dislikedislike forfor thethe UnitedUnited states.States# A LandLand whiohwhich hadhad infliotedinflicted a darkdark stainstain onon BritishBritish powerpower nonoww

(lJ-Ashle7-Life(l)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord Palmerston-l-p.424.Palmerston-l-p.424. -13--13-

deemeddeemed ~a~'fair toto usurpusurp he»hør plaoe.place. ItIt isis anan innateinnate humanhuman trait.trait, thatthat thethe objeotsobjects assooiatedassooiated withwith a thingthing whiohwhich wewe dislike.dislike, tendtend alsoalso toto comoomee withinwithin thatthat oategory.category. WhenWhen oneone dislikesdislikes a oountry.,eountry, oneone tendstends toto dislikedislike thethe variousvarious objeotsobjeets assooiatedassociated withwith thatthat oountry.oountry* Palmerston.Palmerston, imbuedimbued withwith thethe feelingfeeling whiohwhieh waswas anythinganything butbut friendlyfriendly toto thethe AmerioanAmerican government.government, oa~came toto havehave a distrustdistrust forfor itsits formform ofof governmentgovernment 'whiohwhioh hadhad wroughtwrought suchsuch disasterdisaster onon hishis oountry.country* Mr.IÆr. GuedallaGruedalla remarked.remarked "that"that deepdeep reverenoereverence forfor thethe RepublicRepublic couldeould hardlyhardly bbee expectedexpected ofof a statesmanstatesman bornborn withinwithin threethree yeareyears ofof Yorktown;Yorktown; andand PalmerstonPalmerston reservedreserved hishis shrewdestshrewdest judgmentjudgmentss forfor thethe martia!Lmartia intentionsintentions ofof others."others." (1)(1) HeHe hadhad hadhad occasionoccasion toto observeobserve thethe effectseffects ofof thethe founding'founding ofof a RepublioRepublic inin thethe llVewIfew WorldWorld uponupon thethe OldOld World.World. TheThe FrenohFreneh RevolutionRevolution hadhad beebeenn associatedassociated withwith thethe principlesprinciples ofof Republioanism.Republicanism. HeHe hadhad seenseen thethe principleprincipless preachepreaohedd toto thethe lowerlower classeselasses ofof England.England. HeHe hadhad observedobserved how,how^foforr a time.time, thethe advocacyadvoeacy ofof thesethese principleprincipless hadhad pplaced aced propertpropertyy inin a veryvery jeopardizejeopardizedd condition.condition. HeHe hadhad observed.observed, asas thethe nineteenthnineteenth centurycentury worewore on.on, thethe attemptsattempts onon thethe ContinentContinent toto establishestablish RepublicRepublicss.* TheThe resultantresultant chaosch&os andand disorderdisorder whichwhioh ensued,ensued oonvincedconvinced himhim thatthat RepublicanRepublican formform ofof governmentgovernment waswas notnot a bondbond ofof securitysecurity forfor futurefuture peaepeacee andand tranquillity.tranquillity# Thus,viewingThus,viewing thethe eestablishmenstablisbrnentt ofof a RepublicRepublic inin FrancePrance inin 1848,1848, hehe remarked,remarked, "It"It mustmust bebe ownedowned thatthat thethe prospecprospectt ofôf a RepublicRepublie inin FranoeFranee 1eis farfar fromfrom agreeable:agreeable; forfor suchsuch a governmentgovernment wouldwould naturallynaturally bebe

(l)-P.(1)-P» Guedalla-Palmerston-p.222.Gruedalla-Palmerston-p«222. -14--14-

moremore likelylikely toto placplacee peacpeacee inin dangerdanger thanthan a monarchymonarchy wouldwould be."be."(l(1)) InIn anotheranother letterletter atat thethe salmsame tinetime hehe reflect,sreflects hishis opinionopinion otof a Republic.Republic. "Here"Here isis a pretty-to-dpretty-to-doo atat Parisparis;; itit isis

'Plainplain that,that, forfor thethe presenpresentt atat least,least, wewe shallshall havehave 8a RepublicRepublic inin France.France. HowHow longlong itit maymay lastlast isis anotheranother question?"question?" (2)(2) HisHis dreaddread thatthat thisthis exam'Pleexample ofof RepublicanismRepub icanism mightmight havehave a babadd influenceinfluenoe uponupon thethe nassesmasses ofof EnglandEngland maymay bebe observedobserved inin a letterletter writtenwritten atat thethe samesame time:-time:- "He"He regrettedregretted thatthat thethe exam'Pleexample ofof universaluniversa suffragesuffrage

inin ~ranceFrance willwill setset ourour non-votingnon-voting populatiopopulationn agog,agog, andand willwill oreateoreate a demand.demand forfor anan incinconvenienonvenientt extensionextension ofof thethe suffrage,suffrage, balloballott andand otherother mischievousmischievous things."things." (3 ) !foEb doubtdoubt thethe Chartists'Chartists' uprisinguprising inunediatelyimmediately followingfollowing thethe FrenchFreneh RevolutionRevolution ofof 18481848 confirmedconfirmed hishis fearfear ofof thethe evilss ofof Republicanism.Republicanism• PalmerstonPalmerston believebelievedd thatthat a RepublicRepublic waswas notnot a soundsound

foundatiof~undationn forfor continuedcontinued security.security^ ItIt existedexisted onon thethe uncertainuncertain basibasiss ofof keepingkeeping thethe multitudemultitude inin goodgood humour.humour. TheThe multitudemultitude mustmust bbee pleasepleasedd atat anyany cost.cost. ThusThus inin commentingcommenting onon thethe AshburtonAshburton treatytreaty ofof 1842,1842, hehe letslets fall,fall, perhapperhapss unconsciously,thisunconsciously.this belief:­beliefl- "It"It isis thethe habithabit ofof makingmaking concessionsooncessions andand creatingcreating a beliebelieff thatthat yoyo~u willwill makemake them,them, whichwhich isis fatalfatal toto a nation'snation's interests,interests, ttranquiUîitranquillii1c1y and.and honour.honour. ToTo createcreate suchsueh a bbeliefe ief inin a democraticdemocratáe; government,government, especiallyespecially a govermnentgovernment whichwhich isis 'Proneprone toto seekseek atat allall timestimes toto pleaspleasee thethe multitude,t isis a suresure wayway toto havehave troubletrouble withwith

(l)-Ashley-Life(l)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord Palmerston-II-p.75.Palmerston-II-p«75. ((2)-Ibid-p.752)-Ibid-p.75.. (3)-P.(3)-P. Guedalla-Palmerston-p.282.Guedalla-Palmerston-p.282« -15--15-

thatthat government;govemmenfc; fromfrom everyevery difficultydifficulty youyou avoidavoid to-day,to-day, willwi riserise twentytwenty difficultiesdiffieulties roundround youyou to-morrow,to-morrow, forfor everyevery manman whwhoo seeksseeks popularitpopularityy willwill attemptattempt toto gaingain itit atat youryour expense."expense." (1)(1) Pa1merstonPalmerston waswas notnot thethe onlyonly oneone toto believbelievee inin thisthis dependencedependenee ofof thethe AmericanAmeriean governmentgovernraent uponupon pleasinpleasingg thethe mu1tmulti1-- tude.tude. InIn factfact itit camecame toto bebe viewedviewed asas a sortsort ofof theorytheory ofof

"mob"mob government"government" bbyy a greatgreat manymany Englishmen.Englishmen^ Mr.Mr« Bright,Bright, inin thethe debatedebate onon thethe TrentTrent Affair,Affair, citescites thethe oldold theory:-theory:- "The"The GovernmentGrovernment atat washingtonwashington waswas soso entirelyentirely underunder thethe influenceinfluence andand directiondirection ofof a mob,mob, thatthat thethe courteouscourteous demanddemand ofof thethe EnglishEnglish GovernmentGrovernment wouldwould notnot bbee 1istemdlistened to,to, dareddared notnot bbee listenedlistened toto bbyy thethe Government,andGrovernment.and thatthat itit waswas necessarynecessary toto havehave allall thisthis displaydisplay ofof powerpower,, notnot forf or thethe purpospurposee ofof overawingoverawing thethe Govern-Grovera- mentment atat Washington,Washington, whichwhieh might,might, possiblypossibly,, wishwish toto bbee justjust,, butbut forfor thethe purpospurpoooe ofof overawingoverawing thethe raobmob ofof thethe United.United states,States, whichwhieh waswas supposedsupposed toto overruleoverrule andand overaweoverawe thethe GovernmentGrovernment atat washington."Washington." TheThe leadersleaders ofof suohsueh a GovernmentGovernment appearedappeared toto himhira toto dependdepend forfor theirtheir continuanoecontinuance inin officeoffice uponupon thethe creatizgcreating ofof aa favourablefavourable impressionimpression amongstamongst thethe peoplepeople.. WhetherWhether thatthat impres­impres- sionsion waswas obtainedobtained bbyy actactss., 11lega1illegal oror unfair.unfair, waswas notnot a mattermatter ofof muchmuch importameimportance oror considerationconsideration toto them.them» HisHis generalgenera impressionimpression ofof thethe leadersleaders ofof thethe AmerioanAmerican RepublicRepublic 1is s broughbroughtt outout inin a ratherrather unwillingunwilling andand altogetheraltogether tootoo partiapartiall a mannermanner byby Ashley.Ashley, "r"I t i8is quitequite truetrue thatthat hehe entertainedentertained thethe feelingfeeling ofof contemptcontempt and.and eveneven ofof dislike,dislike, forfor manymany ofof thethe menmen who.who, fromfrom (1)-Ash1e7-Life(1 )-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord Pa1merston-I-p.424.Palmerston-I-p«424. (2)-Hansard-3rd(2)-Hansard-3rd Series-165-p.382.Series-165-p.382. -16--16-

timetime toto time.time, ocoupiedocoupied publipublice positionpositionss inin connectionconneotion withwith thethe UniUnitetedd stateStatess GoverI1lD3nt.( overnment, HeHe thoughtthought themthem deficdeficienientt inin honestyhonesty andand offensiveoffensive inin tonetone - inin short,short, notnot "gentlemen""gentlemen" inin thethe sensesense whichwhich isis independentindependent ofof birtbirthh andand dependsdepends solelysolely uponupon character;"rt (1)(1) AshleyAshley isis makingmaking quitequite anan efforteffort toto placplacee hishis "hero""hero" inin a favourablefavourable lightlight and,and, inin continuing,continuing, triestries toto softensoften thisthis bbyy observing,observing, "that"that hehe hadhad forfor thethe AmericanAmerican peoplepeople., apartapart fromfrom itaits politioianspolitioians., thatthat admirationadmiration andand regardregard whichwhich hishis trulytruly EnglishEnglish naturenature wouldwould necessarilynecessarily feelfeel forfor a freefree andand kindredkindred nation.nati on«" Ashley.Ashley, throughoutthroughout hishis work,work, hashas a tendencytendency toto mitigatemitigate anyany possiblpossiblee actionsactions whichwhich mightmight castcast a reflectionreflection oonn Palmerston'Palmerston*sa career.career. SurelySurely itit isis notnot anan easyeasy attainmentattainment toto lebe ableable toto separateseparate thethe leadersleaders ofof 8a GovernmentGovernment andand thethe peoplpe oplee whwhoo composecompose thatthat GovernmentGovernment inin one'sone's mind,mind, asas AshleyAshley portraysportrays PalmerstonPalmerston toto havehave done.done. DoublyDoubly harbardd isis thisthis toto dodo inin a RepublicRepublic inin whichwhich thethe governinggoverning bodbodyy comes fromfrom thethe peopeople.p e. ItIt isis a ratherrather superflUOUSsuperfluous remarkremark toto saysay thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston waswas sincerelysincerely intereinterestestedd inin humanity,humanity, andand sincerelysincerely wishedwished forfor thethe well-beingwell-being ofof allall people,people, especiallyespecially whenwhen thatthat peoplpeoplee werewere d&s"eendentdéseendent fromírom hishis natinativvae lam.land. But.But, toto useuse thisthis asas a shield.shield, andand thenthen saysay thatthat Palmerstonpa,lmerston's1 s actionsactions werewere notnot reallYreally againstagainst thethe peoplpeoplee ofof thethe UnitedUnited states.States, bubutt againstagainst thethe leaders.leaders, seemsseems toto thethe writerwriter toto be arguingarguing aa superficialsuperficial portrayaportrayall ofof hishis attitude.attitude. Moreover.Moreover, PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad hadhad occasionoccasion toto bbee involvedinvolved inin certaincertain diplomaticdiplomatic affairsaffairs withwith thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates inin whichwhich thethe variousvarious StatesStates ofof thethe UnionUnion hadhad givengiven muchmuch troubletrouble toto thethe BritishBritish (II-Ashley-Life(l)-Ash ey-Life ofof LordLord Pa.lmerston-II-p.Palmerston-II-P« 404-5.404-5. -17--17-

Government.Grovernment. InIn botbothh thethe McLeodMcLeod casecase andand thethe AshburtonAshburton

Treaty.Treaty, thethe statesStates ofof Dewjfew YorkYork andand Maine,Maine, respectively.respectively, hadhad interferedinterfered toto suchsuch anan extent,extent, thatthat relationsrelations betweebetweenn thethe twotwo nationsnations hadhad becombecomee veryvery critical.critical. WhatWhat couldcould bbee expectedexpected fromfrom a GovernmentGovernment inin whichwhich authorityauthority waswas dividedldividedî carryingCarrying onon diplomaticdiplomatic correspondencecorrespondence withwith a nation,nation, which,which, itself,itself, hadhad toto conciliateconoiliate certaincertain partpartss ofof it.it, waswas notnot a veryvery easyeasy thingthing toto do.do. TheThe AmericaAIDe ricann RepublioRepub ie notnot onlyonly hadhad toto beabearr thethe brunbruntt ofof foreignforeign relations,relations, bubutt alsoalso hadhad toto paeifpacifyy andand satisfysatisfy thethe interestsinterests ofof thethe variousvarious statesStates inin doingdoing so.so. AnotherAnother exampleexample ofof thisthis divisiondivision ofof authorityauthority withwith whichwhich PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad comecome inin contactcontact waswas inin connectioneonnection withwith thethe probleproblemm ofof negronegro slaves.slaves. Palmerston,Palmerston, himself.himself, waswas a strongstrong advocateadvocate ofof thethe abolitionabolition ofof slaver.7slavery movement,movement, andand thethe apathyapathy ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates inin thisthis mattermatter tendedtended toto makemake himhim feelfeel thatthat itsits muchmuch vauntedvaunted OonstitutionConstitution waswas bubutt a meremere sham.sham* TheThe southernSouthern ofof statesStates refusedrefused toto eveneven hear/thehear/the abolitionabolition ofof slavery,s avery, andand thethe CentralCentral Govemmen'tGrovernment foundfound itselfitse f powerlespowerlesss toto dlC)do anything.anything. Thus,Thus, duringduring a debatedebate onon thethe casecase ofof a BritishBritish negronegro beinbeingg putput inin prisoprisonn atat Charleston,Charleston, hehe remarkedremarked uponupon thethe inabilityinability ofof thethe AmericanAmerican GovernmeniGrovernment toto dodo Slythingaaything withwith respectrespect toto it:-it:- "It"lt 1sis quitequite unnecessary.unnecessary, I amam sure,sure, forfor meme toto expressexpress thethe opinionopinion whiohwhioh GovernmentGovernment mustmust entertainentertain onon a mattermatter likelike thia.this. ItIt arisesarises outout ofof thethe unfortunateunfortunate institutionsinstitutions whichwhich existexist inin thethe southernSouthern statesStates ofof thethe Union,Union, andand whiohwhich areare now,now, asas everybodyeverybody isis wellwell aware,aware, thethe su.bjectsubject ofof veryvery seriousserious differencesdifferences inin thethe CongressCongress ofof thethe UnitedUnited states."States." (lJ(1)

(1(l)-Hansard-3rJ-Hansard-3rdd Series-lll)..p.893Series- lD-p.893 -18--18-

1 Pa1merstonPalmerston' ss aversionaversion toto Repub1iosRepublics oancan bbee furtherfurther

observedobserved inin hishis relationsre ations onon thethe Continent.Continent. AASS PoreignForeign seoretary,Secretary, he hadhad hadhad oooasionoccasion toto bbee mixedmixed upup withwith BelgiumBe gium andand Greeoe.Greece. HeHe hadhad advooatedadvooated a oonstitutiona1constitutional monarchymonarchy forfor eaoheaoh ofof thethe newnew governmegovernmentsma.. HeHe waswas toto a considerableconsiderable extentextent responsibleresponsible forfor thethe seouringseeuring ofof thethe BelgianBelgian thronethrone toto PrinoePrince Leopold.Leopold. TheThe outoomeoutcome ofof thatthat ohoioechoioe hadhad furtherfurther strengthenedstrengthened hishis beliebelieff thatthat a oonstitutiona1oonstitutional monarohymonarchy waswas thethe besbestt formform ofof government.government, providingproviding., ofof oourse.course, a capablecapable rulerruler waswas onon thethe throne.throne. HeHe hadhad triedtried vainlyvainly toto induoeinduoe KingKing othoOtho inin GreeceGreece toto grantgrant a oonstitionconstition andand setset upup a oonstitutiona1eonstitutional monarchy.monarchy. HeHe believebelievedd thatthat a constitutionalconstitutional monarohy.monarchy, suchsuch asas GreatG-reat Britain.Britain, waswas thethe besbestt instrumentinstrument forf or thethe guaranteeguarantee ofof peacepeace.. ThusThus inin March.March, 1849.1849, inin speakingspeaking ofof thethe moralmoral inf1ue.meinfluence ofof England,England, hehe said:-said:- "Foreign"Foreign countriescountries havehave seenseen thatthat inin thethe midstmidst ofof thethe eventsevents whiohwhieh havehave 'V!io1ent1yvdolently convulsedconvulsed otherother oountrieseountries inin Europe.Europe, andand whichwhich havehave shakenshaken toto theirtheir foundationsfoundations ancientancient oonstitutions.constitutions, thisthis countrycountry hashas heldheld fastfast toto herher anoientancient landland marks.marks, standingstanding firmfirm inin herher prouproUdd placplacee ---.• TheyThey havehave seenseen thatthat thethe BritishBritish oonstitutioneonstitution actsacts inin unisonunison withwith thethe spiritspirit ofof thethe nation,nation, withwith whosewhose interestsinterests itit 1sis oharged.charged."n (1)(1) Again.Again, inin 1859.1859, whilewhile speakingspeaking uponupon Reform,Reform, hehe remarked.remarked, "-----We" We mustmust rememberremember thatthat wewe livelive underunder aa Monarohy.Monarehy, fortunatelyfortunately forfor us.us, andand ifif wewe intendintend thatthat MonarchyMonarchy shouldshould oontlnueeontinue wewe shouldshould notnot runrun wildwild afterafter !nstiInstitutiontutlonss

(I'-Marquis(l)-Marquis ofof Lorna-VisoountLorne-Yiseount Palmeraton-p.115-16.Palmerston-p#115-16. -19--19-

andand arrangementsarrangements whichwhich essentiallyessentially belonbelongg toto thatthat unhappyunhappy systemsystem ofof socialsocial organizatorganizatioionn calledca led A Republic."Republic#" (1)(1) OneOne mightmight say.say, withwith somesomé equanimity.equamimlty, thatthat thethe BritishBritish ConstitutionConstitution andand allal thatthat itit stoodstood for.for, waswas toto Palmerston.Palmerston, whatwhat thethe statueStatue ofof Liberty.Liberty, illuminatingilluminating withwith itsits beaeobeaconn thethe harborhar*bor ofof HewJew York.York, isis toto thethe averageaverage AmericanAmerican citizen.citizen. ThereThere waswas nothingnothing likelike thethe BritishBritish formform ofof governmentgovernment toto PalmerstonPalmerston'I s mind.mind, RepublicanismRepublicanism soundedsounded likeike "Jingoism""Jingoism" andand waswas moremore oror leesless a wordword ofof opprobriumopprobrium toto hishis ears.ears. A writerwriter inin thethe WestministerWestminister Review.Review, uponupon thethe ocoasionoeoasion ofof hishis death.death, describesdescribes thisthis attitudeattitude ofof hishis inin discussingdiscussing thethe SicilianSieilian revolt:-revolt:- "It"It isis certaincertain thatthat LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston nevernever lovedloved Republican.sRepub icans oror theirtheir doctrines.doctrines. AnAn illustrationillustration ofof thisthis antipathyantipathy isis toto bbee foundfound inin thethe fatefate whichwhieh befebefelll thethe unhappyunhappy Sicilians.Sicilians, when.when abandonedabandoned toto thethe merciesmercies ofof FerdinandPerdinand ofof BaNaples.p es. ------PalmerstonPalmerston waswas readyready withwith hishis moralmoral aid.aid, andand promisespromises., toto recognizerecognize theirtheir independenceindependence ifif theythey wouldwould erecterect themselvesthemselves intointo a monarchymonarchy underunder oneone ofof thethe Princeprincess ofof thethe HouseHouse ofof Savoy.Savoy* ToTo thisthis plaplann ofof independenceindependence thethe RepublicanRepublican partpartyy inin ItalyIta y andand thethe RadicalRadical partpartyy inin EnglandEngland werewere bothboth Violentlyviolently opposed,opposed, andand Palmerstonpalmarston., findingfinding himselfhimself thwartedthwarted inin hishis schemas.sohemes, leftleft thethe SiciliansSieilians toto theirtheir fatefate andand theythey fellfell immediatelyimmediately underunder thethe despotismdespotism ofof thethe bombardinbombardingg KingKing Ferdinand."Ferdinand»" (2)(2)

(lJ-P.(1)-P« Guadalla-Pa1merston-p.395.Guedalla-Palmerston-p.395. (2)-Westminster-January(2)-Westminster-January 1st,lst, 1866.1866. -20-_T)_

PalmerstPalmerstoonn did.did notnot intendintend toto encourageencourage Republica­Republica- nismnism onon thethe ContinentContinent ifif hehe oouldcould helphelp it.it. AshleyAsh ey givesgives toto usus nono suohsuoh picturpicturee asas thethe above.above. HeHe presentpresentss PalmerstonPalmerston asas tryingtrying toto dodo hishis besbestt for3icfor Sicilyily., bubutt beinbe 1ngg thwartedthwarted byby demagoguesdemagogues whowho exhortexhort thethe peoplpeoplee toto olamorclamor forfor a RepublicanRepublican formform ofof Government.Government. TheThe RevolutRevolutioionn inin Hungar7.Hungary, inin 1848.1848, affaffordordss u'sus aa furtherfurther illustrationillustration ofof Palmerston'sPa merston's dislikedislike ofof RepublicanismRepublicanism and.and ofof hishis intentionintention toto upholduphold thethe bbala.noea ance ofof powepowerr theory.theory. HeHe gaven()gave no heedheed toto thethe criescries ofof a strugglingstruggling nationality.nationality.

WhyWhy diddid he dodo this?this? BecauseBecause theythey wantedwanted a goverIlJOOntgovernment similarsimi ar toto thatthet ofof thethe AmericanAmerican Republic.Republic, andand béoausbeoausee interventionintervention inin thisthis countrycountry wouldwould alienatealienate thethe friendShipfriendship ofof Austria.Austria. WhaWhatt waswas thethe cryory ofof a strugglingstruggling nationalitynationality toto thethe friendshipfriendship ofof suchsueh a powepower'r throughthrough whomwhom hehe couldcould continuecontinue toto maintainmaintain thethe balancbalancee ofof powepowerr theorytheory andand thusthus preservpreservee BritishBritish prestige.prestige. CobdenCobden remarkedremarked ooncerningconcerning thethe H'WJgarianHungarian affairaffair inin thethe follow­fo low- inging manner: - "By"By singularsingular chanoe.chance, LordLord PalID9rstonPalmerston forgotforgot toto meddle.meddle, eveneven bbyy a lecture.leoture, inin thethe oneone casecase atat thisthis datedate wherewhere he mightmight possiblpossiblyy havehave meddledmeddled toto goodgood effect."effect." (1)(1) ButBut waswas itit a singularsingular chanoe?chance? ToTo thethe writerwriter itit appearsappears thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston diddid notnot wantwant toto IOOddlemeddle inin thethe matter.matter. OmOna writerwriter remarked.remarked,"tha"thatt PalxoorstonPalmerston believebelievedd thatthat thethe independenoeindependenoe ofof HungaryHungary waswas quitequite incompatibleincompatible withwith thethe oneone essentialessential tasktask whichwhich thethe DuelDuel MonarohyMonarehy hadhad toto perform-theperform-the turning-b6Lckturning-back ofof thethe tidetide ofof RussianRussian aggrandizeIOOntaggrandizement wewestwardstwardss

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andand southwards."southwards." (1)(1) HeHe fearedfeared thatthat alla l thesethese variousvarious revoltingrevolting nation­nation- alitiesalities wouldwould establishestablish republicsrepublics andand olDin thatthat mannermanner createcreate aa dangerousdangerous situationsituation forfor constitutionalconstitutiona monarchiesmonarchies andand hishis petpet politicapoliticall theories.theories. HeHe attributedattributed theirtheir extremeextreme desiredesire forfor thethe abolitionabolition ofof monarch:lesmonarchies toto thethe presencpresencee ofof thethe RepublicRepublic onon thethe HeNeww Continent.Continent. TheThe strugglingstruggling peoplepeopless ofof thethe EuropeanEuropean ContinentContinent lookedlooked upup toto thethe UnitedUnited statesStates asas thethe protagonistprotagonist ofof theirtheir idealideal formform ofof government.andgovernment,and foughtfought desperatelydesperately forfor thethe privilegprivilegee ofof adoptingadopting °aa sim.1larsimilar constitution.constitution, andand threatenedthreatened forfor a timetime toto upsetupset thethe entireentire oldold orderorder ofof things.things. CouldCould anyone.anyone,viewinviewingg thethe Br;Britistishh ParliamentaryParliamentary SystemSystem asas a guaranteeguarantee ofof politicapoliticall andand domesticdomestic securitysecurity~i andand RepublicanismRepublicanism asas a guaranteeguarantee ofof politicapoliticall andand domesticdomestic inse­inse- curity,curity, failfail toto developdevelop a oertainoertain amountamount ofof dislikedislike forfor thethe UnitedUnited states.States. Moreover.Moreover, especiallyespecially Whenwhen thatthat oountryoountry appearedappeared toto bbee atat thethe same timetime botbothh a causecause ofof thethe instabilityinstability ofof governmentgovernment inin EuropeBurope andand thethe threatthreat toto BritishBritish worldworld prestige.prestige.

(I)-C.(1)-C. Sprorlon-palmerstonSproxton-Palmerston andand HungarianHungarian Revolutlon-p.37Revolution-p.37 -22--22-

ChapterChapter IIIIII

LORDLORD PALImRSTOBPALMERSTOW ANANDD CAITADCANADAA

WithWith thethe endend ofof thethe AmricanAmerican Revolution.Revo ution, thertheree hadhad comecome inin EnglandEngland a widespreadwidespread beliebelieff thatthat soonsoon CanadCanadaa wouldwould breabreakk awayaway fromfrom her.her, andand throwthrow inin itsits fortunesfortunes witwithh thethe newnew AmericanAmerican Republic.Republic. WhetherWhether thisthis wouldwould bbee voluntaryvo untary oror notnot seemedseemed atat thethe timetime toto bbee a matter ofof chance.chance. ButBut aass thethe yearsyears worewore on,on, andand CanadaCanada stillstill remainedremained withinwithin thethe folfoldd ofof thethe MotherMother Country,Country, confidenceconfidence returned,returned, andand EnglanEnglandd begabegann toto taketake anan interestinterest inin protectinprotectingg thisthis loyalloyal colonycolony.. hishis WhenWhen PalmerstonPalmerston assumed!assumed/dutiedutiess asas secretarySecretary aatt War.War, hehe waswas fullyful y determineddetermined toto seesee thatthat CanadaCanada diddid nonott succumbsuccumb toto thethe wileswiles ofof herher neighbor.neighbor. HeHe alwaysalways feltfelt thathatt thethe possibilitiepossibilitiess ofof anan AmericanAmerican invasioninvasion intointo CanadaCanada waswas a realreal one.one. HeHe believebelievedd thatthat thethe dayday wouldwould inevitablyinevitably comcomee whenwhen thethe UniUnitetedd statesStates wouldwould makemake a determineddetermined efforteffort ttoo obtainobtain Canada.Canada. ItIt appearedappeared onlyonly naturalnatural toto himhim thatthat ththee UnitedUnited statesStates Shouldshould desiredesire toto extendextend itsits authorityauthority overover ththee wholewhole areaarea ofof thethe NortNorthh AmericanAmeriean ContContinentinent.• Thus,Thus, inin 18161816,, whenwhen thethe ArmyArray EstimatesBstimates BillBill camecame beforbeforee thethe House,House, hehe saidsaid,, whilewhile stressingstressing thethe poinpointt ofof thethe rapidrapid developlOOntdevelopment ofof Canadcanadaa economically.economica ly, "In"In poinpointt ofof fact,fact, thethe axeaxe andand thethe spadespade ofof ththee settlerssettlers hadhad actedacted asas pioneerpioneerss inin aidingaiding thethe hostilehostile approachesapproaches ofof ourour externalexternal enemy.enemy. HeHe waswas farfar fromfrom meaningmeaning toto insinuatinsinuatee -23--23-

(and(and hehe anxiouslyanxiously entreatedentreated thatthat nono suchsuch interpretationinterpretation

shouldshould bbee puputt uponupon hishis words),words), thatthat anyany fearsfears existedexisted asas toto thethe permanencpermanencyy ofof thatthat amity,amity, andand goodgood understandingunderstanding whichwhich nownow soso happilyhappily subsistedsubsisted betweebetweenn thisthis countrycountry andand thethe UnitedUnited statesStates ofof America;America; hehe ho-pedhoped andand indeedindeed hehe believebelievedd thatthat botbothh oountrieseountries hadhad discovereddiscovered thatthat peacpeaoee waswas productivproductivee ofof reciprocalreciproca benefitbenefitss toto them;them; thatthat botbothh hadhad muohmuch whiohwhich theythey mightmight loselose bbyy war.war, andand muchmuch whiohwhich theythey mightmight gaingain bbyy peace,peace, bubutt stillsti l aaas a measuremeasure ofof politicapoliticall prudenceprudence,, itit waswas alwaysalways wisewise toto calou1atecaleulate uponupon thethe possibilitpossibilityy ofof aggressionaggression andand hostility-I"hostilityl" (1)(1) ItIt isis anan invariableinvariab e characteristiccharacteristic ofof palmer­palmer- ston's,ston's, thatthat whilewhile hehe nevernever failsfails toto impressimpress hishis readersreaders byby hishis grandiloquentgrandiloquent phrasesphrases,, he,he, nevertheless,nevertheless, surroundssurrounds hishis statementsstatements withwith soso manymany antecedentsantecedents andand consequencesconsequences thatthat itit isis almostalmost impossibleimpossible toto pipinn hishis thoughtsthoughts down.down. HeHe givesgives oneone thethe impressionimpression thatthat hishis intentionsintentions areare noble,noble, bubutt circum­circum- stanoesstances havehave alteredaltered them.them. HisHis aotivitiesactivities areare alwaysalways thethe resultresult ofof externalexternal conditionsconditions andand seldomseldom fromfrom innerinner motives.motives.

AsAs oneone writerwriter sayssays inin speakingspeaking ofof PalmerPalmerston'ston's8 polioypolicy,, "Its"Its mainmain meritmerit waswas a certaincertain sonoroussonorous vaguenessvagueness which.which, whilewhile itit impressedimpressed thethe aUdienoe,audienee, diddid notnot oommitcommit thethe speakerspeaker toto thethe supportsupport ofof anyany veryvery definitedefinite ccoursauraee ofof action."action." (2)(2) SoSo inin thethe aboveabove speech,speech, PalmerstonPalmerston triestries toto assureassure usus thatthat hishis intentionsintentions areare notnot militant.militant, andand thusthus endeavorendeavor toto

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allayallay ourour suspicionssuspicions asas toto hishis realreal attitudeattitude inin thethe matter.matter. ItIt isis oneone thingthing toto evinceevince a peacpeacee lovingloving sentimentsentiment andand anotheranother thingthing toto dodo somethingsomething radicallyradical y remoteremote fromfrom thatthat sentsentimentmente. SurelySurely ifif hehe reallyrea ly feltfelt inin anan amicableamicable moomoodd towardstowards thethe UnitedUnited states,States, therethere waswas nono bettebetterr mannerraanner inin whiohwhioh toto givegive anan outwardoutward expreexpressiossionn ofof itit thanthan bbyy decreasingdeereasing militarymi itary fortificationsf ortifications inin Canada.Canada. Thi s wouldwould havehave tendedtended moremore toto knotknot thethe bondbondss ofof friendshipfriendship inin a spiritspirit ofof openopen trusttrust andand faith.faith. AgainAgain inin 1818,1818, inin thethe debatedebate onon thethe ArmyArmy Estimates,Estimates, hehe hadhad expreexpressessedd hishis feelingfeeling onon thethe inevitab1eneinevitablenessss ofof war:-war:- "In"In Canada.Canada, forfor instance.instance, thethe greatgreat extentextent ofof itit andand itsits proxim­proxim- ityity toto a statestate whichwhieh mightmight atat a timetime ofof warwar invadeinvade itit withwith suohsuch a facility,• itit waswas nece·ssarynecessary thatthat a rerespectablspectablee forceforce shouldshould be keptkept up."up." (1(1) ThisThis beliebelieff inin thethe inevitablenessinevitableness ofof anan AmericanAmerican InvasionInvasion ofof CanadaCanada waswas furtherfurther strengthenedstrengthened bbyy whatwhat hehe termedtermed thethe "Ashburton"Ashburton Surrender".Surrender". (2)(2) InIn justlc~justiee, toto Palmerston.Palmerston, oneone cannotcannot helphelp bubutt feelfeel thatthat inin thisthis mattermatter thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates hadhad shownshown itselfitself toto bbee somewhatsomewhat greedygreedy andand rapaciousr~pacious.. ThThee HonorableHonorable Mr.Mr. JusticeJustice weatherbee,Weatherbee, inin reviewingreviewing thethe apparentapparent unjustnessunjustness ofof thethe treatytreaty remarked,remarked, "TO-day"To-day thethe stateState ofof MaineMaine entersenters likelike anan immenseimmense wedgewedge thethe territerritortoryy lyinglying onon thethe easteast ofof thethe mightymighty st.St. Lawrence.Lawrence, almostalmost entirelyentirely splittingsplitting offoff thethe maritimemaritime provineeprovincess fromfrom thethe restrest ofof thethe dominion."dominion." (3)(3) (1)-Hansard-1st(l)-Hansard-lst Series-37-p.871.Series-37-p.871. (2)-Ashley-Life(2)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord palmerston-I-l.423.Palmerston-1-1.423. (3)-Nova(3)-Nova ScotiaScotia HistoricalHistorical Sooiety-VI-1887-88-p.26.Sooiety-YI-1887-88-p.26. -25--25-

Palmerston'sPalmerston^s utterutter oondemnationofcondemnation of thethe TreatyTreaty inin a splendidlysplendid y delivereddelivered speeohspeech beforebefore thethe HouseHouse ofof CommonCommonss bearbearss furtherfurther prooprooff ofof hishis fearsfears ofof thethe untrustworthinessuntrustworthiness ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment inin itsits diplomaticdip omatic relationsrelations withwith foreignforeign countries.countries. Moreover,Moreover, itit strengthenedstrengthened hishis beliefbelief thatthat thethe UniUnitetedd statesStates intendedintended toto gaingain possessiopossessionn ofof thethe BritiShBritish ColonyColony toto itsits north.north. A fewfew extractsextracts fromfrom thethe speech,speech, mainlymainly thosethose bearinbearingg onon thesethese pointspoints,, areare herewithherewith quoted:-quoted:- "1"I wellwe l knowknow thatthat inin proceedinproceedingg toto expreexpressss mmyy dissatisfactiondissatisfaction atat thethe TreatyTreaty ofof WashingtWashingtonon., I shallsha l bbee memett withwith thethe stalestale andand hackniedhacknied chargecharge thatthat mymy languagelanguage andand opinionsopinions havehave a tendencytendency toto disturbdisturb thethe friendlyfriendly relationsrelations betweebetweenn thisthis oountrycountry andand foreignforeign powerspO'Jvers,, andand toto brinbringg onon thethe riskrisk ofof war,----.war, • Why.Why, letlet meme ask.ask, diddid thethe AmericansAmericans insistinsist uponupon havinghaving territoriesterritories northnorth ofof thethe st.st« John----,John , thethe landland . 1sis ill-adaptedill-adapted forfor cultivationcultivation andand settlement.----.sett ement, • ButBut itit hashas one,one, andand onlyonly one ,t valuevalue toto them,them, itit isis a salientsalient point.point, projectinprojectingg intointo ourour limits,limits, andand interposinginterposing betweebetweenn CanadaCanada andand NeNeww Brunswick.Brunswick, bbyy whichwhich theythey willwil}. havehave additionaladditiona meansmeans ofof threateningthreatening usus inin casecase ofof newnew differences,differenees, oror ofof attackingattacking usus inin thethe eventevent ofof war;war; andand itit isis preciselpreciselyy onon thisthis accountaccount thatthat theythey oughtought notnot toto havehave beebeenn allowedal owed toto havehave it.----it. ButBut wewe areare toldto d bbyy itsits defenders,defenders, thatthat babadd asas itit is,is, itit has,has, neverthe1iess,nevertheless, settledsettled allal}. disputes.disputes, andand insuredinsured henceforwardhenceforward perpetuperpetuala sunshinesunshine andand undisturbedundisturbed peaeepeace., harmonyharmony and.and goodgood willwill betweenbetween thethe twotwo countries.-----countries. ButBut hashas it?----it? WhatWhat hashas latelylately -26--26- happenedhappened inin thethe OregonOregon territory,territory, onon thethe bankbankss ofof thtr-ee ColumbiaColumbia River?River? Why,Why, thethe SenateSenate havehave actuallyactually passepassedd a bbilli l forfor immediatelyimraediately takingtaking forciblforcibl~e possessiopossessionn ofof thethe wholewhole ooff thatthat territory,territory, andand thethe oonvictionconviction waswas expressedexpressed bbyy thethe SenatorSenator whowho broughbroughtt inin thatthat bibilll thatthat thethe AmericanAmerican olaimclaim toto thisthis territoryterritory wouldwould immediatelyimmediate y bbee aoquiescedacquiesced inin bbyy GreatGreat BritainBritain,, ifif itit waswas onlyonly urgedurged inin whatwhat hehe waswas pleasepleasedd toto oallcall a properproper manner-----ifmanner -if thisthis werewere actedacted uponupon itit wouldwou d bebe a declarationdeclaration ofof war.war,---A A freshfresh prooprooff ofof howhow truetrue itit isis thatthat undueundue coneesconces­- sions,sions, insteadinstead ofsecurlrg:of securing: peacepeace., onlyonly increasedincreased tP.8the appetiteappetite forfor aggressiong----thisaggression, this treatytreaty will,will, I fear,fear, bbyy placinplacingg ththee UnitedUnited StatesStates inin a bettebetterr militarymi itary positiopositionn inin regardregard toto usus thanthan theythey occupiedocoupied beforbeforee andand bbyy inducinginducing themthem toto thinkthink thathatt wewe shallshall yieldyie d wheneverwhenever theythey holdhold out,out, itit willwill encourageeneourage themthem toto paspasss uponupon usus unjustunjust demands,demands, andand willwill affordafford themthem increasedincreased meansmeans ofof supportingsupporting suchsuch pretensions."n (I)(1) Palmerston,Palmerston, moreover,moreover, sawsaw inin thisthis treatytreaty a furtherfurther evidenceevidence ofof thethe attemptattempt ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates toto castcast a stigmastigma uponupon BritishBritish prestigeprestige.# IfIf thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic waswas nonott watchedwatched closely,olosely, BritishBritish influenceinfluenoe onon thethe NortNorthh America~ricann ConCon­- tinenttinent wouldwou d soonsoon disappear.disappear, ToTo grantgrant toto thisthis RepublicRepublic furtherfurther concessionsconcessions waswas invitiLginviting furtherfurther aggressionaggression.. DuringDuring hishis firstfirst Premiership,Premiership, hehe oommentedcommented uponupon thisthis tendencytendency ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates inin a ratherrather bittebitterr tona-:tom:­- "These"These YankeesYankees areare mostmost disagreeable.disagreeabla fellowsfellows toto havehave toto ddoo withwith aboutabout anyany AmericanAmerican question;question; theythey areare onon thethe spotspot,, strong,strong, deeplydeeply interestedinterested inin thethe matter,matter, totallytotally

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unscrupulousunscrupulous andand dishonedishonesstt andand determineddetermined somehowsomehow oror otherother toto carrycarry thetheiirr pointpoint;; wewe areare farfar away.away, weakweak fromfrom distance.distance, controlledcontrolled bbyy thethe indifferenceindifference ofof thethe nationnation asas toto thethe ques­ques- tiontion discussed.discussed, andand bbyy itsits strongstrong commerciaco~rciall interestinterest inin maintainingmaintaining peacpeacee withwith thethe UnitedUnited states.States. ----- I havehave longlong feltfe t inwardlyinwardly convincedconvinced thatthat thethe Anglo-saxonAnglo-Saxon racerace willwill inin procesprocesss ofof timetime becombecomee mastersmasters ofof thethe wholewhole AmericanAmerican Continent.Continent, NortNorthh andand South----itSouth it isis notnot forfor usus toto assistassist suchsueh a consumma­consumma- tion.tion, bubutt onon thethe contrarycontrary wewe oughtought toto delaydelay itit 8Sas longlong 8Sas possible.possible."" (I)(1) AccordinglyAccordingly withwith suchsuch a distrustdistrust ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates imbeddedimbedded inin him.him, growinggrowing tensertenser everyevery year.year, itit isis onlyonly naturalnatural thatthat oneone shouldshould expectexpect PalmerstonPa merston uponupon thethe out­out- breabreakk ofof thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War.War, toto urgeurge strenuouslystrenuously thethe needneed ofof fortifyingfortifying CanadaCanada againstagainst possiblpossiblee disturbances.disturbances. ThereThere hadhad beebeenn inin additionaddition manymany rumorsrumors current.current, thatthat SewardSeward inin orderorder toto avoidavoid civilcivil warwar withinwithin thethe UnionUnion waswas tryingtrying toto organizeorganize a warwar againstagainst somesome foreignforeign powerpower., particularlpartioularlyy againstagainst England.England. HisHis theorytheory ofof a "foreign."foreign warwar Panacea"Panacea" arousedaroused muchmuch excitementexcitement andand displaydisplay ofof feelingfeeling inin GreatGreat Britain.Britain, (2)(2) TheThe MorningMorning post.Post, supposedsupposed toto bbee Palmerston'sPalmerston's officialofficial organ.organ, broachebroachedd thisthis possibility:~ossibility:-- "The"The UnitedUnited statesStates areare seekingseeking a pretexpretextt toto declaredeclare warwar againstagainst England.England. ThisThis isis evidentevident fromfrom thethe policypolicy

(l)-P.(1)-P. Guedalla-Palmerston-p.397.Gueda la-Palmerston-p.397. (2)-E.(2)-E« D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil war-I-p.125War-I-p.125 -28--28-

ofof Mr.Mr. Sewardi~ BeingBeing unableunable toto sucoeedsucceed withwith thethe South,South, hehe hadhad resolvedresolved toto stretohstretch a helpinghe ping handhand toto it,it, andand toto sealseal thethe newnew friendshipfriendship bbyy commoncomraon invasioninvasion ofof Canada."Canada." (3)(3) WhenWhen thethe attackattack onon thethe proposeproposedd augmentationaugmentation ofof thethe militarymilitary forceforce inin CanadaCanada oocurredoccurred inin thethe LowerLower HouseHouse onon JuneJune 24th,24th, PalmerstonPalmerston arosearose toto defenddefend thethe measure,measure,

althoughalthough oharacterietlolyoharaoteristicly defendingdefending itit asas ratherrather a custo­custo- marymary precautiopreoautionn inin warwar timetime thanthan asas oneone withwith anyany militantmilitant purpospurposee behinbehindd it:-it:- "It"It isis thethe ordinaryordinary practicpraoticee ofof allall governmentsgovernments inin allall partpartss ofof thethe world,world, whenwhen warwar breakbreakss outout

andand greatgreat militarmilita~y operationsoperations commencecommence inin neighboringneighboring states,states, toto taketake thethe smallsmall andand usualusual precautionprecautionss ofof strength-strength— eningening inin somesome degreedegree theirtheir militarymilitary forceforce inin thatthat portionportion ofof theirtheir teritoryteritory whiohwhich isis inin closestclosest proximitproximityy toto thethe scenescene ofof hostilihosti itieties-----.s • ItIt isis a veryvery smallsmal foroe,force, andand toto talkta k ofof threethree thousandthousand menmen beinbeingg a largelarge andand momentousmomentous expeditionexpedition is,is, I mustmust say,say, anan amountamount ofof exaggerationexaggeration hardlyhardly toto havehave beebeenn expectedexpected fromfrom a militarymilitary officerofficer ofof soso muchmuch knowledgeknowledge andand experienceexperience asas thethe honourablehonourable andand gallantgallant Gentlemen."Gentlemam" (2)(2)

If,If, asas Palmerstopalmerstonn meansmeans .toto implyimp y,t a forcef orce ofof threethree thousandthousand menmen isis a negligiblenegligib e oneone asas farfar asas warwar isis concerned,concerned, whatwhat thenthen isis thethe necessitynecessity ofof sendingsending itit atat all?all?

