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12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010

** In one of this man’s major endeavors, he employed a man named Antonio Pérez whose correspondence is an important primary source, revealing the identities of such co-workers as Gherard de Malines, John de Cárdenas, and Anthony Standen. This figure’s early career saw him fail to negotiate marriage contracts for successive Dukes of Anjou, Henri and François, only to score a major diplomatic coup with the Treaty of Blois as Ambassador to France. This so- called “Moor” succeeded his mentor, Robert (*) Cecil, after the latter appointed him to head an inquest that led to the fall of the Duke of . Later, similar work by this councilor led to the expulsion of Bernardino de Mendoza as his networks exposed both the Throckmorton plot and the Babington plot, implication in which led to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. For 10 points, name this secretary of ’s , whom he also served as spymaster. (CO09)

This man wrote like the poem "On the Decline of the Church". This man was taken into custody along with Fra Domenico da Pescia and Fra Silvestro, and this man wrote the meditations Tristitia obsedit me and Infelix Ego. This man believed that King VIII of France would prove to be an agent of the Last Days. One of this man’s first acts as leader was to make sodomy a capital offense, and while this man was giving a speech on Acension Day, citizens of his city rioted. Picco della Mirandola requested that this man return to , which he did, and he ran the Church of San Marco. For ten points, identify this Dominican Friar, an enemy of Alexander VI who enjoyed burning books and art in events like his Bonfire of the Vanities. Answer: (08IO)

This man’s wife had a public affair with noted poet Lord Byron, and served as Secretary for Ireland under Lord Canning’s . Legislation passed during this man’s tenure include a severe reduction in the Poor Laws and he attempted to block passage of the ultimately successful Reform Act of 183** This MP from Leominster also served as under the Grey administration. This politician was preceded by the Earl Grey in one of his posts, which he occupied under William IV. He himself had an affair with Caroline Norton, and attempted to resign after the so-called Bedchamber Crisis. For ten points, identify this Prime Minister who served before under Victoria, for whom the second largest city in Australia is named. Answer: William Lamb, Lord Melbourne (08IO)

This figure received thirteen targe shields with medusa decorations which he gave away to his supporters, and later in life this man adopted the alias "Count of Albany." This man decisively defeated troops under Sir John Cope at Prestonpans and Henry Hawley at Falkirk with the help of George Murray, and this figure was smuggled out of the Isle of Skye with the help of a woman under the disguise of "Betty Burke," (*) Flora MacDonald. However, his ultimate defeat came at the hands of the son of George II who earned the nickname "butcher," the Duke of Cumberland. For 10 points, name this grandson of James II who was defeated at the 1746 Battle of Culloden Moor thus ending the last of the Jacobite uprisings, known as the "Young ." Answer: Charles Edward Stuart [or Bonnie Charlie; or Charles III Stuart; accept The Young Pretender before it is read] (09PB)

This man stole documents proving his involvement in a neutrality violation necessary to kidnap the Duke of Enghien and stop an assassination plot. A one-time , his ecclesiastical career ended when he was excommunicated for accepting the new constitution’s control over the clergy. The presumptive beneficiary of the (*) XYZ Affair, he issued a proclamation as provisional government leader stating that French soldiers owned no loyalty to someone “who is not even French,” a reference to , whom he had served under from 1799 to 180** For 10 points, identify this French who represented his country at the Congress of . Answer: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (09PB)

This man's doctor, Claude Gubler, published the book Le Grand Secret, which showed that this man had been hiding reports of cancer for over a decade. This man gave the famed La Baule speech, in which he criticized his nation's intervention in its former colonies. He attempted to nationalize his country's banks four months after his election to his

1 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 highest post, part of his 110 Propositions. (*) served as this man's third Prime Minister from 1986 to 1988, during “cohabitation,” as Chirac opposed this man's Socialist party. For 10 points, name this man who served as from 1981 to 199** Answer: Francois Mitterand (09PB)

A far-right candidate in the most recent election for this office was discovered to be the director of HMS Discovery: A Love Story, a gay pornographic film. Green Party candidate Sian Berry advocated the formation of “car clubs” which share cars to reduce traffic congestion, but finished fourth behind Brian (*) Paddick, a former police commander who had ordered policemen not to make arrests for marijuana possession. Paddick was running on the Liberal Democratic ticket for this office, whose only elected occupant prior to 2008 was defeated for re-election by the candidate. For 10 points, name this position which Labour’s lost to . Answer: Mayor Of (09PB)

This politician sought to end the torture implemented by Jacque Soustelle and as head of his party he succeeded the namesake of a plan to create a massive all-European army, Rene Pleven. This figurehead of the 110 Propositions had earlier severed as Interior Minister under Mendes-France. He granted Joan Alanis's request for a constitution and had a highly publicized (*) affair with Anna Pingeot, producing his daughter Mazarine. This man spared Antoine Guadino and Alain Mayot during the Urba Affair and dissolved the Cour-de-surete and removed the death penalty via the Badinter Act. FTP, identify this habitual parliament-dissolver, the longest-serving President of France's Fifth Republic and a notable socialist. Answer: Francois Mitterand (09Terrapin)

In one position this man was advised by the Second Camarilla, which included Otto Meissner and Kurt Schleicher, to utilize the 25/48/53 plan of Presidential Government. That position had been won after the urging of von Tirptiz prompted this man to run against the Otto Braun-backed Wilhelm Marx. Testimony given by this man originated the “Dagger Stab” legend, and was delivered after he had been given command of the Eight Army and defeated the Russians at (*) Masurian Lakes at Second Tannenberg. Creating a “silent dictatorship” with , he became President of Weimar , a tenure that saw him sign the Enabling Act, handing power to a man who convinced this politician to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree. FTP, name this German President and field marshal whose death paved the way for Adolf Hitler to declare himself Führer, whose namesake zeppelin met a bad fate in New Jersey in 193*. Answer: (09Terrapin)

His first speech after election from Maidstone on Irish elections was received poorly, but his career advanced with the defeat of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act and the Orsini Affair. This man negotiated for control of Cyprus, but his credibility was damaged when he scoffed at reports of the Bulgarian Horrors, leading to his more interventionist (*) rival gaining prestige. This man’s first major success was the Reform Bill of 1867, which quickly propelled him to higher office. For 10 points, name this British prime minister who brought India under the rule of and was the Conservative rival of Liberal William Gladstone. Answer: Benjamin (09PB)

This man's early career was promoted based on his actions during an obscure skirmish near the Black Sea, which would later become the subject of required reading in schools. This man persecuted journalist Yuri Daniel in his most famous post, and declared that only “clean hands” would construct the BAM railroad. He had thousands of Romanians deported while serving as the first communist secretary in (*) before serving in Kazakhstan. In 1956 he aided his his superior against the Anti-Party Group led by Malenkov Molotov during his time in charge of heavy industry and the space program. Although he signed SALT I and II and the Helsinki Accords, he ordered troops to crush the Prague Spring in 1968 under his namesake Doctrine. Succeeded by , FTP, identify this man who followed as head of the . Answer: Leonid Brezhnev (09Terrapin)

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This politician faced a crisis precipitated by Chin Peng's murder of Henry Gurney, a situation that would lead to the Baling Talks and was known as the Malayan Emergency. Although more a reflection of the polices of Herbert Samuel, this man's post of for the Colonies led to his name being appended to a document which clarified the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and backtracked on the Balfour Declaration, and was dubbed this man's (*) “White Paper.” He had earlier clashed bitterly with John Fisher as First Lord of the Admiralty, leading to a demotion in the wake of the Gallipoli campaign. Succeeded at various times by and Clement Atlee, FTP, identify this figure who vowed to “fight them on the beaches” as British Prime Minister during World War II. Answer: Winston (09Terrapin)

One of this thinker's works notes that “everyone knows that Bernstein [and] Millerand...are opportunists,” and vigorously protests being labeled a Blanquist by a figure denoted “N.H.” Another text by this man cites the “agricultural artel” that is truly responsible for the relevant issues, and expresses concern about the phrase “we can achieve anything.” That work about “insurrection” humorously yells out “Poor Engels!” and “Poor Marx!,” and like “The Agrarian Question” and “Dizzy with Success” was in pamphlet form. An automobile factory was the hardest hit in one action ordered by this man, the (*) “Night of the Murdered Poets,” which he defended by fabricating the fictional Mingrelian Affair and Doctors' Plot. This man's forced relocation of ethnic groups in his country and culpability for the Holodomor were criticized in a work about his individuation of power and reverence, On the Personality Cult and its Consequences, delivered as the “Secret Speech” by this man's successor. This attendee of the Tehran, Potsdam, and Yalta conferences was attacked in Operation Barbarossa by forces under Hitler. FTP, name this man who took over control of the Bolsheviks from and led the Soviet Union during World War II. Answer: or Ioseb Jughashvili (TXTerrapin)

Nicolas Bailly found no evidence against this military leader born in the Dutchy of Bar, who had captured Auxerre and Troyes and scored a victory over John Fastolf at Patay before being captured at the siege of Compiègne, but Bishop Pierre Cauchon proceeded with this leader’s trial anyway. Before bringing Charles VII to Reims for his coronation, she inspired an unexpected victory at Orlèans. FTP, name this peasant girl burned at the stake for heresy after voices told her to expel the English and lead the French army during the Hundred Years War. Answer: Joan of Arc (accept Jean d’Arc) (08HFT)

This man's disastrous expedition against Antonio Gutierrez, conducted at the behest of John Jervins, failed primarily due to his use of sailor instead of soldiers to fight through San Cristobal Castle. This figure signed an armistice with the future Frederick VI after one victory, leading to the dissolution of an alliance between , , , and made to protect trade interest, the League of Armed Neutrality. This victor at Santa Cruz de Tenerife defeated Olfert Fischer despite heavy fire from the Tre Kroner forts, ignoring Hyde Parker's order to (*) retreat. In the wake of another victory for this figure, he was unable to organize sufficient ship support for a failed seige of Acre. Togo Heihachiro modeled himself after this victor at the Battle of Copenhagen, who sent the L'Orient to the bottom of Aboukir Bay, killing Admiral Brueys. Cuthbert Collingwood finished this man's triumph of Pierre de Villenueve after he was killed by a sniper's bullet. FTP, identify this man who ruined Napoleon's naval ambitions with victories at the and the , a British admiral. Answer: Horatio Nelson, or theoretically the Duke of Bronte (TXTerrapin)

This man led forces alongside Pedro the Cruel and the Duke of Lancaster against Pedro’s brother, Henry of Trastámara, at the Battle of Nájera during the Castilian Civil War. This man had earlier embarked on a marauding expedition from Bergerac into France until he reached the Loire River, at which point he was turned away by King John of France. He led forces at the Battle of Winchelsea and the siege of (*) Calais, which followed a battle in which he “won his spurs” by commanding a section of his father’s vanguard against Philip VI of France. A decorated military commander who led forces at Crécy under his father, Edward III, FTP, identify this member of the whose son Richard II eventually became king and whose epithet came from the color of armor he wore on military campaigns.