(I)-De(l)-De Gasparln-AmericaGasparin-America BeforeBefore Europe-trans.Europe-trans. bbyy M.L.M.L. Booth­Booth- p«13p.1322 Note:-- TheThe writerwriter lackinglacking acoessaccess toto thethe issuesissues ofof thethe MorningMorning Post,Post, quotesquotes itsits statementstatement fromfrom thisthis source,source, andand althoughalthough hehe oarmotcannot vouchvouch forfor thetheilrr authentioity,authenticity, thethe reputationreputation ofof thisthis sourcesource isis suohsuch asas toto warrantwarrant a reasonablereasonable suretysurety inin theirtheir aocuraoy.accuracy. (2)-Hansard-3rd(2)-Hansard-3rd Serles-163-p.1522.Series-163-p«1522. -29--29-

SurelySurely a nationnation doesdoes notnot go·go toto thethe expenseexpense ofof fittingfitting outout anan expeditionexpedition merelymere y forfor ornamentalornamental purposespurposesll ThereThere mustmust bbee somesome motivemotive behinbehindd suohsuch anan aotion.action, Disraeli,Disraeli, takingtaking thethe floorfloor afterafter Palmerston.Palmerston, denounoesdenounces PalmerstontsPalmerston's actionaction asas oneone notnot actuatedactuated bbyy anyany disinteresteddisinterested motivemotive bubutt asas oneone actuatedactuated bbyy thethe thoughtthought ofof futurefuture war,war, "What"What isis thethe policpolicyy ofof thatthat operation,operation, whiohwhioh isis reallyreal y whatwhat atat thethe presenpresentt momentmoment engagesengages thethe attentionattention ofof thethe country.-----Ifcountry.——If thesethese disturbancesdisturbances hadhad notnot takentaken placeplace inin thethe UnitedUnited states,States, wouldwould thesethese threethree thousandthousand menmen havehave beebeenn sentsent toto Canada?Canada? IfIf theythey areare S3ntsent inin consequenceconsequence ofof thethe disturbancesdisturbances inin thethe UnitedUnited states,States, whatwhat isis thethe purposepurpose forf or whichwhich theythey areare sent?sent? IsIs itit toto guardguard thethe frontierfrontier oror toto increaseincrease thethe garrisons?garrisons? IfIf toto guardguard thethe frontier.frontier, areare theythey sufficientsufficient forfor thatthat objeot?----objeot? IfIf toto increaseincrease thethe garrisons,garrisons, areare theythey neoessary?---necessary? TheThe garrisonsgarrisons areare atat thatthat pitcpitchh ofof strengthstrength atat whichwhich uponupon thethe wholewhole andand afterafter duedue experienceexperience itit waswas thethe opinionopinion ofof ParliamentParliament andand ofof thisthis oountrycountry thatthat theythey shouldshould bbee maintained.maintained.—----— ItIt cancan bbee viewedviewed inin nono otherother lightlight thanthan anan actact ofof policpolicyy adoptedadopted inin consequenoeeonsequence ofof thethe distur­distur- bancebancess inin thethe UnitedUnited states.----States. TheThe onlyonly inferenceinfêrenee willwill bebe thatthat therethere isis onon thethe parpartt ofof thethe EnglishEnglish CabinetCabinet suspicionsuspicion andand fearfear andand a preparatiopreparationn forfor hostilitieshostilities whichwhich maymay bbee con­con- tingenttingent withwith thethe unitedUnited states."States." (1)(1)

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TheThe LondonLondon Times,Times, whichwhieh hadhad notnot yetyet assumedassumed itsits pro-Southpro-South attitude,attitude, remarkedremarked UponUpon thethe proposedproposed sendingsending ofof thethessee troopstroops inin thethe followingfollowing manner,manner, "In"In thethessee daysdays itit seemsseems toto u,sus a rashrash andand ill-consideredill-considered policypolicy whichwhich detachesdetaches thethe forceforoe ofof thethe nationnation toto remoteremote placesplaees andand inin smallsma numbersnumbers toto dodo forfor ourour possessionspossessions thethe workwork theythey mightmight dodo forfor themselvesthemselves andand toto oompromiseoompromise usus byby theirtheir presencepresence atat criticalcritical momentsmoments inin eventsevents fromfrom whichwhich wewe shouldshould dodo wiselywisely toto keepkeep asas farfar aPartapart asas possible."possible." (1)(1) TheThe IllustratedIllustrated LondonLondon Newslews inin anan editorialeditorial thoughtthought thethe propoproposesedd actionaetion toto bebe a veryvery unwiseunwise one:-one:- "On"On thethe whole,whole, wewe think,think, howeverhowever reluctantly,reluctant y, thatthat publicpublic opinionopinion willwill dissentdissent fromfrom thethe policypolicy adoptedadopted byby thethe Govern­Govern- mentment inin referencereference toto CanadaCanada atat thisthis moment.moment. IfIf ministersministers areare inin possessionpossession ofof informationinformation whichwhich leadsleads themthem toto believbelievee thathatt ththee safetysafety oror tranquillittranquillityy ofof CanadaCanada isis menaced,menaced, thetheyy areare obViouslyobviously doingdoing totooo littlelittle inin transmittintransmittingg a fewfew thousanthousandd memenn thitherthither.------. IfIf thetheyy areare actingacting merelmerelyy onon a vaguvaguee idea,idea, thetheyy areare runninrunningg ththee risriskk ofof creatingcreating ththee veryvery dangerdanger whicwhichh atat presenpresentt thetheyy havhavee onlyonly imagined."imagined," (2)(2) 1 Palmerston' ss actioactionn cacann onlonlyy bbee ththee resulresultt ooff a beliebelieff iinn ththee inevitablenesinevitablenesss ooff a clasclashh ooff BritisBritishh andand AmericaAmericann interestsinterestat, whicwhichh appeareappearedd ttoo hihimm bounboundd ttoo happenhappen iinn a wawarr ooff thithiss kindkind.* HHee wawass nonott goingoingg ttoo risriskk havinghaving ththee faifairr namnamee anandd prestigprestigee ooff GreaGreatt BritaiBritainn belittlebelittledd anyany

(l)-Londo(l)-Londonn Times-JunTimes-Junee 17th,17th, 18611861.. (2)-Illustrate(2)-Illustratedd .LondonLondon Uews-SeptembeNews-septemberr 7th7th,, 18611861.. -31--31-

moremore bbyy thethe AmericanAmerican Republio.Republic. .. BritishBritish prestigpre stigee wouldwould receivereceive a severesevere set-baokset-back ifif CanadaCanada waswas toto fallfall beforbeforee anan AmericanAmerican invasion.invasion. ButBut thethe questquestioionn willwi l arise,arise, ifif PalmerstonPalmerston intendedintended thosethose troopstroops forfor militantmilitant purposespurposes,, hehe surelysure y wouldwould notnot havehave sentsent 80so smallsmall a foroe?force? TheThe answeranswer oancan bebe obtainedobtained inin a perusaperusall ofof thethe debatedebate onon thethe questionquestion ofof TroopsTroops forf or CanadaCanada onon MarohMarch 3rd,3rd, 1862.1862, InIn thisthis debatedebate wwee findfind thatthat itit waswas Palmerston'ss intentionintention originallyorigina ly toto sendsend outout a largelarge foroe,foree, bubutt thatthat hehe hadhad beenbeen thwartedthwarted inin hishis desiredésire bbyy thethe oolonialeolonial authorities.authorities. HeHe hadhad hadhad toto bbee oontentcontent withwith a rauchmuoh snallersmaller foroe.force. "It"It waswas saidsaid thatthat theythey oughtought notnot toto havehave seenseen sent.sent. I believbelievee thethe opinionopinion isis notnot nownow so'so veryvery muohmuoh entertained.entertained. ItIt hadhad beebeenn thethe wishwish ofof thethe GovernmentGovernment toto sendsend outout atat thatthat timetime a largerlarger number;number; bubutt soso farfar fromfrom thatthat largerlarger numbernumber havinghaving beebeenn askedasked forfor bbyy thethe colonialeolonial authoriauthoritiest les,, thatthat thethe sendingsending ofof thatthat largerlarger numbernumber waswas forfor thethe timetime suspended,suspended, thereforetherefore itit waswas notnot atat allowinga owing toto anyany wantwant ofof foresightforesight onon thethe parpartt ofof thethe GovernmentGovernment thatthat a largerlarger numbernumber waswaa notnot sentsent atat thethe tine."time." (1)(1) InIn thethe lightlight ofof thisthis statelOOntstatement thethe previousprevious oontentioneontention ofof PaJmerstonPalmerston thatthat thethe smallsma l forceforce waswas merelymerely sentsent asas a oustomarycustomary precautiopreoautionn certainlycertainly doesdoes notnot holdhold water.water. HieHis intentionsintentions allall thethe timetime werewere toto stronglystrong y fortifyfortify

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CanadaCanada forfor thethe warwar withwith thethe UnitedUnited statesStates whichwhich waswas suresure toto oome.come. ThatThat hehe believebelievedd thatthat suchsuoh a warwar waswas inevitableinevitable maymay bbee observedobserved inin hishis actionsactions duringduring thethe TrentTrent crisis.crisis. TheThe diplomaticdiplomatic relationsre ations betweebetweenn GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thethe UnitedUnited statesStates werewere veryvery rauchmuch strainedstrained duringduring thisthis period.period. Palmerston'sPalmerston1s actionsactions werewere decidedlydecidedly againstagainst thethe peacefulpeaceful outcomeoutcome ofof thethe affair,affair, asas thethe writerwriter hashas attemptedattempted toto proveprove inin a laterlater ohapter.chapter. HeHe believebelievedd thethe resultresult ofof thethe negotia­negotia- tionstions wouldwould endend inin war.war, andand accordinglyaccordingly mademade allall hastehaste toto s~rengthenstrengthen CanadaCanada againstagainst thethe invasioninvasion whichwhich waswas certaincertain toto comecome fromfrom itsits neighbor.neighbor. Mr.Mr# Peytopeytonn describesdescribes thethe extentextent ofof thethe forceforce whichwhich waswas sentsent overover inin thethe followingfollowing manner:-manner:- "So"So wewe findfind thethe Palmerstoniapalmerstoniann GovernmentGovernment sendingsending troopstroops inin thethe latelate FallFall withwith extraordinaryextraordinary dispatchdispatch toto CanadaCanada inin orderorder toto getget therethere beforbeforee thethe navigationnavigation ofof thethe st.St. LawrenoeLawrence isis closed.c osed. llanyMany steamerssteamers werewere sentsent carry­carry- inging ammunition,ammunition, baggagbaggagee andand troops.troops. A forceforee toto thethe amountamount ofof fifteenfifteen thousand,thousand, anan armyarmy oorpseorps oompleteeomplete inin allall itsits departments,departments, andand fitfit toto taketake thethe fieldfield i~diately."immediately." el)(1) SummingSumming upup Palmerston'sPa merstonfs attitudeattitude towardtoward thethe UnitedUnited statesStates withwith respectrespect toto Canada,Canada, wewe cancan safelysafe y saysay thatthat he viewedviewed thethe proximitproximityy ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates toto itit asas a threatthreat toto thethe oontinuancecontinuanee ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain asas a WorldWorld Power.Power| andand thatthat onon thisthis accountaccount a weakerweaker AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic wouldwould bbee moremore conduciveconducive toto thethe intereinterestatss ofof thethe BritishBritish Government.Government.

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ChapterChapter IV.IV.

?ALMERSTO~ALMERSTOPN ANDAND EENGLANNGLA1IDD ATAT TEETHE OUTBHEAQUTBRE~K OFOî1 TEETHE ADRICAlJAMERICAlf CIVILCIVIL WAWARR

TheThe outbreak:outbreak ofof disuniondisunion inin Am3Americrioaa waswas watohedwatched withwith muohmuch carecare andand anxietyanxiety bbyy thethe BritiShBritish Govern-Govern- mentement. GreatGreat Britain'sBritain's oommercialcommercial relationsrelations withwith thethe UnitedTJnited statesStates werewere veryvery closeclose andand important.important. OfOf thethe wholewhole foreignforeign tradetrade withwith thethe UnitedUnited statesStates moremore thanthan three-fifthsthree-f ifths ofof thethe foreignforeign tonnagetonnage enteringentering AmerioanAmerican portportss moremore thanthan four-fifthsfour-fifths werewere oontributedcontributed bbyy thisthis kingdomkingdom andand itsits oolonies.colonies. FromFrora thethe westernWestern statesStates atof thethe UnionUnion wewe drewdrew everyevery yearyear largelarge suppliessupplies ofof foodfood andand fromfrom thethe SouthernSouthern thethe rawraw materialsmaterials forfor ourour mostmost importantimportant manufaoture.manufacture. GreatGreat BritainBritain waswas herselfherself anan AmerioanAmerican po~rpower herher and/possessionsand/possessions bordereborderedd onon thosethose ofof thethe RepublicRepublic acrossacross

thethe wholewhole breadtbreadthh ofof thethe Continent.Continent, AnAIryy gravegrave ohangechange oror

disturbamedisturbance,t therefore,therefore, oocurringoccurring inin thethe UnitedUnited statesStates hadhad toto thethe EnglishEnglish GovernmentGovernment anan importanceimportance whichwhich itit could.eould havehave toto nono other.other. (1)(1) GreatGreat Britain.Britain, closelyclosely connectedconnected withwith thethe NortNorthh ~ricanAmerican ContinentContinent bbyy maritimemaritime andand territorialterritorial interests,interests, wouldwou d natural1ynaturally bbee thethe foreignforeign powepowerr mostmost vitallyvital y concernedconcerned inin thethe coursecourse ofof events.events thenthen takingtaking placplacee inin thethe

(l)-M.( )-M« Bernard-TheBernard-The NeutralityNeutrality ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain duringduring thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War-p.122.War-p.122. -34-34--

TJniteUnitedd Statesstates,, anandd ssoo wwee finfind.d ththee eyeeyess ooff ththee otheotherr nationsnations followinfollowingg eloselcloselyy heherr actionaction.. ThThee OlOldd WorlWorldd woulwouldd ddoo nothinnothingg untiuntill EnglanEnglandd acted.acted. "Th"Thee otheotherr maritimmarittmee powerpowerss waitewaitedd foforr GreatGreat BritaiBritainn ttoo taktakee ththee leadlead., becausbecausee ththee extenextentt ooff heherr dominiondominion anandd oommerocommercee iinn NortNorthh AmericAmericaa madmadee ththee questioquestionn (th(thee policypolicy ttoo bbee adoptedadopted)) mosmostt importanimportantt ttoo her.her."" (I)(1) InIn ordeorderr ttoo discusdiscusss intelligenintelligentlyt y ththee ppolicyo icy ttoo bbee adopteadoptedd bbyy GreaGreatt BritaiBritainn iitt iiss a necessarnecessaryy adjuncadjunctt toto obtaiobtainn a cleaclearr comprehensiocomprehensionn ooff ththee eharactecharacterr ooff thostho sae whwhoo wilwilll exercisexercisee aann influencinfluencee oonn thathatt ppolicy.o ioy. InIn ththee fforma­ orma- tiotionn ofof ththee policpolicyy ththee BritieBritishh GovernmentGovernment hahass shownshown itselfitself ttoo havhavee a& ververyy pecu^iapeculiarr oharacteristio.characteristic. ThroughoutThroughout thethe existenceexistenoe ofof ththee BritisBritishh ParliamentarParliamentaryy SystemSystem practicallypractically nnoo greatgreat change,change; nnoo mattematterr hohowmuohw muoh itit 1sis neededneeded,, hahass everever beebeenn accompliShedaccomplished voluntarvoluntarily.i y. NNoo reforreformm hahass everever beenbeen

promulgatedpromulgated inin EnglandEngland exceptexcept afterafter 8a hardhard struggle.struggle. ParliamentaryParliamentary reform,reform, CatholicCatholie emancipation,emancipation, freefree trade,trade,

educationaleducational reform,reform, andand manymany othersothers havehave onlyon y COlmcome intointo existenoeexistenee afterafter a severesevere strugglestruggle withwith thethe rulingruling body.body. WhyWhy isis thisthis so?so? ThisThis peculiarpeculiar developmentdevelopment inin

thethe EnglishEnglish stateState isis owing,owing, accordingaccording toto thethe theorytheory ofof DDee Gasparin,Gasparin, a FrenchFrench writer,writer, toto thethe factfact thatthat therethere areare twotwo

(I)-F.(1)-F. Bancroft-LifeBancroft-Life ofof W.W. H.H. Seward-II-p.176.Seward-II-p.176. -35--35-

nationsnatlons inin England.England. TheyThey areare thethe unprincipledunprincipled England.England, andand thethe liberalliberal andand ChristianChristian England.Eng and. AtAt thethe presentpresent momentmoment thethe unprinoipledunprincipled EnglandEng and rules.rules. (1)(1) InasmuchInasmuoh asas thethe unprincipledunprineipled EnglandEngland pplays ays anan importantiraportant rolerole inin thisthis thethesissis., anan explanatexplanatioionn ofof thethe mannermanner inin whichwhieh itit isis usedused herehere wouldwould notnot bbee amiss.amiss. TheThe adjectiveadjeetive unprincunprincipleipledd doesdoes notnot meanmean thatthat thisthis sectionsection ofof thethe EnglishEnglish peoplpeoplee werewerewantonlwant onlyy cruelcruel andand wicked.wicked. ItIt meansmeans thatthat thetheiirr actionsactions andand ppolicieso icies werewere notnot governedgoverned bbyy thethe principleprincipless ofof humanityhumanity bubutt bbyy whatwhat theythey belie'vedwerbelie'V{td weree naturalnatura laws,laws, andand thatthat itit waswas ofof nono availavai forfor anybodyanybody toto strugglestruggle againstagainst them.them.

fhehe theorytheory ofof economioeconomie individualismindividua ism andand thethe balancbalancee o~of powerpower theorytheory werewere examplesexamples ofof whatwhat theythey termedtermed naturalnatura laws.laws. TheseThese mustmust bbee followedfollowed ifif BritishBritish worldworld prestigprestigee waswas toto continue.continue. ItIt isis inin thisthis sensesense onlyonly thatthat thethe writerwriter usesuses thethe adjectiveadjective unprinoip1ed.unprinoipled. TheThe liberalliberal EnglandEngland onon thethe otherother handhand wawass governedgoverned bbyy thethe principleprincipless ofof humanityhumanity andand caredcared nothingnothing forfor the;vthey thesethese naturalnatural lawslaws whenwhen IJ interferedinterfered withwith theirtheir principles.principles. TheirTheir directdirect influence.influence, however,however, onon politicapoliticall questionsquestions waswas insignificantinsignificant becausbeoausee thethe majoritymajority ofof theirtheir membersmembers werewere notnot enfranchisedenfranchised whilewhile thethe membersmembers ofof thethe unprincipledunprincipled EnglandEngland werewere practicallpracticallyy allall enfranohised.enfranchised. ItIt waswas onlyonly when·when th1athis

(I)-De(l)-De Gssparin-AmericaGasparin-America BeforeBefore Europe-trans.Europe-trans. bbyy M.M. L.L. Booth­Booth- p.96-9p.96-977 lote:Note:-- ThisThis boobookk waswas writtenwritten inin March.March, 1862.1862. -36--36-

unenfranchisedunenfranehised liberalliberal EnglandEngland waswas mademade awareaware ofof thethe unjust­unjust- nessness ofof a particulaparticularr policpolicyy thatthat theythey hadhad anyany influenoeinfluence uponupon thethe enfranohisedenfranchised unprinoipledunprincip ed England.Eng and, andand thisthis influenceinf uence waswas generallygenerally broughbroughtt toto beabearr uponupon thethe rulingruling classclass onlyon y whewhenn thethe threatthreat ofof revolutionrevolution appearedappeared toto bbee imminent.imminent* WhatWhat waswas thethe compositionoomposition ofof thisthis bodbodyy whichwhich ruledruled England?England? WhatWhat mannermanner ofof peoplpeoplee waswas thisthis whowho warrantedwarranted thethe titletitle "the"the unprincipledunprincipled England"?England"? ItIt waswas thethe remnantremnant ofof thethe oldold orderorder ofof thingsthings inin England.England, thethe landedlanded gentry.gentry, andand thethe newnew olassclass ofof wealthywealthy peoplepeople., thethe manufaoturersmanufacturers andand capitalists.capitalists, comprisingcomprising thethe upperupper middlemiddle classclass andand thethe aris­aris- tocraoytocraey whowho dominateddominated BritishBritish polioypolicy.. Itt waswas thisthis aristo­aristo- oraticcratie oligarchyoligarchy thatthat raisedraised thethe orycry ofof warwar againstagainst AmericaAmerica andand soonsoon hadhad thethe BritiShBritish PressPress repeatingrepeating itit afterafter them.thera* TheyThey stillstill retainedretained thethe civiscivis RomanusRomanus ofof BritishBritish pridepride.. ItIt waswas theythey who.who, momentarilymomentarily shuttingshutting outout thethe otherother England,Bngland, hadhad givengiven thethe firstfirst impressionimpression ofof BritishBritish policypolioy.. AnAn impressionimpression whichwhich oausedcaused GreatGreat BritainBritain afterafter thethe warwar toto blusblushh withwith shame.shame. GoldwinGoldwin SmithSmith remarked,remarked,"tha"thatt thethe coursecourse ofof thethe EnglishEnglish Govern­Govern- ment.ment, andand thethe conducteonduct andand expressionexpression ofof thethe aristooraticaristocratic andand wealthywealthy classesclasses inin England,England, duringduring thethe lastlast fourfour years,years, havehave produceproducedd amongamong usus anan almostalmost universaluniversal feelingfeeling ofof bitternessbitterness andand irritation."irritation." (1)(1) AAnn insightinsight intointo thethe unpopUlarityunpopularity whichwhich GreatGreat BritainBritain incurredincurred inin thethe UnitedUnited statesStates asas a resultresult ofof thisthis impressionimpression cancan bbee obtainedobtained inin almostalmost anyany treatisetreatise onon thethe AmericanAmerioan OivilOivil War.War.

(I)-North(l)-North AmerioanAmerican Review-IOO-p.335Review-100-p.335 -37--37-

TheThe perioperiodd treatedtreated inin thisthis thethesisiss coinccoincideidess withwith thethe momentmoment ofof thethe greatestgreatest influenceinfluence ofof thisthis aristocraticaristocratie groupgroup onon BritishBritish ppolicyo icy andand consequentlyconsequently itit wouldwou d notnot bbee amissamiss herehere toto considerconsider thisthis grougr~pp inin a somewhatsomewhat detaileddetailed mannermanner withwith respeotrespeot toto theirtheir attitudeattitude towardtoward thethe UnitedUnited states.States. EspeciallyEspecial y isis thisthis desirabledesirable whenwhen thethe subjeotsubjeot ofof ourour studystudy isis thethe leaderleader ofof thisthis group.group. InIn a previoupreviouss chapterchapter wewe describeddescribed withwith whatwhat anan achingaching heartheart PalmerstonPalmerston viewedviewed thethe successfulsuccessful AmericanAmerican Republic.Republic. ThThee BritishBritish aristocracyaristocracy viewedviewed itit inin muchmuch thethe samesarae manner.manner. ItIt alsoalso hadhad observedobserved thethe influenoeinfluence ofof thethe RepublicRepublic inin itsits ownown oountrycountry andand onon thethe EuropeanEuropean Continent.Continent. Itt hadhad seenseen thethe principleprincipless ofof RepublicanismRepublicanism agitatedagitated inin England.England, placinplaoingg botbothh theirtheir propertyproperty andand li'Veslives inin a veryvery insecureinsecure andand dangerousdangerous positionposition.. Moreover.Moreover, itit hadhad latelylately observedobserved thethe failurefailure ofof RepublicanismRepublicanism onon thethe ContinentContinent withwith thethe resultresult thatthat thisthis typetype ofof government:government becamebecame lookedlooked uponupon asas anan unstableûnstable typetype andand suresure toto collapsecollapse inin time.time. SoSo thethe EnglishEng ish aristocracyaristoeracy camecame toto harborharbor thethe ideaidea thatthat thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublie wouldwould meetmeet thethe samesame fatefate inin thethe nearnear future.future, WhenWhen thethe strifestrife brokbrokee outout betweebetweenn thethe twotwo seotions.sections, thethe aristocraoyaristocracy thOUghtthought thatthat thatthat timetime hadhad comeeome andand quicklyquickly jumpejumpedd toto thethe conclusiconclusionon., andand whatwhat isis moremore important,important,thetheyy openlyopenly proproclaimedc aimed it.it, thatthat thethe resul~result ofof thethe strugglestruggle wouldwould ,.•.. inevitablyinevitably leadlead toto thethe dismembermentdismemberment ofof thethe AmericanAmerican Republic.Republic. ostrogorskiOstrogorski commentedeommented uponupon thetheiirr aotiaotiononss inin thethe followingfollowing manner: - "In"In theirtheir heartheart ofof hearts.hearts, thethe rulingruling classesolasses clungclung toto theirtheir oldold opinionsopinions whichwhich occasionallyoccasional y showedshowed themselvesthemselves inin -38--38-

thethe crudecrudesstt form.form. Thus.Thus, thenthen thethe CivilCivil WarWar brokbrokee outout inin thethe UnitedUnited states,States, theythey tooktook thethe sideside ofof thethe slave-holdingslave-holding- SouthSouth againstagainst thethe NorthNorth,, andand believinbelievingg thatthat thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic waswas doomed.doomed, werewere overjoyedoverjoyed atat thethe ideaidea thatthat democracydemocracy hadhad thus.thus, asas theythey thOUght.thought, proveprovedd itsits impoteme."impotence." (1)(1) AA greatgreat mamajoritjorityy ofof thethe newspapersnewspapers and.and magazinesmagazines naturallynaturally soonsoon sharedshared theirtheir beliebelieff andand theythey sho_dshowed itit inin theirtheir attitudeattitude towardtoward thethe participantsparticipants.. OneOne writerwriter remarkedremarked thatthat "although"although thethe actualaetual disruptdisruptioionn ofof thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic isis jusjustt nonoww onon thethe vergeverge ofof consummation.consummation, ifif indeedindeed itit maymay notnot bbee saidsaid toto havehave alreadyalready takentaken place,• itit isis anan eventevent whichwhich since'since thethe originorigin ofof thethe UnionUnion hashas beebeenn reckonedreckoned amongstamongst thethe certaintiescertainties ofof thethe future.future, andand hashas oftenoften beebeenn thoughtthought ImmiJaent~"imminent." (2)(2) TheThe misfortunesmisfortunes ofof thethe WashingtonianWashingtonian GovemmentGovernment camecame toto bbee a mattermatter forfor muchmuch rejoicingrejoicing bbyy thethe aristocracy.aristocraey. ItIt wouldwould getget somesorae ofof itsits ownown medicinemedieine now.now. "As"As soonsoon asas thethe 'southernSouthern statesstates seoededseoeded wewe allall begabegann toto exult.exult. YouYou havehave gotgot a bitbitee ofof youryour ownown cru.stcrust waswas

thethe burdeburdenn ofof ourour song.song. RebelsRebels andand traitorstraitors asas youyou are ,t hohoww dodo youyou likelike treasontreason andand rebellion."rebellion." (3)(3) "That"That thethe rUlingruling aristocraticaristocratic classesclasses shouldshould havehave feltfelt nono particulapartioularr sorrowsorrow atat thethe prospecprospectt ofof thethe disruptiondisruption ofof thethe greatgreat Republic.Republic, anan incarnationincarnation ofof thethe democracydemocracy ~hichwhich

(l)-M.( )-M. ostrogorskl-DemocracyOstrogorski-Democracy andand thethe OrganizationOrganization ofof PoliticalPolitical Parties-I-p.92.Parties-I-p.92. (2)(2)-Westminstô-Westmiasterr RevieW-October.Review-October, 18611861.. (3)-Fraser-October.(3)-Fraser-0ctober, 1863.1863. -39--39-

threatenedthreatened toto devourdevour themthem andand whatwhat theythey heldheld dear,dear, waswas onlyonly toto be expeoted."expected." (1)(1) NoNott onlyonly diddid thethe aristooraoyaristocracy rejoicerejoiee atat thethe misfortunesmisfortunes ofof thethe UnionUnion bubutt itit soonsoon tooktook thethe sideside ofof thethe South.South. WhyWhy diddid itit dodo this?this? OneOne reasonreason waswas thatthat fromfrom thethe early-early beginningbeginningss ofof thethe A.m9ricanAmerican states,States, thethe SouthernSouthern ooloniescolonies hadhad alwaysalways beebeenn moremore closelyclose y oonnectedconnected toto thethe aristooracy-aristooraey thanthan hadhad thethe UortherNorthernn colonies.colonies. ItsIts plantationplantation ownersowners camecame toto be veryvery similarsimilar toto thethe stratastrata ofof landedlanded gentrygentry inin England.England. TheirTheir ohildrenchildren hadhad usuallyusua ly beebeenn sentsent toto EnglandBngland forfor thethe finishingfinishing touchestouches ofof theirtheir education.education, Popollardl ard remarkedremarkad thatthat "the"the oolonistscolonists ofof VirginiaYirginia andand thethe CarolinasCarolinas werewere fromfrom thethe firstfirst distinguisheddistinguished forfor theirtheir ppoliteo ite InaIlllers,manners, theirtheir finefine sentiments,sentiments, theirtheir attaohmentattachment toto a sortsort ofof feudalfeudal life,life, theirtheir landedlanded gentry,gentry, theirtheir loveove ofof fieldfield sportssports andand da1Jgerousdangerous adventure,adventure, andand thethe prodigaprodigall andand improvidentimprovident hospi­hospi- tality-tality andand gaiety."gaiety." (2'(2) AsAs a resultresult thethe landedlanded gentry-gentry ofof England.England hadhad oomeeome toto looklook uponupon thethe SouthSouth asas a oomplexcomplex of'af thethe

MotherMother Country,t anan aristocratioaristocratic andand plebeiaplebeiann oountry.country. ThThee NorthNorth,, onon thethe otherother hand,hand, camecame toto bbee lookedlooked uponupon asas essen­essen- tiallYtially a democraticdemocratic andand republicanrepublican oountry,country, consistingconsisting ofof smallsmall farmersfarmers andand industrialindustrial workers.workers. AnotherAnother reasonreason waswas thethe economicaleconomical oonnectionconnection betweebetweenn thethe SouthSouth andand thethe manufaoturingmanufacturing interestsinterests ofof England.England.

, (l)-J.( )-J. K.K. Hosmer-TheHosmer-The AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War-I-p.306.War-I-p.306. (2)-E.(2)-E. A.A. Pollard-ThePollard-The LostLost Ca.use-p.50Cause-p.50 -40--40-

GreatGreat BritainBritain obtainedobtained thethe vastvast majoritymajority ofof herher rawraw materialmaterial fromfrom thethe South.South. TheThe UnitedUnited states,States, therefore.therefore, couldcould expectexpect neitherneither aidaid nornor sympathysympathy fromfrom GreatGreat BritainBritain whilewhile thisthis unprincipledunprincipled EnglandEng and ruled.ruled. "With"With icyicy sang-froid,sang-froid, thethe EnglishEnglish nationnation signifiedsignified toto AmericaAmerica thatthat itsits strugglestruggle waswas ofof interestinterest toto nono one.one, thatthat thethe tlagflag otof slaver,yslavery displayeddisp ayed byby thethe SouthSouth waswas revoltingrevolting toto

nono one t, thatthat thethe successsuccess ofof thethe SouthSouth dismayeddismayed nono one.one, thatthat thethe dismembermentdismemberment ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates saddemdsaddened nono one."one." (1)(1) LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston asas theirtheir leader,leader, and.and, whatwhat isis mormoree

important,t asas thethe PrimePrime Minister.Minister, wouldwould mostmost certainlycertain y havehave a go.odgopd dealdea toto dodo withwith thethe attitudeattitude ofof thethe BritishBritish Govern-Govern- ment,ment, especiallyespecially whenwhen foreignforeign relationsrelations werewere concerned.concerned. ItIt hadhad beebeenn asas SecretarySecretary ofof StateState forfor ForeignForeign AffairsAffairs thatthat hehe hadhad achievedachieved hishis mostmost remarkableremarkable successes.successes. SirSir HoraceHorace RumboldRumbold remarkedremarked "that"that inin Palmerston'sPalmerston^s time.time, thethe prestiprestiggee andand rightfulrightful authorityauthority ofof thethe countrycountry roserose toto anan altitudealtitude thatthat cancan besbe stt bbee measuredmeasured bbyy thethe depthdepth toto whichwhich theythey havehave sincesince sunltsunk...." (2)(2) HisHis ownown inclinationsinc inations andand interestsinterests werewere mainlymainly inin thethe fieldfield ofof foreignforeign affairs.affairs. HisHis idealideal ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain asas a WorldWorld Po.rPower dependeddepended onon thethe mannermanner inin whichwhich sheshe conductedconducted herher foreignforeign affairs.affairs. HenryHenry AdamsAdams remarkedremarked onon thiss character-eharacter- iististtce inin thethe followingfollowing manner: - "Lord PalmerstPalmerstoonn waswas notnot

{I)-De(l)-De Gasparin-AmericaGasparin-Ameriea BeforeBefore Europe-trans.Europe-trans. bbyy M.L.Booth-p.95M.L.Booth-p.95 (2)-Recollections(2)-Recolleotions ofof a Diplomatist-I-p.110Diplomatist-I-p.110 Note:Note:-- PublishedPublished inin winterwinter ofof 1872.1872. -41--41-

ForeignForeign Secretary;Secretary; hehe waswas PrimePrime Minister;Minister; bubutt hehe lovedoved foreignforeign affairsaffairs andand couldcould nono moremore resistresist scoringscoring a pointpoint inin diplomacydiplomaey thanthan inin whist."whist." (1)(1) SurelySurely Palmerston,Palmerston, withwith suchsuch a background.background, couldcould notnot bubutt bbee intenselyintensely interestedinterested inin suchsuch a crisiscrisis asas confrontedeonfronted thethe AmericanAmerican Republio.Republic. A orisiscrisis whichwhich bibidd fairfair toto overturnoverturn oompletelyoompletely thethe orderorder ofof thethe dayday andand brinbringg a neneww andand perplexinperplexingg probleproblemm toto thethe OldOld World.Wor d. A crisiscrisis whichwhich mightmight eventuallyeventua ly makemake thethe NortNorthh AIOOrioanAmerican ContinentContinent onceonce moremore a fieldfie d forfor EuropeanEuropean aggressionaggression andand rivalry.rivalry. InIn faotfaet manymany ofof thethe BritishBritish politicapoliticall leadersleaders heldheld thethe viewview thatthat a newnew AmericaAmerica wouldwould evolve.evolve. DisraeliDisraeli givesgives usus a typicaltypical pieturpioturee ofof thethe politieapoliticall situationsituation whiohwhieh manymany thoughtthought wouldwould oomeoome toto pass:pass:-- "1"I cannotcannot concealoonceal fromfrom myselfmyself thethe convi'otionconviction that.that, whoeverwhoever inin thisthis HouaeHouse maymay bbee youngyoung enoughenough toto Iilivvee toto witnesswitness thethe ultimateultimate consequencesconsequences ofof thisthis oivilcivil war.war, willwil see.see, wheneverwhenever thethe waterswaters havehave SUbsided.subsided, a differentdifferent AmericaAmerica fromfrom thatthat whichwhich wa_ss knownknown toto ourour fathers,fathers, andand eveneven fromfrom that\ofthatof whichwhich thisthis generationgeneration hashas hadhad soso muchmuch experienoe.experienee. ItIt w11lwill be anan AmericaAmerica ofof armies,armies, ofof diplomacy.diplomacy, ofof rJ.r^vavall StatesStates andand manoeuvringmanoeuvring Cabinets.Cabinets, ofof frequentfrequent turbulenceturbulence andand probablprobablyy ofof frequentfrequent wars."wars." (2)(2)

WhatWhat thenthen wouldwould PalmerstonPalmerston'' s attitudeattitude bebe?? HHee notnot onlyonly wouldwould bbee influenoedinflueneed bbyy thethe interestsinterests ofof hishis group,group,

(1)~The(l)-The EducationBduoation ofof HenryHenry Adama-p.114-1l5QAdams-p.114-115. (2)-G.(2)-G. E.E. Buckle-TheBuckle-The LifeLife ofof BenjaminBen^amin DisrDisraeli-IV-p.333aeli-IV-p.333.. -42--42-

butbut alsoa so byby thethe probableprobable effeoteffect thatthat thethe warwar mightmight havehave onon thethe preprestigstigee ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain throughthrough thethe proximityproximity ofof CanadaCanada toto thethe soenescene ofof thethe warfare.warfare. AsAs a politioianpolitician andand diplomatistdiplomatist hehe mustmust watohwatch hishis stepstep veryvery oloselyclose y andand firstfirst taketake stookstook ofof thethe statestate ofof affairsaffairs inin thethe UnitedUnited statesStates beforebefore oomingcoming toto a deoision.decision. AsAs affairsaffairs appearedappeared inin thethe UnitedUnited statesStates therethere seemedseemed littlelittle likelihoodlikelihood thatthat thethe AmerioanAmerican RepublioRepub ic wouldwould survive.survive, eveneven ifif thethe SouthSouth waswas oonquered.conquered. ItIt wouldwould notnot bebe a veryvery easyeasy mattermatter toto keepkeep themthem inin a statestate ofof ,subjeotionsubjeetion andand eventuallyeventual y separationseparation wouldwould havehave toto oome.oome. Moreover.Moreover, anan outoomeoutcome suohsuch asas thithiss wouldwould tendtend toto make:maka forfor a betterbetter balanceba ance ofof powerpower onon thethe

AmerioanAmerican C~ntinent.Cqntinent, andand would.would, indirectly.makeindirect y,make EnglandEng and mormoree seouresecure asas a WorldWorld power.Power. PalmerstonPalmerston adoptedadopted thisthis view.view, whiohwhich wewe moremore fullyfully e%J)oundedexpounded inin ththee previoupreviouss ohapters.chapters, andand oamecame ttoo thethe oonc1usioneonolusion thathatt a victoriouviotoriouss SouthSouth woulwouldd be ttoo ththee advantageadvantage ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain.. Palmerstonpalmerston., howeverhowever., wawass totooo shrewdshrewd a statesmanatatesman ttoo oomeoome outout openlyopenly inin favourfavour ofof ththee South.South. ThusThus iinn MarchMaroh., 1861.1861, hhee hadhad., witwithh regarregardd ttoo AmericaAmerioa., expressedexpressed ththee hophope-----thate that whethewhetherr ththee UnioUnionn bbee preservepreservedd oorr brokenbroken upuP., iitt wilwilll bbee dondonee withouwithoutt bloodshebloodshedd oorr violenceviolence.. (1)(1) A statementstatement whiewhichh iiss capabloapablee ooff beinbeingg interpreteinterpretedd iinn twtwoo ways anandd serveservess aass a shininshiningg examexamplep e ooff thathatt "sonorou8"sonorous vaguenessvagueness"" bbyy whiewhichh hhee evadeevadedd committinoommittingg himselhimselff rashlrashlyy toto ananyy particulapartioularr view.view.

(l)-Londo(1}-Londonn Times-MarcTimes-Marohh 30th30th., 18611861.. -43--43-

A surveysurvey ofof thethe books wriwrittettenn onon thethe AmericanAmerican 01CiviviIl WarWar willwill showshow thatthat thethe majoritymajority ofof thethe writerswriters regardedregarded PalmerstonPalmerston uponupon thethe oommencementoommencement ofof thethe s:struggltrugglee asas anan adherentadherent ofof thethe SouthernSouthern cause.cause. AlthoughA though therethere hashas beenbeen a dispodispositiosit ionn onon thethe partpart ofof somesome writerswriters toto saysay thatthat atat thethe outsetoutset Palmerstopaimerstonn diddid notnot oareoare whiohwhioh sideside won,won, andand maintainedmaintained a neutralneutral attitude.attitude, thethe factsfacts dodo notnot beabearr themthem out.out. IfIf anyany impressionimpression suchsuch asas thisthis waswas effectedeffected bbyy hishis speechesspeeches andand actions.actions, thethe writerwriter believebelievess thatthat itit waswas owingowing toto hishis desiredesire toto veilveil hishis realreal feelingfeeling ratherrather thanthan fromfrom anyany feelingfeeling ofof disinterestedness.disinterestedness. OfOf course.course, thisthis isis alwaysalways exceptingexcepting AshleyAshley whowho picturepicturess PalmerstonPalmerston asas a sympathizersympathizer ofof thethe Union.Union. NoNott forf or anythinganything wouldwould AshleyAshley permipermitt hishis herohero toto bbee oonsideredconsidered inin anan unfavorableunfavorable ligh~.light. A fewfew ofôf thethe utterancesutterances oonoerningoonoerning LordLord pslmerston1sPalmerstonfs attitudeattitude bbyy ssomanae ofof thethe writerswriters willwi l serveserve toto givegive usus anan impressionimpression asas toto howhow hehe waswas regardedregarded atat thethe outset.outset. HenryHenry Adams.Adams, inin hishis autobiography.autobiography, remarkedremarked "that"that he hadhad toto learnlearn - thethe soonersooner thethe bettebetterr - thatthat hishis ideasideas werewere thethe reversereverse ofof truth;truth; thatthat inin May.May, 1861,1861, nono oneone inin EnglandEngland - literallylitera ly nono oneone - doubteddoubted thatthat JefferaonJefferson DavisDavis hadhad mademade oror wouldwou d makamake a nation.nation, andand nearlynearly allall werewere gladglad otof it,it, thoughthough notnot oftenoften sayingsaying so.so. TheyThey mostlymostly imitatedimitated Palmerston,Palmerston, who,who, accprdinacc~rdingg toto Mr.Mr. Gladstone.Gladstone, desireddesired thethe severanceseverance asas a diminutiondiminution ofof a dangerousdangerous powerpower., butbut prudentlprudentlyy heldheld hishis tongue."tongue." (1'(1) (I)-The(l)-The EducationEducation ofof HenryHenry Adams-p.114-ll5Adams-p.114-115 Morley-LifeMorley-Life ofof W.W. E.E. Gladstone-II-p.82Gladstone-II-p.82 -44-

TrevelyanTrevelyan observedobserved "that"that PalmerstonPalmerston knekneww bettebetterr howhow toto restrainrestrain himselfhimself inin utterance,utterance, andand Gladstone'sGladstonefs indiscretionsindiscretions raademade himhim bbyy antagonismantagonism raoremore discreet.discreet. ButBut atat heartheart hehe waswas lessless friendlyfriendly toto AmerioansAmerioans asas suoh,such, andand feltfe t forfor theirtheir republicrepublic anan old-worldold-world jealousjealousyy andand dislikedislike whichwhich he hadhad inheritatedinheritated fromfrom hishis mastermaster Canning."Canning." (1)(1) AnotherAnother writerwriter remarkedremarked "that"that atat thethe beginningbeginning a greatgreat numbernumber ofof EnglishmenEngllshmen notoriouslynotoriously rangedranged theirtheir sympa­sympa- thiesthies onon thethe sideside inin whiohwhich wewe ofof to-dayto-day shouldshould littlelittle havehave expeotedexpected toto findfind them.them. .AmongAmong thethe opponentsopponents ofof thethe NortNorthh werewere

Palmerston,t LordLord JohnJohn RussellRussell andand Gladstone."Gladstone." (2)(2) Mr.Mr. Fish.Fish, thethe AmericanAmerican historianhistorian averredaverred "that"that hehe waswas distinotlydistinctly favourablefavourable toto thethe SouthSouth andand waswas notnot loathoath toto intinterfere.erfere."" (3(3) Morley,Morley, thethe distinguisheddistinguished biographer,biographer, conmentedcommented "that"that onceonce moremore CobdenCobden foundfound himselfhimself inin antagonismantagonism toto LordLord Pa1merston.Palmerston, LordLord Russell.Russell, thethe TimesTimes newspapernewspaper andand allall thethe otherother representativesrepresentatives ofof thethe aristocraticaristocratic classesc asses andand tho::ethose whowho imitateimitate andand feelfeel withwith thesethese classes."classes." (4)(4) "Palmerston"Palmerston^l s andand Delane'sDe ane^s sympathies.sympathies, asas werewere thosethoæ ofof thethe bulbulkk ofof thethe upperupper andand middlemiddle classes,classes, werewere withwith thethe south."South." (5)(5) PalmerstonPalmerston correspondedcorresponded a greatgreat dealdeal withwith

(I)-G.(1)-G. M.M. Trevelyan-BritishTrevelyan-British HistoryHistory inin thethe 19th19th Century-p.334Century-p.334 {2)-J.(2)-J. B.B. Atkins-TheAtkins-The LifeLife ofof W.W. H.H. Russell-II-p.2Russell-II-p.2 (3)-C.(3)-C. R.R. Fish-AmericanFish-American Diplo~cy-p.313Diplomacy-p.313 (4)-Morley-Life(4)-Morley-Life ofof RichardRichard Cobden-p.560Cobden-p.560 {5,-A.(5)-A. G.G. Dasent-JohnDasent-John Delane-II-p.35Delane-II-p.35 -45--45-

DelaneDelane andand asas a resultresult muchmuch ofof Palmarston1sPalmerston's attitudeattitude creptcrept intointo thethe Times.Times. A glanceglance intointo Dasent1sDasent's "John"John Delane"Delane" willwill revealreveal thethe extentextent ofof thethe correspondemeoorrespondence betweebetweenn them.them. ThusThus AdamsAdams remarkedremarked inin a lecturelecture atat OXfordOxford UniversityUniversity a fewfew yearsyears later,later, "The"The TimesTimes waswas probablprobablyy thethe mostmost influentialinfluential singlesingle factorfactor inin thethe formidableformidable pro-Confederatpro-Confederatee arrayarray onon thatthat LancashireLancashire fieldfield ofof battlebattlecj ItsIts utterances.utterances, moreover.moreover, notnot onlyonly expressedexpressed whatwhat waswas passinpassingg inin thethe mindsminds ofof itsits greatgreat andand influentialinfluential constituency.constitueney, bubutt toto a largelarge extentextent foreforeshadoweshad01V8dd duringduring thethe yearyear 18621862 thethe CabinetCabinet actionaetion andand foreignforeign policpolicyy ofof GreatGreat Britain.Britain. ThisThis atat thethe timetime surmised.surmised, wewe nownow know.know, PalmerstonPalmerston confidentiallyconfidentially inspiredinspired DeDelane.lane.""( (11) HavingHaving observedobserved thethe lightlight inin whichwhich Pa1merstonPa merston waswas regardedregarded bbyy thethe outsideoutside world.world, letlet usus nownow turnturn andand examineexamine thethe earlyearly statementsstatements whichwhich he uttereduttered andand seesee whetherwhether theythey justifjustifyy thethe variousvarious opinionsopinions quotedquoted above.above. ToTo a correspondentoorrespondent whowho hadhad beebeenn urgingurging proposalsproposals forfor mediationmediation hehe writes:-writes:- YayMay 5th.5th, 18611861.. MyMy deardear Ellice.E lice,- TheThe dayday onon whichwhich wewe couldcou d succeedsucceed inin puttinputtingg anan end.end toto thisthis unnaturalunnatural warwar betweebetweenn thethe twotwo sectionssections ofof ourour NortNorthh AmericanAmerican cousinscousins wouldwould bebe oneone ofof thethe happiesthappiest ofof ourour lives,lives, andand allall thatthat isis wantingwanting toto induceinduce Usus toto taketake stepssteps forfor thatthat purpospurposee isis a beliebelieff thatthat anyany suchsuch stepB wouldwould leadead towardstowards thethe acoomplishmentacoomplishment ofof thatthat purpospurposee andand wouldwou d

(I)-C.(1)-C. F.F. Adams.Adams, Jr.-Trana.-AtlantieJr.-Trans.-Atlantie HistoricalHistorica Solidarity­Solidarity- p.74-p.74-55 -46--46-

dodo moremore harmharm thanthan good.good. TheThe dangerdanger 1sis that.that, inin thethe excitedexcited statestate ofof men'smen's mindsminds inin America.Araerica, thethe offeroffer ofof anyany oneone toto interposeinterpose toto arrestarrest theirtheir action.action, and.and disappointdisappoint themthem ofof theirtheir expectedexpected triumph.triumph, mightmight bbee resentedresented bb~y bothboth sides;sides; andand thatthat jealousjealousyy ofof European.European, eespecispeciallya ly ofof English,English, interferenoeinterferenoe inin theirtheir internalinterna affairsaffairs mightmight makemake themthem stillsti moremore pronpronee toto rejectreject ourour offeroffer asas impertinent.impertinent. ThereThere would.would, moreover.moreover, bbee greatgreat difficultydifficu ty inin suggestingsuggesting anyany basibasiss ofof arrangementarrangement toto whichwhich botbothh partiesparties couldcould agreeagree andand whichwhich itit wouldwou d notnot bbee repugnantrepugnant toto EngliEhEnglish feelingsfee ings and.and prineipleprincipless toto proposepropose.. WeWe couldeould notnot wellwe l mixmix ourselvesourselves upup withwith thethe acknowledgment;acknowledgment ofof slaveryslavery andand thethe prinoiplprinoiplee thatthat a slaveslave escapingescaping toto a freefree soilsoil stateState shouldshould bbee followed.followed, claimed.claimed, andand recovered.recovered, likelite anan ox.ox. WeWe mightmight possiblpossiblyy proposproposee thatthat thethe HorthUorth andand thethe SouthSouth shouldshould separatesaparate amicably;amicably; thatthat theythey shouldshould makemake somesome boundarboundaryy line.line, toto hehe agreedagreed upon,upon, thethe lineline ofof separationseparation betweebetweenn them;them; andand thatthat eacheach confederationconfederation shouldshou d bbee freefree toto makemake forfor itsits ownown internalinternal affairsaffairs andand concernsconcerns suchsuch lawslaws asas itit mightmight thinkthink fitfit - thethe twotwo confederationseonfederations entering.entering, hovvever.however, intointo certaincertain mutualmutua arrange­arrange- mentsments asas toto tradetrade andand cormnercecommerce withwith eacheaeh other.other. DoDo youyou thinkthink thethe timetime 1sis comecome forfor anyany ar~angementsarrangements ofof S1lchsuch a kind?kind? OrOr isis itit notnot inin thethe naturenature ofof thingsthings ancland inin humanhuman naturenature thatthat thethe wirywiry edgeedge mustmust bbee takenn offoff thisthis cravingcraving appetiteappetite forfor conflictconfliet inin armsarms beforbeforee anyany realreal andand widespreadwidespread desiredesire forfor peaepeacee bbyy mutualmutual concessioneoncession cancan bbee lookedlooked for!"for?" (lj(1)

(I)-AshleY-Life(l)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord Palmerston-II-p.406.Pa merston-Il-p.405. -47--47-

OnOn examiningexamining tht~lee OpOU1Jlgopeuing sent:::uC€8sentanoes ofof thi'sthis 113ttE.rlatte'r PalmerstoPalrnG~tstonn wouldwould leadlead usus toto believbelievee thatthat onlyonly a humanitarianhumanitarian interestinterest isis responsibleresponsible forfor hishis takingtaking anan interestinterest inin thethe strugglestruggle onon thethe otherother side.side. ButBut iais thisthis so?so? BancroftBaneroft commentsoomments onon thisthis letter,letter,"tha"thatt Palmerston.Palmerston, thethe shrewdshrewd oldo d statesman,statesman, whowho hadhad nono scruplesscruples againstagainst profitablprofitablee interfer­interfer- enoe,enee, sawsaw thatthat thethe attemptattempt wouldwould thenthen leadlead toto moremore harmharm thanthan good."good." (1)(1) ThereThere isis nothingnothing inin itit whichwhich mightmight suggesuggesstt thatthat thethe

UnionUnion wouldwou d bbee preservedpreserved.. A suggestionsuggestion ofof mediationmediation isis putput forwardforward asaas a solutionsolution ofof thethe problemproblem.. InIn fact.fact, notnot onlyonly mediationmediation bubutt separationseparation isis offeredoffered asas a solutionsolution ofof thethe proproblem.b em. HeHe wouldwould likelike toto interveneintervene himself,himself, moremore Palmer-Palmer- stonia·stonia- InIn thatthat wayway hehe couldeould probablprobablyy managemanage thethe separationseparation soso asas toto furtherfurther BritishBritish ends.ends. HeHe advocatesadvocates thethe settingsetting upup ofof anan artificialartificial lineline 8Sas a symbolsymbol ofof demarcation.demarcation. SurelySure y hehe cannotcannot bbee sinceresineere inin bebelieving ieving thatthat thisthis wouldwould solvesolve thethe probleproblemm and.and thatthat itit wouldwould permanentlpermanentlyy satisfysatisfy thethe NortNorthh andand south.South. HeHe isis alsoalso ratherrather incinconsistenonsistentt whenwhen he speaksspeaks ofof "taking"taking offoff thethe wirywiry edgeedge fromfrom thisthis cravingcraving appetiteappetite forfor conflictconflict inin arms."arms." He.He, himself,himself, hadhad shownshown alla l thethe timetime thatthat hehe hadhad beebeenn a strongstrong supportersupporter o£of militarymi itary forceforce andand displaydisp ay whenwhen anyany foreignforeign crisiscrisis hadhad arisen.arisen. HeHe nevernever hadhad displayeddisplayed muchmuch reluctancereluctanee inin hishis useuse ofof warwar implements.implements. HeHe hadhad nono sympathysympathy forfor thethe UnionUnion and.and desireddesired itsits dismemberment,dismemberment, otherwiseotherwise

(1)F(l)~.. K.K. Bancroft-LifeBaneroft-Life ofof W.W. H.H. seward-II-p.209Seward-II-p.209 -48-48--

hhee woulwouldd nonott havhavee adviseadvisedd mediationmediation.. MediatioMediationn couldcould oonlyn y bbee advantageouadvantageouss ttoo ôno.tleside.e side, ththee South.South. A furthefurtherr justifieatiojustificationn ooff ththee soundnessoundnesss ooff thethe claiclaimm thathatt PalmerstoPalmerstonn aatt ththee outbreaoutbreakk ooff wawarr wawass pro-Southpro-South mamayy bbee observeobservedd iinn hihiss statementstatementss concerninconcerningg ththee betterbetter commeroiacommerciall advantageadvantagess whicwhichh GreaGreatt BritaiBritainn woulwouldd secursecuree bbyy ththee independenoindependenoee ooff ththee SoutherSouthernn statesstates.. HHee hahadd beebeenn mucmuchh vexevexedd aatt ththee passagpassagee ooff ththee MorriMorrilll TariffTariff.. (1(I)) ThisThis greatlgreatlyy hamperehamperedd ththee frefreee tradtradee policpolicyy ooff EnglanEnglandd andand tendetendedd ttoo keekeepp ououtt ooff ththee AmericaAmericann markemarkett foreigforeignn products.products. AAss EnglanEnglandd exportedexported a greatgreat amountamount ofof productproductss ttoo ththee Un!Unitetedd states.States, thithiss tariftarifff woulwouldd affectaffect heherr mostmost.. NaturallNaturallyy withwith ththee dissolutiondissolution ofof ththee AmericaAmericann RepubliRepublicc itit wowouldu d probaprobablyb y bbee donedone awayaway witwithh inin ththee SouthSouth andand perhaps ththee NortNorthh couldcould thethenn be forcedforoed ttoo fallfa l inin line.ine. MoreoverMoreover., ththee cottoncotton problemproblem atat thethe beginningbeginning deemeddeemed wellwell toto be ofof thethe utmostutmost illl\)ortanceimportance toto EnglandEngland andand a longlong drawn-outdrawn-out warwar wouldwould certainlycertainly aggravateaggravate it.it. GreatGreat BritainBritain and.and, particularly,partieu ar y, thethe unprinciunprinoiplepIedd England.Eng and werewere veryvery muchmuoh alarmedalarmed byby thethe

threateningthreatening ~rsdangers toto herher commercialcommercial prosperityprosperity andand Mr.Mr. RhodesRhodes inin hishis standardstandard workwork commentedcommented ~that'"that thethe divisiondivision ofof EnglishEnglish sentsentimeni.mentt waswas wellwell expreexpressessedd byby Palmerston,Pa merston, thethe Primeprime Minister,Minister, inin hishis words,words, - "WeWe dodo notnot likelike slaveryslavery butbút . wewe wantwant cottoncotton andand wewe dislikedislike veryvery muchmuch youryour MorrillMorrill Tariff.Tariff."(2"(2))

(l)-Note:-This(l)-Note:-This act.act, approvedapproved onon MarchMarch 2nd.2nd, 1861.1861, waswas enactedenacted afterafter thethe secessionsecession ofof thethe SouthernSouthern senators.Senators. (2)-J.(2)-J. F.F. Rhodes-HistoryRhodes-History ofof thethe CivilCivil War-p.65.War-p.65. -49--49-

Palmerstonpalmerston's1s attitudeattitude andand bbeliefe ief inin thethe earlyear y momentsmoments ofof thethe warwar maymay bbee saidsaid toto bbee muchmuch thethe samesame asas thatthat ofof hishis followers;followers; thatthat thethe UnionUnion waswas bounboundd toto breabreakk uP.up, andand thatthat thethe SouthSouth wouldwould formform a stateState ofof itsits own.own. ThatThat thethe soonersooner itit caID3came thethe bettebetterr i·tit wouldwou d bbee forfor allal concerned.concerned. Furthermore.Furthermore, hehe wishedwished forfor suchsuch a quickquick resultresult inin thethe faceface ofof England'sEngland's commercialcommercial interestsinterests andand herher needneed forfor cotton.cotton. TheseThese bebeliefs iefs maymay bbee gleanedgleaned fromfrom a minuteminute foundfound inin thethe ForeignForeign Office:-Office:- "It"It isis inin thethe highesthighest degreedegree likelylikely thatthat thethe Borthffbrth willwill notnot bbee ableab e toto subduesubdue thethe SouthSouth andand itit isis nono doubtdoubt certaincertain thatthat ifif thethe SouthernSouthern UnionUnion isis establishedestablished asas anan independentindependent state.state, it.it wouldwould affordafford a valuablevaluable andand extensiveextensive marketmarket forfor BritishBritish Manufactures.Manufactures. ButBut thethe operationsoperations ofof thethe warwar havehave asas yetyet beebeenn tootoo indecisiveindecisive toto warrantwarrant anan acknowledgmentaeknowledgment ofof thethe SouthernSouthern Union."Union." (1)(1)

(l)-P.(1)-P. Guedalla-Pa1merston-p.Guedalla-Palmerston-p. 428428.. -50--50-

ChapterChapter VV..

~ALWPALMERSTORSTONN ANDAND THillTHB EARLYEARLY ATTEMATTEM~P;;;..T...;;.;S;;"....;.A;;.;;T;....;;;ME;:;;;D;;..IA;;;....,;T;..;;I;,.;;O_1fP S AT MBDIA IOM

AsAs soonsoon asas thethe earlyear y ballyhoballyhooo overover thethe commencementeommencement ofof thethe strugglestruggle inin AmericaAmerica hadhad disappeareddisappeared behinbehindd thethe horihori­- zon.zon, andand warwar activitiesactivities becambecamee a reality.reality, thethe BritisBritishh GovernmentGovernment waswas facedfaced withwith thethe probleproblemm ofof bbelligerency.e ligerency. ToTo accordaccord belligerencbelligerencee toto thethe SouthSouth wouldwould bbee givingivingg toto herher a decideddecided advantage.advantage. A belligerenbelligerentt statestate isis ononee whichwhieh isis entitledentitled toto allal thosethose exceptionalexceptional rightsrights oror powerpowerss withwith whichwhich soverignsoverign statesstates atat warwar withwith oneone anotheranother araree clothedclothed bbyy InternationalInternational Law.Law. (1)(1) ItIt waswas basebasedd onon thithiss rightright thatthat thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates GovernmentGovernment actedacted inin declarindeclaringg a blockade.blockade, andand inin proceedingproceeding toto enforceenforce itit againstagainst neutralneutral vessels.vessels. TheThe south.South, hopinghoping toto gaingain belligerencbelligerencyy rightsrights., hadhad uponupon thethe samesame groundground proposeproposedd toto issueissue lettersletters ofof marquemarque.. IfIf thethe SouthSouth couldoould notnot gaingain theirtheir pointpoint., theirtheir vesselsvessels woulwouldd bbee treatedtreated asas piratepiratess ofof thethe seasea.. TheThe South.South, accordingly.accordingly, pressepressedd forfor a recognitionrecognition ooff theirtheir belligerencbelligerencyy bbyy GreatGreat Britain.Britain. AASs GreatGreat BritainBritain wawass thethe mostmost importantimportant oountryoountry inin maritimemaritime affairs.affairs, itit wouldwould bbee a greatgreat featherfeather inin herher oapcap ifif thethe BritienBritiéh GovernmentGovernment grantegrantedd herher thisthis rightright..

(I)-It.(1)-M. Bernard-TheBernard-The NeutralitNeutralityy ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain duringduring ththee AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War-PoWar-Pc 114114.. Note:-Note--AA discussiondiscussion ofof thisthis mattermatter fromfrom thethe NortherNorthernn • viewpointviewpoint isis broughbroughtt outout exceedinglyexceedingly wellwell bbyy HarriHarriss ~-4- "m~A-B«,~ ")ren~rentt Affair.Affair."" -51--51-

ForeignForeign nationsnations havehave thethe rightright toto recognizrecognizee thethe existenceexistence ofof a statestate ofof warwar betweebetweenn twotwo otheotherr countriescountries wheneverwhenever itit pleasepleasess andand asas soonsoon asas itit pleasepleasess them.them. ItIt isis customary,customary, however,however, toto wait.wait, inin thethe casecase ooff a civilcivil war,war, untiluntil thethe revolutionistsrevolutionists showshow thatthat theythey deservedeserve suchsuch rights.rights. WhatWhat diddid thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment dodo?? AlmostAlmost immediatelyimmediately sheshe accordedaccorded toto thethe SouthSouth belligerentbelligerent

rights.rights. ItIt diddid notnot taketake veryvery longlong forfor ~almerston'spalmerston's CabinetCabinet toto decidedecide thethe questquestionion.. AsAs toto thethe amountamount ooff influenceinfluenoe whichwhich PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad inin thisthis action.action, thethe writewriterr hashas beebeenn unableunable toto findfind anyany correspondencecorrespondenoe whic:n,which mightmight tentend.d

toto shedshed lightlight onon it.it. ItIt surelysurely isis significant,significant, however,t thatthat suchsuoh actionaction waswas takentaken bbyy hishis Minis,tryMinistry soso quicklyquickly..

IfIf PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad beebeenn veryvery mucp-much opposedopposed toto thisthis policy,t

itit probablprobablyy wouldwould notnot havehave beebeenn appro:vedapproved soso hastily.hastily. IInn viewview ofof hishis dislikedislike towardtoward thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepub ic beforbeforee thethe outbreakoutbreak ofof warwar andand inin subsequentsubsequent actions.actions, hehe mamayy safelysafely bebe saidsaid toto havehave givengiven fullfull concurrenceconcurrence inin thisthis actionaction.. TheThe questionquestion naturallynatural y arisesarises asas toto whatwhat advantageadvantage thisthis woulwouldd bbee toto himhim inin hishis policypolicy?? PalmerstonPalmerston waswas awareaware thatthat ththee SouthSouth wouldwould havehave a hardhard timetime inin thethe beginninbeginningg andand thatthat thetheyy wouldwould needneed allall thethe encouragementencouragement theythey couldcou d obtain.obtain. meTô himhim,, moreover.moreover, thisthis evidentlyevidently wouldwould bbee a stepstep inin thethe furtherancefurtherance ofof anan earlyearly completioncompletion ofof thethe war.war. Again,Again, Palmerston,Palmerston, whwhoo pridepridedd himselfhimself onon hishis foreignforeign policypolicy., couldcould notnot permipermitt sucsuchh anan opportunityopportunity forfor thethe increaseincrease ofof BritishBritish prestigprestigee toto escapescapee - 52-52-

him.him. WhatWhat a splendidsplendid chancechance itit wouldwould be toto gaingain a doubledouble diplomatiodiplomatic victoryvictory bbyy a singlesingle aot.act. ItIt wouldwould showshow thethe worldworld thatthat hehe proposeproposedd toto maintainmaintain thethe BritishBritish guardianshipguardianship ofof thethe seasea andand wouldwould alsoalso tend.tend toto furtherfurther weakenweaken thethe AmerioanAmerican RepublioRepublic whiohwhieh soso dangerouslydsngerously threatenedthreatened her.her. HeHe certainlycertain y hadhad notnot beebeenn obligatedob igated toto dodo this.this. InIn thethe revolutionsrevolutions onon thethe EuropeanBuropean ContinentContinent inin 1848,1848, hehe hadhad notnot actedacted thus.thus. SoSo wewe findfind thatthat onon MayMay 15th.15th, thethe proprocla.netione amation ofof QueenQueen ViotoriaYictoria waswas publishepublishedd inin thethe "Thunderer"."Thunderer", aa proolamatioproclamationn ofof neutralityneutrality betweebetweenn thethe "Government"Government ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates ofof AmerioaAmerioa andand oertaincertain statesStates stylingstyling them­them- selvesselves thethe Con£ederateConfederate statesStates ofof America."America." (1)(1)

NaturallNaturallyy withwith thethe deolarationdeclaration o~of belligerenoy,belligereney, thethe southSouth hadhad drawndrawn thethe firstfirst bloobloodd inin itsits strugglestruggle withwith thethe NorthNorth.. SheShe nownow oOJIlIOOncedoommenced toto agitateagitate forf or recognitionrecognition asas anan independentindependent state.state. PalmerstonPalmerston nono doubtdoubt waswas secretlysecretly pleasedpleased bbyy thisthis aglagitationtation.. TheThe enoouragementencouragement gigivevann thethe SouthSouth waswas evidentlyevidently doingdoing itsits work.work. ButBut howhow waswas hehe goinggoing toto aidaid thethe SouthSouth gaingain theirtheir objeotiveobjective asas anan independentindependent state?state? ThThee mostmost obviousobvious methodmethod waswas thethe oneone whichwhich hadhad beebeenn thethe means ofof gaininggaining forfor himhim hishis influenoeinfluence inin governmentalgovernmental oiroles.circles. ThatThat methodmethod waswas thethe securing: oo~f thethe supportsupport o:tof publipublicc opinionopinion forf or hishis policiespolicies.. AsAs "publio"publie opinion"opinion" inin thisthis thesisthesis representsrepresents thethe voicevoiee ofof thethe smallsraall electorateeleetorate,t hehe couldcould almostalraost feelfeel assuredassured thatthat theirtheir supportsupport wouldwould bbee easilyeasily obtained.obtained. ThisThis

(I)-London(l)-London Times-MayTimes-May 15,1861.15,1861. -53--53-

smallsmall electorate.electorate, asas thethe writerwriter hashas previouslpreviouslyy remarkedremarked,, oonsistedoonsisted mainlymainly ofof thethe middlemiddle andand upperupper classesc asses andand thetheyy oomposedoompôsed thethe unprinoipledunprincipled EnglandEngland describeddéscribed inin thethe previoupreviouss chapter.chapter. InasmuchInasmuch asas thisthis unprinoipledunprinoipled EnglandEng and dislikedislikedd thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepub ic andand lookedlooked uponupon thethe SouthSouth withwith favorfavor­- ableable eyes.eyes, itit waswas almosta most a foregoneforegone conclusioneonelusion that.that, iiff handledhandled 0eorreotlyorreotly,, theirthêir supportsupport oouldcould bbee oountedcounted onon inin ananyy schemescheme whiohwhich Palmerstopalmerstonn wouldwou d proposepropose.. TheThe BritiShBritish PresPresss wouldwould followfollow them.them. ButBut hehe raustmust be be veryvery carefulcareful notnot toto arousearouse thethe antagonismantagonism ofof thethe liberalliberal EnglandEngland whilewhile obtainingobtaining thethe supportsupport ofof publipublicc opinion.opinion. HeHe wouldwould firstfirst securesecure theitheirr solidsolid support.support, andand directdirect thethe affairaffair soso thatthat thethe liberaliberall EnglandEng and wouldwould notnot havehave anyany jusjustt reasonreason forfor complainingcomplaining ooff hishis action.action. DuringDuring thethe CrimeanCrimean WarWar hehe hadhad beebeenn soso successsuocess­- fulful bbyy thisthis methodmethod inin oompe1lingcompel ing thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment ttoo wagewage warwar againstagainst RussiaRussia thatthat hehe hadhad beebeenn chosenohosen PrimPrimee Minister.Minister, mainlymainly forfor thethe purpospurposee ofof carryingcarrying onon thatthat warwar ttoo a conclusion.eonclusion. ItIt waswas thisthis abilityability ofof Pa1marstonPalmerston toto underunder­- standstand tbethe powepowerr ofof publipublicc opinionopinion andand thethe qUicknessquickness witwithh whiohwhieh hehe becambecamee itsits directordirector thatthat justifiejustifiess thethe titletitle whicwhichh hashas beebeenn soso oftenoften givengiven toto thethe perioperiodd fromfrom 18461846 toto 18651865,, namely: - thethe AgeAge ofof Palmerston.Palmerston. AsAs earlyear y asas 18291829 hehe hahadd realizedrealized thisthis power:pO'll9r: - "There"There areare twotwo greatgreat parties inEurope;in Europe;:: oneone whichwhich endeavorsendeavors toto beabearr swaysway bbyy thethe foroef oree ofof publicpublic opinion;opinion; anotheranother whiohwhioh endeavorsendeavors toto beabearr swaysway bbyy thethe forceforce ooff ....54--54-

physioaphysioaloontrol.l eontrol. HisHis idealideal ofof thethe formerformer waswas England.England."(l"(1)) ItIt hadhad beebeenn throughthrough thethe foroeforce o~of pupublicb ie opinionopinion thatthat he hadhad obtainedobtained thethe endorsementendorsement ofof hishis policpolicyy inin ChinaChina duringduring 1857.1857. HeHe appealedappealed toto thethe publipublicc bbyy hishis attractiveattractive mannerismsmannerisms andand hishis jauntjauntyy airair whenwhen speakingspeaking beforbeforee thethe CommonsCommons andand elsewhere.elsewhere. "He"He knewknew thatthat blubluee bookbookss andand diplomaticdip omatic docu­docu- mentsments werewere tedioustedious and.and, thoughthough himselfhimself necessarilynecessari y con­con- cernedcerned withwith them.them, hehe nevernever mademade Cobden'sCobden*s mistakemistake ofof inf1iotinginflicting themthem onon thethe publiepub1ie.----. HisHis intention:intention waswas alwaysalways toto representrepresent himselfhimself asas thethe typetype ofof whatwhat English­English- menmen likedliked anan EnglishEnglish statesmanstatesman toto be.be."" (2)(2) A furtherfurther aid.aid toto Pa1merstonPalmerston waswas hishis abilityability toto graspgrasp everyevery opportunityopportunity ofof appearingappearing toto advantageadvantage inin thethe prespresss ofof thethe day.day. "Pa1merston"Palmerston waswas probablprobablyy thethe firstfirst EnglishEnglish statesmanstatesman whowho deliberatelydeliberately imgratiatedingratiated himselfhimself withwith paperpaperss ofof allall shadesshades ofof opinion."opinion." (3'(3) Gued.a1laGuedalla withwith hishis characteristiocharacteristie jerkinessjerkiness observedobserved "that"that hishis relationsrelations withwith thethe prespresss werewere alwaysalways

intimate."" (4)(4) TheThe probleproblemm thenthen forfor PalmerstonPalmerston waswas toto getget publipublice opinionopinion behindbehinil him.him. TheThe firstf irst meansmeans ofof doi~doing thatthat whichwhich seemedseemed toto offeroffer itselfitself waswas thethe cottoncotton situation.situation.

(l)-P.(1)-P. Guedalla-Palmerston-p.Guedalla-Palmerston-p. 139139 (2)-X.(2)-K. Martin-TheMartin-The TriumphTriumph ofof LordLord Ppalmerston-p.a merston-p. 52-5352-53

(3(3)-Ibid-p)-Ibid-p.. 5555

{A.t A. \_tI!110~\ -fflnû A 01a "\1 1 0 o _DO'_ ûo 1'"'erst m gy gt on-p.On-p . 231231 -55--55-

AlthoughAlthough asas yetyet therethere waswas nono crisiscrisis inin thethe cottoncotton supply,supply, manymany peoplpeoplee werewere beginninbeginningg toto viewview itsits inevitableinevitab e approachapproach withwith anxiousanxious andand disqUieteddisquieted minds.minds. A vastvast amountamount ooff correspondencecorrespondence waswas receivedreceived urgingurging thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment toto interveneintervene inin orderorder toto securesecure a supplysupply ofof cotton.cotton. HereHere waswas hishis opportunityopportunity "to"to startstart thethe baballl rolling."rolling." ReplyingReplying toto a letterletter fromfrom thethe PresidentPresident ofof thethe BoardBoard ofof TradeTrade inin referencereferenee toto thethe possiblpossiblee lossloss ofof thethe cottoncotton supply,supply, hehe wrote: - Junejune 7th.7th, 18611861.. MYMy deardear MilnerMilner Gibson:-Gibson:------TheThe CivilCivil WarWar inin AmericaAmerica mustmust in:falliblyinfallibly diminishdiminish toto a greatgreat degreedegree ourour supplysupp y ooff cottoncotton unless,unless, indeed,indeed, EnglandEngland andand FranceFrance shOUld,should, asas suggestedsuggested bbyy Mr.Mr. Mercier,Mercier, thethe FrenchFrench MinisterMinister atat Washington,Washington, compelcompel thethe NortherNorthernn statesStates toto letlet thethe oottonootton comecome toto EuropeEurope fromfrom thethe south;South; bubutt thisthis wouldwould almostalmost bbee tantamounttantamount toto a warwar withwith thethe NorthNorth,, althoughalthough notnot perhapperhapss a veryvery formidableformidable thingthing forfor EnglandEngland andand FranceFrance combined.----U(l)eombined. a(l) PalmerstonPalmerston doesdoes notnot intendintend toto commitcommit himself,himself, bubutt hehe certainlycertainly hintshints toto Mr.Mr# GibsonGibson thatthat thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment isis openopen toto pressurpressuree fromfrom without.without. ThatThat ifif the.thô supportsupport ofof thethe electorateelectorate wouldwould getget behinbehindd thisthis demanddemand forfor ootton,ootton, hehe wouldwould endeavorendeavor toto obtainobtain thethe oonsentoonsent ofof Parlia­Parlia- mentment forfor interventionintervention andand eveneven war,war, ifif warwar waswas necessarynecessary ttoo acoaceomplisomplishh it.it. TheThê samesame Palmerston,Palmerston, whowho hadhad bubutt a monthmonth agoago talkedtalked soso disinterestedlydisinterestedly aboutabout "taking"taking thethe wirywiry edgeedge offoff thisthis cravingcraving appetiteappetite forfor oonf1icteonflict inin armsarms inin thethe UnitedUnited

(l)-Ashley-Life(l)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord Palmerston-II-p.Pa merston-II-p. 406406 -56--56-

states"States" nownow thoughtthought nothingnothing oo~f proposinproposingg toto wagewage a warwar againstagainst ,thatthat samesarae country.oountry. HeHe waswas evidentlyevident y beginningbeginning toto throwthrow outout hishis hookhook toto oatchcatch thethe unprincipledunprincip ed England.England. OnceOnce thatthat waswas obtainedobtained hehe couldcould gogo thethe limitlimit toto effecteffeet thethe demolishmentdemolishment ofof thethe Union.Union. AllAll thatthat hehe neededneeded forfor thisthis werewere a fewfew SouthernSouthern suooessessuccesses onon thethe battlefield.battlefield. TheThe followingfollowing monthmonth hehe reoereceiveivedd mucmuchh hearteningheartening newsnews whenwhen thethe NortNorthh waswas ratherrather deoisivelydecisively beatebeatenn atat thethe firstfirst battlbattlee ofof BullBul RunRun whichwhich hadhad takentaken placplaoee onon JulyJuly 21st.21st. HeHe showedshowed himselfhimself delighteddelighted withwith thethe outoomeoutcome andand commentedoommented privatelyprivately:: AUgustAugust 15.15, 18611861., "The"The defeatdefeat atat BullisBull»s RunRun oror ratherrather atat

YankeeYankee'I sS RunRun proveprovess twotwo things.things. First.First, thatthat toto bringbring togethertogether manymany thousand,thousand menmen andand puputt uniformsunif orras onon theirtheir baokbaokss andand musketsmuskets inin theirtheir handshands isis notnot toto makemake anan army;army; discdisciplineipline., experiencedexperienced officersofficers andand confidenoeconfidence inin thethe steadinesssteadiness ofof theirtheir oomradescomrades areare necessarynecessary toto makemake anan armyarmy fightfight andand stand;stand; secondly.seeond y, thatthat thethe UnionistUnionist causecause isis notnot inin thethe heartheart ofof thethe massmass ofof thethe poppopUlationu ation ofof thethe NorthNorth.. TheThe A.1mrioansAmericans areare notnot cowards;cowards; individuallyindividual y theythey areare asas recklessreckless ofof .theirtheir ownown liveslives asas ofof thethe livesives ofof others----;others- ; andand itit isis notnot easyeasy toto believbelievee thatthat ifif theythey hadhad feltfelt theythey werewere fightingfighting forfor a greatgreat nationalnational interest,interest, theythey wouldwould havehave runrun awayaway asas theythey diddid fromfrom thethe battlebattle., oror thatthat wholewhole regimentsregiments wouldwould havehave qUietlyquietly marohedmarched awayaway homhomee

\ jusjustt beforbeforee thethe fightfight waswas toto beginbegin.. TheThe truthtruth is,is, thethe -57--57-

NortNorthh areare fightingfighting forfor anan IdeaIdea chieflyehiefly entertainedentertained byby professionprofessionala ppoliticians.o iticians, whilewhile thethe SouthSouth areare fightingfighting forfor whatwhat theythey oonsideroonsider rightlyrightly oror wronglywrongly vitalvital inter­inter- eests.sta."" (1)(1) PalmerstonPalmerston didn'tdidn't thinkthink itit possiblpossiblee thatthat thethe NortNorthh couldcou d win.win. TheyThey werewere onon thethe wrongwrong sideside ofof thethe moralmoral quequestionst ion.. TheTheiirr heartshearts werewere notnot reallyreally benbentt onon free1llgfreeing thethe negroes.negroes. TheyThey knewknew itit andand showedshowed itit inin thethe mannermanner inin Whichwhich theythey fought.fought. "This"This explanationexp anation suitedsuited himhim perfecperfectlyt y andand itit explainedexplained toto hi·shis ownown sat!satisfaotiosf'actionn whywhy a NorthernNorthern ArmArmyy ofof bravbravee menmen hadhad chosenchosen toto runrun away."away." (2)(2) "Yankee's"Yankee's Run"Run" toto himhim speltspelt disasterdisaster forfor thethe NorthNorth.. ItIt revealedrevealed thethe professionprofessionala politicianpoliticianss inin theirtheir truetrue light,light, asas tyrantstyrants withoutwithout anyany principles.principles.