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Answer: Edward the Black Prince (prompt on “Edward”) (TXTerrapin)

This politician was embarrassed when his government's legal campaign against Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall ended with the complete exoneration of those men. During one of his ministries, this man supported the impeachment of Warren Hastings, the General of Bengal, and after the conclusion of his first ministry, he held the position of Warden of the . His government was able to achieve favorable terms from the Spanish after John Meares' ship was seized near Vancouver Island in the (*) Controversy. This man served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Shelburne under which he developed a rivalry with . During his second and final ministry, he led Britain through the War of the Third Coalition and the Battle of Trafalgar. First assuming the office of Prime Minister despite being just 24 years old, FTP, identify this PM under George II, whose “elder” father of the same name, a Duke of Chatham, was known as the Great Commoner. Answer: (prompt on just Pitt) (TXTerrapin)

This politician was persuaded to enter a costly public battle, culminating in his banning of Henry Brooke's play Gustavus Vasa under his recently-passed Licensing Act, by numerous satirical comparisons to Jonathan Wild and the publication of The Craftsmen by long-time opponents William Pulteney and Lord Bolingbroke. Other literary attacks on this Prime Minister, who uncovered the Atterbury Plot, included Drapier's Letters, a pamphlet used by John Carteret to assail this man's administration over the use of inferior coins known as “Wood's Halfpence.” Tolboth Prison was stormed in response to one crisis during this man's administration, which saw the (*) hanging of smuggler Andrew Wilson trigger a series of riots culminating in the lynching of John Porteous. Supported heavily by the Duke of Newcastle and Queen Caroline, his negotiation of the secured his position over the aging Townshend, years after he had vigorously prosecuted men like James Craggs as First Lord of the Treasury in the wake of the South Sea Bubble. Forced to engage after an incident aboard the Rebecca in the War of Jenkins Ear, FTP, identify this longtime Whig statesmen who held power until 1742, considered the first British Prime Minister. Answer: , 1st Earl of Orford (TXTerrapin)

This writer claimed falsely that Lord North bribed publishers to delay his The Chains of Slavery until after a parliamentary election. He later criticized the English constitution just one year before he joined the and started attacking de La Fayette in L’Ami du peuple. His popularity peaked when the Tribunal acquitted him of charges levied by the after he had supported the execution of Louis XVI. FTP, identify this victim of , a French Revolutionary newspaper editor murdered in his bathtub. Answer: Jean-Paul Marat (08HFT)

A proposed British sit-com about him and his girlfriend in the suburbs was canceled immediately, and he mistakenly signed an autograph for Indiana Jones in The Last Crusade. The robot in Questionable Content noted that this man had two thumbs in an example of the fallacy reductio ad [him], while XKCD imagined military briefings being interrupted when his name was mentioned because of Godwin’s law. Cloned by Joseph Mengele in The Boys from Brazil, this is, FTP, what leader who is the subject of a play about his “Springtime” in The Producers? Answer: Adolf Hitler (08HFT)

He tried to suppress all records of his marriage to Ida Dalser and fabricated heroic war injuries to cover up his treatment for neurosyphillis, but he did write for Avanti! He became prime minister after organizing a massive labor demonstration that threatened King Victor Emmanuel III, signed the Lateran Treaty with the Vatican, meddled in the Spanish Civil War, commanded his paramilitary “blackshirts,” invaded Ethiopia, and coined the phrase “axis” after signing a treaty with Adolf Hitler. FTP, identify this Fascist leader of during World War II. Answer: Benito Mussolini (08HFT)

This lawyer from the city of Arras first became famous when he successfully defended his neighbor, who had been sued for putting up a lightening rod. As a politician, this man’s closest allies included , Louis de Saint-Just,

4 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 and his brother Augustin. This man created a deistic religion called the “Cult of the Supreme Being,” which was dissolved after the Thermidorean Reaction. This man’s official position was head of the Committee of Public Safety, and he ordered the execution of thousands of nobles. For 10 points, name this French Revolutionary figure who led the . Answer: (09HFT)

Visitors to Finland Station can see a sealed train that once transported this man from to his home country. He coined the term “Democratic Centralism” to describe his decision-making . This man wrote the book Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, and he popularized the concept of a Revolutionary Vanguard. This ruler instituted an economic reform known as the NEP, or New Economic Policy. This man fought with a rival faction led by Julius Martov, the Mensheviks, who were defeated by this man’s Bolsheviks. For 10 points, name this leader of the October and first ruler of the Soviet Union. Answer: Vladimir Illyich Lenin [or Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov] (09HFT)

This man was inspired by the philosophy of Alfred Rosenberg, and he orchestrated “Operation Hummingbird.” This leader wrote a book about how he planned to ally with Great Britain against Russia with his cellmate and future deputy while in prison for instigating a failed coup d’état with Erich Ludendorff. In addition to killing Ernst Rohm during the “Night of the Long Knives,” he encouraged the acquisition of lebensraum, or “living space.” This dictator initiated the Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, and famously ordered the invasion of in 193** For 10 points, name this leader of . Answer: Adolf Hitler (09HFT)

This politician bribed journalists with the Reptiles Fund and blamed followers of a certain religion for poisoning a lion in his country’s zoo. With the support of the National Liberals, he supported the May Laws, banned the Jesuits, and broke off relations with the Vatican as part of the Kulturkampf. His earlier successes included the conquests of Schleswig and Holstein and the defeat, after his publication of the Ems Dispatch, of Napoleon III, which led to Wilhelm I being proclaimed Kaiser. FTP, identify this Iron Chancellor who masterminded Germany’s unification. Answer: (08HFT)

He got William Conyers, disguised as Robin of Redesdale, to start a rebellion, for which he and the Duke of Clarence soon declared their support. He was upset over the marriage of the king to Elizabeth Woodville, a commoner, and he defected at the Battle of Edgecote Moor. He gained power after the Battle of Towton, which occurred shortly after he had lost his royal captive at the Second Battle of St. Albans, but was later killed at the Battle of Barnet. At first an ally of the Yorkist king Edward IV, he later turned on him. FTP, identify this so-called “Kingmaker” who meddled in the Wars of the Roses from his position as . Answer: Richard Neville (accept Earl of Warwick before it is mentioned; prompt on Kingmaker before it is mentioned) (08HFT)

He took advantage of Mathias Rust’s landing a plane near his residence to fire the defense minister who opposed his policies, which were originally called uskoreniye. He also replaced longtime foreign minister Andrei Gromyko with Eduard Shevardnadze, restructured Aeroflot, reversed the New Economic Policy, banned vodka, and shook up the bureaucracy after he failed to get reliable information about Chernobyl. FTP, identify this port wine-stained politician best known for advocating glasnost and perestroika as the final leader of the Soviet Union. Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev (08HFT)

Upon coming to power, this leader endorsed the Ridley Plan, and one attempt to assassinate this leader was the . For attempting to cut school lunches, this leader was nicknamed “milk snatcher,” and this leader survived a coal miner’s strike after closing state-run mines. After trying to institute an unpopular , this leader was replaced by John Major. This leader fought Argentina over control of the Falkland Islands and enjoyed good

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relations with Ronald Reagan. The position held by this woman was later held by and now . For 10 points, name this first female Prime Minister of Great Britain. Answer: (09HFT)

This man replaced his rival, the Duke of Luynes, as chief adviser to the king. This man temporarily lost power on the Day of the Dupes, but quickly regained his position and helped capture the rebellious stronghold of . Despite leading a Catholic country, this man intervened on the Protestant side during the Thirty Years War because he believed Austria was the greatest enemy of France. After his death, this minister to Louis XIII was replaced by his Italian protégé, Mazarin. For 10 points, name this powerful French politician best known by his church title. Answer: [accept: Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu] (09HFT)

This leader announced the Issue of Hatay and formulated the “Six Arrows” ideology. This man’s rule saw the suppression of Sheikh Said, and he was succeeded by his Prime Minister, Ismet Inonu. He replaced the Treaty of Sevres by negotiating the Treaty of Lausanne, and his reforms included introducing a new alphabet with Western characters. A winning commander at the Gallipoli campaign, his other reforms included drafting a constitution and encouraging secularism and Western dress. For 10 points, identify this first president of the Republic of Turkey. Answer: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (prompt on “Kemal”) (09HFT)

This man was friends with , who proposed a more radical form of this man’s ideas, and this man fiercely opposed Johann Tetzel. At the Marburg Colloquoy, this man debated the Doctrine of the Real Presence with Zwingli. The Elector of once had this man kidnapped in a burlap sack to protect him from his enemies, allowing this man to translate the Bible. This native of Wittenberg defended his views at the Diet of Worms and objected to the practice of selling indulgences. For 10 points, name this author of the ninety-five theses, a German monk who started the . Answer: (09HFT)

This man ordered burned at the stake for heresy. Followers of this man included and Theodore Beza, and some of this man’s ideas were criticized at the by Arminius. This man’s list of “Five Points” includes total depravity, and he summed up his views in his book Institutes of the Christian Religion. This man’s religious ideas were carried to Scotland by , who founded . For 10 points, name this Protestant theologian from , whose namesake denomination believes in . Answer: (09HFT)

This man’s successor moved up from Secretary of War following a treaty that rejected his country’s claims on the Dodecanese and Cyprus. A treaty that recognized his government gave him the cities of Ardahan and Kars. His success at a battle that led to an armistice at Mudanya also led him to gain the title of Gazi. This friend of Ismet Inonu aided in negotiations at Lausanne, and he counted among his enemies the CUP leader Enver Pasha. For 10 points, name this late Ottoman figure who gained the title “Father of the Turks.” Answer: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk [accept either] (HSAPQ4)

This man’s chief supporters included and Aleksandr Shelepin, while during World War II, he served as political advisor during the defense of Stalingrad. This man once pounded his shoe on his desk at the United Nations, promising to “bury” the forces of capitalism. This man’s Secret Speech denounced Stalin in order to inaugurate his namesake “thaw” in the . Eventually replaced by Leonid Brezhnev, he was in power during the Cuban Missile Crisis. For 10 points, name this man who served as Soviet from 1958 to 196** Answer: Nikita Khrushchev (HSAPQ4)

He became leader of his current party by defeating Kim Beazley in 2006, and he earned the nickname “Dr. Death” while serving as chief of staff to Wayne Goss. He served as his nation’s Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2001 to 2005,

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and issued an apology to the Stolen Generations in February 200** He campaigned on promises to remove his country’s troops from and to sign the Kyoto Protocol, and his Labour Party defeated John Howard in November 200? For 10 points, name this prime minister of Australia. Answer: Kevin Rudd (HSAPQ4)

The bull In Apostolice dignitatis specula appointed him head of the Order of Christ, as per a petition from his father. He convinced his father to send an expedition to Ceuta, possibly in search of Prester John. After a further campaign against Gibralter, he traveled to Sagres, where he is alleged to have created a school responsible for the invention of the caravel. For 10 points, name this son of the founder of the , a Portuguese prince known for the voyages he financed and organized. Answer: Prince Henry the Navigator (HSAPQ4)

Towards the end of his rule, Parliament tried to get him to agree to the Humble Petition and Advice, and following the publication of England’s New Chains, he oversaw suppression of the Levelers. He became head of state under a document authored by John Lambert, the Instrument of Government, and this leader of the Ironsides regiment distinguished himself at the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby. For 10 points, name this leader of the New Model Army during the English Civil War who served as the first Lord Protector of Scotland, Ireland, and England. Answer: Oliver Cromwell (HSAPQ4)

This man dispatched troops during the Malayan Emergency, and he jointly instigated a coup d’état against Mohammed Mosaddegh as part of the “” with the United States. He was succeeded by Anthony Eden in his second term after he was relegated to leader of the opposition following a surprising loss to Clement Atlee. During his first term, he attended meetings at Casablanca, Potsdam, and Yalta. For 10 points, name this Conservative prime minister of Great Britain who served during World War II. Answer: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (HSAPQ4)

This man was a rallying point for a movement led by George Smythe and John Rutland known as Young England. He served as a deputy to Lord Bentinck, and this man’s own government bought Ismail Pasha’s shares of the Suez Canal Company. He split with Robert Peel due to that man’s support of the , and he represented Britain at the Congress of Berlin. For 10 points, name this proponent of imperialism, a Conservative prime minister of the late 19th century who was a rival of William Gladstone. Answer: [or Earl of Beaconsfield] (HSAPQ4)

In his first speech to the United Diet, he noted that “the past is buried. No human power can bring it back to life.” He seized one man's assets and used them as a slush fund had the state take control of the schools in an attempt to curtail the influence of the church. In addition to his Reptiles Fund and his pursuit of a Kulturkampf, he gained the territories of Alsace and Lorraine for Prussia and guided the revision of the by hosting the Congress of Berlin. For 10 points, name this Prussian “Iron Chancellor,” the driving force behind German unification. Answer: Otto van Bismarck (HSAPQ4)

This man defeated Radbod at the Battle of Amblève, and his father ruled from Herstal. This man faced opposition from his father’s widow, Plectrude, as well as from Ragenfrid and the forces of . Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine, swore an oath to this man, and he served as . He defeated the forces of Abd-ar-Rahman, thus stopping a Muslim invasion of Europe at the Battle of Tours. For 10 points, name this French leader, the father of Pippin the Short and grandfather of Charlemagne, known as “The Hammer.” Answer: Charles “The Hammer” Martel (HSAPQ4)

This man served as finance minister for Arthur Griffith, and he became Sinn Fein's first minister of home affairs. He arranged for Eamon De Valera's escape from Lincoln jail in 1919, and, as the director of intelligence for the IRA, he

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directed guerilla war against British forces. In 1921, he negotiated the truce that gave Ireland (*) dominion status, but provisions requiring an oath to and the partitioning of Ulster led to his death. For 10 points, name this leader of the Irish war for independence who was assassinated near in 19** Answer: Michael Collins (HSAPQ3)

Osip Mandelstam wrote that this man "rolls...executions on his tongue like berries" in a poem known as this man's "epigram." He is fictionalized as "Number One" in a novel about the confession of Rubashov, Darkness at Noon. The Master and Margarita is set during the (*) reign of this leader, who is also represented as a character supported by Squealer that forces Snowball to leave Manor Farm. For 10 points, name this leader represented by Napoleon in Animal Farm, a Soviet dictator known for his many purges. Answer: Joseph Stalin (HSAPQ3)