ItIt confirllBdconfirmed hishis viewview thatthat thethe UnionUnion ArmArmyy waswas il1­ill- preparepreparedd andand ill-equippedill-equipped toto conquerconquer thethe South.South. ThisThis victoryvictory waswas bubutt thethe forerunnerforerunner ofof othersothers toto come.come. HisHis desiredesire toto seesee thethe UnionUnion dismembereddismembered waswas goinggoing toto bbee realizedrealized veryvery easilyeasily andand evidentlyevidently withoutwithout muchmuch efforteffort onon hishis partpart.. separationSeparation waswas bubutt a meremere mattermatter ofof timetirne andand forf or thethe momentmoment hehe decideddecided toto dodo nothingnothing openlyopenly towardstowards mediation.mediation. TheThe wr:iterwrlter believess thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston Jd,ssedaraissed a realreal chamechanee toto interfereinterfere becausbecausee thethe IbrtNorthh waswas

(I)-Lord(l)-Lord Dewton-Lordlewton-Lord Lyons-I-p.Lyons-I-p. 4848 (2)-E.(2)-E. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-S-reat BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil WarWar­- I-p.178-79I-p.178-79 -58--58-

demoralizeddemoralized andand SouthernSouthern stockstock waswas risingrising toto a favorablefavorable altitude.altitude. TheThe BritishBritish Press,Press, althoughalthough inin sympathysympathy withwith thethe South,South, believebelievedd beforbeforee thethe commencementoomraencement ofof activitiesactivities thatthat thethe NortNorthh wouldwould makemake shortshort workwork ofof thethe SouthernSouthern forceforces onon thethe battlefieldbatt1efie1;1i.. (1)(1) Pa1merstonmustPa merston must surelysurely havehave beenbeen delighteddelighted withwith thethe changechange inin theirtheir opinionsopinions afterafter thethe BattleBattle ofof BullBull Run.Run. A glanceglanoe intointo thethe contentsoontents ofof somsomee ofof thethe leadingleading journaljournalss andand paperpaperss ofof thethe dayday willwi serveserve toto showshow thatthat thethe BritishBritish PressPress waswas beginninbeginningg toto refleotreflect thethe opinionsopinions ofof theirtheir readers.readers. InIn thethe QuarterlyQuarter y ReviewReview ofof July,July, 1861,1861, ononee writerwriter soundssounds thethe sentimentsentiment thatthat demooraoydemocracy waswas bounbound.d toto collapsecollapse andand thatthat thethe timetime hadhad nownow comecome - ultimateultimate separa­separa- titioonn waswas anan unavoidableunavoidable oocurrenoe.occurrence. InIn thethe BlackwoodBlackwood MagazineMagazine ofof August,August, 1861,1861, anotheranother writerwriter advooatesadvooates thethe settingsetting upup ofof twotwo rivalrival governmentsgovernments inin placp1aoee ofof thethe AmerioanAmerican Repub1ioRepublic inasmuohinasmuoh asas thethe separationseparation ofof thethe NortNorthh andand SouthSouth isis inevitable.inevitable. InIn thethe EdinburghEdinburgh ReviewReview ofof OctoberOctober ofof thethe samesame yearyear stillstil anotheranother writerwriter venturesventures toto hazardhazard a conjec­eonjee- tureture asas toto thethe issueissue ofof thethe contest;contest; thatthat thethe twotwo parties,parties, tiredtired bubutt notnot satisfied.satisfied, exhaustedexhausted bubutt notnot reconoiled.reconoi ed, willwi l atat lastlast sullenlysullenly submitsubmit toto a neoessarynecessary separation.separation. TheThe argumentsarguments usedused inin thesethese artiolesarticles describe.describe withwith

(1(1)-E)-E.. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmerioanAmerican CivilCivil War­War- I-ehapterI-chapter II.II. -59--59-

tellingtelling effecteffeot thethe reasonsreasons whywhy thethe SouthSouth wouldwould gaingain ititss goal.goal. TheyThey areare identifiedidentified withwith thosethose ofof PalmerstonPalmaraton.. TheThe NortNorthh waswas fightingfighting withoutwithout anyany gUidingguiding principleprinciple.; ththee abolitionabolition ofof slaveryslavery waswas farfar fromfrom thethe mindsminds ofof thethe Washingwashing­- toniantonian Government.Government; a democracydemocracy suchsuch asas thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepub ie couldoou d notnot existexist perpetuaperpetuallyl y onon thethe unsound.unsound basibasiss ooff satisfyingsatisfying thethe multitudemultitude.. TheThe LondonLondon Times.Times, asas yetyet maintainingmaintaining itsits ppolicyo icy

ofof neutrality,t nownow andand thenthen letslets escape.escape, althoughalthough faintlfaintlyy toto bbee sure,sure, thethe beliebelieff thatthat thethe strugglestruggle couldoould nevernever endend iinn thethe subjectionsubjection ofof thethe SouthSouth toto thethe Union.Union. TheThe issuesissues ooff octOctobeoberr 16th16th andand OctoberOctober 23rd23rd botbothh givegive usus a glimmerglimmer o'!of thithiss sentiment.sent iment• ThereThere werewere ofof coursecourse journaljournalss andand newspapernewspaperss whowho werewere throughoutthroughout thethe warwar supporterssupporters ofof thethe Union,Union, notablnotablyy thethe spectatorSpectator andand thethe MorningMorning star.Star. ButBut asas a generalgeneral rulrulee thethe powepowerr andand in'!luenceinfluence ofof thethe NortherNorthernn journaljournalss waswas ververyy insignificantinsignificant asas comparedeompared toto thethe southernSouthern paperspapers.. This,This, asas thethe writerwriter hashas said,said, waswas owingowing toto thethe factfact thatthat thethe readerreaderss ofof thethe southernSouthern paperpaperss warewere thethe peoplpeoplee whowho hadhad thethe mosmostt directdirect influenoeinfluence uponupon thethe BritishBritish Government.Government. ThereThere isis thithiss toto say.say, however.however, thatthat thethessee NortherNorthernn paperpaperss werewere a meansmeans ooff stirringstirring upup thethe liberalliberal EnglandBng and whenwhen thethe timetime camecame toto prevenpreventt thethe BritishBritish GovermnentGovernment fromfrom recognizingrecognizing thethe South.South. MoreoveMoreoverr theythey servedserved thethe purpospurposee ofof makingmaking publipublicc opinion.opinion, thethe unprinunprin­- cipledcip ed England.England, realizerealize thatthat thethe liberalliberal EnglandEngland wouldwould nonott -6Q--60-

standstand forfor anyany uncalled"foruncalled-for interferenoeinterference withwith thethe strugglestruggle onon thethe otherother side.side. WithWith thethe BritishBritish PressPress loudlyloudly olamoringolamoring forfor aa ceseationoessation ofof thethe strugglestruggle onon thethe basisbasis ofof separationseparation andand thethe southSouth gaininggaining victoriesvictories onon thethe battlefield.batt efie d, palmerstonPa merston couldcould wellwell affordafford toto sitsit backbaek andand letlet eventsevents taketake theirtheir course.course. WhyWhy shouldshould he commitcommit himselfhimself openlyopenly byby governmentalgovernmenta actionaction whenwhen thethe resultresult whichwhich hehe desireddesired appearedappeared toto bebe forthcomingforthcoming byby ititselfself?? TheThe NorthNorth couldcou d thenthen nevernever havehave a causecause ofof grievancegrievance againstagainst himhim andand chargecharge himhim withwith thethe destructiondestruction ofof thethe Union.Union. SoSo wewe find.find, asas AutumnAutumn approacms.approaches, anan inter­inter- changechange ofof lettersletters betweenbetween RussellRussell andand Pa1merston.Palmerston, thethe perusalperusal ofof whichwhich wouldwould seemseem toto revealreveal atat firstfirst sightsight thethe impressionimpression thatthat Palmerston'sPalmerstonfs policypolicy inin thethe earlyearly periodper od waswas oneone ofof strictstrict neutralityneutrality.. LeLett uuss thethenn turturnn ourour attentionattention ttoo ththee letters.letters. RusselRusselll writinwritingg ttoo PPalmerstona merston onon ththee 17th17th o~of OctoberOctober suggesuggestestedd thathatt GreatGreat BritaiBritainn inin co-operationco-operation withwith

FranoFrancee shouldshould interfereinterfere inin ththee strugglestrugg e acrossacross ththee sea:-sea:- "Ther"Theree iIss mucmuchh googoodd senssensee iinn Mercier'sMercierfs observationsobservations.. BuButt wwee musmustt waitwait.. I aamm persuadepersuadedd thathatt 1:tif wwee ddoo anythinganything., iitt musmustt bbee oonn a grangrandd scalescale.. IItt wiwilll notnot ddoo ffor or EnglanEnglandd anandd FrancFrancee ttoo breabreakk a8 blockadblockadee ffor or ththee sakesake ooff gettingettingg eottoncotton.. ButBut., iinn BuropeEurope., PowerPowerss havhavee ofteoftenn saidsaid ttoo belligerentsbelligerents,, makmakee uupp youyourr quarrelsquarrels.. WWee proposproposee ttoo givegive termtermss oo~f pacificatiopacificationn whicwhichh wwee thinthinkk faifairr anandd equitaequitable.b e. -61--61-

IfIf youyou acoeptaccept them.them, wellwel andand good.good. But.But, ifif youryour adver-adver- sarysary aooeptsaccepts themthem andand ifif youyou refuserefuse them.them, ourour mediationmediation isis atat anan end..end, andand youyou mustmust expeotexpect toto seesee usus asas youryour enemieenemiess.. FranceFrance wouldwould bbee quite^uite readyready toto holdhold thisthis languagelanguage withwith us.us. IfIf suohsuch a ppolioyo icy werewere toto bbee adoptedadopted thethe tirr.etime forfor itit wouldwould be thethe endend ofof thethe year.year, oror immediatelyimmediately beforebefore thethe meetingmeeting ofof Parliament."Parliament." (1)(1) Russell.Russe l, apparently.apparently, asas Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams remarked,remarlæd, "was"was irritatedirritated withwith Seward'sSeward's "high""high" tonetone andand aooordinglyaccordingly waswas somewhatsomewhat oarriedoarried awayaway bbyy Meroier'sMercier^s suggestion."suggestion." (2)(2) Palmerstopalmerstonn repliedreplied toto thisthis letterletter inin thethe followingfol owing veinvein onon Octs»beOo~berr l8th:-18th:- ,,----" AsAs toto NorthNorth America.Amerioa, ourour bestbest andand truetrue policpolicyy seemsseems toto bbee toto gogo onon asas wewe hadhad begunbegnn., and.and toto keepkeep quitequite olearclear ofof thethe conflictconf iet betweebetweenn thethe NortNorthh andand

South.South. ItIt iais true.true, asas youyou say,t thatthat therethere havehave beebeenn casescases inin EuropeEurope inin whichwhich AlliedAllied PowersPowers havehave saidsaid toto fightingfighting partiesparties., likelike thethe manman inin thethe "critic"."Critic", r"rnIn ththee Queen'Queen'ss namnamee I bidbid youyou toto dropdrop youryour swordsl'swordsi1 ButBut thesethese casescases areare rarerare andand peculiarpeculiar.. TheThe lovelove o~f quarrellingquarrelling andand fightingfighting isis inherentinherent inin man.man, andand toto prevenp:reventt itsits indulgenoeindulgence isis toto imposeirapose restraintsrestraints onon naturalnatural liberty.liberty. A statestate maymay soso shaokleshackle itsits ownown subjects:subjeets; bubutt itit isis anan infringementinfringement onon nationalnational indepen­indepen- dencedence toto restrainrestrain otherother nations.nations. TheThe onlyonly excuseexcuse willwill bebe thethe dangerdanger toto thethe interferinginterfering partiepartiess ifif thethe oonflictconfliet wentwent on; but in the American case this cannot be pleaded by the on; but in th, e American case this cannot be pleaded by the (1)-3.(1)-S. Walpole-LifeWalpole-Life ofof LordLord JohnJohn Russell-II-p.344Russell-II-p.344 (1889'(1889) (2)-E.(2)-E. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War­War- I-p.198-99I-p.198-99 -62--62-

PowersPowers ofof Europe.Europe. I quitequite agreeagree withwith youyou thatthat thethe wantwant ofof oottonootton wouldwould notnot justifjustifYy suohsuoh a proceedingproceeding., unless,unless, indeed.indeed, thethe distressdistress oreatedcreated bbyy thatthat wantwant waswas farfar moremore seriou,sserious thanthan itit isis likelyike y toto bebe.. TheThe probabilitprobabilityy isis thatthat somsomee cottoncotton willwill findfind itsits wayway toto usus fromfrom Amerioa.Amerioa, andand thatthat wwee shallshall getget a greatergreater supplysupply thanthan usualusua fromfrom otherother quarters.quarters. TheThe onlyonly thingthing toto dodo seemsseems toto bbee toto lieie onon ourour oarsoars andand toto gigivvae nono pretexpretextt toto thethe WashingtoniansWashingtonians toto quarrelquarrel withwith us,us, while,whilet onon thethe otherother hand,hand, wewe maintainmaintain ourour rightsrights andand thosethose ofof ourour fellow-countrymen."fellow-countrymen." (1)(1) TakingTaking thisthis letterletter atat itsits faceface value.value, oneone wouldwould Baysay thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston waswas distinotlydistinctly neutral.neutral. ThatThat he intendedintended toto letlet thethe partieipantparticipantss fightfight itit outout amongstamongst themeethemselvesI ves.. Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams remarkedremarked "that"that PalmerstonPalmerston waswas notnot inolinedinelined toto alteralter BritishBritish policypolicy"" whichwhich meantmeant atat thatthat timetime oneone ofof strictstrict neutrality.neutrality. (2)(2) TheThe writerwriter takestakes a differentdifferent viewview ofof thisthis letter.letter. InIn thethe lightlight o~of botbothh previoupreviouss andand SUbsequentsubsequent aotionsactions andand statements.statements, thethe indicationsindications poinpointt toto thethe beliefbelief thatthat hehe waswas merelymerely holdingholding inin abeyanoeabeyance hishis realreal attitude.attitude. HeHe mightmight asas wellwell notnot interfereinterfere inin thisthis affairaffair whichwhioh gavegave evidenceevidenoe ofof turningturning outout asas hehe wishedwished itit would.wou d. TooToo manmanyy timestimes hadhad hehe beebeenn denounceddenounced asas as meddlermeddler inin thethe affairsaffairs ofôf otherother countries.eountries. WhyWhy shouldshould hehe leaveleave himselfhimself openopen toto

(lQ-Ashley-Life( í)-Ashley-Life ofof LordLord palmerston-II-p.41lPalmerston-II-p.411 (2(2)-B)-E.. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmeríean CiVilCivil War­War- I-p.199I-p.199 -63--63-

cricriticistlcismm bbyy rushingrushing inIn headlongheadlong andand declaringdeclaring thethe SouthSouth a nation?nation? PalmerstonPalmerston waswas utilizinguti izing hishis peouliarpeculiar abilityability ofof utteringuttering sentencessentences thatthat resoundiresound inin vaguenessvagueness andand sonorou,sness.sonorousness. ThatThat hehe stillstil believebelievedd inin thethe certaintycertainty ofof thethe sucoesssucoess ofof thethe SouthSouth maymay bbee gatheredgathered fromfrom a speeohspeech whiohwhich he delivereddelivered atat DoverDover inin thethe AutumAutumnn ofof 18611861 whenwhen hehe spokespoke inin a ratherrather tauntintaunti~g andand sneeringsneering mannermanner ofof thethe "fast"fast runningrunning whiohwhich signalizedsignalized thethe battlebattle ofof BullBull Run."Run." (1)(1) HeHe stillstil waswas convincedconvinced ofof thethe utterutter laoklaok inin thethe NortherNorthernn oampoamp ofof thatthat spiritspirit whiohwhich isis 80so neoessaryneeessary forfor militarymi itary success.suoeess.

PPal~rstonta merston, then,then, maymay bbee saidsaid toto havehave beenbeen oontentcontent inin thethe earlyear y monthsmonths ofof thethe strugglestruggle withwith merelymerely lookinglooking on.on. ThisThis waswas notnot becausbecausee ofof anyany fondnessfondness toto thethe NortNorthh bubutt owingowing toto thethe factfact thatthat thethe SouthSouth appearedappeared toto bbee oapablecapable ofof gaininggaining recognitionrecognition forfor itself.itself. More-More- over,t thethe factfact thatthat thethe unprinoipledunprincipled EnglandEngland hadhad commencedcommenced toto favourfavour mediationmediation causedcaused P81merstonPalmerston toto restrest assuredassured that,that, inin oasecase thethe earlyearly promisepromisess ofof quiokquick militarymilitary successsuceess diddid notnot enableenable thethe SouthSouth toto secureseeure thetheiirr independenceindependence them­them- selves,se ves, hehe oouldcou d obtainobtain itit forfor themthem bbyy thethe supportsupport ofof thethe BritishBritish Government.Government.

{l)-T.(1)-T. L.L. Harris-TheHarris-The TrentTrent Affair-p.28.Affair-p.28. Note:Note:-- ThisThis statementstatement hashas beebeenn qQotedquoted inin severalseveral booksbooks bubutt thethe writerwriter hashas beebeenn unableunable toto obtainobtain itsits sourcesource andand soso hashas hadhad toto inferinfer itsits authenticity.authenticity. -64--64-

ChapterChapter VIVI

PALMERSTONPALMERSTON ANDAND THETHE TRENTTREHT AFFAIRAFFAIR

InIn thethe fallfall anan eventevent occurredoccurred whichwhich servedserved toto bringbring outout inin itsits truetrue lightlight pa1merston'sPalmerston's positionposition onon AmericanAmerican affairs.affairs. TheThe eventevent waswas thethe seizureseizure ofof MasonMason and.and Slidell,S idell, thethe ConfederateConfederate envoysenvoys onon theirtheir wayway toto Europe,Europe, byby anan UnitedUnited statesStates manman ofof war,war, whilewhile theythey werewere onon boardboard aa BriBritistishh vevessels sa 1.. ThereThere hadhad beenbeen manymany rwnorsrumors currentcurrent thatthat MasonMason andand Slidell.Slide l, thethe twotwo ConfederateConfederate envoysenvoys onon theirtheir wayway toto Europe,Burope, werewere inin dangerdanger ofof beinbeingg seizedseized bbyy anan UnitedUnited statesStates armedarmed vessel,vessel, thethe JamsJames Adge'l;,Adger.whicwhichh waswas atat thethe momentmoment lyinglying inin SouthhamptonSouthhampton ttoo gegett coacoall anandd supplies.supplies. Palmerstonpalmerston,, hearinghearing ooff thisthis,, decidedecidedd ttoo taltalkk ththee mattematterr oveoverr withthwith thee AmericanAmerican AmbassadoAmbassadorr beforbeforee anythinanythingg happenedhappened.. BeforBeforee hhee went,went, howeverhowever., hhee determinedeterminedd ttoo seeursecuree ththee opinioopinionn ooff ththee LaLaww OfficerOfficerss aass ttoo ththee legalitlegalityy ooff sucsuchh a seizureseizure.. EvidentlyEvidently hhee intendeintendedd ttoo bbee stronglstronglyy ffortified ortified iinn hihiss ttalka k witwithh Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams.. ThThee outcome; ooff thathatt consultatioconsultationn iiss givegivenn iinn a letteretter ttoo Delane:Delane:-- NovembeNovemberr llth11th,, 18611861..

MMyy deadearr Delane:Delane:-- IItt mamayy bbee usefuusefull ttoo yoyouu ttoo knoknoww thathatt thethe GhancellorChancellor,, DrDr.. LushingtonLUShington,, ththee threthreee LaLaww OfficersOfficers,, SirSir GeorgGeorgee GreyGrey,, ththee DukDukee ooff SomersetSomerset,, anandd myselmyselff memett 'atat thethe -65--65-

TreasuryTreasury to-dayto-day toto considerconsider whatwhat wewe couldcould properlyproperly dodo aboutabout thethe Am;)Americaricann cruisercruiser oome,come, nono doubt,doubt, toto searohsearch ththee WeWesstt IndianIndian packetpacket supposedsupposed toto bebe bringi.qsbringing hitherhither thethe twotwo SouthernSouthern envoys;envoys; andand muohmuch toto mymy regret,regret, itit appearedappeared thatthat,, accordingaccording toto thethe principlesprinciples ofof InternationalInternational LawLaw laidlaid downdown inin ourour courtscourts byby LordLord Stowell,Stowell, andand practicedpracticed andand enforcedenforced byby us,us, a belligerentbelligerent hashas a rightright toto stopstop andand searohsearch ananyy neutralneutral notnot beingbeing a shipship ofof war,war, andand beingbeing foundfound onon thethe highighh seas,seas, andand beingbeing suspectedsuspected ofof carryingcarrying enemy'senemy's dispatchesdispatches;; andand thatthat consequentlyconsequently thisthis AmerioanAmerican cruisercruiser might,might, byby ouourr ownown principlesprinciples ofof InternationalInternational Law,Law, stopstop thethe westWest IndiaIndiann packetpacket andand carrycarry herher backback toto NewNew YorkYork forfor trial.trial. 'SuohSueh beingbeing thethe opinionopinion ofof ourour menmen learnedlearned inin law,law, wewe havehave deterdeter­- minedmined toto dodo nono moremore thanthan toto orderorder thethe PhaetonPhaeton frigatefrigate ttoo dropdrop downdown ttoo YarmoutYarmouthh RoadRoadss andand watowatchh ththee proceedingproceed.ingss ooff ththee AmericanAmericanss withiwithinn ourour threthreee milmilee limitlimit ofof territoriaterritoriall jurisdictionjurisdiction,, andand ttoo prevenpreventt heherr fromfrom exercisingexercising withiwithinn thathatt limitlimit thosthosee rightrightss whicwhichh wwee cannotcannot disputedispute asas belonginbelongingg ttoo heherr beyonbeyondd thathatt limit------.limit • I mentionmention allall thesethese thingsthings forfor youryour privateprivate informationinformation.. YourYourss sincerely,sincerely, Palmerston (1) Palmerston (1) (I)-A. I. Dasent-John Delane-II-p.36 (1)-A. I. Dasent-John Delane-II-p«36 -66--66-

AccordingAccording toto InternationalInternationa LawLaw PalmerstonPa merston couldcould notnot dodo anythinganything ifif thethe ConfederateConfederate envoysenvoys werewere takentaken offoff theirtheir boatboatss outsideoutside thethe threethree milemile limit.imit. ItIt meantmeant thatthat thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment mustmust standstand bbyy andand watchwatch thethe seizureseizure withoutwithout beinbeingg ableable toto protestprotest.. NNoo doubtdoubt suchsuch a positionposition wouldwould bbee a mattermatter ofof regretregret toto himIhiml IfIf he abidedabided bbyy thethe deoisiondecision ofof thethe LawLaw OfficersOffioers andand thethe rumoredrumored seizureseizure tooktook pplace ace,t itit meanmeantt thathatt ththee SouthSouth woulwouldd receivreceivee a set-backset-back inin theirtheir oontest.eontest. WhatWhat waswas hehe goinggoing toto saysay toto AdamsAdams thethe nextnext day?day? HeHe certainlycertain y waswas notnot goinggoing toto informinform himhim ofof thethe deoision.decision. ThatThat wouldwould bebe tootoo muohmuoh li~lifce playinplayingg intointo hishis hands.hands. TheThe thingthing toto dodo waswas toto keepkeep quietquiet aboutabout itit andand actact asas ifif thethe AmericansAmericans wouldwould be oommittingcommitting a "faux"faux paspas"" ifif theythey tooktook MasonMason andand SlidellSlidell offoff thethe packetpacket.. PerhapsPerhaps ifif thethe rumoredrumored seizureseizure tooktook pplace ace somesome groundsgrounds forfor actionaction mightmight be found.found. Moreover,Moreover, whywhy diddid hehe askask DelaneDe ane toto keepkeep itit qUiet?quiet? IfIf thethe unprincipledunprincipled EnglandEng and werewere awareaware ofof thisthis deoision.decision, theirtheir supportsupport wouldwould oertainlyeertainly notnot bbee forthoomingfortheoming i~if he becambecamee aggressiveaggressive withoutwithout anyany apparentapparent reasonreason forfor doingdoing so.so» AgainAgain eveneven ifif theythey werewere persuadepersuadedd toto acquiesceacquiesce inin hishis acts,acts, suchsuch anan uncalleduncalled forfor displaydisplay ofof aggressivenessaggressiveness mightmight stirstir upup thethe lethargiolethargic consciencesconsciences ofof thethe liberallibera EnglandEngland andand thenthen alla hishis actionsactions wouldwould bbee soso closelye osely watchedwatehed thatthat he wouldwould havehave toto maintainmaintain a strictstrict neutrality.neutrality. AsAs toto whetherwhether oror notnot thethe decisiondecision waswas correct,tit it isis notnot thethe intentionintention ofof thethe writerwriter toto discussdiscuss here.here. TheThe writerwriter isis merelymerely concernedconcerned -67--67-

withwith thethe eventsevents andand actionsactions asas theythey tooktook placplacee then.then. A descriptiondescription ofof thethe meetingmeeting betweenbetween palmerstonpalmerston andand AdamsAdams oanoan besbe stt bbee gleanedg eaned fromfrom thethe pepenn ofof thethe latterlatter'l ss son.son. 9 "Up"Up toto thisthis timetime therethere hadhad beebeenn nono personalpersonal intercourseintercourse betweebe~weenn Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams andand thethe Premier.Premier. TheyThey bothboth hadhad beebeenn presenpresentt andand botbothh hadhad spokenspoken atat thethe LordLord Mayor1sMayorfs dinnerdinner onon thethe ninthninth ofof NovemberNovember;; andand Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams onon thatthat ocoa­occa- sionsion hadhad evidentlyevidently beebeenn somewhatsomewhat relievedrelieved atat thethe tenortenor ofof thethe PrimePrime Minister'sMinister's remarks.remarks. TheyThey were.were, hehe wrote,charac­wrote,charae- terizedterized bbyy "his"his oustomarycustomary shrewdneshrewdness"ss".. HeHe touohedtouched gentlygently onon ourour diffioulty.difficulty, andand atat thethe samesame timetime gavegave itit toto bebe clearlyc early understoodunderstood thatthat therethere waswas toto bebe nono interferenoeinterference forfor thethe sakesake ofof ootton.cotton. ThreeThree daysdays later.ater, onon thethe 12th12th ofof NovemberNovember., Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams waswas a goodgood dealdea surprisedsurprised bbyy reoeivingreceiving a "familiar"fami iar note-note* fromfrom LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston askingasking himhim toto callcall atat CambridgeCambridge HouseHouse andand seesee himhim atat anan hourhour name d inin thethe note.note.

~ote, lT "His"His reoeptreception,ion,"" hehe wrote, "was"was veryvery ccordiaordia,ll andand frank.frank. Il LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston diddid notnot thenthen fullyfu y explainexp ain hishis reasonsreasons forfor thethe unusualunusual interview;interview; inin factfact theythey werewere highlyhighly oreditablecreditable toto him.him. HeHe waswas goinggoing outout ofof hiss wayway toto givegive thethe AmerioanAmerican MinisterMinister anan intimationintimation ofof possiblpossiblyy impendingimpending diffioultydiffieulty withwith a.a.vievieww toto avertinaverti~'g it.it. ItIt waswas thenthen well­well- knownknown thatthat Messrs.Messrs. MasonMason andand SlidellSlidell werewere onon theirtheir wayway toto Europe.Burope. TheyThey werewere atat firstfirst supposedsupposed toto bbee onon thethe Nashville;lashville; bubutt afterwarc1aafterwarås theirtheir arrivalarrival atat HavanaHavana waswas announced,announced, andand itit -68--68- waswas thenthen oorreotlycorrectly assumedassumed thatthat theythey wouldwould sailsail onon thethe Trent.Trent. ItIt waswas ratherrather surmisedsurmised thatthat thethe GovernmentGovernment ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates hadhad issuedissued ordersorders forfor interoeptingintercepting anyany vesselvesse oonn whiohwhich thethe envoysenvoys mightmight taketake passagepassage,, andand seizeseize them.them. Finally,Final y, thethe JamesJames Adger.Adger, a UnitedUnited statesStates ship-of-warship-of-war underunder coramanoommand.d ofof CaptainCaptain JohnJohn B.B. Marohand,Marchand, hadhad reoentlyrecently arrivedarrived onon thethe EnglishEnglish ooast.coast. TheThe oiroumstanoescircumstanoes werewere suspicious.suspicious. ThThee wholewhole situationsituation waswas ugly.ugly. AfterAfter refleotingreflecting overover thethe situa-situa- tion.tion, Palmerstopalmerstonn hadhad ooncludedooncluded thatthat a littlelittle friendlyfriend y talktalk inin timetirae withwith thethe AmerioanMinisterAmerican Minister mightmight bbee a sensiblesensible wayway otof preventinpreventingg a troubletrouble notnot lessless neoessarynecessary thanthan serious.serious. HHee saidsaid thatthat informationinformation hadhad comecome toto himhim ofof thethe lateate arrivalarriva ooff anan UnitedUnited statesStates vesselvessel ofof war----.war • TheThe impressionimpression waswas thatthat thisthis vesselvessel ,waswas toto taketake bbyy forceforce thethe gentlemengentlemen fromfrom thethe southernSouthern stateStatess whowho werewere supposedsupposed toto bbee aboard.aboard. UoNoww hehe waswas notnot goinggoing intointo thethe questionquestion ofof ourour rightright toto dodo suohsuch anan act.act. PerhapsPerhaps wewe mightmight bbee justifiejustifiedd inin itit asas thethe steamersteamer waswas notnot strictlystrictly a publipublicc vesselvessel oror perhapperhapss wewe mightmight not.not. AllAll thatthat hehe desireddesired toto observeobserve waswas thatthat suchsuch a stepstep wouldwould bbee highlyhighly inexpedientinexpedient inin everyevery wayway hehe couldcould viewview it.----Heit. -He couldcould notnott, therefore,therefore, conceiveeonceive ofof thethe neoessitynecessity ofof resortingresorting toto suohsuch a measuremeasure asas this.this, whichwhich inin thethe presenpresentt statestate ofof opinionopinion inin England,England, couldcou d scarcelyscarcely failfail toto occasionoccasion moreraore prejudicprejudicee thanthan itit wouldwould dodo good.good. Mr.Mr. AdamsAdaras assuredassured PalmerstonPalmerston thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernraent hadhad givengiven nono suchsuch ordersorders toto thethe JamesJames Adger.Adger. -69--69-

SixSix daysdays beforbeforee itit hadhad actuallyactual y happened.happened. CaCaptaiptainn WilkesWilkes hadhad donedone jusjustt whatwhat Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams hadhad assuredassured thethe primeprime Minister,Minister, CaptainCaptain MarchandMarchand waswas notnot instructedinstructed toto do.do. ThThee thingthing diddid notnot havehave anan honesthonest aspect."aspect." (1'(1) ToTo understandunderstand thethe followingfollowing commentscomments onon thisthis inter­inter- viewview itit willwill bbee necessarynecessary forfor thethe %aaderareaders toto orientateorientate them­them- selvesselves intointo thethe conditionsconditions existingexisting atat thatthat time.time. HereHere waswas Palmerstonpalmerston., withwith thethe knowledgeknowledge ofof a legallegal decisiondecision givengiven thethe preeedinprecedingg day.day, conversingconversing withwith AdamsAdams andand sayingsaying nothingnothing ofof thatthat legallegal decision.decision. HeHe hadhad bbyy hishis mannermanner evidentlyevidently succeededsucceeded inin placinplacingg AdamsAdams inin anan embarrassingembarrassing positionposition.. HHee hadhad soso impressedimpressed AdamsAdams withwith hishis benevolencbenevolencee thatthat hehe hadhad givengiven himhim thethe impreimpressiossionn thatthat "he"he waswas goinggoing outout ofof hishis wayway inin orderorder toto prevenpreventt thethe UnitedUnited statesStates MinisterMinister fromfrom gettinggetting intointo anan uglyugly sarap."scrap." ButBut waswas :b..e?he? Palmerston.Pa merston, itit seemsseems toto thethe writer.writer, sawsaw aann opportunityopportunity toto placplacee himselfhimself beforbeforee England.England asas oneone tryingtrying toto avoidavoid trouble,trouble, andand then,then, ifif thethe seizureseizure tooktook placeplace., hehe couldcould comecome outout inin thethe openopen andand saysay thatthat hehe hadhad donedone alla l hehe couldcould toto prevenpreventt trouble.troub e. HeHe obtainedobtained fromfrom AdamsAdams anan admissionadmission thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment hadhad givengiven nono suchsuch ordersorders toto thethe JaImsJames Adger.Adger. WhenWhen thethe eventevent diddid happenhappen itit necessarilynecessarily puputt AdamsAdams onon thethe defensive.defensive. PalmerstonPalmerston couldcou d saysay thatthat hehe hadhad beebeenn toldtold oneone thingthing andand thenthen anotheranother thingthing hadhad happened.happened. WasWas thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates GovernmenttGovernraent playinplayingg withwith GreatGreat Britain?Britain? WhatWhat a finefine morselmorsel ofof informationinformation itit wouldwould bebe

(l)-C.(1)-C. F.F. Adams,Adams, Jr.-CharlesJr.-Charles FrancisFrancis Adams-p.220-226.Adams-p.220-226. -70--70-

toto displaydisplay toto thethe Cabinet.Cabinet. WhatWhat a splendidsp endid opportunityopportunity itit wouldwould affordafford forfor strengtheningstrengthening publipublicc opinionopinion inin favourfavour ofof thethe South.South. TheThe unprinaipledunprincipled EnglandEngland wouldwould surelysurely notnot standstand forfor anyany insultinsult toto BritishBritish prestlgeprestige., especiallyespecia ly whewhenn itit calmcame fromfrom thethe UnitedUnited 'states.States. HeHe hadhad evidentlyevidently builbuiltt upup a strongstrong casecase againstagainst thethe Union.Union. IfIf thethe eventevent rumoredrumored occurred.occurred, andand thethe disputedispute whichwhich waswas suresure toto follow.follow, shouldshould failfail toto bbee patchepatchedd uP.up, warwar againstagáinst thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic wouldwould probablprobablyy bbee declared;declared; hehe .wouldwould throwthrow inin hishis lotlot withwith thethe south;South; andand thenthen hehe wouldwou d getget thethe satisfactionsatisfaction ofof seeingseeing thisthis dangerousdangerous Wupstart""upstart" removedremoved fromfrom thethe oontinuedeontinued marchmareh ofof BritiShBritish worldwor d prestige.prestige. ThatThat eveningevening writingwriting toto DelaneDelane hehe reportedreported thethe outcomeoutcome ofof thethe interview: - NovembeNovemberr 12th.2th, 1861.1861»

MyMy deardear Delane: -I- I havehave seenseen AdamsAdams to-day,to-day, andand he assuresassures meme thatthat thethe AmericanAmerioan padpaddle-wheeld e-wheel waswas sentsent toto interceptintercept thethe NashvillNashvillee ifif foundfound onon thesethese seas.seas, bubutt notnot toto meddleraeddle withwith anYany shipship underunder a foreignforeign flag.flag. HeHe aaidsaid he hadhad seenseen thethe oommanderoommander andand hadhad advisedadvised himhim toto gogo straightstraight home;home; andand hehe believebelievedd thethe steamrsteamer toto bbee onon herher wayway bacbackk toto thethe UnitedUnited states.States. ThisThis isis a veryvery .satisfactorysatisfactory explanation.explanation. (1)(1) PalmerstonPalmerston waswas losinglosing nono timetime inin gettinggetting AdamsAdams'1 statementstatement downdown onon record.record. NNoo doubtdoubt itit waswas satisfactorysatisfactory toto

(I)-A.(1)-A. I.I. Dasent-'JohnDasent-tfohn Delane-II-p.36-37Delane-II-p.36-37 -71-71-- hihimm iinn mormoree thathann ononee wayway.. (1)(l) OOnn NovembeNovemberr 8th8th., ththee eveneventt tootookk placplacee anandd oonn NovembeNovemberr 27th27th., ththee newnewss reachereachedd LondonLondon.. HerHeree wawass a pretty-pretty- to-dto-doo foforr PalmerstonPalmerston.. JusJustt whawhatt hhee hopehopedd foforr hahadd happened.happened.

ThThee BritisBritishh prespresss wa\\8Bs aatt firsfirstt ververyy cautioucautiouss inin theitheirr appraisaappraisall ooff ththee situationsituation.. ThThee LondoLondonn TimeTimess admittedadmitted thathatt accordinaccordingg ttoo BritisBritiShh precedentprecedentss ththee acactt ooff Captainaptain WilkeWilkess wawass legalegall bubutt deploredeploredd ththee unceremoniouunceremoniouss mannemannerr inin whicwhichh iitt wawass donedone,, anandd hopehopedd thathatt ththee FederaFederall GovernmentGovernment woulwouldd assuagassuagee ththee ruffleruffledd dignitdignityy ooff GreaGreatt BritainBritain.. (2)(2) SuchSuch anan attitudeattitude asas thithiss wawass certainlycertainly nonott satisfactorysatisfactory toto Palmerstonpalme rston.. HHee musmustt getget somesome legallegal supportsupport ifif hhee wawass toto arousearouse publipublicc opinionopinion ttoo a highighh pitch.pitch. UpoUponn ththee receiprece iptt ofof ththee newnewss ofof ththee seizure.seizure, thethe actionaction ofof ththee BritisBritishh GovernmentGovernment wawass anxiouslyanxiously awaited.awaited. A CabinetCabinet meetingmeeting waswas summoned.suramoned. SirSir HoraceHorace RumboldRumbold saidsaid "that"that asas soonsoon asas thethe newsnews reachedreached England.England, a CabinetCabinet CouncilCounci waswas summoned.summoned, andand I hadhad itit onon thethe samesame dayday fromfrom EvelynEve yn AshleyAshley thatthat LordLord palmerstonPalmerston onon enteringentering thethe roomroom wherewhere thethe MinistersMinisters metmet inin DowningDowning street.Street, threwthrew hishis hathat onon thethe table.table, andand atat onceonce commenoedcommenoed businessbusiness byby addressingaddressing hishis colleaguesco leagues inin thethe

(l)-Note:-(l)-Note:- TheThe writerwriter deemsdeems itit ofof notenote toto callcal attentionattention toto thethe factfact thatthat notnot a fewfew writers.writers, particularlyparticular y Walpole.Wa pole, picturepicture LordLord IIohnlohn RussellRussell asas thethe individualindividua whowho carriedcarried onon thethe correspondencecorrespondenoe whichwhich hashas jusjustt beenbeen describeddescribed above.above. Perhaps,Perhaps, asas ForeignForeign MinisterMinister hehe did.did, butbut certainlycertainly notnot inin actuality.actuality. palmerstonPalmerston waswas thethe realreal directordirector behindbehind thethe curtains.curtains. (2)-London(2)-London Times-NovemberTimes-November 28th.28th, 1861.1861. -72--72-

followingfo lowing words:-words:- I don'tdonft knowknow whetherwhether youyou areare goinggoing toto

1 standstand this,t bubutt 1I'l11l bbee d----dd- d ifif I do."n (1)(1) A quotatquotatioionn which.which, thoughthough itit shouldshould be treatedtreated withwith somesome caution.caution, neverthelessnevertheless shouldshould havehave somesome significancesignificance inin viewview ooff subsequentsubsequent actionsactions onon Palmerston'sPalmerston^s part.part. TheThe LawLaw OffioersOffioers werewere againagain consulted.eonsulted. ThThee subjectsubject waswas reconsideredreconsidered onon thethe basibasiss ofof thethe actualactual mannermanner bbyy whichwhich CaptainCaptain WilkesWilkes hadhad carriedcarried outout thethe seizureseizure andand a differentdifferent conclusionconclusion waswas arrivedarrived at.at. ItIt waswas nownow heldhe d thatthat thethe attitu.deattitude ofof thethe AmericanAraerican GovernmentGovernment waswas untenableuntenable becausebecause inin assumingassuming authorityauthority underunder thethe acceptedaccepted lawlaw ofof nations,nations, asas laidlaid downdown inin thethe reportsreports andand treatises.treatises, CaptainCaptain WilkesWilkes hadhad undertakenundertaken toto paspasss uponupon thethe issueissue ofof a violatviolatioionn ofof neutralityneutrality onon thethe spot,spot, insteadinstead ofof sendingsending thethe TrentTrent asas a prizprizee intointo porportt forfor judiciajUdiciall adjUdication.adjudication. (2)(2) Pa1merstonPalmerston nownow hadhad thethe legalegal supportsupport necessary.necessary. ThisThis legallegal informationinformation waswas rapidlyrapidly communicatedeommunicated toto thethe newspapersnewspapers asas thethe LondonLondon TimesTimes onon thethe followingfollowing dayday tooktook a veryvery aggressiveaggressive standstand onon thethe matter.matter. ItIt mentionedmentioned thethe opinionopinion takenn bbyy thethe LawLaw OfficersOfficers ofof thethe CrownCrown thatthat thethe proceedingsproceedings ofof thethe AmericanAmerican frigatefrigate werewere notnot justifiajustifiableb e accordingaccording toto thethe lawlaw ofof nations.nations. ItIt demandeddemanded adequateadequate reparationreparation andand aa suitablesuitable apologyapology toto thethe BritishBritish flagflag inin strongstrong language.laoguage. (3)(3)

(1)-Reco11eotions(l)-Recolleetions ofof a Dip1omatist-II-P.83Diplomatist-II-p.83 (2)-0.(2)-C. F.F. Adams,Adams, Jr.-TheJr.-The TrentTrent A+fair-Am.Affair-Am. Hist.Hist. Rev.-XVlI-p.554.Rev.-ZVII-p.554.