In one of this man’s , the soothsayer Colas serves as matchmaker to a shepherdess and her similarly named lover. In addition to Bastien and Bastienne, he composed an in which two soldiers pretend to be Albanians to test the fidelity of their wives. In a less comedic work than Cosi fan tutte, he created Tamino, Pamina, and the Queen of the Night, and another of his operas includes the Catalogue Aria and ends with the title womanizer being dragged to hell by a statue. For 10 points, name this composer of The Magic Flute and Don Giovanni. Answer: Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (HSAPQ4)

This man successfully opposed the Radowitz Plan and bribed reporters to support his government with the Reptile Fund. He implemented the first state old-age pension in modern history, and his subordinate Adalbert Falk issued the May Laws, part of this man’s (*) struggle with Pius IX, the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf. He also altered the Ems Dispatch to provoke a war with Napoleon III’s France, which led to the declaration of Wilhelm I as Emperor. For 10 points, name this Prussian politician who engineered the creation of Germany. Answer: Otto von Bismarck (HSAPQ3)

He rose to prominence at the Fifth Land Conference, and he later led his country through the Informbiro Period. His system of “symmetrical federalism” remade his country, and followed this man’s leadership of the CPY partisans during World War II and the deposition of King Peter II. The theorist Edvard Kardelj supported this ruler’s model of “national ,” which balanced ethnic interests and led to his prominent role in the (*) Nonaligned Movement. For 10 points, name this longtime dictator of Yugoslavia. Answer: Josip Broz Tito [or Josip Broz] (HSAPQ3)

He resigned from the Cabinet to protest ’s plan for Catholic Emancipation. However, during his later time as Prime Minister, this man was forced by the election of Daniel O’Connell to push Emancipation through Parliament. Earlier, he had denounced his troops as “the scum of the earth” for being drunk during the (*) . Shortly thereafter, he collaborated with von Blücher to win a battle that ended the . For 10 points, name this British general of the , the victor at Waterloo. Answer: the Duke of Wellington [or Arthur Wellesley] (HSAPQ3)

Involvement with Nicolas Cop led to this man’s flight from France following the Affair of the Placards. This author of a commentary on Seneca’s defended his faith in a letter to Jacopo Sadoleto. This man’s followers tried and executed Michael Servetus, and he preached for a time with in (*) . He also worked with Guillaume Farel and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. For 10 points, name this protestant leader who preached that God would save only the predestined Elect during his time in Geneva. Answer: John Calvin [or Jean Cauvin] (HSAPQ3)

This man served as a naval captain for Rio Grande do Sul in its rebellion against Brazil, and also fought in the Uruguayan

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civil war. He defeated a French army that intended to restore the government of Pope Pius IX in an 1849 battle fought on the Janiculum Hill. His best-known military campaign saw victories at (*) Calatafimi, Milazzo, and , and was dubbed the Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this Italian general who led volunteer forces known as the Red Shirts in the capture of and Naples. Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi (HSAPQ3)

Giuseppe Fieschi attempted to assassinate this man with several rigged guns that ended up killing eighteen other people instead. With Charles Francois Dumouriez, this man deserted the French army in 179** His advisors included Louis Mole and Francois Guizot, and his father was the duc (*) d’Orleans. He came to power due to the support of the Marquis de Lafayette, and his reign was known as the July Monarchy. For 10 points, name this man who served as the citizen king of the French before being succeeded by Napoleon III. Answer: Louis Philippe (HSAPQ3)

He defeated the forces of Erns von Mansfeld at Desau, and his designs for a maritime empire on the Baltic crumbled when he lost at . He was granted the Duchy of after driving the dukes from their lands, and his lieutenants Matthias Gallas and Ottavio Piccolomini conspired against him. He was assassinated in Eger while attempting to start negotiations with Sweden. His forces killed (*) , but lost the Battle of Lutzen. For 10 points, name this imperial general of the Thirty Years’ War, the subject of a set of plays by . Answer: Albrecht von Wallenstein (HSAPQ3)

Commanders of this ruler include Charles Worsley and Henry Ireton, and he had the Earl of Manchester relieved of command. Thomas Harrison dominated the Barebones Parliament during his rule, and with Thomas Fairfax he won a victory at Naseby with his New Model Army. He dissolved the Rump Parliament, and the faction he led was known as the Roundheads, as opposed to the Cavalier supporters of Charles I. For 10 points, name this Puritan leader in the English Civil War, a Lord Protector of England. Answer: Oliver Cromwell (HSAPQ2)

He worked with the William Huskisson to create a moderate government, and he worked at convincing Robert Peel and George IV that Catholic emancipation was needed. He was targeted in the Cato Street Conspiracy, and earlier his “thin red line” defeated Andoche Junot’s forces. After a court- , he was allowed to fortify the lines of Torres Vedras before taking Toulouse in the Peninsular Campaign. Allying with Gebhard von Blucher in a Belgian battle, for 10 points, name this British commander at Waterloo. Answer: The Duke of Wellington [or Arthur Wellesley] (HSAPQ2)

Louis XII of France gave him the title of duke of Valentinois, which gave this man his nickname Il Valentino. His tutors included Paolo Pompilio and Giovanni Vera, and he studied law under Filippo Decio. He faced down the Magione conspiracy during his third Romagna campaign, and his motto was "Either Caesar or Nothing." An enemy of Pope Julius II, he was the son of Pope Alexander VI. For 10 points, name this brother of Lucrezia who inspired Machiavelli's ideal of the "Prince." Answer: Cesare Borgia [prompt on Borgia] (HSAPQ2)

This man worked as an explainer for , in which role he toured Britain to educate people on the National Insurance Act. His was set out in his book The Social Worker. He appointed Louis Mountbatten as the last Viceroy of India, and as prime minister, he oversaw the implementation of nationalized healthcare. He also attended the Potsdam Conference with Truman and Stalin. For 10 points, name this man who became prime minister of Great Britain in 1945 after ousting . Answer: (HSAPQ2)

He negotiated the Convention of Gastein after a brief war with Denmark that was partially used to gain support for an

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army bill. He negotiated the “Three Emperor’s League” with Austria and Russia, and called a conference to rework the treaty of San Stefano, reducing Russia’s influence in . He contested with the Church in the “Kulturkampf,” and tailored a message that resulted in a war concluding with the battle of Sedan, the Ems dispatch. For 10 points, name this man who called Congresses and Conferences in Berlin as imperial . Answer: Otto von Bismarck [or Otto Eduard Leopold, Furst von Bismarck, Graf von Bismarck- Schonhausen, Herzog von Lauenburg] (HSAPQ2)

His “The Edge of the Sword” was a collection of his lectures on leadership, and the Secret Army Organization formed in Algeria to oppose his policies. President Rene Coty threatened to resign if this man was not made prime minister, and earlier he had served as undersecretary of defense and war in ’s cabinet. An opponent of the Maginot line, he took power in a government that arose from the loss at Dien Bien Phu. For 10 points, name this French president of the fifth republic who had earlier led the Free French in exile during World War Two. Answer: Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle (HSAPQ2)

17. This man met his wife while fighting in the War of Tatters, and he sacked Gualeguaychu while campaigning against Manuel Oribe in Uruguay. He won victories for the rebels at Luino and Mozzarone during the of 1848, but lost and was exiled when the French besieged his capital. He returned to lead the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860, and his military exploits coupled with the political machinations of Cavour led to the crowning of Victor Emmanuel II. For 10 points, name this leader of the Red Shirts, the "Father of Italian Independence." Answer: Giuseppi Garibaldi (HSAPQ1)

13. In 1938, the publication of over three hundred pages of letters written by Dorothea Lieven to this man confirmed suspicions that he had used Lieven to spy on his Russian and British counterparts. A leader of the Holy Alliance, the murder of August von Kotzebue led this man to call a congress which resulted in university restriction, newspaper censorship, and other Carlsbad Decrees, and he was forced to flee to England following the Revolutions of 1848. For 10 points, name this Austrian prince and conservative who hosted the Congress of Vienna. Answer: Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (HSAPQ1)

He was ordered by Le Duan to make his interests subordinate to Duan’s, and he created the “Office 100” as an insurgency base. Declaring year zero after overthrowing Lon Nol, he attempted to triple his nations agricultural production despite having no fertilizer or modern equipment as part of his four year plan. Arrested by Ta Mok after hiding in rebel bases in Thailand, he is perhaps most notorious for his killing fields. For 10 points, name this man who overthrew Norodom Sihanouk and created the Khmer Rouge, a dictator of . Answer: Pol Pot [or Saloth Sar] (HSAPQ2)

22. Works by this man include The Story of the Malakand Field Force, which was derived from his service in India, and The River War. He lost his admiralty post due to his championing of the disastrous Dardanelles expedition during , and as Colonial Secretary, he negotiated the treaty that created the Irish Free State. For 10 points, name this man whose 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri warned against the Soviet Iron Curtain and who, as Prime Minister, rallied the British against Nazi Germany during World War II. Answer: Winston Churchill (HSAPQ1)

This ruler was the target of the Brighton Hotel Bombing and ordered Major Guy Sheridan to launch Operation Paraquet. Controversies during this ruler’s term in office included one over the trial of the Conventry Four, who were accused of weapons to , and one over the Hillsborough Agreement signed by this ruler, whose police forces engaged in the so-called “Battle of Orgreave” against striking miners. This ruler’s opposed further European integration, and this Prime Minister was deposed in a party coup after proposing a

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poll tax, leading to the succession of John Major. For ten points, name this female British . Answer: Margaret “Maggie” Thatcher (09EuroHis)

This man was wounded at the Battle of Dormans, leading to his nickname “the scarred”. This man allied with Spain at the Treaty of Joinville. One of his brothers, Charles of Aumale, led an uprising in Picardy. Supporters of this man wore red Lorraine Crosses, a symbol of his family, and another uprising in his favor was the Day of Barricades. His claims were assumed by Cardinal Charles when, after one of his rivals lured him to a dinner party, the forty-five guards killed this man and his brother, Cardinal Louis. For ten points, name this man who led the during the , a rival of Henry III and Henry of Navarre during the War of the Three Henries. Answer: Henry, Duke of Guise [accept: Henry I of Guise; accept Henry the Scarred or Henry Le Balafre on early buzz] (09EuroHis)

After winning a fight to succeed his uncle Urus, this man sacked a capital city to avenge Dmitri Donskoi’s defeat another one of his predecessors at the Battle of Kulikovo. Late in his career, this man was defeated by Temur Qutlugh at the Battle of the Vorskla River. After this man conquered the territory of Mamai Khan and lost the Battle of the Kondurcha River, he foolishly invaded Transoxania and lost the Battle of the Kur River and his capital of Sarai was sacked, making him flee to Lithuania and , where he was eventually killed by agents of his Samarkand-based rival. For ten points, name this Mongol warlord who re-unified the Golden Horde and sacked , the arch-nemesis of Tamerlane. Answer: Tokhtamysh (09EuroHis)

This author of the book Science of Victory received a promotion for his retreat through the snowy Panixer Pass, avoiding what was believed to be certain annihilation by the forces of Andre Massena; earlier, he had won the battles of Novi and Cassano. This victor at Focsani and Ochakov perpetrated the Izmail massacre, where thousands of Turkish civilians were killed. This man ended one uprising by winning the Battle of Maciejowice, where he captured Tadeusz Koscuiszko and he had earlier been sent to put down the Pugachev revolt, but his last assignment required invading Italy to beat back the Directory. For ten points, name this undefeated Russian general who served and came out of retirement to fight Revolutionary France. Answer: Alexandr Vasilyevich Suvorov (09EuroHis)

When Lorenzo de Villavicencio advised this man to be non-violent, he replied “dead men make no war”. This man once levied the tax of the hundreth, twentieth, and tenth penny, and in one city he conquered, he erected a statue of himself trampling figures representing the nobility and the people. After he won a siege against the Electress Sybille, he presided over the court-martial that resulted in the Capitulation of Wittenberg, and as a diplomat he helped negotiate the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis. After being forced to retire because of his degenerate son Don Fadrique, he came back to win the Battle of Alcantara, and his first major battle was at Muhlberg. The Counts of Egmond and Hoorne were victims of another tribunal this man convoked known as the “Council of Blood”, which helped spark the Eighty Years' War. For ten points, name this general to Charles V and repressive Governor of the Netherlands for Phillip II, known as the “Iron Duke”. Answer: Duke of Alba [accept: Duke of Alva; Don Fernando Alvarez de Toledo] (09EuroHis)