(3(3)-Londo)-Londonn Times-NovemberTimes-November 29th.29tht 18611861.. -73-73--

ThThee SaturdaSaturdayy RevleRevieww statestatedd ththee cascasee ooff ththee BritisBritishh GovernGovern­- menmentt thusthus., "Lawyers"Lawyers., thereforetherefore., eannocannott bbee surprisesurprisedd toto heahearr thathatt ththee opinioopinionn ooff ththee legalegall adviseradviserss ooff ththee CrowCrown.n iiss ververyy decidedecidedd againsagainstt ththee validitvalidityy ooff ththee righrightt exercisedexercised bbyy ththee AmericaAmericann oaptaincaptain.. TherTheree cacann bbee litlittlet e doubdoubtt thatthat ththee CabineCabinett wilwilll acactt iinn conformitconformityy witwithh ththee opinioopinionn ooff itsits advisersadvisers., anandd wwee mamayy bbee quitquitee sursuree thathatt ththee oountroountryy willwill abidabidee bbyy ititss deeision.decision."n (1'(1) ThesThesee artiolearticless werweree soosoonn followefollowedd bbyy aann out­out- bursburstt ooff denunciatiodenunciationn againsagainstt ththee UniteUnitedd Statestatess iinn manmanyy ooff ththee paperspapers.. DDee GaspariGasparinn vividlvividlyy describedescribess ththee tontonee ofof EnEnglishg ish newspapernewsPaperss anandd quotequotess ththee followinfollowingg aass bubutt ononee o:fof ththee manmanyy ooff theitheirr extremextremee statements:-statements:- "The"The actact ofof CaptainCaptain WilkesWilkes ceasesceases toto be anythinganything elseelse thanthan thethe lastlast ofof a seriesseries ofof hostilehostile measures.measures, designeddesigned toto bringbring aboutabout a warwar a littlelittle sooner.sooner, oror a littlelittle laterater - whatwhat matteredmattered itit thenoeforth:thenceforth: WasWas itit notnot betterbetter toto foilfoil AmericanAmerican Machiavelllsm?Maehiavellism? WasWas itit notnot wisewise toto choosechoose one'sonefs ownown time.time, insteadinstead ofof awaitingawaiting inevitableinevitable aggression?"(2)aggression?"(2) TheThe nlustratedIllustrated LondonLondon NewsIfews remarkedremarked "that"that thethe mostmost decideddecided indicatiomofindicatioæ of publicpublie opinionopinion havehave beenbeen affordedafforded thatthat EnglandEngland willwil notnot tamelytamely subnitsuhrait toto havehave herher vesselsvessels boardedboarded andand passengerspassengers forciblyforcibly torntorn fromfrom beneathbeneath thethe protec­protec- tiontion ofof herher 'lag."# ag." (3)(3)

(I)-Saturday(l)-Saturday Review-NovemberReview-November 30th.30th, 1861.1861. (2)-De(2)-De Gasparin-AmericaGasparin-America BeforeBefore Europe-trans.Burope-trans. byby M.L.Booth-p.132.M.L.Booth-p.132. (3)-Novemher(3)-November 30th.30th, 1861.1861. -74--74«

PalmerstPalmerstoonn waswas playinplayingg thethe kindkind ofof a gamegame hhee liked.liked. HeHe nownow habadd workedworked upup publipublicc opin~onopin|on againstagainst thethe insultinault offeredoffered bbyy thethe UnitedUnited states.States. HisHIs actionsactions cou~couM veryvery easilyeasily lendlend themselvesthemselves toto bbee thethe resultresult ofof thisthis publicpublie opinion.opinion. TheThe paperpaperss werewere fullfull ofof warwar sentiments.sentiments. Palmerston,Palmerston, havinghaving receivedreceived legallegal supportsupport andand fairlyfairly securesecure ofof thethe supportsupport ofof thethe unprincipledunprineipled England,Eng and, wentwent aheadahead withwith thethe determinationdetermination thatthat GreatGreat BritainBritain waswas notnot goinggoing toto runrun second.second inin thisthis affair.affair. GreatGreat hastehaste waswas mademade toto dispatchdispatch troopstroops toto Canada.Canada. A vividvivid descriptiondescriptlon ooff thethe preparationpreparationss mademade maymay bbee observedobserved fromfrom a perusaperusall ofof thethe AnnualAnnual Register:-Register:- "Troops"Troops werewere dispatcheddispatched toto CanadaCanada withwith allall possiblpossiblee expedition;expedition; andand thatthat bravbravee andand loyalloyal colonyeolony calledcalled outout itsits militiamilitia andand volunteers.volunteers, soso asas toto bbee readyready toto actaot atat a moment'smoment's notice.notice. OurOur dock-yardsdoek-yards herehere resoundedresounded withwith thethe dindin ofof wormenworkmen gettinggetting vesselsvessels fittedfitted forfor sea.sea, andand therethere waswas bubutt oneone feelingfeeling whichwhich animatedanimated allall olassesclasses andand partiepartiess inin thethe country.country, andand thatthat waswas a determinationdetermination toto vindicatevindicate ourour inSlllinsultetedd honour.honour, andand upholduphold thethe inviolabilityinvio ability ofof thethe nationalnationa tlag."flag." (1)(1) PalmerstonPalmerston evidentlyevidently probablprobablyy thoughtthought thatthat thethe demandsdemands whichwhioh hehe wouldwou d makemake would.would bbee rerejectejectedd bbyy themthem andand thatthat warwar wouldwould follow.follow. LetLet usus nownow focusfocus ourour attentionattention uponupon thethe CabinetCabinet wherewhere thethe actionaetion toto bbee takentaken waswas determined.determined. Usually.Usual y, whewhenn

(I)-Annual(l)-Annual Register-186l-p.254-55Register-1861-p.254-55 -75--75-

therethere hashas beebeenn a misunderstanding,misunderstanding, anan actaet toto bbee regrettedregretted,, especiallyespeeially whenwhen thisthis actact involvesinvolves a pacpactt ofof thethe rightright ooff natnationionss whichwhioh waswas thenthen atstiill l obscure.obscure, thethe naturalnatural beginninbeginningg isis a demanddemand forfor anan explanationexplanation ofof intentions,intentions, andand ooff reparationreparation ofof wrong.wrong, withoutwithout couplingcoupling itit withwith anan immediatimmediatee menacemenace ofof rupture.rupture. IfIf thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment wantedwanted peacepeace,, itit wouldwou d surelysurely followfollow thisthis procedureprocedure.. LetLet usus observobservee whatwhat thethe CabinetCabinet recommendedrecommended.. TheThe Cabinet,Cabinet, asas LordLord PalmerstonPa merston wrotewrote toto ththee QUeenQueen onon thethe 29th29th ofof lNovember, ovember, hadhad comecome toto thethe conclusionconclusion thatthat herher MajestyMajesty "should"should bbee advisedadvised toto demanddemand reparationreparation andand redress.redress."" "The"The CabinetCabinet,,."" hehe continued,continued, "Is"is toto meetmeet agaiagainn to-morrowto-morrow atat two,two, bbyy whichwhich timetime LordLord RussellRussell willwi havhavee preparepreparedd anan instructioninstruction toto LordLord LycnL~s forfor thethe considerationconsideration ofof thethe Cabinet,Cabinet, andand forfor submissionsubmission afterwardsafterwards toto youyourr Majesty.Majesty. TheThe generalgeneral outlineoutline andand tenortenor whichwhich appearedappeared ttoo meetmeet thethe opinionopinion ofof thethe CabinetCabinet wouldwould bebe,, thatthat thethe WashingWashing­- tonton GovernmentGovernment shouldshou d bbee toldtold thatthat whatwhat hashas beebeenn donedone iiss a violationviolation ofof InternationalInternational Law,Law, andand ofof thethe rightsrights ofof GreatGreat Britain,Britain, andand thatthat youryour Majesty'sMajestyTs GovernmentGovernment trustrustt thatthat thethe actact willwill bbee disavowed,disavowed, andand thethe prisonerprisonerss setset frefreee andand restoredrestored toto BritishBritish protectionprotection;; andand LordLord LyaaL~s shouldshould bbee instructedinstructed thatthat ifif thisthis demandderaand isis refusedrefused hehe shouldshou d retirretiree fromfrom thethe unitedUnited Statesstates.. ItIt isis statedstated bbyy Mrs.Mrs. andand MiasMiss Slidell,Slide l, whowho araree nownow inin London,London, thatthat thethe NortherNorthernn officersofficers whowho camecame onon boarboardd -76--76-

thethe TrentTrent saidsaid thatthat theythey werewere actingacting onon theirtheir ownown responrespon­- sibilitysibi ity withoutwithout instructionsinstructions fromfrom Washington;Washlngton; thatthat ververyy possiblpossiblyy thetheiirr actact mightmight bbee disavoweddisavowed andand thethe prisonersprisoners setset freefree onon theirtheir arrivalarrival atat Washington.Washington. ButBut itit wawass knownknown thatthat thethe SanSan Jacinto,Jacinto, thoughthough oomeoome fromfrom thethe AfricanAfriean station.station, hadhad arrivedarrived fromfrom thencethenoe severalsevera weeksweeks beforbeforee anandd hadhad beebeenn atat st.St. Thomas,Thomas, andand hadhad therethere receivedreceived communicationscommunications fromfrom NeNeww York;York; andand itit isis alsoalso saidsaid thatthat GeneralGeneral scott,Scott, whowho hashas recentlyrecently arrivedarrived inin France,France, hashas saidsaid toto AmericansAmerioans inin Paripariss thatthat hehe hashas comecome notnot onon anan excursionexcursion ofof pleasurpleasuree bubutt onon diplomaticdiplomatio businessbusiness;; thatthat thethe seizureseizure ofof thesethese envoysenvoys waswas discusseddiscussed inin CabinetCabinet atat Washington,Washington, hehe beinbeingg presentpresent,, andand waswas deliberatelydeliberately detennineddetermined uponupon andand ordered;ordered; thatthat ththee WashingtonW8shington CabinetCabinet fullyfully foresawforesaw itit mightmight leadlead toto warwar withwith England;England; andand thatthat hehe waswas commissionedeommissioned toto proposproposee toto FranceFranee toto joijoinn thethe NortherNorthernn statesStates inin warwar againstagainst England,England, andand toto offeroffer FranceFrance inin thatthat casecase thethe restorationrestoration ofof thethe FrenchFreneh ProvinceProvince ofof CanadaCanada.. GeneralGeneral ScottScott willwill probablprobablyy findfind himselfhimse f muchmuch mistakenmistaken asas toto thethe successsuccess ofof hishis overtures;overtures; forfor thethe FrenchFrench Governmen'tGovernment isis moremore disposeddisposed towardtoward thethe SouthSouth thanthan ththee NorthNorth,, andand isis probablprobablyy thinkingthinking moremore aboutabout cottoncotton thanthan aboutabout Canada-----.Canada • (1)(1) PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad hadhad quitequite a bibitt ofof experienceexperience withwith thethe QueenQueen andand PrincePrince ConsortConsort and"and evidentlyevidently thoughtthought that,that, iiff

(l)-T.(1)-T. Martin-TheMartin-The LifeLife ofof thethe princprincee Consort-V-p.420Consort-v-p.420.. SeeSee also-Lettersalso-Letters ofof QueenQueen Victoria-(1837-l86l}-III-p.595-96Victoria-(1837-1861)-lll-p.595-96 -77--77- hehe mademade hishis casecase appearappear strongerstronger againstagainst thethe aotionaction ofof thethe UnitedUnited states,States, itit mightmight prevenpreventt themthem fromfrom alteringa tering hishis draft.draft. SurelySurely a statesmanstatesman ofof Palmerston'palmerston'ss oalibrecalibre couldcould notnot taketake muohmuch faithfaith inin soso fantastiofantastic a rumor,rumor, forfor thatthat waswas allall itit couldcould possiblpossiblyy be.be. TheThe nextnext dayday (November(Ibvember 30th)30th) afterafter thethe CabinetCabinet meeting,meeting, thethe DraftsDrafts ofof variousvarious dispatches,dispatches, whichwhich werewere toto bebe sentsent toto LordLord Lyons.Lyons, werewere forwardedforwarded toto thethe Queen.Queen. TheThe TrentTrent DispatchDispateh waswas moremore anan ultimatumultimatum thanthan a dispatoh.dispateh. TheThe originaloriginal dispatch.dispatch, thethe oneone whichwhich PalmerstonPa merston sentsent toto thethe Queen.Queen, hashas beebeenn keptkept hidhid inin thethe ForeignForeign ArchivesArehives forfor overover sixtysixty years,years, proveprovess howhow seriousserious thethe situationsituation was.was,

TheThe criticaleritical passagpassagee (marked(marked A apparentlyapparent y bbyy Palmerston'sPalmerston^s pencpencil)wasi )was asas follows:-follows:- "Her"Her Majesty'sMajesty^s Government.Govemment, havinghaving takentaken thesethese factsfacts intointo oonsideration.consideration, havehave arrivedarrived atat thethe conclusionconelusion thatthat thethe oonducteonduet ofof thethe commandereommander ofof thethe SanSan JacintoJacinto waswas notnot justifiejustifiedd bbyy InternationalInternational Law.Law. CertainCertain individualsindividuals havehave beebeenn takentaken fromfrom onon boarboardd a shipship ofof a NeutrNeutrala Powerpower whichwhich waswas andand pursuinpursuingg a lawful/innocentlawful/ innocent voyage.voyage. "Her"Her Majesty'sMajesty^s GovernmentGovernment areare unwillingunwilling toto imagineimagine thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment willwi l not.not, ofof theirtheir ownown accord.accord, bbee anxiousanxious toto affordafford ample reparationreparation forfor thisthis actact ofof violenceviolence committedcommitted bbyy anan officerofficer ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates againstagainst a neutralneutra andand friendlyfriendly nation.nation. TheThe reparationreparation whichwhich herher Majesty'sMajesty's GovernmentGovernment expectexpect andand withwith whiohwhich theythey wouldwould bbee satisfied.satisfied, wouldwould be:-be:- -78--78-

(I)-The( )-The liberationliberation ofof thethe fourfour gentlemengentlemen captuxed,captured, andand theirtheir deliverydelivery toto youryour Lordship.Lordship, andand thusthus placeplacedd (sic)(sie) underunder BritiShBritish protection.protection, (2}-An(2)-An apologyapology forfor thethe insultinsult offeredoffered toto thethe BritishBritish flag."(l)flag."(l) ThisThis dispatchdispatch tooktook itit forfor grantedgranted thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates hadhad oommittedcommitted anan unlawfulunlawful act.act» ItIt mademade thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic responsibleresponsible forfor thethe seizure.seizure. ItIt gavegave herher nono opportunityopportunity toto getget outout ofof thethe difficultydiffieulty withoutwithout loweringlowering h8Z'hér dignity.dignity. SurelySurely a dispatchdispatoh ofof thisthis nature.nature, ifif refused.refused, couldcould meanmean nothingnothing bubutt war.war. TheThe BritishBritish Cabinet·Cab net'ss procedureprocedure certainlycertainly leftleft nono openingopening forfor anan explanation.explanation. TheThe questquestioionn naturallynaturally arisesarises asas toto thethe amountamount ofof unanimityunanimity withinwithin thethe CabinetCabinet onon thethe actionaction taken;taken; andand ifif therethere waswas disagreement.disagreement, howhow muchmuch ofof a parpartt diddid PalmerstonPa merston plaplayy inin thethe drawingdrawing ofof thisthis extremeextreme note?note? TheThe impressionimpression whichwhich thethe writerwriter derivedderived fromfrom severalseveral ofof thethe bookbookss onon thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil WarWar wouldwould tendtend toto revealreveal thatthat somesome ofof thethe membersmembers ofof thethe CabinetCabinet werewere moremore oror lessless timidtimid aboutabout enteringentering intointo a war.war, AnAn accurateaccurate recitationrecitation ofof thethe variousvarious attitudesattitudes ofof thethe membersmembers ofof thethe Cabinetabinet onon thisthis issueissue isis impossibleimpossible herehere owingowing toto thethe factfact thatthat thethe writerwriter hadhad nono accessaceess toto materialmaterial whichwhich wouldwou d throwthrow lightight onon itit andand soso he hashas hadhad toto workwork moremore oror lessless inin thethe dark;dark; however.however, laterlater events serveserve toto brinbringg outout thisthis poinpointt ofof

(I)-Mowst-The(l)-Mowat-The DiplomaticDiplomatic RelationsRelations ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thethe UnitedUnited States-p.177States-p.177 -79--79-

disagreementdisagreement inin thethe CabinetCabinet andand oneone cancan feelfee reasonablyreasonably suresure thatthat thisthis poinpointt hashas a fairfair amountamount ofof truthtruth attachedattached toto it.it, LordLord FitzmauriceFitzmaurice describesdescribes LordLord GranvilleGranville asas "throwing"throwing allall hishis weweigh19htt onon t:r.ethe sideside ofof thethe sectsectioionn ofof thethe CabinetCabinet which,whioh, supportedsupported bbyy thethe authorityauthority ofof thethe PrincePrince Consort,Consort, desireddesired toto makemake easyeasy anan honorablehonorable retreatretreat fromfrom thethe indefen­indefen- siblesible positiopositionn whichwhich thethe GovernmentGovernment ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates hadhad beebeenn mademade toto assumeassume bbyy thethe actact ofof a subordinate."subordinate." (1)(1) Gladstone,Gladstone, inin a letterletter toto thethe DukeDuke ofof ArgyleArgy e oonn

DecemberDecember 3rd,3rd, 186l1861t, mentionsmentions thethe factfact ofof disagreementdisagreement amongstamongst thethe CabinetCabinet also:-a so:- "----1" 1 thoughtthought andand urgedurged thatthat wewe shouldshould hearhear whatwhat thethe AmericansAmericans hadhad toto saysay beforbeforee withdrawingwithdrawing Lyon'S,Lyons, forfor II couldcould notnot feelfeel suresure thatthat wewe werewere atat thethe bottobottomm ofof thethe lawaw ofof thethe case ,t oror couldeould judgjUdgee herehere andand nownow whatwhat formform itit wouldwould assume.assume. ButBut thisth s viewview diddid notnot prevail."If (2)(2) IfIf suchsuch thenthen waswas thethe positiopositionn ofof a sectionsection ofof thethe

Cabinet,t evidentlyevidently therethere mustmust havehave beebeenn somesome membersmembers whwhoo persuadepersuadedd thisthis recalcitrantrecalcitrant sectionsection toto acquiesceacquiesce inin thethe bebellicose licose draftdraft describeddescribed above.above, TheThe writerwriter believebelievess thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston waswas oneone ofof thosethose whowho tooktook a majormajor parpartt inin thethe persuadingpersuading.. HisHis inherentinherent dislikedislike andand distrustdistrust ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment wouldwould certainlycertainly spurspur himhim onon toto taketake advantageadvantage ofof thisthis goldengolden opportunityopportunity forfor revenge.revenge. HeHe hadhad

(I)-Lord(l)-Lord E.B. Fitzmaurice-TheFitzmaurice-The LifeLife ofof LordLord Granville-I-p.402Granville-I-p.402 (2)-Morley-Life(2)-Mor ey-Life ofof w.W. B.E. Gladstone-1I-p.74Gladstone-II-p.74 -80--80-

notnot interviewedinterviewed Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams toto nono avail.avail. HeHe certainlycertainly wouldwould telltell thethe CabinetCabinet thatthat hehe hadhad beebeenn ledled toto understandunderstand bbyy Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams thatthat thethe seizureseizure wouldwould notnot takatake placeplace.. Again,Again, thethe storystory ofof GeneralGenera Scott'sScott's mission,mission, whichwhich he hadhad describeddescribed toto thethe Queen,Queen, mustmust havehave beebeenn supportedsupported bbyy him,him, otherwiotherwissae hehe certainlycertain y wouldwould notnot havehave givengiven itit a placplacee inin hishis letteretter toto HerHer Majesty.Majesty. HisHis actionaction inin supportingsupporting thethe proposaproposall toto sendsend troopstroops toto Canada.Canada, describeddescribed inin a laterlater pagepage,, surelysurely revealsreveals hishis attitudeattitude onon thethe bellicosbellicosee dispatch.dispatch* HisHis inten-inten- \ tiontion thatthat thethe draftdraft toto bbee sentsent toto AmericaAmerica shouldshould bbee anan extremeextreme oneone maymay bbee observedobserved fromfrom a letterletter hehe wrotewrote toto LordLord GranvilleGranvi le onon thethe 29th29th ofof EovembeNovemberr thatthat "the"the YankeeAYankees werewere inin a fool'sfool's paradise;----thatParadise;——that thethe newsnews fromfrom EnglandEngland wouldwould bebe aa

"thunderolap""thunderclap" toto thethe President."President." MoreoverMoreover hishis actact o~of "urging"urging onon thethe CabinetCabinet thethe immediateimmediate issueissue ofof a ProclamationProclamation bbyy thethe QueenQueen inin CouncilCouncil forbiddingf orbidding thethe exportexport ofof guns,guns, gun­gun- powderpowder,, andand saltpetre,saltpetre, asas itit waswas plaiplainn thatthat warwar withwith thethe UniUnitetedd statesStates waswas possiblepossible't" surelysurely furtherfurther strengthensstrengthens thethe poiripointt ofof hisMs firmfirm intentionintention toto provokprovokee warwar ifif hehe could.cou d. InIn referringreferring toto thisthis possibilitpossibilityy ofof warwar hehe remarksremarks inin thethe finalfinal paragrapparagraphh thatthat "if"if thisthis isis so,so, wouldwould itit notnot bbee anan actact ofof follyfolly amounting: toto absoluteabsolute inbecility,inbecility, toto letet thosethose whwhoo maymay soonsoon be ourour enemies,enemies, andand whomwhom wewe believbelievee intendingintending toto be,be, toto gogo onon extractingextraeting fromfrom ourour awnown warehouseswarehouses andand workshopsworkshops thethe meansraeans ofof warwar againstagainst us?----us? TheThe rightright thingthing wouldwould bbee toto prohibiprohibitt thethe exportexport ofof armsarms altogether;altogether; somesome ofof ourour merchantsmerchants andand manufacturersmanufacturers mightmight suffersuffer andand complain,complain, bubutt thethe interestinterest -81--81-

ofof thethe fewfew mustraust yieldyield toto thethe welfarewelfare ofof thethe many."many." (1)(1) Mowat.Mowat, whowho isis oneone ofof thethe veryvery fewfew thatthat hashas hadhad aocessaecess toto thethe dooumentsdocuments onon thethe TrentTrent AffairAffair andand hashas aooord-accord- inglyingly hadhad anan opportunityopportunity toto observeobserve thethe variousvarious drafts.drafts, remarkedremarked "that"that itit mustmust havehave beebeenn thethe influenoeinfluence ofof thethe virilevirile oldold manman (pa.lmerston)(Palmerston) thatthat induoedinduced LordLord RussellRussell toto pepenn aa dispatohdispatch amountingamounting toto anan Ultimatum,ultimatum, toto LordLord Lyons,Lyons, toto bebe readread toto SeoretarySecretary Seward."tf (2)(2) CobdenCobden observedobserved thatthat "Palmerston"Palmerston likeslikes toto dridrivvae thethe wheelwheel clo.saclose toto thethe edge,edge, andand showshow howhow dextrouslydextrously hehe oancan avoidavoid fallingfal ing overover thethe precipioe.precipiee. f MeantimeMeantime hehe keepskeeps peoplepeople'ss intentionsintentions employedemployed whiohwhich suitssuits him."hinu" (3}(3) PalmerstonPa merston waswas notnot onlyon y drivingdriving thethe wheelwheel closeclose toto thethe edgeedge asas CobdenCobden thought,t bubutt waswas alsoalso hopinghoping thatthat hehe wouldwould tiptip itit overover andand involveinvolve GreatGreat BritainBritain inin a warwar withwith thethe UnitedUnited states.States. LetLet usus nownow turnturn ourour attentionattention toto WindsorWindsor CastleCastle wherewhere thethe QueenQueen receivedreceived thisthis clarionicclarionio draft.draft. IfIf thethe QueenQueen approvedapproved ofof it,it, thethe dispatchdispatch wouldwould bbee forwardedforwarded toto LordLord LyonsLyons forfor delideliververyy toto Mr.Mr* Seward.Seward. HereHere waswas thethe criticalcritical moment.moment. ItIt isis a well-knownwell-known faotfact thatthat thethe PrincePrince ConsortConsort hadhad beenbeen accustomedaccustomed toto assistassist thethe QUeenQueen inin statestate affairsaffairs and.and uponupon thisthis oocasion.oocasion, destineddestined toto bbee hishis last,ast, he distinotlydistinotly disapproveddisapproved ofof thisthis dispatch.dispateh, InIn hishis MemoramdumMemoramdum hehe said:-said:-

(I)-Lord(l)-Lord E.E, Fitzmaurice-LifeFitzmauriee-Life ofof LordLord Granville-I-p.40l.Granville-I-p.40 . (2)-Mowat-The(2)-Mowat-The DiplomaticDiplomatic RelationsRelations ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thethe UnitedUnited states-p.177.States-p#177. (3)-Morley-Life(3)-Morley-Life ofof RichardRichard Cobden-p.572.Cobden-p.572. -82--82-

DecemberDecember 1st.st, 18611861.. TfThe"The QueenQueen returnsreturns thesethese importantimportant draftsdrafts whiohwhich uponupon thethe wholewhole aheshe approves;approves; bubutt sheshe cannotcannot helphelp feelingfee ing thatthat thethe mainmain draftdraft - thatthat forfor communicationcommunication toto thethe AmericanAmerican GovernmentGovernment - isis somewhatsomewhat meagre.meagre. SheShe shouldshould havehave likedliked toto havehave seenseen thethe expressionexpression ofof a hopehope thatthat thethe AmericanAmerican captaincaptain diddid notnot actact underunder instructions,instructions, or,or, ifif hehe did,did, thatthat hhee misapprehendedmisapprehended them,them, - thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment mustmust bbee fullyfully awareaware thatthat thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment couldcould notnot allowa low itsits flagflag toto bebe insulted,insulted, andand thethe seouritysecurity ofof herher mailmai communicationscomraunications toto bbee placeplacedd inin jeopardyjeopardy;; thatthat herher Majesty'sMajesty's GovernmentGovernment areare unwillingunwi ing toto believbelievee thatthat thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates GovernmentGovernment intendedintended wantonlywantonly toto puputt anan insultinsult uponupon thisthis country,country, andand toto addadd toto theirtheir manymany distressingdistressing complicationseomplications byby forcingíorcing a questionquestion ofof disputedispute uponupon us,us, andand thatthat wewe are,are, therefore,therefore, gladglad toto believbelievee that,that, uponupon a fullfull considerationeonsideration ofof thethe circumstancescircumstances ofof thethe undoubtedundoubted breacbreachh ofof InternationalInternationa LawLaw committed,committed, theythey wouldwould spontaneouslyspontaneously offeroffer suchsuch redressredress asas alonealone couldcould satisfysatisfy thisthis country,country, viz.,viz., thethe restorationrestoration ofof thethe unfortunateunfortunate passengerpassengerss andand a suitablesuitable apology."n (1)(1) HowHow ddiffereniiferentt waswas thisthis memorandummemorandum fromfrora thethe originaloriginal dispatchldispatchl ItIt gavegave thethe UnitedUnited statesStates anan opportunityopportunity toto gracefullygracefully retreatretreat fromfrom a difficultdifficult positionposition.. ThisThis memoran­memoran- dum.dum, asas writtenwritten bbyy thethe PrincePrince Consort,Consort, withwith furtherfurther oorrectionscorrections inin thethe Queen'sQueen' s handwritinghandwriting waswas sentsent toto LordLord Rp.ssell.Russe l.

(1)-T(l)-~.. Martin-LifeMartin-Life ofof thethe PrincePrinee Consort-V-p.422.Consort-V-p.422. -83--83-

TheThe ForeignForeign SecretarySecretary agreedagreed toto thethe suggestionssuggestions atat onceonce andand Palmerstopalmerstonn "thought"thought themthera excellent."excel ent." (1)J TheThe reressuIu twast was thatthat thethe passagpassagee markedmarked A inin thethe previoupreviouss dispatchdispateh waswas struckstruek outt andand a newnew passagpassagee (marked(marked B inin thethe draftdraft nownow inin thethe PublicPub ic RecordRecord office)offioe) ofof thethe tenortenor ofof thethe aboveabove memorandummeraorandum ofof thethe PrincePrinoe C~nsortConsort waswas substituted.substituted. (2)(2) ThusThus expressedexpressed thethe dispatchdispatch diddid notnot soundsound likeike anan ultimatwn.ultimatum. WhereasWhereas beforbeforee itit hadhad soundedsounded likelike a clarion,elarion, itit nownow appearedappeared asas a messagemessage ofof peacepeace.. (3)(3) ThusThus waswas a warwar evaded.evaded. Palmerstopalmerstonn envidentlyenvidently hadhad turnedturned aroundaround completelycompletely fromfrom hishis intentionintention toto provokeprovoke war.war. WhenWhen PalmerstonPalmerston remarkedremarked thatthat hehe ttthought"thought themthem excellent"ll (the(the changeschanges inin thethe draft),draft), he surelysurely mustmust havehave

"swaIIO'W9d"swa lowed hard."If HeHe sawsaw hishis attemptattempt toto inveigleinveigle thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublie intointo a warwar withwith GreatGreat BrBritaiitainn vanishingvanishing intointo thinthin air.air. ButBut oneone willwi l say,say, asas GuedallaGuedalla inin hishis recentrecent workwork doesdoes say,say, thatthat ifif PalmerstonPa merston reallyreally desireddesired toto havehave thethe originaloriginal dispatchdispatch forwardedforwarded toto Washington,Washington, hehe could.could havehave threatenedthreatened toto resignresign andand appealappeal beforbeforee thethe electorateelectorate ifif hishis adviceadvice waswas notnot accepted.accepted. PublicPub ic opinionopinion waswas fastfast formingforming behinbehind.d him.him. WhyWhy diddid hehe notnot persispersistt inin hishis intentions'iintentionsî OneOne reasonreason waswas thatthat hishis CabinetCabinet waswas notnot behindbehind himhim inin thisthis matter.raâtter. HeHe hadhad hadhad a hardhard enoughenough timetime persuadingpersuading

(l)-T~(1)-T»Mártin-LifMartin-Lifee ofof thethe PrincePrince Consort-V-p.422.Consort-V-p.422. (2J~~owat-The(2)-IMowat-The DiplomaticDiplomatic RelationsRe ations ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thethe UnitedUnited States-p.17SStates-p.178 (3)(3)-Ibid-p.l7-Ibid-p.1788 -84--84-

themthem toto presentpresent thethe originalôriginal dispatchdispatch toto the~ueen;the Queen; and.and wiwitththeh the returnreturn ofof thatthat notenote, alteredaltered byby thethe suggestionssuggestions ofof thethe PrincePrince Consort,Consort, thethe dissentingdissenting sectionsection tooktook furtherfurther hopehope inin settlingsettling thethe affairaffair peacefullypeaceful y andand soso palmerstonPalmerston hadhad toto treadtread lightlylightly lestlest hishis CabinetCabinet bebe brokenbroken upup andand hishis rulerule comeoome toto anan end.end. A corollarycorollary reasonreason toto thisthis waswas hihiss apparentapparent desiredesire toto continueoontinue inin officeoffice asas Primeprime Minister.Minister. EvenBven ifif hehe shouldshould bebe vindicatedvindicated byby thethe electorate,electorate, hehe wouldwould havehave difficultydiffioulty inin formingforming a newnew CabinetCabinet asas strongstrong asas ththee previousprevious one.one. BesidesBesides hehe waswas wellwell alongalong inin yearsyears andand ttoo gogo thro~hthrough anotheranother electioneeringeleetioneering campaigncampaign wouldwould requirerequire mormoxae physicalphysical strengthstrength thanthan hehe couldcould summonsummon toto hishis aia.ai&. ThThee chanceschances werewere that,that, ifif hehe resigned,resigned, inin allall probabilityprobability,, hihiss politicapoliticall careereareer asas a first-raterfirst-rater wouldwould bbee a thingthing ofof ththee pastpast.. WhyWhy shouldshould hehe riskrisk allall onon thisthis affair?affair? perhapPerhapss anotheanotherr anandd bettebetterr opportunitopportunityy woulwouldd soosoonn presenpresentt itselitselff bbyy whiewhichh hhee coulcouldd seversever relationrelationss witwithh ththee UniteUnitedd statesStates withouwithoutt jeopardisinjeopardisingg hihiss BremiershipPremiership.. PuPubliob ic opinioopinionn wawass inflameinflamedd againsagainstt ththee ttnionUnion and and inin thethe nextnext crisiscrisis wouldwould probablyprobably compcompele ththee recalcitranrecalcitrantt membermemberss ooff ththee CabineCabinett ttoo falfalll iinn lineline.. ThaThatt Palmerstonpalmerston,, himselfhimself',, hahadd nnoo personpersonala qualmqualmss abouaboutt goingoingg ttoo wawarr witwithh ththee NortNorthh musmustt surelsurelyy bbee accepteacceptedd aass .* aann unquestioneunquestionedd facfactt iinn vievieww ooff hiss actioactionn iinn ththee drawindrawingg uupp ooff ththee firsfirstt draftdraft.. AA writewriterr iinn ththee BBlackwood ackwood MagazinMagaZinee hahass thithiss ttoo sasayy ooff ththee affair:- "I"Itt iiss nonoww nnoo longelongerr aa secresecrett thathatt -85--85-

PalmaPa merstorstonn mademade upup hiss ownown mindmind togoto go toto warwar wiwitthh ththee FederalFedera stateStatess.. HeHe hadhad bornbornee withwith impatienoeimpatienoe thethe bbullyingu lying andand insolenoeinsolence ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates onon manymany occasionsoccasions anandd sawsaw withwith thethe olearnessclearness ofof hishis earlierearlier years,years, thatthat ththee opportunityopportunity waswas atat lengthength offeredoffered ofof puttinputtingg a stopstop toto thithiss notnot bullyinbUllyingg inin timetime toto oome;oome;----had had there/beenthere/been withwith himhim menmen iinn thethe CabinetCabinet toto whomwhom thethe thoughtthought ofof warwar underunder anyany eircumciroum­- stancesstances isis dreadful,dreadful, thethe messagemessage sentsent toto WashingtonWashington woulwouldd havehave requiredrequired a shortshort andand oategoricalcategorical answer."answer." (1(l)) PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad sacrificedsacrificed hishis ownown ideasideas,, momentarily,s,smoraentarily, as hehe probablyprobably thought,thought, toto thethe fearfear ofof breakingbreaking upup hishis GovernmentGovernment andand soso olosingc osing thethe doorsdoors behinbehindd hihimm forever.forever. OnOn JanuaryJanuary 9th,9th, 1862,1862, QueenQueen ViotoriaYictoria receivereoeivedd fromfrom PalmerstonPalmerston thethe welcomewelcome newsnews thatthat thethe authoritiesauthorities aatt '/lashingtonWashington hadhad solvedsolved thethe diffioultydifficu ty ofof thethe "Trent""Trent" bbyy aocedingacceding toto thethe requestsrequests ofof thethe EnglishEng ish Government.Government. ThThee tonetone ofof thethe LetterLetter soundedsounded asas ifif LordLord LyonsLyons Bnd,consequently.andjConsequent y, PalmerstonlsPalmerstonls MinistryMinistry hadhad donedone allall thethe work.work. QueenQueen YictoriViotoriaa remindedreminded himhim thatthat "this"this peacefupeacefull issueissue ofof thethe AmericaAmericann quarrelquarre waswas greatlygreatly owingowing toto herher belovebelovedd Prince,"Prince," anandd PalmerstonPalmerston consideratelyconsiderately repliedreplied thatthat thethe alterationsalterations inin ththee speechspeech werewere onl~-on y oneone ofof thethe innumerableinnumerable instancesinstances "of"of ththee tacttact andand judgmenjUdgment't andand thethe powepowerr ofof nicenice diooriminationdiscrimination whicwhichh excitedexcited LordLord Palmerston'sPa merston^s constantconstant andand unboundedunbounded admiration.admiration."(2"(2))

(l)-Blackwood-November,(l)-B ackwood-November, 18651865.. (2)-3.(2)-S. tee-QueenLee-Queen Viotoria-p.328Yictoria-p.328 Note:Note:-- TheThe fullfull texttext ofof thesethese lettersletters maymay bbee foundfound inin thethe LettarsLettérs ofof QueenQueen Viotoria-1862-78-I-p.79Yictoria-1862-78-I-p.79 -86-86--

AAss ttoo ththee remaininremainingg detaildetailss ooff ththee affairaffair,, iitt iiss notnot ouourr intentiointentionn ttoo dwdwelle l oonn therthema aass thetheyy ddoo nonott havhavee ananyy furtherfurther bearinbearingg upouponn LorLordd PPalmerston'sa merston's attitudeattitude.. TherTheree isis,, however,however, ononee remaininremainingg featurfeaturee whiowhiohh iitt iiss ooff significansignificantt interesinterestt toto notnotee anandd oommenoommentt uponupon.. OOnn FebruarFebruaryy 17th,7th, 18621862,, a bbill,i l, containincontainingg ththee coscostt ooff sendinsendingg ththee trooptroopss ttoo CanadaCanada,, wawass broughbroughtt beforbeforee ththee HousHousee foforr ititss approvalapproval.. LorLordd Pa1merstonPalmerston^' s actioactionn iinn sendinsendingg ththee troopss immediatelinnnediatelyy upouponn knoknowledgew edge ooff thethe seizurseizuree wawass denouncedenouncedd bbyy MrMr.. BrightBright.. LorLordd PalmerstoPalmerstonn thenthen arosarosee anandd endeavoreendeavoredd ttoo justifjustifYy hihiss action:-action:- "M"MYy HonoraHonorableb e FriendFriend., MrMr.. BrightBright,, protesteprotestedd againstagainst thesthesee militaryrailitary anandd navanavall preparationpreparationss whicwhiohh havhavee beebeenn made;made; thatthat wewe werewere wrongwrong inin sendingsending outout toto CanadaCanada troopstroops whowho wentwent withwith whatwhat I thinkthink hehe oalledcalled "ferooious"ferocious gesticulations_"gesticulations." ThatThat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates werewere bounbound.d andand thatthat wewe oughtought toto havehave knownknown theythey werewere bound,bound, byby obligationsob igations ofof InternationalLnternational LawLaw toto givegive upup thosethose personspersons whowho werewere takentaken fromfrora onon boardboard thethe Trent,Trent, and.and thatthat inin thethe coursecourse whichwhich theythey took,took, theythey werewere notnot likelyikely toto bebe swayedswayed byby mobmob influenoe.influenoe. ThatThat wherewhere everybodyeverybody isis a vote~,voter, the~ethere oanoan bebe nono mob.mob. I dodo notnot quitequite agreeagree inin thatthat theory.theory. HeHe oontendsoontends thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates werewere boundbound byby theirtheir ownown prinoiplesprinoiples toto dodo thatthat whichwhich wewe askedasked ofof them,them, andand thatthat theythey werewere quitequite free.free, nornor waswas controlcontro exeroisedexeroised overover themthem byby anyany classclass ofof thethe oommunity.coramunity. II wouldwould askask himhim ifif thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernraent heldheld allall alongalong thatthat theythey werewere boundbound byby theirtheir ownown prinoiplesprinoiples toto disavowdisavow anyany actsaets contrarycontrary toto thosethose prinoiples.prinoiples, andand thereforetherefore toto affordafford redress,redress, whywhy diddid theythey keepkeep thosethose -87--87-

fourfour gentlemengentlemen soso manymany weeksweeks inin prison?----Accordingprison?——According toto thethe aoknowledgedaoknowledged prinoiplesprinoiples ofof thethe Government,Government, theythey werewere entitledentit ed toto theirtheir freedomfreedom fromfrom thethe firstfirst raomentmoment theythey werewere taken.---­taken. ThatThat isis toto mymy mindmind proofproof thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates hadhad notnot oome,oorae, inin thethe earlierearlier stagesstages ofof thethe matter,matter, toto thethe decisiondecision thatthat thisthis waswas anan actact whiohwhich theythey mustmust disavowdisavow andand thatthat theythey werewere boundbound toto restorerestore thosethose personspersons toto freedom.---Myfreedom. My Hon.Hon. FriendFriend sayssays thatthat nono oompulsionoorapu sion waswas exercisedexercised uponupon thethe UnitedUnited statesStates Government,----thereforeGovernment, therefore itit waswas criminalcriminal inin usus toto taketake measuresmeasures ostensiblyostensibly inin defense,defense, butbut inin realityreality calculatedca cu ated toto provokeprovoke warwar withwith thethe UnitedUnited states.States. But,But, Sir,Sir, hadhad wewe nono groundground forfor thinkingthinking thatthat itit waswas veryvery doubtfuldoubtfu whetherwhether ourour demanddemand wouldwould bebe oompliedoomp ied with?---MYwith? My Hon.Hon. Friend?riend cannotcannot havehave forgottenforgotten transactionstransactions soso recentrecent andand eventsevents soso freshfresh inin thethe memorymemory ofof everyevery one.one. Why t, whatwhat waswas thethe tonetone andand tempertemper ofof ththee NortherNorthernn States?States? Wwee knekneww thathatt CaptainCaptain WilkeWilkess hahadd aotedacted upouponn hihiss ownown authoritiesauthorities andand thathatt ththee UniteUnitedd statesStates Govern­Govern- menmentt wawass freefree ttoo aotaot asas thetheyy ppleased. eased. DiDidd ththee publipUblicc ofof thethe UriiteUnitedd statesStates hesitathesitatee asas ttoo whethewhetherr whawhatt hahadd beebeenn donedone waswas righrightt oror wrongwrong?----It? It isis wwelle l knowknownn thathatt CaptainCaptain WilkeWilkess waswas madmadee a herheroo ofof.. WhyWhy?----Because? -Because hhee hahadd ththee couragcouragee toto insulinsult-t ththee BritisBritishh flagflag.. ThThee NavalVavall DepartmenDepartmentt actuactuallya y approveapprovedd CaptaiCaptainn WilkesWilkes'1 oonducconduott anandd thankethankedd himhim.. ThThee HousHousee ooff RepresentativeRepre sentativess alsalsoo votevotedd thankthankss ttoo Captaicaptainn WilkesWilkes anandd approveapprovedd hihiss conductconduct.. WitWithh alalll thithiss ddoo yoyouu thinthinkk thathatt aa mermeree requesrequestt foforr ththee prisonerprisonerss woulwouldd havhavee beebeenn amample?p e? I reallreallyy thinthinkk wwee shouldshould havhavee beebeenn deservindeservingg ooff condemnationcondemnation -88--88-

andand oensureoensure ifif wewe hadhad simplysiraply restedrested ourour casecase onon thethe demand.deraand. Moreover,Moreover, itit isis wellwell knownknown thatthat itit waswas generallygenera y saidsaid bbyy personpersonss inin AmerioaAmerica thatthat thethe fDurfnur prisonerprisonerss werewere notnot toto bebe delivered.delivered. WhatWhat waswas consideredconsidered bbyy thethe .AmerioansAmericans toto bbee ourour weakweak poinpointt andand whatwhat waswas thethe circumstanoeciroumstanoe whichwhich mademade thethe UnitedUnited statesStates alwaysalways moremore difficultdiffiou t toto dealdeal withwith bbyy EnglandEngland thanthan bbyy France?France? ItIt waswas thethe thoughtthought thatthat thethe BritishBritish NorthNorth AmericanAmerican coloniescolonies werewere defenselessdefenseless andand wouldwould readilyreadily fallfall beforbeforee them.them. ~lliattWhat, then,then, waswas itit ourour dutyduty toto do?do? ItIt waswas toto strengthenstrengthen thosethose provincesprovinoes,, andand makemake thethe AmerioansAmericans seesee thatthat wewe werewere ableable toto defend.defend ourselvesourselves onon thatthat poinpointt whiohwhich theythey thoughtthought toto bbee thethe mostmost vulnerablevu nerab e andand mostmost easilyeasi y accessibleaccessible toto them.them. ItIt waswas siapls~plyy a defensivedefensive measuremeasure toto disoouragediscourage thethe AmericansAmericans fromfrom refusingrefusing toto complycoraply withwith ourour demandsdemands forfor theirtheir restorationrestoration toto BritishBritish protection.proteotion."11 (1)(1) PalmerstonPalmerston justifiejustifiess hishis arrogantarrogant andand aggressiveaggressive attitudeattitude bbyy pointinpointingg toto thethe factfact thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment waswas slows ow inin releasingre easing thethe prisonersprisoners.. HeHe openlyopenly flauntsflaunts thethe beliebelieff thatthat ifif thethe troopstroops hadhad notnot beebeenn sentsent toto