Cardinal Hameric called this man a “noisy and troublesome frog”, while St. Malachi allegedly died in this man’s arms. This man opposed the Petrobrusian heresy promoted by Henry of Lausanne. He wrote a treatise to the Archbishop of Sens titled “On the Office of ”, and his other works include an Apology addressed to William of St. Thierry and the “Book of Considerations” sent to Pope Eugene III. This speaker at the Field of Vezelay convinced William of Aquitaine and Roger II of Sicily to drop their support of Antipope Anacletus II. At the Council of Troyes, he helped draft a new charter for the Templar, while at the Council of Sens he debated his rival, the author of “Yes and No”, Peter Abelard. For ten points, name this devotee of the Virgin Mary, promoter of the Second Crusade, and Cistercian monk, known by the name of the he founded. Answer: Saint Bernard of Clairvaux [prompt on “Bernard”] (09EuroHis)

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Rombout Hoogerbeets was arrested for spreading this man’s ideas, which were also supported by Simon Epicopius. This man’s opponents included Johan Bogerman, and shortly before this man died, he had scheduled a debate with arch-rival Franciscus Gomarus. Another one of his followers wrote “On the Truth of the Christian Religion”. This man’s beliefs, which broke with the teaching of Theodore Beza, led to the Sharp Resolution and the execution of his political ally after the Quinquarticular Controversy was addressed by the Synod of Dordrecht, which declared this man a heretic and ordered the arrest of his most famous follower, the author of “The Free Seas” and “On the Law of War and ”, . Today, his belief that predestination is based on free is accepted by Methodists. For ten points, name this 17th century Dutch theologian who broke with orthodox . Answer: [accept: James Arminius; Jacob Hermanszoon; Jacob Hermann] (09EuroHis)

This Prime Minister passed the Cardwell Act, restricting flogging in the Navy, and the Forster Act, reforming childhood education, and he became involved in a pamphlet war when he urged British Catholics to reject the doctrine of Papal Infallibility. His Chancellors of the Exchequer include , and treaties this man signed include the Treaty of Washington with the United States and the so-called “Kilmainham Treaty” with the Irish. Apart from disestablishing the Church of Ireland, this man wrote the pamphlet Bulgarian Horrors as part of his Midlothian Campaign against an opponent he accused of heartless foreign policy, resulting in his 1879 victory, after which he championed Irish Home Rule. For ten points, name this Liberal Victorian Prime Minister, the arch-nemesis of Benjamin Disraeli. Answer: (09EuroHis)

Hawkish Democratic Senator Henry “Scoop” Jackson died while giving a speech condemning this man. The New Republic printed a satirical picture of this man sitting in a recliner, wearing Nikes, and drinking a can of Coca-Cola as part of an article criticizing the American press for portraying him too positively. When this man came to power, he cancelled a program that used trains to launch ballistic missiles. He began his career in Karelia, and in his longest- serving position he made plans to maim Rudolf Nureyev and harassed the author of The First Circle and The Cancer Ward out of the country. Responsible for shooting down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, he died of kidney disease after only eighteen months in office despite once surviving being in the Soviet Embassy in Budapest in 195** For ten points, name this long-time head of the KGB who briefly succeeded Leonid Brezhnev as Soviet leader and was replaced by Konstantin Chernenko. Answer: Yuri Andropov (09EuroHis)

One contemporary eulogized this man with, "He is not a ship-of-the-line, but he carries many guns, is tight built, and is out in all weathers." The disastrous Walcheren invasion took place under his watch and Grenville and Lord Grey headed the opposition under his term. Earlier serving as attorney general and Chancellor of the Exchequer, he was a compromise candidate for prime minister due to squabbling between Canning and Castlereagh. This man dealt with George III's insanity in the Regency Crisis but his reluctance to assist with a man in debtor's prison in Russia lead to his untimely end at the hands of John Bellingham. FTP, identify this British prime minister nicknamed "Little P" who served from 1809 to his 1812 assassination. Answer: (09EuroHis)

One person of this name was released from captivity by the Treaty of Sistowa and was a diplomat who negotiated the Ottoman side of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji and was rewarded by being made Prince of . ?That man's grandson, who also had this name, allied against Scarlat Callimachi with Tudor Vladimirescu's Pandur Militia; however, that attempt to coordinate with the Wallachian Uprising collapsed, leading to this man's defeat at the Battle of Dragasani after he had symbolically crossed the Pruth River. ?That man was also betrayed by his countryman John Capodistria. This man was the leader of a secret group called the Filiki Eteria, or of Friends, and called his military the Sacred Band. Exiled after the Russians refused to come to his aid, for ten points name this leader of an 1821 revolt of Greeks, the namesake of a city in Michigan. Answer: Alexander Ypsilanti [accept: Alexandros ] (09EuroHis)

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According to one account of this man’s deeds, he was blessed by Archbishop Spiridon before one of his battles, in which he defeated an army of ethnic Tavastians, while a different account claims Spiridon was an enemy nobleman killed by this man. Pope Gregory IX ordered one attack against this man, who overthrew his brother Andrew by allying with Sartu Khan. With the help of Gavrilo Oleksich, this man defeated Birger Magnusson’s , earning this son of Yaroslav II and Grandson of Vsevolod of the Big Nest his epiteth, but his greatest victory came against the Brotherhood of the Sword, also known as the Livonian Order, led by Hermann of Buxhoeveden. For ten points, name this medieval Russian leader who on Lake Peipus defeated invading German knights at the Battle of the Ice. Answer: Alexander Nevsky [accept: Alexander of Novgorod; Alexander Yaroslavich] (09EuroHis)

Late in life, he lived under the assumed name of “John Clarke” and earlier had briefly served as chancellor of Oxford while he dealt with ’s insurrection and presided over the brief revival of the “Other House” during his tenure in an office he succeeded to under the Humble Petition and Advice. John Thurloe appeared to exercise influence over him, which concerned Charles Fleetwood, though this man appointed Fleetwood to Lieutenant General and made his brother, Henry, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Agents known as “Commonwealthsmen” spread dissent against him in the army, which this man failed to rally at Whitehall, resulting in his deposition by a force led by General Monk. FTP, identify this man, also known as “Tumbledown Dick,” who served as Lord Protector of England for less than a year after his father Oliver. Answer: Richard Cromwell (09EuroHis)

In his memoirs, this man says he once lost the respect of an Italian cabinet minister by saying he didn’t embezzle funds. Marxist thinker credited this man with inventing modern functionalism, but criticized this man’s field as an inherently capitalist science, while Robert Herbert claimed to see the effects of this man’s work reflected in Manet’s “Bar at the Folies-Bergere”. After Emile Ollivier forced this man to resign his most famous office, he represented in Parliament, despite originally being from Alsace. Appointed prefect by the Duke of Persigny, Jules Ferry wrote a witty pamphlet called the “tales of” this man, accusing him of corruption. He expanded the Boulogne Woods while reducing the Luxembourg Gardens. For ten points, name this man who built many boulevards while re-designing Paris during the reign of Napoleon III. Answer: Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann (09EuroHis)

This prime minister supported Lord Landsdowne's move to create a committee on free trade, and one scandal during his ministry occurred with the passing of a Bill of Pains and Penalties against a figure whose name had earlier been removed from the liturgy. This man's increase on the tax on newspapers was opposed by Robert Carlile and Henry Hetherington, and the growth of the Hampden club movement led to him suspending habeas corpus. While this man had negotiated the Treaty of (*) Amiens, and while PM he established the gold standard, opposed the slave trade, and passed the Six Acts. Arthur Thistlewood attempted to kill important ministers of this man like Lord Sidmouth and George Canning in the Cato Street Conspiracy. Becoming Prime Minister after Spencer Perceval was shot, his term included the Peterloo massacre. For 10 points, name this Tory who led Britain during the defeat of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna. Answer: Lord [or Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd ] (CO09)

This is the first name of a man from Smolensk in the retinue of Metropolitan Piman, who was the only eye-witness source for a Palaiologan coronation, that of Manuel II in 1392, and the primary source for the civil war between John V and John VII. Another man of this name authored two pseudo-science texts, Atlantis and Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel about the mythical continent and a cometic origin for many geological and religious phenomena, respectively. Joseph Jekyll collected the letters and authored a biography of another figure with this first name, a seventeenth century (*) freed British slave, surnamed Sancho. Another person by this name was the archbishop of , who, upon being taken to for execution, wrote several letters, one of which, to the Smyrnaeans, was the first post- Biblical work to mention transubstantiation. Also shared by the author of the autobiography A Pilgrim’s Journey and

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the devotionary work Spiritual Exercises, this is, for 10 points, what name, shared by a Populist named Donnelly and a saint from Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits? Answer: Ignatius (CO09)

As a youth, this person led a raid that killed Patrick of Salisbury and captured William Marshal, an act that greatly chagrined the ruler with which this figure would later side to defeat and expel Isaac Comnenus, indirectly leading to this ruler’s purchase from the Templars of an island that his descendents would rule for three centuries, (*) Cyprus. A more prominent position held by this ruler was obtained through his wife Sibylla in spite of the intrigues of Raymond III of Tripoli. Following a failed attempt to lift a siege of Tiberias, this ruler lost a battle fought near an extinct volcano, the aftermath of which saw the beheading of the captured Knights Templar. For 10 points, name this successor of Baldwin V, a King of who lost at the Battle of Hattin to , the most prominent member of the . Answer: Guy of Lusignan [or Guy of Jerusalem or Guy of Cyprus] (CO09)

Under his cousin Henry Champernown, he likely fought at the Battle of Jarnac and may have been present at the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. As a captain of a company, he helped in putting down the Desmond Rebellions and took part in the massacre at Smerwick during that same time. The capture of the “Madre de Dios” helped get him out of prison, which had come about due to his marriage to Elizabeth Throgmorton. He was imprisoned again due to his supposed role in the Main Plot, but was released 13 years later in order to search for gold. His death came about due to the pressure of the Count of Gondomar, after an attack on San Thomé by Lawrence Keymis proved to be a breach of contract with James I. FTP, name this man who lost his son and his life after a failed expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado, and was a longtime favorite of Elizabeth I. Answer: Sir Walter Raleigh (CO08)

Among this thinker’s rather unimpressive writings are a “Life of Willibrord,” some texts “On Orthography” and “On Rhetoric and the Virtues,” and some “Propositions” in which he probably originated the problem of the three jealous husbands and the wolf-goat-cabbage problem. His pupils include Arno of , to whom he wrote several letters, and Rabanus Maurus, who continued his intellectual work. He wrote works condemning Elipandus and Felix of Urgel in the course of opposing the Adoptionist heresy, which led him to attend the Synod of Frankfurt. He’s best remembered for promoting the trivium and quadrivium which comprised his seven liberal arts, after he was invited along with figures like Paul the Deacon and Peter of Pisa to come to Aachen. FTP, name this English scholar who became the master of the Palace School after emigrating from York, in which role he tutored Charlemagne. Answer: Alcuin of York (or Alhwin, Alchoin, Albinus, Ealhwine, or Flaccus) (CO08)

This ruler had to appear in court due to a predecessor’s unpaid wine bill, and his name appeared on the first Ragman Roll. Forces loyal to this man burned a nunnery in Lambley and possibly schoolchildren in Hexham under the command of the . This ruler was forced to raise troops in a move that broke the Treaty of Birgham, and he failed to prevent the sack of Berwick. This man signed a treaty with Philip the Fair to form the first (*) Auld Alliance, but his rule came to an end shortly afterward at the Battle of Dunbar. This man’s reign came following a period dominated by the Guardians after the death of the Maid of , and this Competitor overcame opposition such as Robert Bruce to resolve the Great Cause. For 10 points, name this man who tried to rebel against Edward I, a short-reigning king of Scotland nicknamed “empty tunic.” Answer: John Balliol [or John de Balliol] (CO09)

This man was inspired by Aaron David Gordon to found Deganya Bet, and he was also one the founders of the Histradut. This man split with his predecessor over the latter's insistence on investigating a disaster caused by Avraham Seidenberg's betrayal of Operation Suzannah, while this man opposed investigating the (*) Lavon affair. During this man's ministry Israeli forces mistakenly attacked the American research vessel USS Liberty. This man served for twelve years as Minister of Finance while a member of Mapai, and he later organized the formation of the Labour Party.

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While prime minister this man formed a coalition government with Menachim Begin, leading to the elevation of Moshe Dayan as defense minister. For 10 points, name this prime minister during the Six Day War, the third prime minister of Israel. Answer: Levi Eshkol (CO09)

John Horne Tooke's Fads Addressed to Landholders was a diatribe against this man, and this man was often supported by the Bishop John Butler, who wrote under the pseudonym Vindex. He initiated the downfall of the Duke of Choiseul when he sent ships to protect the Falkland Islands, and after holding his most famous position he propped up the Duke of Portland in a coalition with Charles (*) Fox. His ministry members included Lord George Germain and the , and his passing of a bill allowing Catholics to serve in the military led to the . For 10 points, identify this British prime minister under whose tenure the American Revolutionary War was fought. Answer: Frederick, Lord North, 2nd (CO09)

This man's daughter Helen was betrothed to the son of Michael Parapinakes, but when Michael was deposed, Helen was placed in a monastery. This man helped suppress Antipope Benedict X for Pope Nicholas II, to whom he swore allegiance at the Council of Melfi, and with his half-brother he defeated the forces of Pope Leo IX at the Battle of Civitate. The lives of this man and his younger brother were chronicled by Geoffrey of Malaterra; that brother, (*) Roger Bosso, conquered Sicily after his death. This man defended Rome from Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV after undertaking a campaign with his son Bohemond against a man whose life was chronicled by his daughter Anna, Alexius I. Gaining his nickname from his banditry in Calabria, for 10 points, name this member of the Hauteville family, a duke of Apulia whose attempts to conquer Byzantium included a victory at the Battle of Dyrrhachium. Answer: [or Robert de Hauteville] (CO09)

One group named the legion of this figure was a splinter of the anti-semitic Union of the Russian People party in the late 1910’s. A more famous group named the Legion of this figure adopted three crossing bars as their logo and assassinated Ion Duca in 1933, later taking power after the assassination of their founder, Corneliu Codreanu, although that group, also led by , is better known as the . A statue of this figure on a pedestal can be found in Kiev’s Independence Square. During the Dark Ages, this figure was the patron saint of fighting against the Magyars, and more recently he was named the patron saint of police officers. In Greece, it is believed that this archangel carries the dead to heaven, while in Britain churches built on former pagan sites are usually named for him, symbolizing his defeat of evil. For ten points, name this Archangel who expelled Satan from heaven. Answer: St. Michael (09EuroHis)

Both and tried to replace this man with his Foreign Secretary, , but both attempts failed when Bevin refused to cooperate. Some of the changes made during this man’s tenure were the repeal of the Trades Disputes Act and the creation of the National Park system. Under the terms of a trade agreement, this man allowed Soviets access to some jet engines. Some of the aspirations laid out in the Beveridge Report were fulfilled when the was created, but this man was removed from his highest post as a result of ’s “Austerity Budget.” Under this man, India, Burma, and Ceylon became independent and he attended the Potsdam Conference. For 10 points, name this man, who nationalized the , and who both succeeded and preceded Winston Churchill as Prime Minister. Answer: Clement Attlee (08MO)

His first crown was allegedly taken from an effigy of the Virgin Mary. In the battle that saw his downfall, a German mercenary named Martin Schwartz was killed, and late in life, he became a royal falconer after serving loyally as a royal dishwasher. His attempt to grab power resulted in a landing at Piel Island and the battles of Bootham Bar and Doncaster, where his forces were led by John de la Pole, the . Roger Simons educated this man and first presented him as Richard of Shrewsbury, First Duke of York, but later decided he was the Earl of Warwick. For 10 points, name this man who, like Perkin Warbeck, was a pretender to the throne of Henry VII, and who lost the Battle of

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Stoke Field, ending the Wars of the Roses. Answer: Lambert Simnel [accept Edward VI or Edward, Earl of Warwick from those die-hard Yorkists] (08MO)

His first exposure to communism came when he won a copy of Engels' Anti-Duhring in a chess championship. He was an editor of the anti-Nazi newspaper Szabad Nep and entered the government as minister of the interior and chief of the AVO, the secret police. His government, advised by Rezso Nyers, enacted the “New Economic Mechanism” in the 1960s which allowed his country to compete in the international industrial economy. His slogan “He who is not against us is with us” contrasted his regime sharply with that of one of his predecessors, Matyas Rakosi. He was installed as party secretary after a meeting between Tito and Khruschev, replacing the anti-Soviet government of Imre Nagy. For 10 points, name this man who led communist Hungary from 1956 to 198* Answer: Janos Kadar [or Giovanni Czermanik] (08MO)

Sir Leonard Holmes assured this man a seat in Parliament representing a district on the Isle of Wight on the condition that he never visit the area. After rejecting the governorship of both Jamaica and India, he became Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under Earl Grey in 1830 and promptly used his position to ensure the creation of an independent Belgium as well as negotiating the 1840 and negotiating a compromise between rebelling Portuguese liberals and Queen Maria. His belief in British military superiority was evident in his famous Civis Romanus Sum speech regarding the Don Pacifico incident. Despite nearly leading Britain into war with the US over the Trent Affair, he successfully ended British involvement in the . For 10 points, name this Tory Prime Minister who served off and on from 1855 to 186** Answer: Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston [accept either] (08MO)

He authored the Bond of Association to authorize his later activities with the aid of his mentor, and his major foreign policy goal was ultimately secured in the wake of the Treaty of Joinville through the . This man thwarted Thomas Morgan and Charles Paget by employing Thomas Phelippes in a then-novel capacity. An early mission to France embroiled him in the Amboise conspiracy but earned a political ally in the uncle of a man this figure would later link to a planned invasion by Henry I of Guise, Francis Throckmorton. A possible employer of Christopher Marlowe, the men who received his particular attention include ambassador Bernardino de Mendoza, banker Roberto Ridolfi, and Gilbert Gifford, whom he used to expose Anthony Babington and enact his ultimate goal of executing Mary, Queen of Scots. For 10 points, identify this plot-foiling colleague of William Cecil who promoted and tortured his way to the top as the spymaster of Elizabeth I. Answer: Sir (08MO)

This man’s father brought him and his mother on a campaign to Toulouse, where this man's father was killed by a boulder. His allies included the Franciscan Adam de Marisco and the radical bishop of Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste. He spent two years serving as viceroy for Emperor Frederick II in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was later put on trial for his harsh suppression of a revolt in Gascony. He won a battle at Lewes after refusing to accept the Mise of Amiens, but was killed at Evesham after his army was routed at his home, Kenilworth Castle. A rivalry with Richard de Clare had weakened his attempts to enforce the Provisions of Oxford. For 10 points, name this man who captured Henry III and won brief control of England after leading the Barons’ Revolt. Answer: Simon de Montfort, (08MO)

This man repeatedly tried to suppress the power of Frederick of Cilli after Frederick displaced the Talovac brothers, but eventually granted Frederick the title Ban of Slavonia. This man signed the treaty of Kremnica with Jiskra, and he was forced to sign a treaty with Brankovich after retreating from a battle in which a large Vlach contingent deserted him. In his final battle, this man was aided by peasant soldiers led by the Franciscan Friar Giovanni di Capistrano, and that battle saw a flotilla destroy his opponent's fleet, and along with his brother-in-law Michael Szilagyi, helped prevent the Ottoman siege of . This man's armies also dealt a huge blow to the armies of Murad II in a battle saw the death of Wladyslaw III at Varna, and he was succeeded by his son, whose epithet derives from the raven on his coat of arms.

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For 10 points, identify this father of Matthias Corvinus, who consistently warded off Ottoman forays into Eastern Europe, and who ruled Hungary from 1446 to 145** Answer: Janos Hunyadi [or ] (09MO)

One of the earliest posts this man served in was head of the Kufnstein Dragoons, and his political career saw him represented by the Marquis de Prie. In the war of the Polish Succession, this man was responsible for relieving Phillippsburg. This man was victorious at Peterwardein, which lead to the capture of Belgrade, and he once captured Vauban's fortress of Lille. He fought several battles in Italy, including the Battle of Chiari and his assault on the fortress of Cremona. This man fought for Italy during the War of the Grand Alliance, and he was the victor at the battle that lead to the the , and he fought with the Duke of Marlborough at victories such as Blenheim. For 10 points, name this leader of the Habsburg military in wars such as the and the War of the Spanish Succession. Answer: [prompt on partial answer] (09MO)

A New York Times headline claimed that this man's "Big Blunder" was proposal to "smash" an entity he helped create, but later disavowed as "a place...where socialistic experiments are tried." In addition to his rocky relationship with the London County Council, this man's government passed a Naval Defence Act that introduced the "Two Power Standard," by which Britain was obliged to have a navy as large as the next two largest, combined. This man’s first Cabinet post came as Secretary for India in the government of the , and later this man first appointed as Colonial Secretary. He became notorious for his patronage of his nephew, , and served as Foreign Secretary during the Congress of Berlin as part of the cabinet of his mentor, Benjamin Disraeli. For 10 points, name this three-term British Prime Minister and successor of William Gladstone who led the British Conservative Party at the turn of the 20th century and was PM from the . Answer: Lord Salisbury [accept Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil; Marquees of Salisbury; Viscount Cranborne; Lord Cranborne] (09MO)

The Front of National Unity was replaced by the PRON organization under this man's rule, and he resigned from his post as Defense Minister and became chairman of the KOK one day after passage of legislation that strengthened the KOK chairmanship. In 1987, this man proposed a plan which improved upon Gorbachev's plan for the disarmament of Central Europe and which sought to limit weaponry and fire-power rather than personnel strength. During the presidency of Gorbachev, this man opened up round-table which resulted in the election of Mazowiecki to the post of Prime Minister. He succeeded Stanislaw Kania as the Secretary of his country's Communist Party, though in December 1981, he declared martial law and outlawed the Solidarity party. For 10 points, identify this General who was succeeded by Lech Walesa as the . Answer: General Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (09MO)

One of this man's uncles was a Governor General of the Philippines who sent Pedro Paterno to negotiate the Pact of Biak-na-Bato with Emilio Aguinaldo. This man established "parity committees" which included workers from the socialist organization UGT, and he established the Patriotic Union party after outlawing all other parties during his reign. This man's successor, Berenguer, adopted the dictablanda system, though the rise of this man signaled the end of the turno Pacifico system established by Antonio Canovas del Castillo. Wikipedia hilariously lists the academic records of this man's son, who created an organization that merged with the JONS party in 193* This man came to power in a 1923 coup after he became fed up with the of his homeland. For 10 points, identify this Spanish general who became dictator from 1923-1930, whose son Jose-Antonio founded the Falangist party. Answer: Miguel Primo de Rivera [do not accept Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera] (09MO)

This man condemned a political party for killing “prisoners taken after battle in a civil war, just as all savages do” in the article “Down With the Death Penalty,” and he reported on his attendance at the namesake conference with Rosa Luxembourg in his The International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart . This man claimed that the “Soviet State continues

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to be, as the state of the past” in the hands of the minority in “The Ideology of Sovietism.” This man became the leader of the “internationalist faction” of a certain political group because of his opposition to Russia’s involvement in World War I. He edited a socialist magazine with Lenin, and with George Plekhanov, was the leader of a group that opposed the Bolsheviks. For 10 points, name this man who co-edited Iskra with Lenin, the leader of the Mensheviks Answer: Julius Martov [or Yuliy Osipovich Martov] (09MO)

Among his early poems was The Labyrinth, and he was helped to obtain election to his most famous post by Myconius. The publisher Froschauer was a key ally, and this man defended Froschauer’s right to disobey Lenten food customs. He refused permission to the Franciscan Bernardin Samson to enter his city, and among his key allies was Duke Ulrich of Wurttemberg. With Leo Jud, he removed images from churches, and at a disputation attended with , blasted masses and the Eucharist. Among his tracts on the subject of baptism are The Tricks of the Catabaptists and On Baptism, and he was finally killed at Kappel in 153**Elected to the position of people’s minister at Zurich in 1518, FTP, name this leader of the Swiss Reformation. Answer: Huldrych or Ulrich Zwingli (CO07)

He was the leader of the Dorothean faction that deposed Christian Democrat leader Fernando Tambroni, setting the stage for his five terms as Prime Minister. Communist gains in the election that brought down this man’s government led him to form a controversial center-left coalition. The trial at Turin of Renato Curcio and fourteen other accused terrorists placed him in danger. Despite police searches and a psychic séance, his body was found two months later in the trunk of a car on the Via Caetani. FTP, name this Italian politician, a 1978 victim of the Red Brigades. Answer: (CO07)

His first significant post was as Home Secretary under Gladstone and Rosebery, and sources for his personal life include his amorous correspondence with Venetia Stanley. The only Prime Minister to take office on foreign soil, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer until he succeeded Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In the seventh year of his term, he was forced to form a coalition with the and . A year later he was outmaneuvered and forced to make way for a man whose “People’s Budget” he had championed in 190** For 10 points, name this Liberal Prime Minister from 1908-16 who led Britain into World War I and was succeeded by Lloyd George. Answer: Herbert Henry Asquith or the Earl of Oxford and Asquith (CO07)