Canada,Canada, thethe WashingtoniansWashingtonians mightmight havehave aotedacted otherwise.otherwise. Wha\~fuatt anan absurdabsurd andand boastfboastfulu statementlstatementî SurelySurely ifif thethe UnitedUnited statesStates hadhad desireddesired toto gogo toto warwar withwith GreatGreat Britain,Britain, thethe presencpresenoee ofof thosethose troopstroops inin CanadaCanada wouldwould notnot havehave deterreddeterred her.her. OnceOnce moremore hishis fearsfears ofof a CanadianCanadian invasioninvasion areare reopened.reopened. TheThe opportunityopportunity whiohwhich thethe "Trent""Trent" presentepresentedd toto himhim forfor oomingcoming toto thatthat inevitableinevitable olashclash withwith thethe AmerioanAraerican GovernmentGovernment

(l)-Hansard-3rdCJ.)-Hansard-3rd Series-165-p.389-393Series-165-p.389-393 -89

whewhenn aatt aa time/itime/itt wawass ververyy weakweak,, wawass totooo googoodd ttoo lelett slislipp byby.. HHee would.thenwould,then., havhavee beebeenn ablablee ttoo regairegainn ththee BritisBritishh prestigeprestige whiowhiohh iitt hahadd previoupreviouslys y loslostt oonn ththee NortNorthh AmericaAmericann Continent.Continent. BuButt foforr a senssensee ooff dreadreadd ooff losinlosingg hihiss PremiershiPremiershipp and,and, perhapsperhaps., a totooo oonfidenoonfidentt beliebelieff iinn ththee uultimate tiraate successuccesss ooff thethe SouthSouth,, hhee mighmightt havhavee obtaineobtainedd hihiss objective.objective. -90-90--

ChapteChapterr VIIVII

,~PALMERSTOPALMERSTON__ . __0- N~ __ANANDD.~ GENERAGENERALL BUTLER'BUTLER'S;.=: S ORDSORDERR

ThThee tontonee ooff ththee majoritmajorityy ooff ththee leadingeading journjournalsa s durinduringg ththee eaearlyr y monthmonthss ooff 18621862 serveservedd ttoo substantiatsubstantiatee thethe factfact thathatt publipublicc opinionopinion wawass arousedaroused againstagainst ththee North.North. TheThe rumorrumor,, thathatt ththee UniteUnitedd statesStates woulwouldd dttemptdttempt anan invasioninvasion againstagainst CanadaCanada inin orderorder ttoo effecteffect a reunioreunionn ofof ththee twotwo seotions,sections, or,or, failingfailing thatthat,, ttoo invadeinvade CanadaCanada witwithh a vievieww toto olaimingolaiming itit asas a causecause ofof droppingdropping ththee wawarr witwithh ththee South,South, waswas givengiven rauchmuoh oredencecredence inin thethe Bngllshilnglish journalsjournals.. TheThe bibittetterr hosthostilitilityy ofof thethe AmerioanAmerican prepressss againstagainst thethe BritishBritish policypolicy inin thethe TrentTrent AffairAffair furtherfurther advancedadvanced thethe causecause ofof thethe

SouthSouth inin thethe eyeseyes ofof thethe unprinoip1edunprinoipled England.England. itA writerwriter inin Blackwood'sB ackwood^s remarkedremarked "that"that thethe .dIllericansAmericans havehave beenbeen coercedcoerced intointo anan actact ofof justicejustice., whichwhich theythey havehave performedperformed withwith thethe worstworst possiblepossible grace;grace; andand wewe areare franklyfrankly assuredassured thatthat a timetime isis ooming.ooming, whenwhen theythey meanmean toto taketake amplearaple vengeancevengeance forfor presentpresent humiliations."humi iations." (1)(1) JohnJohn stuartStuart Mill,Mill, inin anan articlearticle inin whichwhich hehe counselsoounsels forfor betterbetter relationsrelations betweenbetween GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thethe North,North, oommentscomraents uponupon thethe necessitynecessity ofof ejectingejecting fromfrom thethe

(lJ-Blackwood-February,(lj-Blackwood-February, 1862.1862. -91--91-

EnglishEnglish mindmind thosethose feelingsfeelings ofof animosityanimosity arousedaroused bbyy thethe TrentTrent Affair:-Affair:- "----We" We oughtought toto dismissdisraiss fromfrom ourour mindsminds asas farfar asas possiblepossible., thosethose feelingsfeelings againstagainst thethe NorthNorth., whichwhich havehave beenbeen engenderedengendered notnot merelymere y bbyy thethe TrelnTrent aggression.aggression, bubutt bbyy thethe previoupreviouss anti-Britishanti-British effusionseffusions ofof newspapernewspaper writerswriters andand stumpstump orators."l' (1)(1) AnotherAnother writerwriter inin Chamber'sChamber's observedobserved "that"that thethe wholewhole prooedurproceduree ofof thethe AmericanAmerican GovernmentGovernment andand peope oplep e towardstowards foreignforeign states.states, inclUdinginc uding theirtheir conductconduct regardingregarding thethe TrentTrent outrage.outrage, hashas beebeenn signallysignally illustrativeillustrative ofof a defectdefect inin thethe AmericanAmerican charactercharacter - wantwant ofof tact."tact." TheThe samesame writerwriter goesgoes oonn toto commentcomment onon thethe lacklack ofof a prinoiplprinoiplee onon thethe parpartt ofof thethe UnionUnion andand thethe splendidsplendid gallantryga lantry ofof thethe SouthSouth andand remarksremarks "that"that betweebetweenn beinbeingg draggeddragged atat thethe chariot-wheelschariot-wheels ofof thethe NortNorthh andand havinghaving itsits destiniesdestinies inin itsits ownown hands.hands, thethe SouthSouth hashas nono rooroomm forfor hesitation.hesitation. ItIt wouldwould obviouslyobviously bbee farfar happierhappier inin a separateseparate state;state; andand nono wonderwonder itit fightsfights forfor thatthat object."object." (2)(2) UnfortunatelyUnfortunately thisthis tonetone diddid notnot persispersistt withwith thethe comingcoming ofof Spring.Spring. TheThe BritishBritish Press,Press, onon thethe whole,whole, assumedassumed a mormoree complacentcomp acent attitude.attitude. TheThe NortNorthh waswas notnot soso bitterlbitterlyy denourlceddenounced oror thethe SouthSouth soso openlyopenly favoured.favoured. A moremore discreetdiscreet tempertemper waswas displayeddisplayed inin theirtheir editorials.editorials. TheThe reasonsreasons forfor thisthis changechange inin tempertemper maymay bbee attributedattributed toto thethe FederalFederal successessuccesses onon thethe battlefielbattlefieldd inin thethe SpringSpring andand toto thethe smugsmug satisfactionsatisfaction withwith whichwhich thethe BritishBritish mindmind viewedviewed thethe diplomaticdiplomatic victoryvictory ofof GreatGreat

(1(l)-Fraser-February),-Fraser-February,, 1862.1862.

(9í P '_rrh~mhA,...fAl_nvinmbflT*fl .Tmll"n_a1-March.Tmirna -March 15th.5th, 1862.1862. -92--92-

BritainBritain overover thethe NorthNorth.. AnAn eveneven moremore disquietingdisquieting factfact wawass thethe evergrowingevergrowing prominencprominenoee ofof thethe NortherNorthernn supporterssupporters amongstamongst thethe liberalliberal England.England. MenMen likelike BrightBright andand Forster,Forster, stead-stead- fastlyfastly keepingkeeping theirtheir shouldersshoulders toto thethe wheel,wheel, hadhad donedone greatgreat workwork inin arousingarousing anan interestinterest inin thethe NortherNorthernn cause.cause. ThThee industrialindustria workersworkers inin thethe cottoncotton industryindustry hadhad signifiedsignified theirtheir intentionintention notnot toto agitateagitate forfor interventionintervention inin thethe UnitedUnited statesStates forfor thethe purpospurposee ofof securingsecuring cotton.ootton. (I)(1) EviEvidentlde ntlyy thethe unprincipledunprincip ed EnglandEngland waswas beginninbeginningg toto feelfeel thethe breatbreathh ofof thethe liberalliberal EnglandEngland uponupon itsits back.baok. ToTo PalmerstonPalmerston suchsuch a tonetone mustmust surelysurely havehave beenbeen vexatious.vexatious. PublicPublic opinionopinion waswas notnot formingforming soso rapidlyrapidly asas itit hadhad duringduring thethe CrimeanCrimean War.War. ThisThis changechange ofof frontfront mustmust surelysurely havehave raisedraised dJubtsdoubts inin Palmerston'sPa merston's mindmind asas toto howhow farfar hehe couldcould gogo inin thethe advancementadvanoement ofof thethe SouthernSouthern cause.cause. HHee mustmust workwork carefullycarefully andand notnot makemake anyany falsefalse move.move. SUddenlySuddenly therethere presentepresentedd itselfitse f toto himhim anan opportunityopportunity forfor bringingbringing thethe NortherNorthernn causecause intointo disreputedisrepute withwith thethe publipublicc ofof England,Sngland, botbothh unprincipledunprincipled andand liberal.liberal. ItIt waswas GeneralGenera Butler'sBut er's OrderOrder NumbeNumberr 28.28. LordLord AshleyAshley describesdescribes Palmerston'sPalmerston's reactionreaction toto thisthis orderorder inin thethe followingfollowing manner:-manner:- "He"He boundeboundedd likelike a boboyy atat anyany crueltycruelty oror oppression.oppression. ManyMany yearsyears later,later, duringduring hishis seoondsecond Premiership,Premiership, atat thethe tiImtime whenwhen thethe FederalFederal GeneralGeneral ButlerBut er outragedoutraged publipUblioc opinionopinion byby

(I)-E.(1)-B. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil war-II-p.13War-II-p.13 SeeSee also-J.also-J. H.H. Rhodes-HistoryRhodes-History ofof thethe CivilCivi War-p.260-61War-p.260-6l.. -93--93-

proolaimingproolaiming atat NewNew OrleansOrleans thatthat LadiesLadies whowho showedshowed discontentdiscontent eithereither byby theirtheir dressdress oror demeanordemeanor wouldwould bebe treatedtreated likeike womenwomen ofof thethe town,town, hehe sentsent toto thethe AmericanAmerican MinisterMinister anan indig­indig- nantnant letterletter ofof remonstranceremonstrance soso strongstrong andand outspokenoutspoken thatthat Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams refusedrefused toto receivereceive it,it, andand ranran offoff withwith itit toto thethe

ForeignForeign OfficeOffice inin thethe utmostutraost consternation."n (1)(1) LetLet usus turnturn fromfrom Palmerston'sPalmerston's biographerbiographer andand observeobserve thethe storystory ofof CharlesCharles FrancisFrancis AdamsAdams asas toldtold byby hishis son.son. "It"It waswas latelate oneone afternoonafternoon inin June,June, 1862,1862, asas thethe privateprivate secretar.ysecretary returned,returned, withwith thethe MinisterMinister fromfrom somesome socialsocia function,funotion, thatthat hehe sawsaw hishis fatherfather pickpiok upup a notenote fromfrom hishis deskdesk andand readread itit inin silence.si ence. ThenThen saidsaid curtly:curtly: "palmerston"Palmerston wantswants

a quarrelquarreli1"n Thi s waswas thethe pointpoint ofof thethe incidentincident asas he feltfe t it.it. PalmerstonPa merston wantswants a quarrel;quarre ; hehe mustmust notnot bbee gratified;gratified; hehe musmustt bbee stopped.stopped. TheThe mattematterr ooff quarrequarrell wawass GeneralGeneral ButlerButler'sfs famoufamouss woman-ordewoman-orderr aatt NeNeww OOrleans.r eans. KnowingEnowing

Palmerston^Palmerston'ss habitshabits,, ththee MinisteMinisterr tootookk foforr grantegrantedd thathatt hhee meanmeantt ttoo scorscoree a diplomatidiplomatico poinpointt bbyy producinproducingg thithiss notnotee inin

ththee HousHousee ooff Comraons.Commons. "n (Z(Z)) WhioVVhichh ooff thesthesee storiestoriess wawass rightright?? WaWass PalmerstonPalmerston actinactingg frofromm a huraanitariahumanitariann interesinterestt oorr iinn accordancaccordancee witwithh hishis policpolicyy ooffurtherirBthef furthericgthe SoutherSouthernn causecause?? BeforBeforee wwee commenccommencee ouourr task,, iitt wilwilll bbee necessarnecessaryy ttoo presenpresentt ththee cucutt anandd drydry factfactas ououtt ooff whiowhichh ththee controverscontroversyy arose.arose.

(l)-Lor(I)-Lordd Ashley-LifAshley-Lifee ooff LorLordd Palmerston-II-p.l04Pahnerston-II-p.104 (2)-Th(2)-Thee EducatioEducationn ooff HenrHenryy Adaras-p.13Adams-p.1366 -94--94-

OnOn MayMay 15th,15th, 1862,1862, GeneralGeneral ButlerBut er issuedissued hishis famousfamous OrderOrder NoNo.. 2828 whiohwhich causedcaused suohsuoh anan outburstoutburst ofof sentimentsentiment through-through- outout thethe world.world. \VhatWhat diddid thisthis famous,famous, oror ratherrather asas itit camecame toto bbee known,known, infamousinfamous OrderOrder contain?contain? ItIt waswas veryvery briebrieff andand readread asas folloW8:-fo lows:- "As"As thethe officersofficers andand soldierssoldiers ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates hadhad beebeenn subjectedsubjected toto repeatedrepeated insultsinsults fromfrom thethe womenwomen (calling(calling themselvesthemselves thethe ladies)ladies) ofof NewNew Orleans,Orleans, inin returnreturn forf or thethe mostmost sorupu10usscrupulous non-interferencenon-interference andand courtesycourtesy onon ourour partpart,, itit isis orderedordered thatthat hereafterhereafter whenwhen anyany femaleferaa e shallshall bbyy word,worâ, gesturegesture oror movement,movement, insultinsu t oror showshow contemptcontempt forfor anyany officerofficer oror soldierso dier ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates army,army, sheshe shallshall bbee regardedregarded andand heldheld liableiable toto bbee treatedtreated asas a womanwoman ofof thethe towntown playinplayingg herher vooation."vooation." (1)(1) FromFrom whatwhat oonditionsoonditions couldcould suchsuoh anan orderorder arise?arise? LetLet usus readread Butler'sButler's ownown storystory concerningconcerning thethe causescauses whiohwhich gavegave birtbirthh toto thisthis order.order. InIn a letteretter toto a oloseo ose friend,friend, hehe explainsexp ains andand justifiejustifiess hishis aot.act. JuneJune 10th.Oth, 18621862 MYMy deardear Gardner:------WeGardner: We hadhad comecome intointo a citycity wherewhere thethe dirtdirt andand pistpistolo hadhad ruledruled forf or tenten year:syears atat least.least. A handfulhandful inin numbersnumbers forfor therethere werewere moremore ofof thosethose whowho hadhad servedserved thethe soldierssoldiers ofof thethe ConfederateConfederate ranksranks inin pplain ain olothesolothes inin thethe oitycity thanthan thethe UnionUnion hadhad troops.troops, whenwhen thethe orderorder waswas issued.issued. -----TheThe womenwomen mormoree bittebitterr inin theirtheir seoessionsecession thanthan thethe menomen, werewere everywhereeverywhere insultinginsulting mymy soldiers;soldiers; deliberatelydeliberately spittingspitting inin theirtheir facesfaces andand uponupon theirtheir uniform.uniform, raakingmaking insultinsu tiningg gegesturesturess andand remarks,t tendingtending toto provokprovokee retort,retort, reorimination,reoriminat ion, andand returnreturn ofof insultinsult Whichwhieh woul~would (I)-Letters(l)-Letters andand OffioialOffioial CorrespondenoeCorrespondence ofof GeneralGenera BenjaminBenjamin F.F. Butler-I-p.490But er-I-p.490 -95-95--

havhavee endeendedd iinn disgracefudisgracefull anandd murderousraurderous riotriot.. WhaWhatt wawass therethere ttoo bbee donedone?----Is? Is a she-addeshe-adderr ttoo bbee preferrepreferredd ttoo a he-adderhe-adder whewhenn thetheyy voivoidd theitheirr venovenomm iinn youyourr faceface?---These? These insultinsultss coracomee frofromm ththee balconiebalooniess ooff househousess whencwhencee JulieJuliett madmadee lovlovee anandd raymy memenn musmustt havhavee brokebrokenn opeopenn privatprivatee dwellingdwellingss anandd ohaseohasedd ththee fair,fair, feeblefeeble,, fretfulfretful,, anandd ferociouferooiouss rebrebelse s ttoo theitheirr ,bedroomsbedrooms ttoo havehave seizeseizedd themthem.. HoHoww manmanyy riotssdo do yoyouu thinthinkk I shoulshouldd havhavee hadhad draggindraggingg soreeohinsoreeohingg womeworne n througthroughh ththee streetstreetss ttoo ththee GuardGuard HouseHouse??

WhaWhatt wawass donedone?? AAnn ordeorderr characterisincharaoterisingg ththee actaotss ofof thosthosee women inin plaiplainn BnglisEnglishh wawass madmadee whicwhichh atat onceonce exeoutedexecuted itself.itse f. "Any"Any womawomann whwhoo shouldshould byby gegesturesture,, wordswo rds,, andand lookslooks insultinsult mmyy soldierssoldiers wawass ttoo bbee regarderegardedd andand treatetreatedd asas a commooommonn womawomann plyinpIllingg heherr vocation.vooation."" HoHoww dodo yoyouu "regartfregardd andand treattreat"" a lowlow womawomann andand heherr remarkremarkss asas sheshe passepassess yoyouu inin ththee street?street?

PassPass herher by,by, dodo youyou not?not? YOli_You areare notnot bounlbouni t:>to notioenotice herher actsacts oror remarks,----afterremarks, after thatthat order,order, everyevery manman ofof mymy oommandcommand waswas bound.bound inin honorhonor notnot toto notioenotice anyany ofof thethe aot,sacts ofof thesethese women.women. TheyThey werewere no1Dngerno longer insulted.insulted. ----WhatWhat hashas beenbeen thethe result?result? SinceSince thatthat order,order, nono manman oror womanwoman hashas insultedinsulted a soldiersoldier ofof minemine inin NewNew Orleans,Orleans, andand fromfrom thethe firstfirst hourhour ofof ourour landinganding nono womanwoman hashas oomplainedooraplained ofof thethe conductconduct ofof mymy soldierssoldiers towardtoward her,her, nornor hashas therethere beenbeen a singlesingle oausecause ofof 0oomplaint.anplaint."" (1(1)J This letterletter needsneeds nono furtherfurther oomment.comment. ItIt surelysurely justifiesjustifies OrderOrder No.No. 28.28. WhenWhen thisthis orderorder waswas reportedreported inin London,London, PalmerstonPa merston dasheddashed offoff a letterletter ofof protestprotest againagain

(I)-Letters(l)-Letters andand OffioialOffioial CorrespondenceCorrespondeæe ofof GeneralGeneral BenjaminBenjamin F.F. Butler-I-P.582-83Butler-I-P.582-83 -96--96-

"ao"so infamousinfamous anan actact aaas deliberatelydeliberately toto handhand overover thethe femaleferaale inhabitantsinhabitants ofof a conqueredconquered cityoity toto thethe unbridledunbrid ed licenselicense ofof anan unrestrainedunrestrained soldiery."n (lj(1) WithoutWithout talcingtaking thethe troubletrouble toto investigateinvestigate thethe Order,Order, hehe quicklyquickly drewdrew a conolusionconolusion whichwhich hehe waswas probablprobablyy gladg ad toto fonn.form. SurelySure y itit isis a customarycustomary thingthing forfor a diplomatist,diplomatist, suchsuch aaas Palmerstopalmerstonn was,was, toto awaitawait furtherfurther explanations.explanations. DidDid hehe dodo this?this? HeHe seemedseemed onlyonly tootoo happyhappy toto bbee ableable toto accuseaccuse thethe NortNorthh guiltyguilty ofof anyany crime,crime, justljustlyy oror not.not. LetLet usus examineexamiaae raoremore closelyclose y thethe letterletter whichwhich AdamsAdams received.received. JuneJune 11th,llth, 1862.1862.

MyMy deardear Sir:-Sir:- I cannotcannot refrainrefrain fromfrom takingtaking thethe libertyliberty ofof saYingsaying toto youyou thatthat itit isis diffioultdifficult ifif notnot impossibleimpossible toto expressexpress adequatelyadequately thethe disgustdisgust whiohwhioh mustmust bbee excitedexcited inin thethe mindmind ofof everyevery honorablehonorable manman byby thethe orderorder ofof GeneralGenerai ButlerButler givengiven inin thethe enoloenclosesedd extraotextract fromfrom yeyesterday^sterday's Times.Times. EvenEven whenwhen a towntown isis takentaken bbyy aasaulassaultt,, itit isis thethe practicpraotioee ofof thethe commandercommander ofof thethe conqueringconquering armyarmy toto protecprotectt toto hishis utmostutmost thethe inhabitantsinhabitants andand especiallyespecially thethe femalefemale parpartt ofof them,them, andand I willwill ventureventure toto saysay thatthat nono exampleexample cancan bbee found.found inin thethe historyhistory ofof civilizedcivilized nationsnations tillti l thethe publicatiopublicationn ofof thisthis order,order, ofof a generalgenera guiltyguilty inin coldeold bloobloodd ofof soso infamousinfamous anan :1BCtact asas deliberatelydeliberate y toto handhand overover thethe femalefemale inhabitantsinhabitants ofof a 0oonquereonqu.eredd citycity toto thethe unbridledunbr d ed licenceicence ofo~> anam unrestrainedunrestrained soldiery.soldiery. If'If thethe FederalFederal GovernmentGovernraent chooseschooses toto bbee servedserved bbyy menmen capablecapable ofof suohsuch revoltingrevolting outrages,outrages, theythey mustmust submitsubmit toto

(l)-Mowat-DiDiomatic(l)-Mowat-Diblomatic RelationsRe ations ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thethe UnitedUnited states-p.186States-p.186 -97--97-

toto abideabide bbyy thethe deserveddeserved opinionopinion whichwhich mankindmankind willwill formform ooff theirtheir oonduot."conduot." (1)(1) WhatWhat oouldoould AdamsAdams replyreply toto suchsuch a letter?letter? HHee gavegave AdamsAdams nono opportunityopportunity toto explainexp ain thisthis order.order. IfIf PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad gonegone toto AdamsAdams andand soughtsought anan explanation,explanation, hhee wouldwould havehave beebeenn mostmost oertainlycertainly satisfied.satisfied. TheThe wrwriteiterr believebelievess thatthat ppalmerstona raerston diddid notnot carecare andand diddid notnot wantwant a satisfactorysatisfactory explanation.explanation. PalmerstPa raerstonon waswas onceonce moremore tr"Jingtrying toto inveigleinveig e thethe UnitedUnited statesStates into0 a war.war. WhatWhat diddid AdamsAdams thinkthink ofof thisthis strangestrange mimissilesaile?? Mr.Mr. Adams,Adams, inin thisthis extraordinaryextraordinary letter,etter, apprehendedapprehended a latentlatent significance.significance. ItIt mightmight provprovee toto bbee thethe initialinitial stepstep inin a far-reaohingfar-reaohing poliopolicyy actuallyactually decideddecided on.on. r2)f2) HeHe waswas furtherfurther oonfirmedconfirmed inin thisthis viewview bbyy anan edieditorito riala inin thethe TimesTimes onon JuneJune 12th,12th, hintinghinting atat a oomingooming mediation-----.(3)mediation .(3) InIn a letterletter toto Mr.Mr. SewardSeward thethe nextnext day,day, hehe Wl"ote:-"Iwrote:-"I havehave longlong thoughtthought himhira hostilehosti e atat heartheart andand onlyonly checkedchecked bbyy thethe differencedifference ofof viewsviews inin thethe Cabinet.Cabinet. ItIt maymay bbee thatthat hehe seeksseeks thisthis irregularirregular methodmethod ofof precipitatinprecipitatingg usus allall intointo a misunderstanding."misunderstanding." (4)(4) Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams recalledrecalled onlyonly tootoo wellwell thethe difficultdifficu t positiopositionn hehe hadhad beebeenn pplaced aced inin bbyy Palmerston'sPalmerstonTs actionsactions inin thethe TrentTrent crisis.crisis. HeHe surelysure y waswas notnot goinggoing toto givegive himhim suchsuch anotheranother

(lJ-C.(1)-C. F.F. Adams,Adams, Jr.-CharlesJr.-Charles FrancisFrancis Adams-p.248-49Adams-p.248-49 (2}(2)-Ibid-p.24-Ibid-p.2499 (3)-E.(3)-E. D.D. Adams-GreatAdaras-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAraerican CivilCivi War-I-p.303War-I-p.303 (4)-0.(4)-C. F.F. Adams,Adams, Jr.-CharlesJr.-Charles FrancisFrancis Adams-p.250Adams-p.250 -98--98-

opportunityopportunity toto arousearouse thethe w1principledunprincipled EnglandEng and toto a highhigh feverfever ofof exoitementexcitement againstagainst thethe NorthNorth.. Palmerston,Pa merston, evidently,evidently, waswas tryingtrying toto placplacee thethe NortNorthh inin a disreputabledisreputab e positiopositionn andand thusthus securesecure publipublicc opinionopinion solidlyso id y behinbehindd him.him. HeHe mustmust taketake carecare notnot toto fallfal intointo thisthis trap.trap. WhatWhat waswas hehe toto do?do? OnOn JuneJune 12th,12th, hehe drafteddrafted a notenote toto himhim inin thethe followingfollowing manner:-manner:- "If"If PalmerstontsPa merston^s notenote waswas writtenwritten inin a privateprivate capacity,capacity, itit waswas a personapersonall affrontaffront andand toto bbee resentedresented asas such;such; ifif asas thethe headhead ofof herher Majesty'sMajestyTs Government,Governraent, itit waswas a clearclear infringementinfringeraent onon thethe perogativeperogativess ofof EarlEar Russell.Russe , thethe ForeignForeign Secretary."" (I)(1) AdamsAdams waswas notnot goinggoing toto havehave anyany moremore diplomaticdiplomatic relationsre ations withwith Palmerston.Palmerston. HeHe hadhad hadhad enoughenough ofof thatthat deceitfuldeceitful statesman.statesman. HeHe couldcould notnot havehave hithit uponupon a bettebetterr plaplann ofof action.action. ByBy answeringanswering palmerston'palmerston'ss letterletter inin thisthis manner.manner, hehe hadhad probablyprobably preventepreventedd himhim fromfrom sayingsaying anythinganything definitedefinite concerningconcerning thethe ppolicyo iey ofof thethe GovernmentGovernment inin thethe HouseHouse onon thethe followingfollowing day.day. ThusThus when.when, onon JuneJune 13th,13th, thethe ButlerBut er ProolamationProelaraation waswas ferventlyfervently denounceddenouneed inin thethe HouseHouse ofof CommonsCommons andand PalmerstonPalmerston waswas askedasked whatwhat thethe GovernmentGovernment wouldwould dodo aboutabout it,it, hehe replied:rep ied:- "It"It isis a proclamatproclamatioionn toto whiohwhioh I dodo DDtnôt soruplesorup e toto attachattach thethe epithet,epithet, infamous.infaraous. AAnn EnglishmanBnglishman mustraust blusblushh toto thinkthink thatthat suohsuoh anan actact hashas beenbeen committedcommitted byby oneone belonginbelongingg toto thethe Anglo-SaxonAng o-Saxon race.---Withrace. With regardregard toto thethe ooursecourse whichwhich herher Majesty'sMajesty^s GovernmentGovernment raaymay take,take, thethe House,House,

(I)-C.(1)-C. F.F. Adams,Jr.-CharlesAdaras,Jr.-Charles FranoisFranois Adams-p.250Adams-p.250 -99--99-

I trusttrust willwill allowallow raeme toto say,say, thatthat willwill bebe a mattermatter forfor reflection."'f (1)(1) PalmerstonPa raerston waswas notnot reluctantreluctant toto openlyopenly denouncedenounce thethe

ButlerButler Order.Order. TheThe inoonsistencyinoonsistency withwith whichwhich hehe uttereduttered sentimentssentiments ooncerningconcerning thethe brotherhoobrotherhoodd ofof thethe "Anglo-saxon"Anglo-Saxon race"race" whilewhi e hehe himselfhirase f wouldwould notnot bbee averseaverse toto a warwar againstagainst membersmembers ofof thatthat raoeraoe probablprobablyy diddid notnot concernooncern him.him. ButBut twentytwenty yearsyears beforbeforee hehe had,had, duringduring thethe McLeodMcLeod affair,affair, threatenedthreatened thatthat ifif McLeodMcLeod waswas executedexeouted warwar wouldwould ensueensue betweebetweenn thethe UniUnitetedd statesStates andand GreatGreat BritainBritain - "war"war immediateimmediate andand frightfulfrightful inin itsits character,character, becausbecausee itit wouldwould bbee a warwar ofof retaliationretaliation andand vengeance."vengeance." (2)(2) HisHis abilityability toto diooerndiscern thethe reactionsreactions ofof thethe BritishBritish nationnation diddid notnot failfail himhim atat thisthis time.time. HeHe hadhad notnot experiencedexperienoed thethe effectseffects whichwhich thethe sobriquetsobriquet ofof "Pam""Pam" hadhad hadhad uponupon hishis successsuccess inin foreignforeign affairsaffairs toto nono avail.avail. HeHe feltfelt reasonablyreasonably suresure thatthat inin thisthis mattermatter thethe entireentire BritishBritish nationnation wouldwou d bbee behinbehindd him.hira. PerhapsPerhaps thisthis affairaffair mightraight leadead toto thethe realizationrealization ofof hi.shis hopes.hopes. TheThe tonetone ofof thethe journaljournalss borboree outout thisthis bebeliefl ef ofof his.his. TheyThey waxedwaxed exceedinglyexceedingly bittebitterr overover thethe crueltycruelty ofof thethe NorthNorth.. A writerwriter inin thethe SaturdaySaturday ReviewReview remarkedremarked "that"that ifif generalsgenerals inin supremesupreme oommandoommand areare soso thin-skinnedthin-skinned thatthat toto suppresssuppress a sarcasmsarcasm oror a gibegibe theythey areare contentcontent toto perpetrateperpetrate anan outrageoutrage toto whichwhich thethe historyhistory ofof modernmodern warfarewarfare cancan presenpresentt nono parallel,parallel, itit isis likelylikely enoughenough thatthat theythey maymay winoewince atat thethe outoutspokespokenn

(1)-Hanssrd-3rd( )-Hansard-3rd Serles-167-p.6l7Series-167-p.617 (2}-Ashley-LlfeÍ2)-Ashlev-Life ofof LordLord Palmerston-I-p.408.Palmerston-I-p.408. -100--100-

languageanguage inin whichwhich EnglishEng ish politicianpoliticianss andand EnglishSnglish journjournalistsa ists

recordreoord thetheiirr judgmenjUdgmentt againstagainst deedsdeeds ofof infamy."infamy.,» (1)(1) AnotherAnother writerwriter inin speakingspeaking ofof thethe debatedebate inin thethe CommonsComraons onon JuneJune 13th3th cornmented:-commented:- "Both"Both LordLord RussellRussell andand LordLord palmerstonpalmerston spokespoke asas EnglishmenSnglishraen mustmust speakspeak ofof suchsuch brutbrutality;a ity; andand theirtheir

languagelanguage implies.implies, and.and waswas ofof courseoourse meantmeant toto imply,t thatthat nono GovernmentGovernraent thatthat shouldshou d notnot disavowdisavow andand punispunishh thethe authorauthor ofof soso ruffianlyruffianly anan appealappeal toto thethe worstworst feelingsfeelings ofof thethe worstworst classc ass ofof raenmen couldoould retainretain thethe respectrespect ofof civilizedcivilized nations.nations. WeWe sincerelysincerely trusttrust toto hearhear thatthat ButlerButler hashas beebeenn superseded,superseded, bubutt oertaincertain labouredlaboured attemptsattempts whichwhioh havehave beebeenn mademade toto explainexplain awayaway somesome ofof thethe wickednewiokednessas ofof hiehis ferooiou1lferooious edictedict dodo notnot seemseem toto poinpointt inin thethe desirabledeairable direction."direction." (2)(2) PalmerstonPalmerston surelysurely mustraust havehave beebeenn disappointeddisappointed whenwhen

AdamsAdams diddid notnot catohcatch thethe baibaitt hehe hadhad thrownthrown toto him.him. IfIf AdamsAdams hadhad oommittedcommitted himselfhimse f inin hishis notenote ofof thethe previoupreviouss day,day, hehe wouldwou d havehave beebeenn ableable toto havehave shownshown toto thethe CommonsCommons thethe positionposition ofof thethe FederalFederal GovernmentGovernment omom thethe matter.matter. HeHe wouldwou d thenthen havehave beebeenn ableable toto brinbringg thethe NortNorthh intointo utterableutterable disreputabilitydisreputabi ity withwith thethe BritishBritish nation.nation. ButBut whatwhat waswas hehe toto dodo now?now? perhapsperhaps ifif hehe keptkept onon thethe samesame traok,track, hehe mightmight yetyet drawdraw a statementstatement fromfrom Adams.Adams. AccordinglyAccordingly onon JuneJune 15th,15th, hehe repliedreplied toto Adams.Adaras.

MyMy deardear Sir:Sir: I havehave manymany apologiesapologies toto makemake toto youyou forfor notnot havinghaving soonersooner answeredanswered youryour letter.letter. YouYou are,are, ofof course,course, atat libertyliberty toto raakemake Buchsuch useuse ofof mymy formerformer letterletter 8Sas youyou maymay thinkthink

(I)-saturday(l)-Saturday Review-JuneReview-June 14th,14th, 1862.1862. (2)-I11ustrated(2)-I lustrated LondonLondon News-JunNews-Junee 21st,2 st, 1862.1862. -101-101-- bestbe st.. I wawass impelleimpelledd ttoo makmakee knowknownn ttoo yoyouu mmyy owownn personalpersonal feelingfeelingss abouaboutt GeneraGenerall BuButler'st erTs ProclamationProclamation,, beforbeforee anyany noticnoticee ooff iitt iinn ParliamenParliamentt shoulshouldd compecompell mmee ttoo statstatee mmyy opinioopinionn publicly.publicly.

I cannocannott bubutt hophopee thathatt ththee PresidenPresidentt ooff ththee UnitedUnited Statestatess willwill., aatt onceonce,, havhavee givegivenn peremptorperemptoryy orderorderss foforr with­with- drawindrawingg anandd cancellincancellingg ththee Proclamation.Proclamation. ThThee FederaFederall GovernmenGovernmentt araree makinmakingg wawarr iinn ordeorderr toto compecompell ththee SoutherSouthernn Statestatess ttore-entero re-enter ththee UnionUnion,, bubutt thethe officersofficers andand soldiersso diers ofof ththee FederaFederall GovernmentGovernment bbyy theirtheir conductconduet nonott onlyon y atat NeNeww OrleansOrleans bubutt asas statedstated inin privateprivate aocountsaccounts whiowhiohh I havhavee seen.seen, areare implantingimplanting undyinundyingg hatredhatred andand sentimentssentiments ofof insatiableinsatiab e revengrevengee inin ththee breastbreastss ofof tl:.osethose whowhomm ththee FederaFederall GovernmentGovernment wanwantt ttoo wiwinn bacbackk ttoo anan equalequal partioipationparticipation inin a freefree Constitution."Constitution." (Ii(1)

palmerstonpalmerston givesgives AdamsAdams t~~the privilegeprivilege ofof doingdoing whatwhat hehe pleasedpleased withwith hishis letter.letter. PerhapsPerhaps hehe thoughtthought hehe couldcould urgeurge himhira onon toto sendsend a bitterbitter replyrep y toto hishis letter.letter. ThisThis wouldwould bebe jusjustt whatwhat hehe waswas tryingtrying hardhard toto get.get. WhatWhat a finefine letterletter itit wouldwould bebe toto showshow Parliament.Parliament. Adams,Adams, however.however, refusedrefused toto givegive himhim anyany pretextpretext whatsoever,whatsoever, andand onon JuneJune 16th16th replied,replied, reiteratingreiterating hishis pre­pre- viousvious questionquestion andand refusingrefusing toto recognizerecognize Palmerston'sPalmerston's letter.(2)letter.(2)

PalmerstonPalmerston evidentlyevidently sawsaw hishis gamegame waswas up.up. HeHe hadhad nono

(I)-C.(1)-C. F.F. Adams,Adams, Jr.-Charles-FrancisJr.-Charles-Francis Adams-p.252Adams-p.252

(2j-Ibid-P(2 )-Ibidl-Po. 253-54253-54 -102--102- groundground onon whichwhich toto stand.stand. TheThe UnitedUnited :3tate:itatess GovernmentGovernment hadhad moreovermoreover removedremoved GeneralGenera ButlerButler fromfrom oommandoommand atat NevNew/ Orleans.Orleans. HeHe hadhad triedtried toto graspgrasp thethe opportunityopportunity ofof anan excitedexcited pupublicb ic sentsentimenimentt andand forceforce thethe issueissue onon ·Mr.Mr. adams.Adams. OneOne statementstatement fromfrom himhim wouldwould havehave insuredinsured himhim ofof thethe supportsupport ofof Paparliamentr iament inin anyany diplomaticdiplomatic correspondencecorrespondence whichwhich hehe mightmight havehave under-under- taken.taken. ThusThus diddid PalmerstonPalmerston "bound"bound likeike a boy"boy".. HeHe hadhad failed,failed, onceonce moremore hehe mustmust abideabide hishis time.time. HeHe had,had, asas MowaMowatt oommented,oommented, "made"made a foolfool ofof himself".himself". (1)J Gu.edallaGueda a remarkedremarked

"that"that PalmerstonPa merston waswas leftleft explaining."explaining." (2)(2) PalmerstonPalmerston evidentlyevidently feltfelt this,this, asas hehe soonsoon dasheddashed offoff a letteretter toto AdamAdamss whiohwhich appearsappears toto bbee writtenwritten moremore forfor thethe eyeseyes ofof posterityposterity thanthan forfor thethe AmericanAmerican Ambassador.Ambassador. He.He, charaoteristically,characteristica ly, claimsclaims thethe victory.victory. HadHad notnot GeneralGeneral ButlerButler beenn removed?removed? TheThe letter,letter, dateddated JuneJune 19th,19th, andand markedmarked privateprivate,, isis asas follows:-fol ows:- MyMy deardear Sir:-Sir:------If-. If I hadhad beebeenn merelymerely a privatprivatee gentlemangentleman II shouldshould notnot havehave deemeddeemed myselfmyself entitledentit ed toto addressaddress thethe MinisterMinister ofof thethe UnitedUnited statesStates uponupon a publipublico matter;matter; andand ifif youyou hadhad beenbeen merelymerely a privatprivatee gentleman,gentleman, I shouldshould .not,not, asas HeadHead ofof thethe Government,Government, havehave thoughtthought itit ofof anyany useuse toto oommunicatecommunicate 'with'with youyou uponupon anyany mattermatter whichwhich mightmight havehave a bearinbearingg uponupon thethe relationsrelations betweebetweenn ourour twotwo countries.countries. SoSo muchmuch forfor thethe firstfirst parpartt ofof youryour question.question.