One cruiser named for this man was sunk in Drobak Sound on the approaches to , while another was sunk at the Battle of Dogger Bank. He began his career as a Swedish Hussar, and he lost the battles of Montmirail and Champaubert, though he defeated Marmont at Mockern and Macdonald and Katzbach. Dismissed from his governorship of Pomerania in 1812 for his ardent support of another war, at Auerstadt, he repeatedly led unsuccessful charges, and refused to surrender with the rest of Hohenlohe's corps. In March 1814, he defeated Napoleon at Laon, spelling the end of the First Empire, and it was his forces that occupied Leipzig during the battle of the same name. FTP, name this Prussian general, most famous for his march to the guns at the . Answer: Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (CO07)

The death of this man was written about in a 1999 book by Amy . Born in the town of Urzhum in Vyatka Province, which was later renamed for him, he became a Bolshevik organizer in both Tomsk and Vladikavkaz before helping to lead the conquest of the Caucasus in the . In 1926, he replaced Grigorii Zinoviev as the Communist party boss of Leningrad, and was in turn succeeded by Andrei Zhdanov in late 1934, soon after which Leonid Nikolaev shot and killed him on December 1. FTP, name this man after whom Leningrad’s Marinskii Ballet was renamed, whose assassination helped accelerate the Soviet Union’s movement toward the Great Purges. Answer: Sergei Mironovich Kirov (CO08)

This man gained acclaim when he traveled to South Connemara and created conflict for Julio Cesar Arana, whose firm was responsible for the Putumayo affair but he was never imprisoned. It’s popular to say that this man’s death hinged

18 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 upon a comma, since a forced interpretation of the meaning of a comma allowed jurisdiction over him, after the discovery of a disguised Norwegian ship, the Aud, carrying arms procured by him from Germany. The authenticity of this man’s Black has been confirmed, though they’re often blasted as a forgery, since they were deliberately circulated to expose his homosexual conduct with native boys. FTP, name this consular official who wrote a report exposing atrocities in the Belgian Congo, an Irish nationalist who played a key role in the Easter Rebellion. Answer: Roger Casement (Sir Roger David Casement) (CO08)

The fear of an army commanded by this man inspired the Treaty of Nonsuch, after which he was defeated at the siege of . His army was trapped at Caudebec in his last campaign, an attempt to lift the siege of Rouen, but he built a bridge overnight and escaped, appointing his son Ranuccio in his place. This architect of the Union of Arras had his most impressive military triumph when he built a bridge to block off access to the sea during his successful siege of . He served as the deputy of Don John of Austria, whom he was appointed to replace in fighting against William the Silent. This man, who shares his name with the birth name of Pope Paul III, may have led an invasion of England but for the defeat of the . FTP, name this Governor of the from 1578 to 1592, who was a Duke of Parma. Answer: Alexander Farnese [accept: Alessandro Farnese; Alejandro Farnesio; or Duke of Parma before mentioned] (CO08)

This man was patronized both by Charles VIII, until the treaty of Etaples, and Margaret, duchess of , and he held a place of honor at the funeral of Frederick III of Germany. The townspeople of Cork, seeing his clothes, decreed that he must have royal blood in him. His first expedition was a failure after the refused to help him at Munster, and he then fled to Scotland, where he was married to the daughter of the earl of Huntly. His last stand was at Exeter, another failure, and he fled to the Beaulieu monastery, where he was captured by the forces of Henry VII. His true identity may have been a Flemish boatman's son from Tournai, Piers Osbeck, but he was pretending to be one of the " in the tower". FTP, name this man who was hanged in 1499 for claiming to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the illegitimate son of Edward IV. Answer: Perkin Warbeck (08Terrapin)

This man's downfall was precipitated by the desertion of Swiss mercenaries from both his and his attacker's side, though the Swiss were subsequently influential in restoring his son Maximilian to power. While imprisoned, he attempted to escape from the castle of Loches, but the effort was unsuccessful and he ended up dying there. After the fatal error of permitting French troops passage to attack Naples, an act criticized by Machiavelli as starting Italy's foreign subjugation, this husband of Beatrice fell to Louis XII despite winning a victory at Fornovo and being promoted from Regent to Duke by Emperor Maximilian I. Also famous for his patronage of artists like Bramante and Leonardo da Vinci, FTP, name this ruler of Milan, a Sforza whose title was derived from his dark complexion. Answer: Ludovico “Il Moro” Sforza (accept Ludovico Sforza before Sforza mentioned, also accept "The Moor") (08Terrapin)

This man's first expedition was preceded by several caravels searching for the "island of Brazil and the Seven Cities" and accounts of it were written by Peter Martyr and Ramusio, although it also found the "kingdom of the Grand Khan" according to Pasqualigo. One member of that expedition served as pilot-major in Spain from 1533 to 1547 and thus may have fabricated things like the Island of San Juan, and according to one account one territory discovered by this man was named for a worker from the Azores. One of his alleged discoveries is disputed between him and Gaspard Corte-Real. The Chronicon of Fabyan and the accounts of Stowe and Hakluyt dispute the leader of this man's second voyage, although it is noted that when he returned from his first voyage he found the land in the throes of the revolt of Perkin Warbeck. Sailing first with 18 men aboard the Matthew and commissioned by Henry VII, FTP, name this Italian explorer who may have sailed with his son Sebastian. Answer: John Cabot or Giovanni Cabotto or Gabotto (08Terrapin)

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This monarch went on a fetch quest to obtain Berengaria of Navarre and bring her to Italy in order to facilitate Berengaria's marriage to the King of England. This heir of William X would wind up imprisoned in the Castle of Mirebeau due to the repression of Young King Henry's revolt against his father, and this enemy of St. Bernard of Clairvaux rallied to the call of Pope Eugenius III. Rosemond Clifford was able to gain favor over this monarch, although this person was later instrumental in helping secure the ransom of her third son after he was captured by an ally of Phillip Augustus. This keeper of a "Court of Love" at Poitiers had her first marriage to Louis VII break down after the Second Crusade, and she waited only six weeks before marrying the Count of Anjou. FTP, name this queen of both England and France and mother of kings Richard and John whose land holdings in Southern France helped form the Angevin Empire of Henry II. Answer: Eleanor of Aquitaine (also accept Eleanor of Guyenne or Aliénor d' either of those places) (08Terrapin)

This man reportedly entered the house of Count Doenhoff and threw his infant child across a room, beating his wife. In the town of Kargala, he set up a court, where associates such as Ovchinnikov and Zarubin took names of contemporaneous court figures, such as Chernyshev, who was defeated by this man after Kar. This man caught Shcherbatov by surprise at Osa, which led to his taking of Kazan, which led some to suggest moving the capital to Riga. Earlier, he had been defeated by Bibikov at Tatishchevo, but it was only at Tsaritsyn under the able hands of General Suvorov that this man was finally defeated. Leading a mix of Bashkirs and Yaiks, he was spared being drawn and quartered by the woman whose dead husband, Peter III, this man pretended to be. FTP, name this man who lead a peasant rebellion from 1773-1775 in Russia against Catherine the Great. Answer: (Emelian or Yemelian) Pugachev (08Terrapin)

His namesake palace was built by Andrea Spezza and Nicola Sebregondi, and while raised a Protestant, he converted to Catholicism - a fact which is apocryphically described as resulting from his miraculous survival after falling from a window. The lands he confiscated from protestant nobles were combined into his Duchy of Friedland, and later in life, this man was awarded the Duchy of Mecklenburg—a move that, in large part, forced his dismissal at the behest of the German princes. Although later recalled back to service with even more authority, his defeat at Lützen, the loss of Regensburg, and, critically, this Bohemian general's rumored negotiations with the Swedes caused his ultimate downfall. For ten points, name this general of the Thirty Years’ War whose assassination formed the subject of a series of plays by Schiller. Answer: Albrecht von Wallenstein [or Albrecht von Waldstein; or Albrecht z Valdštejna] (08CC)

John Costello succeeded this man twice in office, and when he finally retired from public service at the age of 90, Erskine Childers succeeded him. In one executive position, this man was preceded by W.T Cosgrave, and he abolished this position by introducing a new constitution, which also saw Douglas Hyde become his country's first president. He served as president of the League of nations, and adopted a neutral stance during WWII. Before serving as his country's president, he had been its 3 times, for a total of 15 years. His American origins made him avoid execution after the Easter Rising, and during the civil war, he opposed Michael Collins and the 1921 treaty with Britain. FTP, who was this Irish freedom fighter, Prime minister and founder of the Fianna Fail? Answer: Eamon de Valera (08CC)

Following the death of his official predecessor, Wilhelm Marx and Hans Luther temporarily occupied this man's final position in public service. He had previously succeeded Maximilian von Pritwitz and Erich von Falkenhayn, and his succession of the latter led to a period known as The Silent Dictatorship. A cadet at age 11, he was named the “Wooden Titan” by biographer John Wheeler-Bennett. Kurt von Schleicher served under this man, as did Heinrich Bruning, and other politicians of the Centre Party. He co-headed the plan to blockade Britain, and he earlier gained prominence for crushing P.K. Rennenkampf and Alexander Samsonov’s Russian forces at the . Forcing Erich Ludendorff to take the blame for his nation’s loss during World War One, for 10 points, name this German field Marshall who became the president of the Weimar Republic during Hitler’s rise. Answer: Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (08CC)

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He married Louisa Hervey against the wishes of his father, and he was succeeded by Dudley Ryder in his first executive position. In that position, he negotiated the with France, and afterwards, he became leader of the opposition during the rule of William Grenville. In his most famous position, in which he was succeeded by George Channing, he had to deal with the Luddite movement, and issued the Corn Laws. In that role, he oversaw the end of the regency period, had Castlereagh broker a peace agreement, and he is perhaps best known for his reactionary measures in the aftermath of the Peterloo massacre, leading to his near assassination in the 1820 Cato Street conspiracy. FTP, who was this British PM who shares his name with an English port city? Answer: Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (accept either) (08CC)

He was to have been succeeded by Roger de Bailleul, who however refused the election. As a protege of Theobald of Bec, whom he would later succeed, he soon gained attention of the court. A close friend of the king, this man was entrusted with the upbringing of the heir-apparent - a fact which is often quoted as a cause of the subsequent father- son quarrel. He was a loyal Lord Chancellor, and increased the king's hold over the church. Appointed to his most famous position, however, he broke with the king, and Louis VII granted him asylum in Pontigny, after he had opposed the constitutions of Clarendon. Alexander III's threat of excommunication made it possible for him to return to England, where he in turn started excommunicating his enemies. Killed on December 29th 1170 by cronies of Henry II, FTP, who was this English saint and archbishop of Canterbury? Answer: Thomas a Becket (08CC)

He would rebuild the town of Tercanabal in order to build his residence there, nowadays known as the Vila of the Infante. From that residence, on the peninsula of Sagres, and the nearby town of Lagos would most of this man's undertakings be coordinated. He was a son of Philippa of Lancaster, and a brother of Edward the Philosopher, also known as Duarte. His governership of the Order of Christ provided him with the funds for his exploits, which were realized under the skilled leadership of such men as Antonio Noli, Alvise Cadamasto, and Gil Eanes. The latter would be the first westerner to round cape Bojador, which would open the way to exploration of southern Africa. FTP, who was this Portuguese prince, patron of explorers? Answer: Henry the Navigator (08CC)

His first published essay was on “Dante's Patriotic Love,” published more than a decade after he graduated from university, though he is more famous for the contemporary newsletter Apostleship of the People, issued during the English exile that followed his arrests in Paris and Geneva; a second exile fifteen years later caused his attempts at uprisings in (*) Mantua and Milan. In between, he proposed such doctrines as “God and People” and “Thought and Action” after being invited to be a Roman triumvir with Armellini and Saffi following the defeat of Pius IX, though he had spent most of his earlier career urging republican ideals as a member of the Carbonari. For 10 points, name this man who palled around with Ruffini, Garibaldi and the Young Italy movement. Answer: (09PB)

When this man ran for the chancellor’s position at Cambridge, he was opposed by the in an election so contested that crowds threw “missiles of all sorts” at those who dared vote. After winning the election, this man pushed for the teaching of science and technology over that of classics and . He also served as the chair of the Royal Commission on the Great Exhibition that opened at the Crystal Palace. He was accused during the Crimean War of meddling to support his many (*) relations throughout Europe, despite holding no elected position. For 10 points, identify this man, the prince consort of the from 1840 to 1861 as husband of Queen Victoria. Answer: Prince Albert (09PB)

While in exile in London, this man began a newspaper dedicated to the cause with which he is most associated entitled “Thought and Action,” and he claimed that his “whole doctrine is... summed up in [education]” in his essay, “On the Duties of Man.” His correspondence with the Bandeira brothers led to their eventual execution for planning a failed