(l)-Mawat-The( )-Mowat-The DiplomaticD p omatie RelationsRelations ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thethe UnitedUnited states-p.185.States-p.185.

(2)(? l^PP guede]'pf nfldqlla rBpp1rterston-p.436-37T lmerston-p.436-:37 -103--103-

ASAs toto thethe seoondseoond partpart,, itit isis wellwell knownknown thatthat thethe SeoretarySecretary ofof stateState forfor ForeignForeign AffairsAffairs isis thethe regularregular offioia1offioial organorgan forfor communicationscommunications betweebetweenn thethe BritishBritish GovernmentGovernment andand thethe GovernmentsGovernments ofof foreignforeign states;States; bubutt itit isis alsoalso wellwel knownknown thatthat itit isis a parpartt ofof thethe functionsfunctions and.and maymay sometimessometimes bbee thethe dutyduty ofof thethe firstfirst MinisterMinister ofof thethe CrownCrown toto oommunicateoommunicate withwith thethe representativesrepresentatives ofof ForeignForeign statesStates uponupon mattersmatters whichwhioh havehave a bearinbearingg uponupon thethe relationsrelations betweebetweenn GreatGreat BritainBritain andand thesethese states;States; andand suchsuch oommunicationscommunications areare oftenoften asas usefuluseful asas thosethose whichwhich taketake placeplace moremore formallyforraa ly andand offioiallyoffioially betweebetweenn thethe SecretarySecretary ofof stateState andand suohsuch representatives.representatives. NoNoww thethe perusaperusall ofof GeneralGeneral Butler'sButler's ProclamationProclamation excitedexcited inin mymy mindmind feelingsfeelings whichwhich I waswas suresure would.wou d bbee sharedshared bbyy everyevery honorablehonorable manman inin thethe UnitedUnited Kingdom,Kingdom, andand itit requiredrequired nono greatgreat sagacitysagacity toto foreseeforesee thatthat thosethose feelingsfeelings wouldwou d notnot bbee oonduciveoonducive toto thethe maintenancemaintenance ofof thosethose mutualmutua sentimentssentiments ofof goodgood willwi l betweebetweenn ourour respectiverespective countrymen,countrymen, whichwhich areare soso muohmueh toto bbee desireddesired forfor thethe interestinterest ofof bothboth nations.nations. I oonoeive,conceive, therefore,therefore, thatthat I waswas doingdoing goodgood serviceservice toto botbothh bbyy enablingenabling you,you, inin suchsuch mannermanner asas toto youyou mightmight seeseemm bestbest,, toto letlet youryour GovernmentGovernment knowknow thethe impressionimpression whiohwhich thatthat orderorder hadhad produceproduoedd inin thisthis oountrYicountry; andand I thoughtthought itit betterbetter thatthat youyou shouldshould knowknow thatthat impressionirapression privatelprivatelyy andand oonfiden­confiden- tially·tia ly'frofromm a persopersonn whowho isis inin a situationsituation t o0 ^ul^~ult:ee '"L:'."t;whr.t thethe -104--104-

feelingsfeelings o~of thethe BritishBritish nationnation maymay bebe,, ratherrather thanthan thatthat youyou shouldshould forfor thethe firstfirst timetirne learnlearn themthem inin a moxamore publipublicc manneT.manner.

I ,I atat thethe samesame time,time, impliedimplied a hopehope thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment wouldwou d notnot allowal ow itselfitself toto be representedrepresented inin suchsuch mattersmatters bbyy suchsuch a persopersonn asas thethe authorauthor ofof thatthat Proolarnation~Proolamation. ThisThis hope,hope, I amam gladglad toto find,find, ~~shas proveprovedd toto be well-founded;we -founded; forfor wewe havehave learntlearnt bbyy dispatchesdispatches fromfrom LordLord LyonsLyons thatthat allall powepowerr overover thethe civilcivil inhabitantsinhabitants ofof NeNeww OrleansOrleans hashas beebeenn takentaken awayaway fromfrom GeneralGeneral ButlerButler and.and hashas beebeenn placeplacedd inin otherother hands;hands; andand itit appearedappeared thatthat thethe neneww aivilcivil GovernorGovernor hadhad issuedissued a ProolamationProolamation which,which, bbyy promisingpromising securitysecurity forfor thethe honourhonour ofof thethe inhabitantsinhabitants ofof thethe city,city, virtuallyvirtually andand I maymay addadd virtuouslyvirtuously annulsannuls thethe ProclamationProclaraation ofof GeneralGeneral Butler.Butler. WeWe havehave alsoalso learntlearnt withwith satisfactionsatisfaction thatthat thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment havehave sentsent toto NeNeww OrleansOrleans anan offioerofficer speciallyspecially instructedinstructed toto inquireinquire intointo andand toto redressredress certaincertain outrageousoutrageous prooeedingproceedingss ofof GeneralGeneral ButlerButler towardstowards ConsularConsular AgentsAgents ofof EuropeanEuropean Powers.Powers. YouYou areare pleasepleasedd toto saysay inin youryour lastlast letterletter thatthat I havehave castcast offensiveoffensive imputationsimputations upon,upon, andand havehave offeredoffered indignityindignity toto youryour Government;Government; I entirelyentirely denydeny thethe charge;charge; andand assertassert thatthat therethere isis nothingnothing inin mymy lettersletters whiohwhich cancan bearbear itit out.out. MyMy observationsobservations appliedapplied toto thethe ProclamationProclamation ofof GeneralGenera Blitler;B tler; andand thethe UnitedUnited statesStates GovernmentGovernment havehave showshownn bbyy supersedingsuperseding himhira inin hishis oiviloiv l commandcoramand thatthat theythey sharedshared tr..ethe sentimentssentiments whichwhich I havehave expreexpressessedd andand theythey havehave therebythereby donedone themselvesthemse ves honor."11 (lJ(1) (l}-C.( )-C. F.F. Adams.Adams. Jr.-CharlesJr.-Char es FrancisFranois Adams-p.256-58Adams-p.256-58 -105-

AlthoughAlthough PalmerstonPa merston hadhad notnot succeededsucceeded inin creatingcreating a diplomatiodiploraatio quarrelquarre outout ofof thethe oontroversy,controversy, hehe had,had, never­never- theless,the ess, gainedgained forfor thethe SouthSouth raanymany newnew adherents.adherents. TheThe NorthNorth hadhad thrustthrust uponupon itselfitself a wavewave ofof incriminationincrimination whichwhich furtherfurther castcast doubtdoubt uponupon thethe sinceritysincerity ofof itsits cause.cause. Moreover,Moreover, itit certainlycertainly hurthurt thethe causeoause forfor whichwhich BrightBright andand ForsterForster hadhad beebeenn pleadingpleading.. TheThe liberalliberal EnglandEngland waswas forfor thethe momentmoment inin doubtdoubt asas toto whiohwhioh sideside deserveddeserved theirtheir sympathy.sympathy. -106--106-

ChapterChapter VIIIVIII

PALM!mSTONPALMERSTON ANDAND THETHS CRISISCRI3IS INI tf DIPTJOUATICDIPLOMATIC RELATIONSRELATIONS 3STWEEBETWEENN GREATGREAT BRITAINBRITAIN ANANDD T~THS UNITEDUNITED STATESSTATES.. --~-----_._--

AsAs thethe SummerSuramer ofof 18621862 worewore on.on, thethe clamorsclamors forf or thethe recognitionrecognition ofof thethe independenceindependence ofof thethe 30uthSouth becambecamee moremore insistent.insistent. TheThe cottoncotton faminefamine waswas atat itsits severe-steeverest stress.stress. TheThe failuresfailures ofof thethe NortherNorthernn ArmyArmy toto crushcrush thethe SouthernSouthern forcesforces afterafter fourteenfourteen monthsraonths ofof fightingfighting seemedseeraed toto bbee a con­con- firmationfirmation ofof thethe claimc aira ofof thosethose whowho saidsaid thatthat thethe SouthSouth wouldwould nevernever bebe reconquered.reconquered. ItIt appearedappeared likelike a propitioupropitiouss momentmoment forfor interventionintervention bbyy GreatGreat Britain.Britain. TheThe onlyonly deterringdeterring reasonreason waswas thethe commencementcoramencement ofof thethe importantimportant summersummer campaigncampaign ofof thethe NortNorthh andand South.South. aA greatgreat dealdeal hingedhinged uponupon itsits outcome.outcome. TheThe SouthSouth hadhad duringduring thethe monthsmonths ofof JuneJune andand JUlyJuly gainedgained somesome victories.victories, andand asas a result.result, thethe SoutbernSouthern supporterssupporters inin thethe HouseHouse ofof CommonsCommons werewere spurredspurred onon toto renewedrenewed efforts.efforts. ThThee succesuccessfussfull defensedefense ofof RichmondRichmond andand thethe defeatdefeat ofof PopePope werewere eagerlyeagerly graspedgrasped andand delighteddelighted overover afterafter severalseveral monthsmonths ofof FederalFedera successessuccesses andand SouthernSouthern defeats.defeats. InIn thethe House.House, recognitionrecognition begabegann toto bbee pushedpushed forwardforward asas a muchmuch neededneeded andand jusjustt measure.measure. HadHad notnot thethe NortherNorthernn forcess failedfailed toto subduesubdue thethe South?South? OnOn JuneJune 13th.13th, Mr.Mr. HopwoodHopwood inquiredinquired ofof PalmerstonPa merston asas toto whetherwhether EnglandEngland -107--107-

andand FranceFrance intendedintended toto offeroffer toto mediatemediate betweebetweenn thtr~e FederalsFederals andand thethe Confederates,Confederates, andand ifif theirtheir friendlyfriendly officesoffices werewere notnot acoepted,acoepted, whetherwhether theythey woulwoul~d bebe preparepreparedd toto recognizerecognize thethe southernSouthern Confederaoy.(l)Confederaoy.(1) ObviouslyObviously suchsuch a policypolicy., ifif carriedcarried out,out, wouldwould raeanmean thethe severanceseverance ofof relationsre ations betweebetweenn thethe UniUnitetedd statesStates andand GreatGreat Britain.Britain. IfIf thisthis recognitionrecognition werewere granted,granted, itit meantmeant thatthat thethe SouthSouth wouldwould probaprobablyb y nevernever givegive inin toto thethe NorthNorth.. PalmerstonPalmerston arosearose andand answeredanswered Mr.Mr. HopwoodHopwood inin thethe followingfollowing vein:-vein:- ''England"England hadhad receivedreceived nono COTIUnunicaticommunicatioonn franfrom thethe GovernmentGovernment ofof FranceFrance uponupon thethe subjectsubject ofof mediationmediation and.and thatthat atat presenpresentt therethere waswas nono intentionintention ofof offeringoffering mediationmediation betweenbetween thethe twotwo oontend.ingcontending partiesparties"" (2)(2) ThoseThose writerswriters whowho claimclaira thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston diddid notnot wishwish thethe destructiondestruction ofof thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepub ic saysay thatthat thisthis waswas prooprooff ofof theirtheir argu.Imnt.argument. ButBut lookinglooking atat itit fromfrom thethe circum­circum- stancesstanoes atat thethe time,time, whatwhat elseelse couldcould Palmerstopalmerstonn havehave done?done? ThisThis waswas thethe onlyonly replyreply hehe oouldcould makemake atat thatthat moment.moraent • HeHe hadhad nono basibasiss forfor claimingclairaing intervention.intervention. TheThe NortNorthh withwith itsits seriesseries ofof victoriesvictories inin thethe previoupreviouss monthsmonths wouldwould certainlycertainly notnot havehave Iilistenestenedd toto anyany foreignforeign powepowerr suggestingsuggesting mediation.mediation. PalmerstonPalmerston wouldwould havehave toto awaitawait thethe resultresult ofof thethe summersummer campaignscampaigns ofof thethe armiesarmies ofof thethe NortNorthh andand SouthSouth•. .againAgain onon JuneJune 30th.30th, Mr.Mr. HopwoodHopwood inquiredinquired ofof PalmerstonPa merston thethe samesame questionquestion andand citedcited thethe greatgreat oommercialcommercia distressdistress inin thethe

(1)-Hansard-3rd(l)-Hansard-3rd Series-167-p.543Series-167-p.543 ((~\_Th~~_~~~ Í> l-rh-î/q-^/i ~o~iAR_'67-p.543-44ooTîAa-167-p.543-44 -lC8--1C8 -

country.country. (1)(1) LordLord PalmerstonPalmerston inin replyingreplying thisthis time,time, probablyprobably encouragedencouraged bbyy recentrecent SouthernSouthern successessuccesses inin thethe field,fie d, letslets thethe "oat"oat outout ofof thethe bag"n andand revealsrevea s hishis intentionintention ofof interveningintervening whenwhen thethe rightright momentmoment came:-came:- "With"With respeotrespect toto mediationraediation andand goodgood offioes,offioes, therethere isis nono doubtdoubt whateverwhatever thatthat botbothh herher Majesty'sMajesty's GovernmentGovernraent andand thethe GovernmentGovernment ofof thethe EmperorEmperor ofof thethe FrenchFrench wouldwould bbee delighteddelighted toto availavail themselvesthemselves ofof anyany opportunityopportunity thatthat appearedappeared toto offeroffer a fairfair prospeoprospeott thatthat suchsuch a stepstep wouldwould bbee attendedattended withwith success.success. ButBut inin thethe presenpresentt statestate ofof thethe contest.contest, whilewhi e thethe twotwo partiesparties seemseem animatedanimated withwith thethe mostmost bittebitterr feelingsfeelings andand angryangry resent­resent- mentment againstagainst eacheach other,other, I amara afraiafr~idd thatthat anyany proposalproposalss ofof thatthat kindkind wouldwould notnot bbee well-timed.well-timed, andand wouldwould bbee suresure toto meetmeet withwith rejectionrejection onon botbothh sides.sides. If,If, however,however, atat anyany time,time, a differentdifferent statestate ofof thingsthings shouldshould arise.arise, andand a fairfair openingopening appearappear forfor anyany stepstep whichwhich mightmight bbee likelylike y toto meetmeet withwith thethe acquiescenceacquiescence ofof thethe twotwo partiesparties,, itit wouldwould bbee notnot onlyonly ourour dutyduty toto affordafford ourour service8,servicea, bubutt wouldwould affordafford herher Majesty'sMajesty's GovernmentGovernment thethe greatestgreatest possiblpossiblee pleasurpleasuree toto dodo so."so." (2)(2) NNoo doubtdoubt itit wouldwou d affordafford himhim thethe greatestgreatest pleasurepleasure toto seesee thethe UnionUnion dismembered.disraembered. HeHe speaksspeaks aboutabout thethe certaincertain rejectionrejection bbyy botbothh side~idess ofof proposalproposalss ofof mediation.mediation. SurelySurely hehe cannotcannot meanmean thatlthati TheThe SouthSouth wouldwould probaprobablyb y bbee Willingwilling toto listenlisten toto anyany proposproposal.a . ItIt couldcould notnot bubutt bbee favorablefavorable toto them.them. EvidentlyEvidently LordLord PallD3rstonPalmerston waswas tryingtrying toto lulllull toto sleeps eep

(11-Hansard-3rd(lj-Hansard-3rd SeSeries-167-p.1214-1ries-167-p.12l4-l55 (2)(2)-Ibid-p-Ibid-p.12l5. 215 -109--109-

anyany suspioionssuspicions thatthat hehe waswas inclinedinc ined towardtoward eithereither side.side. LetLet a favorablefavorable opportunityopportunity comecome andand hehe wouldwou d notnot bebe slowslow toto seizeseize it.it, eveneven ifif itit meantmeant thethe displeasuredispleasure ofof thethe NorthNorth.. HeHe knekneww thethe SouthSouth wouldwould graspgrasp atat anything.anything. ThatThat hishis intentionsintentions werewere fixedfixed onon recognizingrecognizing thethe SouthSouth maymay bbee observedobserved inin hishis replyrep y onon JulyJuly 11th.lth, toto thethe questionquestion asas toto whetherwhether thethe BritishBritish troopstroops inin CanadaCanada werewere toto remainremain there:­there:- "In"In thethe presenpresentt statestate ofof things,things, itit waswas notnot thethe intentionintention ofof thethe GovernmentGovernment toto withdrawwithdraw anyany portioportionn ofof thethe troopstroops fromfrom Canada.Canada."(l"(1))

HeHe waswas goinggoing toto be wellwell preparepreparedd inin caseoase thethe NortNorthh resentedresented hishis mediatraediation.ion. HeHe waswas certaincertain thatthat theythey wouldwould resentresent it.it. TheTheyy hadhad everythingeverything toto loseose bbyy itit andand nothingnothing toto gaingain bbyy it.it.

AASS thethe summersumraer worewore on.on, thethe SouthSouth gainedgained groundground a rapidlyrapid y inin theirtheir oampaignscampaigns andand gave/furthergave/further enoouragementenoouragement toto proposalproposalss forfor mediation.raediation. Accordingly,Accordingly, onon JulyJuly 18th.8th, 1~.Mr. Lindsay.Lindsay, a strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe South.South, proposeproposedd thethe followingfollowing amendmentaraendment toto thethe motionmotion o:fof Hopwood'sHopwood's ofof JuneJune 13th:-3th:- "That"Thât inin thethe opinionopinion ofof thisthis House,House, thethe StatesStates whichwhich havehave secededseceded fromfrom thethe UnionUnion ofof thethe RepublioRepublio ofof thethe UnitedUnited states,States, havehave soso longlong ms.inta.raaintainedined themselvesthemse ves underunder a separateseparate and.and establishedestab ished Government,Government, andand havehave givengiven suchsuch prooprooff ofof theirtheir determinationdetermination andand abilityability toto supportsupport theirtheir independence,independence, thatthat thethe proprietproprietyy ofof offeringoffering mediatraediationion withwith thethe viewview ofof terminatingterminating hohostilitiestllitiess betweebetweenn thethe oontendingoontending partiepartiess isis worthyworthy ofof thethe seriousserious andand immediateimmediate attentionattention ofof herher Majesty'sMajesty's Government."Government." (2)(2)

(1)-Hansard-3rd(l)-Hansard-3rd Series-167-p.242Series-167-p.242 -110--110-

ToTo PalmerstonPalmerston thisthis waswas forcingforcing thethe mattermatter tootoo quickly.quickly. ThereThere waswas asas yetyet nono deoisivedeoisive turnturn inin thethe summersummer campaign.campaign. ThThee unprinoiunprinciplepledd ~nglandSngland wouldwou d certainlycertainly refuserefuse toto givegive tl:etheiirr consentconsent

whilewhile therethere waswas a dangerdanger ofof actingacting prematurelyprematurely.. iWCAccordinglyordingly,, f inin respondingresponding toto Mr o0 Lindsay'sLindsay s amendmentamendment hehe urged:-urged:- "The"The subsubjecjectt isis oneone ofof thethe highesthighest importanceimportance andand oneone alsoalso ofof toothe mostmost delicatedelicate oharacter,character, andand thatthat itit wouldwould bbee wisewise andand expedientexpedient toto leaveleave itit inin thethe handshands ofof thethe responsibleresponsible GovernmentGovernment ofof thethe dayday toto dealdea withwith itit acoordingaccording toto thethe varyingvarying

ciroumstanoesciroumstanoes ofof thethe moment.moment."(llf (l)) TheThe HouseHouse agreedagreed toto hishis suggestionsuggestion andand thethe nextnext stepstep inin thethe matterraatter waswas leftleft toto him.him. WhatWhat waswas hehe goinggoing toto do?do? ThatThat hehe intendedintended toto offeroffer mediationmediation seemsseems toto thethe writerwriter anan unquestionedunquestioned fact.fact. AsAs soonsoon asas thethe momentmoment waswas pro-pro- pitiouspitious,, hehe proposepropooodd toto doso.doso. ThusThus GladstoneGladstone tellstel s hishis wifewife onon JulyJuly 29th,29th, thatthat LordLord PaJmerstonPa merston "has"has oomeoome exactlyexact y toto raymy mind.mind aboutabout somesome earlyear y representationrepresentation ofof a friendlyfriend y kindkind toto America,America, ifif wewe cancan getget FranceFrance andand RussiaRussia toto join.join."" (2)(2) Palmerston,Pa merston, however,however, couldcould notnot dodo anythinganything untiluntil thethe SouthSouth waswas victoriousvictorious inin herher campaigns.carapaigns. HeHe wouldwould thenthen havehave groundground toto basbasee hishis actionsactions on.on. ThatThat raomentmoment soonsoon came.came. TheThe paperpaperss begabegann toto bbee fullfull ofof southernSouthern successessuccesses onon thethe battle­battle- field,, andand soonsoon lookedlooked forfor thethe completecomplete separationseparation ofof thethe twotwo sections.sections. OneOne writerwriter oommentedooraraented "that"that thethe timetime seemsseeras toto havehave comecome atat lastast whenwhen thethe FederalFederal Government,Government, slowslow toto believbelievee andand

(1)-Hansard-3rd( )-Hansard-3rd Serles-168-p.570Series-168-p.570 (2)-Morley-The(2)-Mor ey-The LifeLife ofof W.W. E.E. Gladstone-II-p.75Gladstone-II-p.75 -111-111--

slosloww ttoo actact,, iiss preparepreparedd ttoo recognizreoognizee ththee stupendoustupendouss naturenature ooff ththee worworkk iitt hahass commenceoommencedd iinn combatincombatingg bbyy forcforcee ooff armarmss thethe determinatiodeterminati onn ooff ththee SoutherSouthernn Statess ttoo maintaimaintainn theithe irr inde­inde- pendenoe.pendence."" (1(1)) ThThee Times wawass certaicertainn thathatt ththee momenmome ntt ofof separatioseparationn wawass aatt handhand.. ThThee tontonee ooff YVallandigham,a andigham, a DemooratiDemooraticc NortherneNorthernerr iinn CongressCongre6s~, whwhoo denouncedenouncedd ththee restric­restric- tiontionss placeplacedd bbyy CongresCongresss upouponn ththee libertielibertiess ooff ththee people,people, wawass ververyy pleasinpleasingg ttoo ththee unprincipleunprino ipledd EnEngland.g and. ThThee sorenesssoreness lefleftt bbyy ththee sucoessuooesss ooff ththee AraericaJ.mericann RepubliRepublicc iinn 17761776 wawass beingbeing amplamplyy repairepaidd nonoww bbyy ththee misfortunemisfortuness ooff thathatt countryoountry.. ThThee muomuohh vauntevauntedd liberties.iberties, forfor whiowhiohh ththee AmericanAmericanss hahadd foughtfought duringduring ththee WaWarr ofof IndependenoeIndependenoe,, werweree nonoww beinbeingg thrusthrustt asideaside byby themselvesthemse I ve s.. "America"America partepartedd fromfrom EnEnglandg and onon a poinpointt ofof form.fom. HeHerr sensesense ofof freedomfreedom wawass soso nicnioee thathatt sheshe couldoould nonott beabearr thatthat taxestaxes whiohwhioh sheshe waswas willingwilling toto imposeimpose onon herselfherself shouldshould bebe imposedimposed byby thethe authorityauthority ofof Parliament;Parliament; andand nownow itit isis comecome toto thisthis - thatthat although,a though, inin thisthis veryvery land,and, thethe libertyiberty ofof speeoh.speeeh, ofof writing,writing, ofof meetingmeeting together,together, ofof discussingdiscussing thethe act.sacts ofof Government,Governraent, isis takentaken away,away, thisthis isis almostalmost thethe firstfirst ocoasionoccasion onon whichwhioh a complaintcomplaint hashas beenbeen made.----Amerlcamade. America haahas flungflung herher libertiesliberties atat thethe feetfeet ofof thethe Government,Government, andand sheshe receivesreceives inin return.return, asas sheshe wellwe l deserves,deserves, defeatdefeat andand disgrace."(2)disgrace."(2)

(I)-Illustrated(l)-Illustrated LondonLondon News-AugustNews-August 30th,30th, 186201862. (2)-London(2)-London Times-AugustTimes-August 30th,30th, 1862.1862. -112--112-

FollowingFollowing UnionUnion disastersdisasters beforbeforee RiohmondRichmond andand atat thethe secondsecond BullBull RunRun onon AugustAugust 29-30th,29-30th, camecame thethe reportreport ofof Lee'sLee's invasioninvasion ofof MarylandMaryland onon SeptemberSeptember 7th,7th, thethe newsnews ofof which,which, arrivingar*iving inin EnglandEngland onon SeptemberSeptember 14th,14th, rousedroused thethe naturalnatura ideaidea thatthat thethe timetime waswas atat hand.hand. TheThe nextnext reportreport waswas expectedexpected toto announceannounce thethe fallfall ofof \'fashingtonWashington oror BaItBaltimorimoree beforbeforee thethe onslaughtonslaught ofaf thethe Confederates.Confederates. HereHere waswas thethe newsnews whiohwhich PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad beebeenn lookingooking forwardforward to.to. Immediately,Immediately, hehe dispatcheddispatched a letterletter toto LordLord

Jor.nJohn Ru:ssellRussell onon thethe samesame day,day9 SeptemberSeptember 14th,14th, inquiring,inquiring, "whether,"whether, ifif thiss shouldshould happen.happen, wouldwould itit notnôt bbee timetime forfor usus toto considerconsider whetherwhether inin suohsuoh a statestate ofof things,things, EnglandSngland an~and FranceFrance mightmight notnot addressaddress thethe oontendingcontending partiepartiess andand recommendrecommend anan arrangementarrangeraent onon thethe basibasiss ofof separation?"(l)separation?"(l) palmerstonPalmerston waswas notnot goinggoing toto loselose anyany time.time. TheThe longlong looked-forlooked-for momentmoment hadhad arrived.arrived. TheThe AmerioanAmerican RepublicRepublic waswas soonsoon i;jJir:.ggoing toto bbee a remembranoeremembranoe inin namenarae only.only. TheThe unprinoipledunprincipled EnglandEngland wouldwould surelysurely followfollow himhim inin hishis actionsactions atat soso opportuneopportune a time.time. TheThe liberalliberal EnglandEng and withwith theirtheir idealisticidealistic thoughtsthoughts ofof justicjusticee andand humanitarianismhumanitarianisra wouldwould surelysurely notnot refuserefuse toto joijoinn himhim inin oompellingoorapelling thethe NortNorthh toto retireretire fromfrom a warwar whichwhich waswas botbothh futilefutile andand terribleterrible inin itsits exactionsexactions uponupon humanhuman lives.lives. RussellRusse l repliedreplied favorablyfavorably toto himhim inin a letterletter onon SeptemberSeptember l7th:-17th:- MyMy deardear Palmerston:-Palraerston:- WhetherWhether thethe FederalFederal armyarmy isis destroyeddestroyed oror not it is clear that it is driven back to washirg,ton, and had not,I it is clear that it is driven back to Washington, and had

(1)-3.( )-S. walpole-LifeWa pole-Life ofof LordLord JohnJohn Russel1-II-p.349-(1889)Russe -II-p.349-(1889) -11?-lIZ,-

madmadee nnoo progresprogresss iinn subduinsubduingg ththee insurgeninsurgentt Statesstates.. SuchSuch beinbe ingg ththee casecase,, I agreagreee witwithh yoyouu thathatt ththee timtimee iiss comcomee forfor offerinofferingg mediatiomediationn ttoo ththee UniteUnitedd Statestatess GovernmenGoverllffientt witwithh a vievieww ttoo ththee recognitioreoognitionn ooff ththee independenoindependenoee ooff ththee Confed­Confed- erateserates.. I agreagreee furtherfurther,, thathatt iinn eascasee ooff failurefailure., wwee oughoughtt oursourselvese ves ttoo reoognizreoognizee ththee SoutherSouthernn Statestatess aass aann inde­inde- pendenpendentt Statestate.. FoForr tbtme purpospurposee ooff takintakingg ssoo importanimportantt a

stepstep,, I thinthinkk wwee musmustt havhavee a meetinmeet ingg ooff ththee CabinetCabinet.. ThThee 23r23rdd oorr ththee 30t30thh woulwouldd suiBuitt mmee foforr ththee meeting.meeting. WWee oughtought thenthen., ifif wwee agreeagree onon suchsuoh a step,step, toto proposproposee itit firstfirst ttoo FranceFranoe,, andand thethenn onon ththee parpartt ofof EnglandEngland andand FranoFranoee ttoo RussiRussiaa andand otherother powerpowerss asas a measurmeasuree deoideddecided upouponn bbyy us.us. WWee oughtought ttoo makmakee ourselvesourse ves safesafe inin Canada,Canada, nonott byby sendingsending moremore troopstroops therethere butbut byby oonceeoncentratinntratingg thosethose wewe havehave inin a fewfew defensibledefensible postsposts beforebefore thethe winterwinter setssets in.----(l)in. (1) InIn t11ethe meantime,meantirae, thethe crisiscrisis inin thethe militarymi itary cam­cam- paignpaign waswas rapidlyrapidly materializing.materializing. palmerstonPalmerston anxiouslyanxiously awaitedawaited itsits outoome.and,outoome.and, inin answeringanswering Russell.Russe l, onon SeptemberSeptember 23rd,23rd, cautionedcautioned himhim toto withholdwithhold hishis action:saetions untilunti thethe verdiotverdict ofof thethe campaigncampaign waswas announced:-announced:- "Your"Your planp an ofof proceedingsproceedings aboutabout thethe mediationmediation betweenbetween thethe FederalsFederals andand ConfederatesConfederates seemsseems toto bebe excellent.exce lent. OfOf ooursecourse, thethe offeroffer wouldwould bebe mademade toto bothboth thethe contendingcontending partiesparties atat thethe ,samesame time;time; for,for, thoughthough thethe offeroffer wouldwould bebe asas

(1)-3.(1)-S. Walpole-LifeWalpo e-Life ofof LordLord JohnJohn Russell-II-p.349.(1889)Russell-II-p.349-(1889) -114--114- suresure toto bbee aooeptedacoepted bbyy thethe southerns----yetSoutherns yet therethere areare oertaincertain formsforms whiohwhioh itit isis deoentdecent andand propeproperr toto gogo through.through. A questionquestion wouldwould oocuroocur whether,whether, ifif thethe twotwo partiepartiess werewere toto aoceptaccept thethe mediation,mediation, thethe factfact ofof ourour mediatingmediating wouldwou d notnot ofof itselfitself bebe tantamounttantamount toto anan aoknowledgementacknowledgeraent ofof thethe ConfederatesConfederates asas anan independentindependent state.State.

MightMight itit notnot bbee wellwell toto askask RussiaRussia toto joijoinn ~nglandyngland andand FranceFrance inin thethe offeroffer ofof mediation?---mediation?-— WeWe shouldshould bbee betterbetter withoutwithout herher inin thethe mediationmediation becausbecausee sheshe wouldwou d bbee tootoo favorablefavorable toto thethe NorthNorth;; butbut,, onon thethe otherother hand,hand, herher parparticipationt icipation inin thethe offeroffer mightmight renderrender thethe NortNorthh moremore willingwilling toto acceptaccept it.it. TheThe afterafter oommunicationcommunication toto thethe otherother EuropeanEuropean powerpowerss wouldwould bbee quitequite right,right, althoughalthough theythey wouldwou d bbee tootoo manmanyy forfor mediation.mediation.

AsAs toto thethe timetime ofof makingmaking thethe offer,~ ifif FranceFrance andand RussiaRussia agree,agree, - andand Franoe,Franoe, wewe know,know, isis quitequite readyready andand onlyonly waitingwaiting forfor ourour oonourrenoeconcurrence - eventsevents maymay bbee takingtaking placplacee whichwhich mightmight renderrender itit desirabledesirable thatthat thethe offeroffer shouldshould bbee mademade beforebefore thethe middlemidd e ofof October.October. ItIt isis evidentevident thatthat a greatgreat oonfliotconflict 1sis takingtaking placplaoee toto thethe north-westnorth-west ofof Washington,Washington, andand itsits issueissue mustmust havehave a greatgrsat e:C::'ecteffect onci.:.con ihe state;state ofof afrD.irs.affairs. IfIf thethe FederalsFederals sustainsustain a greatgreat defeat,defeat, theythey maymay bbee atat onoeonce readyready forfor mediation,mediation, andand thethe ironiron shouldshould bbee struokstruck whilewhi e itit isis hot.hot. If,If, onon thethe otherother hand,hand, theythey shouldshould havehave thethe besbestt ofof it,it, wewe maymay waitwait a whilewhile andand seesee whatwhat maymay follow."follow." (I)(1)

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Palmerston,Pa merston, whowho jusjustt threethree monthsmonths previoupreviouss hadhad spokenspokem ofof thethe certaincertain rerejectiojectionn bbyy botbothh thethe SouthSouth andand thethe lortNorthh ofof anyany measuremeasure ofof mediatmediationion,, waswas nownow speakingspeaking ratherrather jauntiljaunt1lyy ofof thethe suresure acceptanoeaoceptanoe ofof thethe SouthSouth inin anyany mediamediatiotionn whiohwhioh hehe mightmight proposepropose.. HeHe waswas awareaware thatthat suchsuch a mediationmediation asas hehe contemplatedconteraplated wouldwould bbee unfavorableunfavorable toto thethe NortNorthh andand thatthat theythey wouldwould bbee suresure toto rerejecjectt it.it. SoSo hehe waswas goinggoing aheadahead onon thatthat suppositionsupposition andand preparinpre'paringg forfor thethe resistanceresistance ofof thethe north.Torth.

HisHis desiredesire toto keepkeep Russi~lssiaa fromfrom participatinparticipatingg inin thethe mediationmediation surelysure y signifiessignifies thatthat hehe waswas afraidafraid thatthat RussiaRussia mightmight preventprevent himhim fromfrom aotingacting asas hehe wished;wished; andand thethe onlyonly reasonreason whichwhich promptepromptedd himhim toto suggestsuggest herher participatioparticipationn waswas thatthat bbyy threaten­threaten- inging toto withdrawwithdraw herher support,support, RussiaRussia mightmight forceforce thethe NortNorthh toto aoceptaocept thethe termsterras ofof thethe proposeproposedd mediation.raediation. ItIt wouldwou d alsoalso tendtend toto keepkeep RussiaRussia onon hishis side.side.

AtAt thisthis raoraent,moment. however,~ thethe fatalfatal hindra.noehindrance toto hishis planplanss onoeonoe moremore cropped,.up.Thecropped up.The CabinetCabinet showedshowed signssigns ofof dissension.dissension. PalmerstonPalmerston remarkedremarked toto RussellRussel a.tat a SUbsequentsubsequent datedate rYthat"that ifif wewe hadhad colleaguescolleagues likeliks thosethose whowho satsat inin Pitt'sPitt's

Cabinet.Cabinet, youyou andand I mightmight havehave ourour ownown wayway onon mostmost things;things; butbut when.when, asas isis nownow thethe case.case, ableable menmen fillfil everyevery .departJmnt.department, suchsuch menmen willwill havehave opinionsopinions andand holdhold them.them. If"(1(1)) TheirTheir strongeststrongest supportersupporter inin thethe CabinetCabinet waswas Gladstone.G adstone, atat thatthat time,time, ChancellorChance lor ofof ExcheBxcheqUerquer.. OnOn SeptemberSeptember 24th.24th, PalmerstonPalraerston wrotewrote toto him.hira, notifyingnotifying himhim ofof thethe proposeproposedd intervention.intervention, "he"he himselfhimself andand

(I)-C.(lí-C F.F. Adams,Adams, Jr.-AJr.-A CrisisCrisis inin DowningDowning Street-Mass.Hist.soc.­Street-Mass.Hist.Soc- 4747-p.41-p.4166 '3eeSee alsoalso Ashley-LifeAsh ey-Life ofof LordLord Ppalmerston-II-p.438a merston-fl-p.438 -116--116-

LordLord RussellRusse l thoughtthought thethe timetime waswas fastfast approachingapproaching whenwhen anan offeroffer ofof mediatmediatioionn oughtought toto bbee mademade b~yby England.England, FranceFrance andand Russia.Russia, andand thatthat RussellRussell waswas goinggoing privatelprivatelyy toto instruotinstruct thethe AmbassadorArabassador atat ParisParis toto soundsound thethe FrenchFrench Government.Government. OfOf oourse,oourse, nono actualactua stepstep wouldwou d bbee takentaken withoutwithout thethe sanctlonsanction ofof thethe Cabinet.Cabinet. ButBut ifif I amam notnot mistakenmistaken youyou wouldwould bebe inolinedinc ined toto approveapprove suohsuch a oourse.course. TheThe proposaproposall wouldwould bebe mademade toto botbothh thethe NortNorthh andand South.South. IfIf botbothh shouldshou d acceptacceptv, anan armistioearmistioe wouldwould follow,fo ow, andand negotiationsnegotiations onon thethe basibasiss ofof separationseparation wouldwould bbee oarriedcarried on.on. IfIf botbothh shouldshould deoline.decline, thenthen LordLord Pa1merstonPa merston assumedassumed thatthat theythey wouldwould aoknow1edgeacknowledge thethe independenceindependence ofof thethe South."South." (1)(1) WithWith Russell.Russe l, GladstoneG adstone andand himselfhimself inin accord.accord, thethe problerproblema waswas toto soundsound outout thethe restrest ofof thethe membersraembers asas toto thethe actionaction toto bbee takentaken atat thethe CabinetCabinet meetingmeeting onon OctoberOctober 23rd.23rd. LordLord RussellRussell wrotewrote toto LordLord GranvilleGranville seekingseeking hishis opinion.opinion. GranvilleGranville repliedreplied atat onceonce decidedlydecided y opposingopposing recognitionrecognition ofof thethe Confederacy.Confederacy. RussellRussell sentsent thisthis unfavorableunfavorab e replyreply onon toto Palmerston.(2)Palmerston.(2) SirSir GeorgeGeorge CornewallCornewall LewisLewis waswas opposedopposed toto anyany interferenceinterference atat thisthis momentmoment inin thethe strugglestruggle goinggoing onon betweenbetween thethe NortNorthh andand South.South.(3(3)) SirSir GeorgeGeorge GreyGrey thoughtthought thethe timetime inexpedientinexpedient forfor mediationmediation asas diddid alsoa so thethe DukeDuke ofof Newcastle.Newcastle.(4(4))

(l)-Morley-Life(l)-Mor ey-Life ofof W.W. E.E. Gladstone-II-p.76Gladstone-II-p.76 (2)-S.(2)-S. walpole-LifeWalpole-Life ofof LordLord JohnJohn Russell-II-p.350-51-(1889)Russell-II-p.350-5 -(1889) (3)-Sir(3)-Sir H.H. Maxwell-LifeMaxwell-Life andand LettersLetters ofof thethe FourthFourth EarlEarl ofof Clarendon-II-p.264-66C arendon-II-p.264-66 (4)-S.(4)-S. walpole-LifeWa pole-Life ofof LordLord JohnJohn Russell-II-p.364-(1891)Russell-II-p.364-(1891) -117--117-

SirSir HerbertHerbert MaxwellMaxwel givesgives usus a veryvery briebrieff andand exoellentexcellent desoriptiondescription ofof thethe reactionreaction ofof thethe CabinetCabinet toto Palmerston*palmerston'ss proposeproposedd intervention:-intervention:- "In"In proposinproposingg aboutabout thethe middlemiddle ofof SeptemberSeptember thatthat thethe GovernmentGovernraent shouldshould offeroffer mediatmediatioionn betweebetweenn thethe FederalsFedera s andand ConfederatesConfederates onon thethe basibasiss ofof recognizingrecognizing thethe independenceindependence ofof thethe SputhernSputhern states,States, PalmerstonPalmerston wonwon eagereager assentassent fromfrom RussellRussell andand Gladstone.Gladstone. FortunatelyFortunately thethe restrest ofof tht~~e Cabinet,Cabinet, sensiblesensible ofof thethe extremeextrerae delicacydelicacy ofof thethe situation,situation, couldcou d notnot bbee broughtbrought toto agreeagree withwith theirtheir moremore intrepidintrepid colleagues."col eagues." (1)(1) Moreover,Moreover, a newnew cloudo oud appearedappeared inin thethe skysky toto castcast itaits shadowshadow overover Palmerston'sPalmerston^s desiredesire ofof mediation.mediation. ThThee proproclamationc amation ofof EmancipationEmanoipation waswas issuedissued onon septemberSeptember 22nd,22nd, toto taketake effecteffect JanuaryJanuary let,lst, 1863,1863, andand thisthis causedcaused himhim toto beoomebeoome apprehensiveapprehensive lestlest thethe liberalliberal EnglandSngland bbee arousedaroused bbyy it.it. ThThee unprincipledunprincipled England.Englani ridiculedridiculed thethe proolamatioproclamationn asas notnot thethe resulresu t ofof anyany altruisticaltruistic motivemotive bubutt toto inciteincite thethe negroesnegroes toto seservilrviIee war.war. TheThe outburstss ofof denunciationdenunciation areare ablyab y describeddescribed bbyy Mr.Mr. Adams.(2)Adams.(2) But,But, notwithstandingnotwithstanding thesethese attacksattacks ofof thethe unprincipledunprincip ed England,England, therethere waswas a realrea dangerdanger thatthat thethe NortherNorthernn sympathizerssympathizers wouldwou d useuse thisthis proproclamationc amation asas a basisbasis toto gaingain overover definitelydefinite y toto theirtheir sideside thethe liberalliberal England.England. EvidentlyEvidently hehe wouldwould havehave toto workwork fastfast andand endeavorendeavor toto bringbring thethe delinquentde inquent CabinetCabinet membersmembers intointo lineline withwith hishis policypolicy.. IfIf thethe liberalliberal EnglandEngland werewere persuadepersuadedd thatthat thethe WortNorthh werewere fightingfigliting

(I)-Sir(l)-Sir HerbertHerbert Maxwell-LifeMaxwell-Life andand LettersLetters ofof thethe FourthFourth EarlEar ooff Clarendon-II-p.264-65Clarendon-II-p.264-65 I/ -_,- » -—...,-- t Britain and the American Civil War-II- -118--118-

forfor thethe prinoiplprinoiplee ofof humanity.humanity, thethe breakinbreakingg ofof thethe chainschains thatthat keptkept fellow-beingsfe low-beings inin subjection.subjection, theythey wouldwould swingswing overover toto thethe EnglandEng and NortNorthh andand oajolecajo e thethe unprincipled/intounprincipled/into maintainingraaintaining a strictstrict neutrality.neutrality. Addi~Adding furtherfurther fuelfuel toto hiss troublestroubles waswas thethe activityactivity andand energyenergy whichwhich forf or onceonce GeneralGeneral McClellan.McCle lan, whowho hadhad beebeenn restoredrestored toto thethe chiefchief oommandoomraand onon thethe Potomac.Potomac, displayed.displayed. EarlyEar y inin SeptemberSeptember hehe hadhad forcedforced GeneralGeneral LeeLee toto withdrawwithdraw fromfrom Maryland.Maryland. AmidstAmidst allal} thesethese difficulties.difficulties, PalmerstonPalmerston -writeswrites toto RussellRussell onon OctoberOctober 2nd:-2nd:- MYMy deardear Russell:-Russell:- I returnreturn youyou Granville'sGranville^s letterletter whichwhioh containscontains muchmuch deserVingdeserving ofof seriousserious oonsideration.oonsideration. TrB-reTrs-re isis nono doubtdoubt thatthat thethe 'offeroffer ofof mediationmediation uponupon thethe basibasiss ofof eaparationseparation wouldwould bbee aoceptedaocepted bbyy thethe South.South. WhyWhy shouldshould itit notnot bbee accepted?accepted?