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1844 rebellion, and four years later he was unable to enlist Pius IX in his cause. This man's early exploits included an open letter to Charles Albert, urging the latter to expel the Austrians from Piedmont, but after being rebuffed, this man founded a movement which held that “Neither pope nor king,” could bring unification for his country. For ten points, identify this republican proponent of most famous for founding the Young Italy movement. Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini (09EFT)

Freemasonry was blamed for one of this man’s policies in the encyclical Etsi multa. He took money involving the newly- formed Guelph Legion into a “reptile fund” with which he bribed newspapers. As prime minister, he convinced a neighboring nation, represented by the rather willing Count Blome. to sign the Gastein Convention, and he negotiated the League of the Three Emperors. When the terms of the Gastein Convention were violated, a conflict including the Battle of Königgrätz, the Seven Weeks’ War, resulted. One of this man’s policies was enacted by the Kanzelparagraph and Adalbert Falk’s May Laws; that attempt to reduce Catholic influence was the Kulturkampf, while he released out the Ems dispatch to provoke the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this “Iron Chancellor” who helped unite Germany serving emperors like Wilhelm I. Answer: Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen (09EFT)

This man became head of a special committee which impeached the Earl of Oxford and Viscount Bolingbroke, who had been responsible for sending this man to the . He grew unpopular when he pardoned John Porteous, and Robert Jacomb had earlier saved this man from financial disaster. He reluctantly declared war on Spain to start the War of Jenkins’ Ear. He also brought down the Peerage Bill, but rose to his most famous position due to his handling of the South Sea Bubble as First Lord of the Treasury, which led George II to make him leader of the House of Commons. For ten points, name this first prime minister of the United Kingdom. Answer: Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (09EFT)

Stafford Cripps served as the chancelour of the exchequer in this man's government, which also included the former general secretary of the TUC as foreign minister. Hugh Dalton attempted to have him replaced by that foreign minister, Ernest Bevin, and his government enacted many of the recommendations of the Beveridge Report, including the creation of the National Health Service. He named Mountbatten Viceroy of India, and he resigned after his party won the 1951 election by 5 seats. For 10 points, name this Labour prime minister of the United Kingdom, who both followed and was succeeded by Winston Churchill. Answer: Clement Attlee, 1st (09EFT)

After his first election to Parliament from Horsham was challenged, Sir Leonard Holmes gave him a pocket borough on the Isle of Wight on condition that he never visit. Entering government as a Tory, he secured the creation of an independent Belgium and prevented Ali from overtaking the as Foreign Secretary. He earned censure for his "gunboat" diplomacy, to which he responded with his famous "Strong Arm of England Speech." Succeeding , FTP, identify this man who became Britain's first Liberal prime minister in 1859. Answer: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (accept either name)

In his old age this leader feared walking across his tent, thinking that his legs were made of glass and would shatter. After successfully guarding the rear at Jena, he earned victories at Katzbach and Möckern, paving the way for victory at Leipzig. Despite setbacks in the disastrous 1806 campaign against France that concluded with his surrender near Lübeck, he was made prince of Wahlstadt in 1815, the year he joined Stein, Hardenberg, and Scharnhorst in reestablishing opposition to Napoleon. FTP, identify this Prussian field marshal who assisted Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. Answer: Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher

His Admonitio Generalis proposed standardized texts and curricula for liturgical pedagogy. Born of Northumbrian

22 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 nobility, he entered Archbishop Egbert's school and eventually became its headmaster. He became of St. Martin's at Tours in his later years, but is better known today for his contributions to education, and he is credited with popularizing the use of lowercase letters. The teacher of Einhard, FTP, name this scholar, who in 781 CE began his work as "Master of the Palace School" for Charlemagne. Answer: Alcuin of York

During his time in London this former editor of Pesti Hirlap became friends with Giuseppe Mazzini. He also met privately with Napoleon III to foster a revolt that would give the French the advantage in a war against the country he had rebelled against in 1848. Though he quarreled with his best general, Artur Gorgey, he was elected governor for a short time, before the arrival of the Russian armies began his life of exile, a life that featured incredibly popular lecture tours in England and America. FTP identify this revolutionary statesman who led Hungary in its struggle for independence from Austria. Answer:

He managed the family plantation on Andros Island, before returning to become mayor of his hometown. He served in various government posts at the national level including postmaster general and minister of health, and he would later serve loyally as lord president of the council under his most foremost critic. But it is for a second version of the Godesberg proposal, which he agreed to sign, along with Edouard Daladier, on September 30th 1938 that he is best known. FTP identify this Englishman who spoke of "peace in our time," the prime minister who signed the ineffective Munich Pact. Answer:

During his term, he took time out to discuss St.-Exupéry on a television show. Serving as a finance minister under de Gaulle and Pompidou, he's often pushed for unity between Chirac's RPR and his own UDF, and he's been mentioned, along with Edouard Balladur, as UDF candidate in the upcoming elections. A member of a noble family who entered the National Assembly at age 29, he served four years in the . FTP, name this predecessor of François Mitterand, president of France from 1974 to 1981. Answer: Valery Giscard D'Estaing

In 1522, a group of this man's followers were arrested for deliberately eating meat during Lent. After his repudiation as a heretic by Pope Adrian VI, he married the widow Anna Reinhard, and had his region withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the bishop of Constance. He debated the question of transubstantiation with Martin Luther in the Marburg Colloquy and was killed in battle against the Forest Cantons, those members of the Swiss confederation that would not accept his views. FTP, identify this 16th century Swiss church reformer and leader of the Reformation. Answer: Huldreich or Ulrich Zwingli

In 1633 he organized the Protestant princes of Germany into the League of Heilbronn. He also negotiated the Treaty of with France, whereby his nation gained France's aid with no concessions. He stripped Denmark of its power by negotiating the Peace of Brömsebro after the 1643-45 Danish War. He lost power after disputes with Queen Christina, though the diet appointed him legate plenipotentiary in Germany after the death of Gustavus Adolphus. The primary delegate at the Peace of Westphalia, FTP, identify this most powerful statesman in Swedish history. Answer: Count Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna

His writings include Prelude to , The Catastrophe, and The Crucifixion of Liberty. His father Fyodor's star pupil was Lenin and this man was the leader of a socialist bloc called Trud, or the Group of Toil. His most famous post saw the uprising of General Lavr Kornilov, and he served as minister and war minister under Georgii Lvov. He was unable to prevent the Bolsheviks from establishing a parallel government to his own, despite his efforts to overtake Petrograd, where the soldiers refused to fight for him. FTP, identify this prime minister of the Provisional Government toppled in the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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Answer: Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky

Along with men like Thomas Bilney and Robert Barnes he was dubbed a "little German," but a chance encounter at his father's house at Waltham catapulted him out of academic obscurity. He resided at Durham Palace for a while and was named deacon of Taunton, but when Stephen Gardiner fell out of favor he was tapped for the position that made him famous. He was responsible for the Book of Homilies, a set of 42 articles, and drawing up the Book of Prayer. FTP identify this first protestant archbishop of Canterbury who was burned at the stake in 1556. Answer: Thomas Cranmer

By the time he achieved his greatest successes he was in his seventies, having grown increasingly dependent on his chief of staff August von Gneisenau and prone to delusions such as when he fancied himself pregnant with an elephant fathered on him by a French soldier. Part of the general defeat at Jena and Auerstadt, he was soundly beaten at Ligny, though at such victorious battles as Wohlstatt he displayed the dash which earned him the nickname "Marshall Forward". FTP name this Prussian general who broke the French right flank at Waterloo but is most famous for whipping Napoleon at Leipzig. Answer: Gerhardt Leberecht von Bluecher

Upon his return as chief secretary of Ireland, he headed a commission that reinstated the gold standard in Britain. As home secretary he battled the liberation movement led by Daniel O'Connell, but it was with the issuance of the reformist Tamworth Manifesto that he gained true political power. He resigned when Canning became prime minister, but he would eventually gain the highest office and repeal the Corn Laws almost 20 years later. FTP, name this founder of the modern British Conservative Party and the modern British police force, who served as prime minister from 1834 to 1835 and 1841 to 1846. Answer: Sir Robert Peel

His was elected to his first political post on the City Council in 1906, and became mayor of the city during World War I. During the Weimar period he belonged to the Centre Party, and was removed from his posts during the Nazi period, eventually being sent to a concentration camp. After the 1961 elections, he persuaded the Free Democrats to join his coalition on the condition that he resign as Chancellor before the end of his term, which he did after concluding a treaty of cooperation with France. Earlier achievements included winning approval for German rearmament and the inclusion of West Germany in NATO. FTP, name West Germany's first Prime Minister. Answer: Konrad Adenauer

His father was Gilbert, who furthered the reputation of their family of Norman knights. Charged with misappropriating court funds, he fled to France for six years. This had followed his troubled time as the king's chancellor when he refused to acknowledge the validity of the Constitutions of Clarendon. Having succeeded Theobald in his most famous post, he instituted many of the policies of Gregorian reform, which further weakened his relationship with his king, Henry II. FTP, name this man who, on December 29, 1170, was murdered by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral. Answer: Saint Thomas à Becket

His final days were spent in a vain attempt at overthrowing Platon Zubov and he was suspected of concocting elaborate schemes to disguise the poorly administered colonization of the . He was more successful building the arsenal of Kherson, the establishment of Sebastopol as a key harbor, and after his appointment as field marshal in 1784, his construction of the Black Sea Fleet that led the Russians to victory during the Turkish Wars. FTP, identify this army officer and statesman probably best known for his love affair with Catherine the Great, fabricated villages, and a namesake battleship. Answer: Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin

Critics mocked him as "Comrade Lavatory Lover," because he insisted on equipping the Moscow Metro with the most

24 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 up-to-date toilets while serving as regional party chief in the 1930s. During much of the 1940s he headed the Ukrainian Communist Party, where he organized the post-WWII reconstruction of the region. In his famous Secret Speech of 1956 he established the tenor of his time in power, secured after his defeat of his rivals Bulganin, Malenkov, and Molotov. Known for his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis, FTP, who was this successor of Stalin as head of the Soviet Union? Answer: Nikita (Sergeevich) Khrushchev

In 1934's "The Army of the Future", he defended a professional army based on mechinazation and mobilization. In World War I, he fought at Verdun and spent two years, eight months in a POW camp. He was the head of his country's provisional government following World War II, but resigned in January, 1946. However, he was elected President in December, 1958, under the constitution of the new Fifth Republic. FTP, name this French general and statesman who led the Free French forces during World War II. Answer: Charles de Gaulle

This man's main follower was Louis de Saint-Just. Known for practicing a simple Spartan lifestyle, he wished to establish a religion of the Supreme Being and denounced the atheistic Religion of Reason espoused by a rival group, the Hebertists. Made public accuser in 1791, he soon became the leader of , and after defeating the Indulgents he assumed complete power, hoping to establish a Republic of Virtue. FTP, identify this short-lived leader of the Committee of Public Safety who orchestrated the Reign of Terror. Answer: Maximilien Robespierre

He died in 1995, while his family still vehemently denied that he had Alzheimer's disease. The son of an industrial chemist, he once said, "if I had the choice between smoked salmon and tin, I'd have it tinned. With vinegar." At Oxford, under Sir William Beveridge he studied unemployment and the trade cycle. He joined the cabinet of Clement Atlee in 1947. For 10 points, what Labour party leader tied William Gladstone's record of four administrations as prime minister? Answer:

After Emile Cottin (Uh MEAL Cot ANNE) failed in his assassination attempt on him, this man asked for leniency for the young anarchist, recommending eight years in prison and "intensive training in a shooting gallery." The leader of the extreme left in the Chamber of Deputies, he was a friend, and then adversary of Boulanger (Boo lahn JHAY), and lobbied against the Dreyfus affair, publishing Zola's "J'Accuse" in his journal "L'Aurore" (Lau ROAR). FTP, name this man who presided at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, known as "The Tiger." Answer: Georges Clemenceau

He first joined the Socialist party in 1904, and by 1919 was in charge of the party and its journal Le Populaire. By the time he became premier, he was the first socialist and first Jew to lead France. He pushed through the 40-hour workweek and nationalized military industries, as the leader of a coalition of Socialists, Radicals, and other left leaning parties. FTP, identify this man known for his work with the Popular Front. Answer: Leon Blum

A German organizer of the Nazi 'Brownshirts' or SA, he was a potential rival to Hitler. On the pretext of an intended SA Putsch or uprising, some one hundred of the SA's including him were killed. FTP name this man who was executed without trial on Hitler's orders during the Night of the Long Knives. Answer: Ernst Rohm

He entered the forces in 1893, serving on the Norht-West frontier, in South Africa, and with the West African Frontier Force. He went on to become Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Force between 1931 and 1935 where he established the Police College at Hendon. It was in another service that he gained fame. He helped to found the RAF in 1918 and was Chief of the Air Staff between 1919 and 1929. FTP, name this man who was appointed Marshal of the RAF