ItIt wouldwould givegive thethe SouthSouth inin principlp~1nciplee thethe pointpointss forfor whdchwhich theythey areare fighting.fighting. TheThe refusal.refusa , ifif refusalrefusa therethere was.was, wouldwou d comcomee fromfrom thethe NortNorthh whowho wouldwould bbee unwillingunwil ing toto givegive upup thethe principleprinciple - forfor whichwhich theythey havehave beebeenn fighti~'fighting soso longlong asas theythey hadhad a reasonablereasonable expectationexpectation thatthat bbyy goinggoing onon fightingf ighting theythey couldcould carrycarry theirtheir pointpoint.. TheThe conditioncondition ofof things.things, therefore.therefore, whichwhich wouldwould bbee favorablefavorab e toto anan offeroffer ofof mediationmediation wouldwould bbee greatgreat successsuccess ofof thethe SouthSouth againstagainst thethe NorthNorth.. ThatThat statestate ofof thingsthings seemedseemed tenten daysdays agoago toto bbee approaching.approaching. ItaIts advanceadvance hashas beenbeen latelylate y checked,checked, bubutt wewe dodo notnot yetyet knowknow thethe realrea coursecourse ooff recentrecent events.events, andand stillstil lessess oancan wewe foreseeforesee whatwhat isis aboutabout toto follow.fo low. TenTen daysdays oror a fortnightfortnight moremore maymay throwthrow a clearerclearer lightlight uponupon futurefuture prospeots.prospeots. AsAs regardsregards possiblpossiblee resentmentresentment onon thethe parpartt ofof -119--119-

thethe NorthernerNorthernerss folloV\1.ngfo lowing uponupon anan acknowledgementacknow edgement ofof thethe inde­inde- pendencpendencee ofof thethe South,South, itit isis quitequite truetrue thatthat wewe shouldshould havehave Ielessss toto carecare aboutabout thatthat resentmentresentment inin thethe SpringSpring whenwhen communica­eommunica- tiontion withwith CanadaCanada waswas openopen andand whenwhen ourour navalnavai forceforce oouldcould moremore easileasil~·y operateoperate uponupon thethe AmericanAraerican ooastcoast thanthan inin winterwinter whenwhen wwee areare cutcut offoff fromfrom CanadaCanada andand thethe AmericanAmerican coastcoast isis notnot soso safe.safe. ButBut ifif thethe acknowledgementaoknowledgement werewere mademade atat oneone andand thethe samesame timetime bbyy England,England, .FranceFrance andand somesome otherother Powers,Powers, thethe YankeesYankees wouldwould probaprobablyb y notnot seekseek a quarrelquarrel withwith usus alone,alone, andand wouldwould notnot likelike oneone againstagainst a EuropeanSuropean Confederation.Confederation. SuchSuch a quarrelquarre wouldwould renderrender certaincertain andand permanenpermanentt thatthat SouthernSouthern Independence,Independence, thethe acknowledgementacknowledgement ofof whichwhich wouldwould havehave causedcaused 1it.t.",,-----(1) (1) LetLet usus stopstop herehere forf or a momentmoment andand examineexamine thethe contentscontents ofof thisthis firstfirst parpartt ofof a ratherrather lengthylengthy letter.etter. PalmerstonPalmerston evidentlyevident y waswas somewhatsomewhat puzpuzzledz ed bbyy thethe recentrecent reportsreports ofof thethe checkcheck ofof SouthernSouthern successes.successes. HeHe was,was, however,however, stillsti l confidentconfident ofof thethe successsuccess ofof thethe SouthSouth andand apparentlyapparently intendedintended toto pursupursuee hishis plaplann ofof mediation.mediation. InIn a fortnightfortnight hehe wouldwould securesecure tho,sathose victoriesvictories soso necessarynecessary toto thethe successsuccess ofof hishis pplans. ans. NoNorr wouldwou d warwar deterdeter him.him. HeHe waswas fullyfully confidentconfident thatthat GreatGreat

BritainBritain aouldoould puputt a forceforce inin thethe fieldfield w~ichwhioh wouldwould vanquishvanquieh thethe wearyweary north.North. InIn oontinuingcontinuing- hishis letterletter hehe projeetprojectss thethe planplan ofof mediationmediation whichwhich wouldwould bbee follo~dfollowed whenwhen thethe SouthSouth hadhad attainedattained itsits triumphtriumph inin thethe campaigncampaign nownow inin itsits finalfina periodc~period:- "The"The firstfirst communicationcommunication toto bbee In9.demade bbyy EnglandEngland andand FranceFramce toto thethe contendingcontending partiepartiess mightmight bebe,, notnot anan absoluteabso ute offeroffer

(I)-E.(1)-E D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War-II­War-Il- p.43-4p.43-444 -i~ fromfrom RussellRussell Paners.Parcers. -120--120-

ofof mediationmediation bubutt a friendlyfriendly suggestionsuggestion whetherwhether thethe timetime wawass notnot oomeoome whenwhen itit mightmight bbee wellwell forfor thethe twotwo partiepartiess toto considerconsider whetherwhether thethe war,war, howeverhowever longlong oontinued,eontinued, couldcould leadead toto anyany otherother resultresult thanthan separation;separation; andand whetherwhether itit mightmight not,not, therefore,therefore, bbee besbestt toto avoidavoid thethe greatgreat evilsevils whichwhich mustmust neoes­neces- sarilysarily flowflow fromfrom a "prolongationprolongation ofof hostilitieshostilities bbyy atat onceonce comingcoming toto anan agreementagreement toto treattreat uponupon thatthat principlprinciplee ofof separationseparation whiohwhioh mustmust apparentlyapparently bbee thethe inevitableinevitab e resulresu tr£t of thethe contest,eontest, howeverhowever longlong itit maymay last.last. TheThe nextnext besbestt thingthing wouldwould bbee tlattîat tr..ethe twotwo partiesparties shouldshould settlesett e detailsdetails bbyy directdirect negotiationnegotiation withwith eacheach other,other, thoughthough perhapperhapss withwith thethe rancorousrancorous hatredhatred nownow existingexisting betweenbetween themthem thiss mightmight bbee difficult.difficu t. ButBut theirtheir quarrelsquarre s inin negotia-negotia- tiontion wouldwould dodo usus nono harm,harm, ifIf theythey diddid notnot leadlead toto a renewalrenewal aaff war.war. AnAn armistioe,armistice, ifif notnot acoompaniedacoompanied bbyy a cessationcessation ofof blookadesblookades,, wouldwould bbee allall inin favorfavor ofof thethe ITorthITorth especiallyespecial y ifif NeNeww OrleansOrleans remainedremained inin thethe handshands ofof thethe North.North. TheThe wholewhole mattermatter isis fullfull ofof difficultydifficulty andand cancan onlyon y bbee clearedcleared upup bbyy somesome moremore decideddecided eventsevents betweebetweenn thethe oontendingcontending armies."armies." (I)(1) OnceOnce moremore PalmerstonPalmerston revealsreveals hishis beliebelieff thatthat thethe warwar couldcould endend inin nono otherother wayway thanthan inin thethe separationseparation ofof thethe twotwo sections.sections. HisHis proposproposala ofof lettingetting thethe twotwo partiepartiess settlesett e itit themselvesthemse ves appearsappears toto thethe writerwriter toto bbee botbothh insincereinsincere andand chimerioal.chimerica . Palraerstopallm rstonn probaprobablyb y thoughtthought bbyy usingusing thisthis methodmethod firstfirst hehe couldcou d escapeescape thethe imputationimputation thatthat hehe waswas partipartial.a .

(1(1)-E)-E.. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BrlBritaitainn andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War­War- II-p.43-44II-p.43-44 In>n fromfrom RussellRussell PanarAPanera -121--121-

HeHe oouldoould thenthen introduoeintroduce hishis plaplann asas thethe onlyonly alternativealternative inin a hopelesshopeless situation.situation. But,But, asas thethe daysdays worewore on,on, thethe SouthSouth incurredincurred furtherfurther set-backs.set-backs. atAt thethe battlbattlee ofof AntietamAntietam Creek,Creek, thethe ConfederateConfederate advanceadvance waswas oheokedoheoked bbyy GeneralGeneral IJeClellan.I.IcC ellan. TheThe newsnews 0of thisthis eventevent coupledcoupled withwith thatthat ofof thethe ProclamationProclamation couldcou d notnot butbut affectaffect thethe BritishBritish Cabinet.Cabinet. Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams remarkedremarked thatthat "almost"almost immediatelyimmediately therethere appearedappeared a muchmuch moremore vigorousvigorous andand determineddetermined opponentopponent withinwithin thethe Cabinet."Cabinet." (I)(1) CornewallOornewa l LewisLewis waswas promptprompt toto expressexpress objectionsobjections toto RussellRussell andand thesethese objectionsobjections werewere passepassedd onon toto Palraerstonpalmerston.. RussellRussell waswas alsoalso momentarilymomentarily hesitating.hesitating.(2(2)) apparentlyApparently PalmerstonPa merston wouldwould havehave toto waitwait longerlonger thanthan a fortnight.fortnight. But.But, suddenly.suddenly, anan eventevent occurredoccurred whichwhich changedchanged thethe complexioncomplexion ofof thethe ententiriree affair.affair. PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad wantedwanted secrecysecrecy forfor thethe entientirree matter.matter. HussellRussel andand hehe werewere inin thethe midstmidst ofof settlingsettling thethe detailsdetails ofof thethe proposepropo sedd mediatimediationon,, andand asas Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams observedobserved inin hishis study,study, publipublicc opinionopinion waswas turningturning towardtoward a demanddemand forfor MinisterialMinisterial Action.Aetion.(3(3)) When Gladstone, at a banquetbanquet atat NewcastleNewcastle onon OctoberOctober 7th,7th, arosearose andand uttereduttered hishis nownow famousfamous speech,speeeh, hehe letlet "the"the catoat outout ofof thethe bagbag"" andand toto a largearge extentextent spoiledspoi ed Palmerston'sPalmerston's plansplans.. LetLet Usus examineexamine thethe contentscontents ofof thisthis speechspeech whichwhich hadhad suchsuch a ruinousruinous effect:­effect;- "There"There isis nono doubtdoubt thatthat JeffersonJefferson DavisDavis andand otherother leaderseaders ofof thethe SouthSouth havehave mademade anan army;army; theythey areare making,making, itit

(I)-E.(1)-E. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil War-II-p.~4_War-II-p.44- TakenTaken fromfrom RussellRusse l PapersPapers (2(2)-Ibid-p.44-4)-Ibid-p.44-455 (3)(3)-Ibid-p.46-4-Ibld-p.46-477 -122--122-

appears.appears, a navy---'.'Venavy We mayraay antioipateanticipate withwith certair,tycertair.ty thethe successsuccess ofof thethe SouthernSouthern statesStates soso farfar asas regardsregards theirtheir separationseparation fromfrom thethe NorthNorth.. I oannotcannot bubutt believbelievee thatthat thatthat eventevent isis asas certaincertain asas anyany eventevent yetyet futurefuture andand oontingentcontingent oancan be.be."" (1)(1)

"\That'vVhat hadhad GladstoneGladstone donedone toto spoilspoil PalmerstonPalraerston'1 ss mediationmediation planplanss bbyy utteringuttering thethe aboveabove worda?words? AAss a raembermember ofof thethe Cabinet,Cabinet, anan expressionexpression ofof opinionopinion fromfrom GladstoneGladstone wouldwould havehave thethe tendenoytendency toto createcreate thethe impressionimpression thatthat thethe CabinetCabinet waswas aboutabout toto taketake anan importantimportant stepstep inin favourfavour ofof thethe South.South. TheThe speeohspeech waswas oonsideredconsidered asas portrayinportrayingg thethe sentimentsentiraent andand intentionintention ofof thethe CabinetCabinet andand naturallynaturally createdcreated a greatgreat dealdeal ofof intereinteresstt throughoutthroughout England.Sngland. TheThe TimesTimes ofof OctoberOctober 9th9th acceptedaccepted GladstoneGladstone'1 ss remarksremarks asas thosethose ofof thethe BritishBritish Ministry.Ministry. TheThe leadingleading newspapers,newspapers, whilewhile atat firstfirst acceptingaccepting thethe NewoastleNewcastle speeohspeech asas anan authoritativeauthoritative statementstateraent andand generally.generally, thoughthough mildly.mildly, approving,approving, werewere quiokquick toto feelfeel thatthat therethere waswas stillstill uncertaintyuncertainty ofof policpolicyy andand becambecamee silentsilent untiluntil itit shouldshould bebe mademade clearclear jusjustt whatwhat waswas inin thethe wind.wind. (2)(2) TheThe thingthing hadhad hap­hap- penepenedd whichwhich PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad wishedwished toto avoid.avoid. HisHis planplanss hadhad beebeenn forcedf orced tootoo prematurprematurely.e y. VlhileWhile thethe crisiscrisis ofof thethe campaigncampaign waswas stillstill inin suspense,suspense, a statementstatement ofof thisthis naturenature apparentlyapparently comingcoming fromfrom thethe CabinetCabinet wouldwould certainlycertain y appearappear ve~very prematurprematuree andand unfairunfair toto thethe NorthNorth.. TheThe SaturdaySaturday Review.Review, whichwhioh waswas a staunchstaunch supportersupporter ofof thethe South,South, openlyopenly rebukedrebuked GladstoneGladstone forfor hishis imprUdentimprudent remarksremarks inin thethe ffollowi~o lowing manner:-raanner:-

(I)-C.(1)-C. F.F. adams,Adams, Jro-CharlesJr.-Charles FrancisFrancis adams-p.280.Adams-p.280.

(2l-E.Í2)-R. n.TÎ- Adams-rrreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivi War-II­war-Il- p.48-4p.48-499 -123--123-

"There"There isis notnot thethe smallesraal esstt useuse inin gigivinvingg causecause ofof irriirritatiotat ionn toto thethe NorthNorth., withoutwithout offeringoffering assistanceassistance toto thethe ConfederatesConfederates inin theirtheir effortsefforts toto securesecure independence.independence. TheThe FederalFedera news-news- paperpaperss havehave latelylately beenn inin thethe habit ofof assertingasserting thatthat EnglishEnglish neutralityneutrality arisesarises fromfrom raeremere cowardioe.cowardioe, bubutt theythey willwi l notnot thethe f lesslees denouncedenounce )aoMr0 Gladstone'sGladstone s apparentapparent partiality."I' (1)(1)

Wha~fuatt waswas PalmerstonPa merston toto do?do? TheThe obviousobvious thingthing waswas toto denydeny Gladstone'sGladstone's assertion.assertion, andand thusthus allaya lay thethe suspi-suspi- cionscions ofof thethe liberalliberal EnglandEngland whichwhich werewere eveneven permeatinpermeatingg thethe paperpaperss ofof thethe unprincipledunprincip ed England.England. ButBut howhow waswas hehe toto dodo it?it? OnOn OctoberOctober 14th.14th, SirSir GeorgeGeorge CornewallCornewa l Lewis.Lewis, inin a speechspeech atat Hereford.Hereford, denieddenied Gladstone'sGladstonefs contentioncontention andand saidsaid "that"that therethere wouldwould bbee nono recognitionrecognition ofof SouthernSouthern independenceindependence exceptexcept inin accordanceaccordance withwith thethe establishedestablished doctrinesdoctrines ofof Inter­Lnter-

nationslnationsl Law. "n (2)(2) WasWas thiss thethe meansmeans bbyy whichwhich Pa1merstPa merstoonn decideddecided toto oounteractcounteract thethe effecteffect ofof Gladstone'sGladstoneTs speech?speech? ThereThere hashas beebeenn rauchmuch debatedebate asas toto whetherwhether LewisLewis waswas promptepromptedd bbyy pa1merston.palmerston. TheThe majoritymajority ofof writerswriters claimclaim thatthat LewisLewis spokespoke ofof hishis ownown freefree will.will. Mr.Mr. AdamsAdams arguesargues thatthat Russell'sRussell's memorandummemorandum ofof OctOctobeoberr 13th13th toto thethe membersmembers ofof thethe CabinetCabinet impliesimplies thatthat Pa1merstonPalmerston couldcou d notnot havehave givengiven LewisLewis thethe tasktask o:fof refutingrefuting Gladstone'sGladstonefs

imprUdentimprudent speeoh.speech.(3(3)j HeHe claimselaims thatthat Palmerstopalm3 rstonn wouldwould notnot

(Ii-Saturday(l)-Saturday Review-OctoberReview-October 11th.llth, 1862.1862. (2)-0.(2)-C. F.F. Adams.Jr.-AAdams,Jr.-A CrisisCrisis inin DowningDowning street-Mass-Hist-soc.­Street-Mass-Hist-Soc.- 47-p.40747-p.407 SeeSee also-Londonalso-London PostPost 16.16, 1862.1862. (3(3)-Note:-Thi)-Note: -Thiss memorandummemorandum assertedasserted thatthat thethe SouthSouth hadhad donedone ever~,T­ever^- thingthing requiredrequired toto bbee affordedafforded recognitionrecognition andand thatthat thethe CabinetCabinet meetingmeeting ofof Oct.Oct. 23rd23rd wouldwould bbee oalledcalied toto decidedecide onon thatthat mattermatter - S.S. walpole~LifeWalpo e-Life ofof LordLord JohnJohn Russell-Russe - II-p.36Z-l1891)II-p.363-|1891) -124--124-

havehave permittepermittedd thithi s memorandummeraorandum toto havehave beebeenn circnlatedcircu ated ifif hehe intendedintended toto puputt LewisLewis upup toto speakspeak onon thethe followingfol owing day.day. (1)(1) TheThe wrwriteiterr takestakes a differentdifferent viewview ofof thethe oonnectionoonnection betweebetweenn thethe memorandummemorandum andand LewiLewiss'' speech.speech. Palmerston.Palmerston, anxiousanxious forfor thethe successfulsuccessful completioncompletion ofof hishis mediation,mediation, hadhad momentarilymomentarily toto allaya lay thethe mindsminds ofof thethe liberalliberal England,Sngland, andand toto oooone...lclliatel iate thethe unprincipledunprincipled EnglandEngland whichwhich hadhad beebeenn somewhatsomewhat alienatedalienated byby thethe denunciationdenunciation itit hadhad incurredincurred forfor thethe imprudenceimprudence ofof itsits

leaders,leaders, andand thusthus chosechose thethe methodmethod ofof refutingrefuting GladstoneGladstone^1 ss imprudentimprudent speechspeech asas thethe besbestt meansmeans ofof doingdoing that.that. InIn thethe meanwhilemeanwhi e thethe MemorandumMemorandum couldcould bbee circulatedcircu ated andand meditatedmeditated overover bbyy thethe CabinetCabinet Members,Mémbers, andand bbyy thethe timetime OctoberOctober 23rd23rd camecame

aroundaround thethe irritationirritation causedcaused bbyy GladstoneGladstone^1 ss speechspeech wouldwould havehave vanished.vanished. TheThe circumstancescircumstances surelysurely favourfavour thisthis conJlection.connection. SpencerSpencer WalpoleWalpole assertsasserts thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston sentsent forfor LewisLewis andand toldtold

himhim nthat"that,t ifif hehe (Sir(Sir George)George) diddid notnot replyreply toto Mr.Mr. Gladstone,Gladstone, itit wouldwould bbee necessarynecessary forfor himhim (the(the Premier)Premier) toto dodo soso himselfX"(2)himselfj"(2) HenryHenry AdamsAdams remarkedremarked ffthat"that PalmerstonPalmerston irmnediatelyimmediately puputt upup LewLsLewis toto repudiaterepudiate Gladstone.Gladstone. Palmerstopalmerstonn hadhad nono notionnotion ofof lettingetting

hishis handhand bbee forcedforced bbyy Gladstone."II (3)(3) A corollarycorol ary toto thisthis muohmuoh mootedraooted pointpoint hashas beenbeen thethe debatedebate concerningconcerning thethe exactexact influenoeinfluenoe ofof GladstoneGladstone'1 ss speechspeech uponupon thethe failurefailure ofof thethe CabinetCabinet toto meetmeet onon OctoberOctober 23rd.23rd. MucMuchh criticismcriticism hashas beebeenn heapedheaped uponupon himhim forfor hishis lacklack ofof prudence.prudenoe. ThereThere isis nono doubtdoubt thatthat itit waswas anan unfortunateunfortunate thing'thing toto dodo atat thethe

time.time. But ,t whenwhen itit isis ohargedcharged thatthat thLsthis unfunfortunatort unatee speechspeech (I)-E.(1)-E. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivi War-II-p.49-50War-Il-p.49-50 (2)-3.(2)-S. Walpole-HistoryWalpo e-History ofof Twenty-FiveTwenty-Five Years-II-p.57-note.Years-Il-p.57-note. (3)-TheÍ3)-The Bducationaducation ofof HenryHenry Adams.Adams, anan Autobiography-p.151.Autobiography-p.157. -125--125-

epeltspe t failurefailure forfor thethe mostmost favorablefavorable opportunityopportunity forfor interven­interven- tion,tion, thethe writerwriter unequivocallyunequivocally feelsfee s thatthat itit isis a mostmost unjustunjust charge .• ThatThat itit contributedcontributed toto thethe failurefai ure ofof mediationmediation toto somesome degreedegree therethere isis nono doubt,doubt, bubutt itit waswas thethe NortherNorthernn campaigncampaign succesuccessesses thatthat reallyreal y determineddetermined thethe outcomeoutcome ofof palmerston'PalmerstonTss hopehope ofof intervening.intervening. Palmerston'sPalmerston's actionsactions duringduring thethe .

IrIrisi shh andand GeGermansrmans.. ItIt raustmust bbee owned,owned, however.however, thatthat thethe Anglo-Anglo- SaxonSaxon racerace onon botbothh sidessides havehave shownshown courageoourage andand enduranceendurance highlyhighly honorablehonorable toto theirtheir stock."stock." (2)(2)

(I)-C.( )-C. F.F. Adams-Jr.-Trans-AtlantioAdaras-jr.-Trans-Atlantic HistoricalHistorica Solidarity-p.107.Solidarity-p.107. ~ll-Life•s -Life andand LettersLetters of-itheofi the Wourthtfourth Bar'Sarl ofof -126--126-

OctaberOctaber 23rd23rd hadhad beenbeen thethe datedate setset forfor thethe meetingmeeting ofof thethe CabinetCabinet forfor thethe discussiondiscussion ofof mediation.mediation. !VasWas thethe meetingmeeting goinggoing toto taketake place?place? TheThe continuedcontinued reportsreports ofof Nortr_eNortherrnn successessuccesses inin thethe TimesTiraes issuesissues ofof OctoberOctober 20th20th andand 21st21st auguredaugured illil forfor suchsuch a meetingmeeting toto takatake place.p ace. TheThe Time ss ofof OctoberOctober 22nd.22nd, inin answeringanswering Mason'sMasonls pleap ea forfor recognition.recognition, saidsaid Ttthat"that itit isis notnot thethe beliefbelief thatthat thethe reconquestreconquest ofof thethe SouthSouth wouldwould bebe deplorabledeplorable andand sUioidal,suioidal, butbut thethe assuranoeassurance thatthat itit isis hopeless,hopeless,

thatthat wouldwould alonealone justifjustifyy usus inin takingtaking thisthis decdecisivlsivee step.step.n" Palmerston,Palraerston, realizingrea izing thatthat publicpublic opinionopinion couldcould seesee nono justifi-justifi- cationcation forfor interventionintervention atat thisthis time,time, camecame toto thethe conclusionconclusion thatthat hehe wouldwould havehave toto givegive upup hishis thoughtsthoughts ofof mediationmediation forfor thethe

moment,moment, andand eOso hehe wrotewrote toto RussellRussell onon OctOctobeoberr 22nd:-22nd:- "Your"Your descriptiondescription ofof thethe statestate ofof thingsthings betweenbetween thethe twotwo partiesparties isis mostmost comprehensiveoomprehensive andand justjust.. I am,am, however,however, rauchmuoh inclinedinclined ttoo agreeagree witwithh LewiLewiss thathatt atat presenpresentt wwee couldcould taketake nnoo stepstep nonorr makmakee anyany communicationcommunication ofof a distinctdistinct pr:opositionproposition witwithh anyany advantage.----advantage. AlAlll thathatt wwee couldcould possiblpossiblyy dodo withouwithoutt injuryinjury ttoo ourour positiopositionn woulwouldd bbee ttoo asaskk ththee twtwoo partiepartiess nonott whethewhetherr thetheyy wowouldu d agreagreee ttoo aann armisticarmisticee bubutt whethewhetherr thetheyy mighmightt turturnn theitheirr thOUghtsthoughts towartowardd aann arrangemenarrangementt betweebetweenn themsthemselves.e ves. BuButt ththee answeanswerr oo:ff eaoeaohh mighmightt bbee writtewrittenn bbyy uuss beforehandbeforehand.. ThThee NorthernerNorthernerss woul·dwould bbee sasayy thathatt ththee onlonlyy conditiooonditionn ooff ::l:'-Tangementarrangement would/thwoul,llthee restD1"ationrestoration ooff ththee UnionUnion;; ththee SoutSouthh woulwouldd sasayy theitheirr onlonlyy conditioconditionn woulwouldd bbee aann acknoacknowledgementw edgement bbyy ththee NortNorthh ooff Southersouthernn independence-independence-., wwee shoshouldu d nonott bbee mormoree advanceadvancedd anandd shoulshouldd onlyonly havhavee pledgepledgedd eacheach partpartyy mormoree stronglstronglyy ttoo ththee objecobjectt foforr whiowhichh thetheyy araree fighting.fighting. -127--127-

I amam thereforetherefore inclinedinolined toto changechange thethe opinionopinion onon whichwhioh II wrotewrote toto yo~youu whenwhen thethe ConfederatesConfederates seemedseemed toto bbee carryingoarrying alla l beforbeforee them.them, andand IT amam veryvery muchmuch comecome bacbacrkk toto ourour originaloriginal viewview ofof thethe matter.matter, thatthat wewe mustmust continuecontinue merelymerely toto bbee lookers­ookers- onon tilltill thethe warwar shallsha l havehave takentaken a moremore decideddecided turn."II (1)(1) PalmerstonPa merston nownow admittedadmitted thethe impossibilityimpossibility ofof tr~the NortNorthh andand SouthSouth comiQ?;coming toto a peacefupeacefull arrangementarrangement betweenbetween themsethemselveslves.. HeHe hadhad realizedrealized alla l thethe timetime thatthat thatthat waswas a fanoifulfanoifu beliefbelief.. TheThe onlyonly JOOansmeans bbyy whichwhich thethe warwar couldoou d bebe stoppedstopped waswas bbyy thethe interventionintervention ofof otherother countries.countries. 7Tt..yWhy hadhad hishis plaplann ofof mediationmediation onlyonly containedcontained thethe oonditioncondition ofof SouthernSouthern successessuccesses onon thethe batbattlefield?t efie d? IfIf hehe reallyreally wantedwanted toto stopstop thethe warwar forfor thethe sakesake ofof humanity.humanity, hehe couldcould jusjustt asas wellwell havehave favouredfavoured thethe NorthNorth., andand threatenedthreatened thethe SouthSouth withwith BritishBritish aidaid toto thetheiirr oppopponentonents ((ththee ITorth)orth) ifif theythey diddid not laylay downdown thetheii I'r arms.arms. HisHis desiredesire toto seesee thethe AmericanAmerican RepublicRepublic dismembereddismembered oarriedcarried alla l beforbeforee him.him. TheThe decideddecided turnturn uponupo.n whichwhich thethe BriBritistiahh GovernmentGovernment wouldwould oeasecease toto bbee "lookers-on"" ookers-on" could.could onlyonly bbee anan importantiraportant SouthernSouthern victory.victory. ThusThus whenwhen itit turnedturned outout thatthat itit waswas thethe NortNorthh whiohwhich emergedemerged triumphanttriuraphant inin thisthis campaign.carapaign, thethe BriBritist1shh GovernmentGovernment stillstill remainedremained "lookers-on"." ookers-on". TheyThey stillstill lookedlooked forfor thethe "more"more decideddecided turn".turn". ItIt failedfailed toto comecorae atat thisthis timetime andand soso onon Oct,oberOctober 23rd,23rd, PalmerstonPalmerston wrotewrote toto RussellRusse l hishis approvalapprova ofof thethe CabinetCabinet postponementpostponement,, bubutt hehe 1 deolareddeclared Lewis'Lewis doctrinedoctrine ofof llno"no recognitionrecognition ofof SouthernSouthern Inde­inde- pendenee until the North had admitted it 'was unsound*." (2) pendence until the North had admitted it 'was unsound'. II (2)

(I)-E.( )-E. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivi War-II-p.54-55War-II-p.54-55 ReprintedHeprinted fromfrom RussellRussell papers.Papers. -l2S--128-

Palmerston,Palmerston, thoughthough havinghaving toto givegive wayway thisthis time.time, diddid notnot intendintend toto cutout himselfhimse f oftoff fromfrom interveningintervening ifif a favora.blefavorable opportunityopportunity shouldahould presenpresentt itself.itse f. 'Vith7ith thethe oontoontinueinuedd reportsreports ofof llorthernorthernn successsuccess onon thethe batbattlefieldt efield inin thethe TimesTimes ofof OctoberOctober 23rd,23rd, PalmerstonPalmerston againagain wrotewrote toto RussellRussell advisingadvising himhim thatthat theirtheir pplans ans forfor interventionintervention atat thethe presenpresentt momentmoment wouldwould be useless:----"touse ess: "to talktalk toto thethe belligerentbelligerentss aboutabout peaepeaoee atat presenpresentt would.would bbee asas uselessuse ess asas askingasking thethe windswinds duringduring thethe lastlast weekweek toto letlet thethe waterswaters remainremain calm.calm. II"(1(1))

30So endedended thethe momosstt importantimportant crisiscrisis inin thethe relationsre ations betweebetweenn GreatGreat BritaInBritain andand thethé UnionUnion duringduring thethe America.nAmerican OiCivvili War.War. weverIflever againagain waswas PalmerstonPa merston toto havehave suchsuch anan opportilllityopportunity toto interfere.interfere. TheThe politicapoliticall influenceinfluence ofof thethe unprincipledunprincipled EnglandEngland hadhad reachedreached itsits peakpeak.. SlowlySlowly emergingemerging fromfrom thethe olouds,clouds, thethe 11iberaberall England.Eng and soonsoon beginbeginss toto taketake Ititss rightfulrightful pplace ace inin thethe determinationdetermination ofof BritBritisishh ppolicyo icy inin thisthis mammothmammoth struggle.strugg e. TheyThey begibeginn toto realizereallze thethe importanceimportance ofof Lincoln'sLinco n's Proolamation.Proolamation. BeginningBeginning withwith thethe lastast weekweek ofof December.December, 1862,1862, andand increasingincreasing inin volumevo ume inin eacheach succeedingsucceeding month.month, therethere tooktook placplacee meetingraeeting afterafter meetingmeeting atat whiohwhich strongstrong resolutionsresolutions werewere passepassedd enthusi­enthusi- asticallyastically endorsingendorsing thethe issueissue ofof thethe emanoipationemanoipation proclamationproclaraation andand ppledging edging sympathysympathy toto thethe oausecause ofof thethe NorthNorth.. (2)(2) PalmerstonPalraerston hadhad spentspent hishis influenceinfluence inin thethe affair.affair. FromFrom nownow onward,onward, hehe wouldwould havehave toto pursupursuee a policpolicyy ofof rigidrigid neutrality.neutrality.

(1(1)-EI-E.. D.D. Adams-GreatAdams-Great BritainBritain andand thethe AmericanAmerican 0Civii viIl war-II-p.56War-II-p.56

((2)-Ibid-p.l02)-Ibid-p.1077 -129--129-

ChapterChapter IXIX

CONCLUSION.CONCLUS ON.

TheThe attitudeattitude ofof PalmerstonPa merston duringduring thethe AmericanAmerican CivilCivil WarWar maymay bbee safelysafe y saidsaid toto havehave beebeenn pro-Southpro-South.. ThisThis attitudeattitude waswas notnot thethe result.resu fe ofof oneone causecause bubutt ofof rnanyomany<, HisHis ideasideas ooncerningooncerning RepublioanismRepub ioanism asas a disintegratingdisintegrating foroeforce inin politicapolitioall government;governraent; hishis fearsfears ofof anan AmerioanAraerican invasioninvasion ofof Canada;Canada; hishis inherentinherent lovelove ofof foreignforeign "meddllngtf;"raedd ing"; hishis obsessionobsession ofof thethe positiopositionn ofof GreatGreat BritainBritain as.as. a World'PowerWorld'Power allall tendedtended toto causecause himhim toto inolineincline towardstowards thethe South.South. A dismembereddisraembered AmericaAmerica wouldwou d bbee lessless dangerousdangerous toto GreatGreat Britain.Britain. TheThe failurefailure ofof PalmerstonPalmerston toto achieveachieve hishis designsdesigns forfor bringinbringingg aboutabout thisthis dismembermentdismemberment maymay likewiseikewise bbee attri­attri- butebutedd toto a numbernuraber ofof reasons.reasons. HiHi s evidentevident desiredesire toto continuecontinue inin powepowerr asas PrimePrime MinisterMinister preventepreventedd himhim fromfrom foroingforcing thethe recaloitrantrecalcitrant membersmembers ofof hishis CabinetCabinet toto aoquiesceacquiesce inin hishis policy.policy. HeHe waswas wellwell alongalong inin years;years; hishis skillskill inin paparliamentaryr iamentary debatesdebates waswas rapidlyrapidly onon thethe wane;wane; andand hehe certainlycertainly mustmust havehave hadhad aa presentimenpresentimentt thatthat ifif hishis GovernmentGovernment waswas onceonce dissolved,dissolved, thethe doorsdoors toto first-ratefirst-rate governmentalgovernmenta positionpositionas wouldwould closeclose behin-a.behind himhim fnrever.forever. TheThe failurefailure ofof thethe SouthSouth toto gaingain a decisivedecisive triumphtriumph inin thethe SummerSummer campaigncampaign ofof 18621862 waswas a seoondsecond factorfactor inin _. ·:u- - : u -

hishis inabilityinabi ity toto obtainobtain thethe desireddesired governmentalgovernmenta supportsupport behLliibehiiid him.him. WithWith thethe successsuccess ofof thethe NortherNorthernn forcesforces inin thatthat campaien,campaign, ttethe lastlast realrea opportunityopportunity forfor interventionintervention waswas lost.lost. A fewfew monthsmonths laterlater a newnew force,foroe, whichwhich hadhad beebeenn vainlyvainly trJingtrying toto reachreach thethe sUrfaceDsurface, arosearose andand keptkept GreatGreat BritainBritain neutralneutral forfor thethe remainderremainder ofof thethe struggle.struggle. ThisThis newnew forceforce waswas thethe liberalliberal England.England. AtAt thethe outsetoutset itit hadhad comparativelycomparatively littlelittle influence.influence. ItIt 'WSoSwas a natinatioonn inin lethargy,lethargy, inin concealment.concealment. ItIt waswas owingowing toto thisthis factfact thatthat inin thethe earlyearly stagesstages ofof thethe conflictconf ict PalmerstonPalmerston hadhad onlyon y thethe unprin­unprin- oipledoip ed EnglandEngland toto dealdea withwith andand hishis policpoli.cyy appearedappeared toto bbee orownedcrowned withwith success.success. HadHad hehe notnot beebeenn suesuccessfuce ssfull inin 93curinQ'securing,..., thetheiirr support?support? InIn bubutt a shortshort spac~pacee ofof timetime theythey wouldwould acquiesceacquiesce inin anyany policpolicyy hehe laidlaid beforbeforee them.them. ButBut gradually,gradua ly, althougha though imperoeptibleiraperoeptib e atat first,first, theirtheir supportsupport becambecamee a littlelittle lessless enthu-enthu- eiastio.siastio. SoonSoon itit becambecamee lukewarmlukewarm andand thenthen theythey finallyfina y assumedassumed a moremore neutralneutral attitude G. TheThe BritishBritish GovernmentGoverrment waswas motionedmotioned toto adoptadopt a policpolicyy ofof striotstriot neutrality.neutrality. WhatWhat hadhad happened?happened? TheThe liberaliberal England,England, slumberingslumbering alonga ong peacefully,peacefully, waswas awakenedawakened fromfrom itsits torpor.torpor. ItIt waswas mademade toto realizerealize thethe prinoiplprinoiplee forfor whiohwhich thethe NortNorthh waswas fighting.fighting. AwakeAwakenedred,, itit begabegann toto brinbringg pressurpressuree toto beabearr uponupon thethe unprinoipledunprincipled EnglandEngland andand toto forceforce themthem onceonce moremore toto benbendd theirtheir naturalnatura lawslaws beneathbeneath principleprincipless ofof humanity.humanity. JohnJohn Bright,Bright, inin a speechspeech toto thethe LonaonLondon trades,trades, describesdescribes thisthis conflicteonf ict inin a fervidfervid manner:-manner:- "Impartial"Impartia HistoryHistory willwill telltell that,that, whenwhen youryour statesmen.statesmen werewere hostilehost e oror coldlycoldly -131--131-

indifferent,indifferent, whenwhen manymany ofof youryour richrich menmen werewere corrupt,t whewhenn youryour prespreses - whiohwhioh oughtought toto havehave instructedinstructed andand defendeddefended - wawass mainlymainly writtenwritten toto betraybetray,, thethe fatefate ofof a continentcontinent andand itsits vastvast populapopulationt on beinbeingg inin perperil,i , youyou clungclung toto freedomfreedom withwith anan unfalteringunfaltering trusttrust thatthat GodGod inin HisHis infiniteinfinite meroymeroy willwil makemake itit thethe heritageheritage ofof alla HisHis ohildren."ohildren." (1)(1) ThisThis pressurpressuree waswas successful,successfu , thethe unprincipledunprincip ed EnglandEngland assumedassumed a moremore impartialirapartia attitudeattitude andand PalmerstonPalmerston wawass f forcedforced toto reoognizerecognize thethe voioevoice ofof thtr~e nation.nation. palmerston'sPalmerston s keenkeen susceptibilitysusceptibi ity inin fathomingfathoming thethe desiresdesires ofof thethe BritishBritish nationnation warnedwarned himhim thatthat hishis planplan.ss wouldwould havehave toto bbee abandoned.abandoned, InIn conoluding,conoluding, thethe writerwriter believebelievess itit wouldwould bbee anan injusticeinjustlce toto Palmerston,Palmerston, ifif hehe hashas conveyedconveyed thethe ideaidea thatthat PalmerstonPalmerston isis toto bbee condemnedcondemned forfor hishis attattitudeitude.. HeHe adoptedadopted thisthis attitudeattitude withwith thethe sinceresincere belíebelieff thatthat hehe waswas doingdoing thethe thingthing mostmost advantageousadvantageous toto hishis country"country, SurelySurely nono moremore cancan bbee askedasked ofof anyoneanyone inin thethe servicesservices ofof hishis country.country. HeHe isis toto bbee condemned,e however,however, forfor hishis actionaction inin placinplaoingg policypolicy aboveabove justicejustice,, thatthat is,is, thethe continuancecontinuance ofof BritishBritish worldworld prestigprestigee aboveabove thethe liveslives ofof thousandsthousands ofof fellow-beingsfellow-beings keptkept inin servileservile subjection.subjection. He,He, certainly,certainly, waswas notnot bequeathingbequeathing toto thethe futurefuture EnglandEng and a pleasanpleasantt and.and prouproudd picturpioturee ofof thethe principleprincipless ofof BritishBritish leaders.leaders.

(I)-F.(1)-F. L.L. Paxson-ThePaxson-The CivilCivil War-p.188War-p.188 Note*.-ANote: -Ann eveneven clearerclearer expositionexposition ofof thethe strugglestruggle betweebetweenn thesethese twotwo classesclasses maymay bbee obtainedobtained fromfrora JohnJohn Harley'sorley^s "Life"Life ooff RichardRichard Cobden"Cobden"-p.583-84-p.583-84.. -132--132-

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