25 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 in 1927. Answer: Hugh Montague Trenchard

The son of a miner, he joined the German Communist Party in 1929 and was imprisoned between 1935 and 1945. After WWII, he was elected to the Volkskammer in 1949 and in 1958 he became a full member of the SED politburo and secretariat. He oversaw the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and became East Germany's effective leader upon Walter Ulbricht's death in 1973. FTP, name this German politician who was forced out of power in 1989 and replaced by Egon Krenz. Answer: Erich Honecker

Executed in 1815, this son of an innkeeper first distinguished himself on the 18th of Brumaire, when he dispersed the . The cavalry commander at Marengo, in 1801 he was nominated governor of the Cisalpine Republic, and he was later given the grand duchy of Berg and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; the British retained Sicily, but he was able to install himself as king of Naples. FTP who is this husband of Caroline Bonaparte and brother-in-law of Napoleon? Answer: Joaquim Murat

Born with the last name Finkelstein, he earned his degree from the Moscow Institute of Asia and Africa, which specialized in the production of spies. He rise through the ranks of the KGB as a foreign intelligence officer included a stay in Iraq where he made acquaintance with Saddam Hussein, a possible reason for his support of this leader. In 1997, he replaced Andrey Kozyrev as foreign minister of Russia. FTP, name this man who became Russia's prime-minister in the fall of 1998? Answer: Yevgeniy Primakov

In his eighties, he wrote a monograph on his friend Claude Monet. Years earlier, as editor of the newspaper L'Aurore, he had published Emile Zola's article under the headline "J'Accuse." His political career included a long rivalry with socialist Jean Juares. FTP, name this two-time French premier, who lost power for the last time in 1920 for allegedly being too soft on the Germans at Versailles. Answer: Georges Clemenceau

The father was arrested and imprisoned in 1531 when he quarreled with the Duke of Suffolk, and he was later charged with treason but regained Henry VIII's favor. Today, however, he is remembered as a writer, not a courtier. The son was a conspirator who helped put Jane Grey on the throne and objected to the marriage of Mary I and Philip II of Spain. For ten points, name these men, one who is credited with introducing the sonnet into English and the other who led a 1554 eponymous revolt against Mary I. Answer: Thomas Wyatt (Prompt if just Wyatt is given.)

This politician served in the House of Commons from 1918 to 1931 as a Conservative, Independent, and Labour party member. Detained under the Defence regulations during WWII, he founded a new 'Union' movement in 1948, and ten years described his vision in the work Europe: Faith and Plan. FTP identify this politician who founded the British Union of Fascists in 1932. Answer: Sir Oswald Mosley

Educated as a surgeon at Edinburgh, he served as a medical officer on a vessel in the East Indian trade. After becoming an expert on the animal and plant life of Sumatra, he gained the backing of the African Association for geographical investigations. On the first, he was held captive by an Arab chief for four months; on the second, an 1812 government inquiry concluded, he was attacked near Segou on the Niger and drowned, and may have been eaten by crocodiles. FTP name this Scottish explorer who charted the course of the Niger. Answer: Mungo Park

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Although not thought of as an artist, he is credited with introducing the mezzotint into England. Although not thought of as a naval figure, he commanded the remnants of his slain uncle's fleet, losing to Blake in the Mediterranean and turning to in the Azores. He is thought of, however, as a military leader on land, leading the Royalist cavalry at Marston Moor and Naseby. FTP name this prince and noted figure of the English Civil Wars. Answer: Prince Rupert of the or the Palatinate

This man got his first major break when being appointed to the post of Junior Lord of the Admiralty during the ministry of the Duke of Portland. Soon afterwards, he was appointed to Chancellor of the Exchequer, which was at that time a less important office than what it would later become. This man's long stint as Foreign Secretary came to an end with the demise of Melbourne's administration, when he was replaced by Lord Aberdeen, who was considerably less interventionist than this man. This man famously made his Civis Romanus sum speech in defense of his stance on the Don Pacifico Affair. This man was both preceeded and succeded by John Russell in his most famous post, during which the Second Opium War occurred as well as the American Civil War. For 10 points, name this last British Prime Minister to die in office, known for his aggressive liberal interventionist stance on foreign policy, and who sometimes lends his name to his namesake "age". Answer: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

This politician commissioned Lord Devon to investigate tenant-landlord relationships in Ireland, and saw his first government fail after the organization of the Lichfield House Compact. Despite serving from two different rotten boroughs, he won early popularity after Perceval chose him to deliver a reply to a speech from the throne. A common rule governing the insanity defense is named for a man who tried to kill this man, Daniel M'Naghten. This ardent opponent of Catholic Emancipation briefly refused to supplant Lord Melbourne in the Bedchamber Crisis and differentiated his philosophy from that of his patron, the Duke of Wellington, in his Tamworth Manifesto. This man responded to the Potato Famine by repealing the Corn Laws, and is credited as the founder of the Conservative Party. For 10 points, name this British PM whose founding of the Metropolitan Police inspired their nickname of "Bobbies". Answer: Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet

This man was aided to victory on Palm Sunday by a lieutenant known as "the Black Douglas", and he put forth a non- surviving portion of the Declaration of Arbroath, a draft letter written to John XXII espousing his chief political goal. While trying to aid France, this man was captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross, while he was much more successful at an earlier victory that saw his troops charge from Gillies Hill. This ruler was excommunicated after killing John Comyn in a church, but he solidified his power by marrying his son David II to Joan and ensuring a 5-year truce in the Treaty of Northampton. His best-known victory came near the River Forth and followed this man's siege of Stirling Castle in 1314. The victor over Edward II at Bannockburn, for 10 points, name this man who built on the success of William Wallace as King of Scotland during the Wars of Independence.

Answer: Robert the Bruce [or Robert I]

Henry Grattan supported a Catholic Relief Bill that was defeated by this man, who had earlier negotiated the restoration of to the Ottomans in the Treaty of Amiens. This man's tax hikes led to the rise of a group whose activities were made illegal via the Frame Breaking Act, which made it a capital crime to destroy machines, while the death of King George III caused a government crisis that some tried to exploit by assassinating this man along with his whole cabinet. Along with dealing with the Luddites, he passed the Six Acts to quell domestic unrest after the Peterloo Massacre. A target of the Cato Street Conspiracy, this man issued the first of a series of laws that greatly reduced foreign competition for farmers, but raised the cost of corn. FTP, name this Tory Prime Minister who passed the first of the Corn Laws and held power in the final stages of the Napoleonic Wars.

Answer: Robert Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool [accept either or both parts]

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Jack Lang served as culture and education minister under this man, who famously replied "so what" when confronted with the fruits of an extramarital affair. Before serving in his most famous position, he served among others as interior minister for the UDSR, and became the leader of the PS. After two failed attempts, this man was able to win the presidency on the strength of his 110 propositions program. He became mired in controversy over his secret order to sink the Green Peace ship Rainbow Warrior, and earned early enmity by opposing de Gaulle in the 1958 Algiers Crisis. He appointed Fabius, Rocard and Cresson to the office of Prime Minister, and prior to his death from prostate cancer was forced into the so-called "cohabitation" with his longtime rival, Jacques Chirac. For 10 points, identify this President of France from 1981-1995 who was notably socialist. Answer: Francois Mitterrand

In his early career, this man helped his friend, Cardinal Matthew Schinner, retake his position in Sion by attacking George Supersax. His ideas were popularized due to the efforts of his son-in-law, Rudolf Gwalther, and printer Christopher Froschauer, and a pivotal event involving this man saw him speak on the arrival of Bernhardin Sanson. Though his influence had begun to wane following a "Land Peace" in 1529, his participation in the brief Second Kappel War in defense of his city led to his death. This author of "On the True and False Religion" was invited by Philip of Hesse to debate a major contemporary in the Marburg Colloquy, though he could not agree on the doctrine of real presence with Martin Luther. For 10 points, identify this prominent citizen of Zurich, the foremost figure of the Swiss Reformation. Answer:

This man expanded his ancestral home from the Fearless Tower into a gilded status symbol in an attempt to appease the nobility, erecting the imposing Capistrano tower, named after the elderly monk who had fought in support of this man's major victory. His time serving with George Podebrady as regent for kicked off a long- standing feud with Ulrich Celje, and he was humbled after convinced him to derail the Peace of . Skanderbeg revolted after deserting when this man's Long Campaign ended with a victory at Nis, and he later nearly beat Murad II before Vladislaus III charged into a huge wall of janissaries and was hacked apart. This loser at Second Kosovo was celebrated by the Noon Bell for breaking the , repelling Mehmet II and inspiring his son to form the Black Army to battle the Ottomans. For 10 points, name this father of Mathias Corvinus and military ruler of Hungary. Answer: Janos [or John] Hunyadi

This man survived an assassination attempt by the leader of the General Confederation of Labour, a whose downfall had vaulted him to power, and used future Piazza Fontana bomber Yves Guerin-Serac to run the Aginter Press. His brutal order to massacre civilians and then commit suicide frightened a subordinate into surrendering in the face of Operation Vijay, while he crushed an early uprising led by the "blueshirts"or National Syndicalists. The friendship between this organizer of the shadowy PIDE and Ian Smith kept Rhodesia afloat for years, though it led to his government losing ground to movements like FRELIMO and UNITA, whose efforts towards independence led to the ouster of this man's successor, Marcelo Caetano, in the . For 10 points, identify this former political economist who like Getulio Vargas presided over an , the Prime Minister of from 1932 to 1968. Answer: Antonio de Oliveira Salazar

This man's tenure as head of state saw a substantial cultural clash over films like Love in the Leather Pants and Holidays at Mt. Boinker, which were a variety of pornography named after a certain region. Herbert Hupka left this man's party during his tenure and attacked an incident in which this leader visited a war memorial and dropped to one knee. Late in life, he proposed a line dividing the economies of the world between North and South in a namesake report. Systematic bribing likely prevented his ousting in a no-confidence vote by Rainier Barzel. That corruption may have been organized by Markus Wolf, who also oversaw an intelligence operative who served as one of this man's personal secretaries, Gunter Guillame, resulting in a scandal when the latter's Stasi ties were exposed. For 10 points, identify this advocate of

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Ostpolitik, the Chancellor of West Germany from 1968 to 1974. Answer: Willy Brandt [or Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm]

When a group of his fellow students took refuge from a failed revolution in Austria, this man declared that he would only wear black. The British government admitted to opening this man's mail after the execution of the Bandiera brothers. This man used the slogan "Thought and Action" and met opposition when he planned to use Charles Albert to lead an army against Radetzky in 1848. In 1865, he refused an appointment to the Turin Parliament because he would not take an oath of allegiance to the monarchy. Sentenced to death in absentia due to his part in an army coup and invasion in Savoy, this man was elected Triumvir of Rome after the assasination of Pellegrino Rossi. He said that "neither Pope nor king," but rather "God and the people" would lead to victory the movement he founded. For 10 points, name this leader of Young Italy, a democratic figure of the Risorgimento. Answer: Giussepe Mazzini

He engaged in a dispute with Gilbert 'the Red' de Clare over building a castle in Glamorgan, and was troubled by Roger Mortimer's support of Humphrey de Bohun. He massacred the troops of Luke de Tany at Moel-y-don. Pirates were hired to intercept Eleanor de Montfort en route to her marriage with this man, prompting his signing of the , after he signed the Treaty of Pipton with Simon de Montfort.The Battle of Cadfan saw Stephen Bayzan defeated by this man's ally Maredudd, and he was recognized as prince of his lands in the Treaty of Montgomery. He died at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. Early in life, at the Battle of Bryn Derwin, he defeated his brothers Owain and Dafydd, the latter of whom succeeded him. Edward I stripped this man's home of Gywnned of all royal insignia. For 10 points, name this last prince of an independent . Answer: Llewelyn ap Gruffyd [or Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf; or Llywelyn III of Gwynedd; or Llywelyn II of Wales]

This man's anti-Muslim policies included banning the washing of the dead and forbidding anyone who was not a qualified surgeon from performing a circumcision. Muslim retaliation to this man's policies included a wave of bombings accompanied with the slogan "forty years, forty bombs." Unrealistic modifications of his country's Third Five-Year Plan were known as this man's "Theses." Under this man, the company Kintex provided arms to Third World countries and may have also been involved in the drug trade. Late in his rule, he proposed a liberalization of government known as the "July Concept" and initiated the "New Economic Mechanism," but also demanded that all Turks in his country change their names. A conspiracy theory claims that his secret service was behind the 1981 assassination attempt of Pope John Paul II. For 10 points, name this Communist leader of Bulgaria from 1954 to 1989. Answer: Todor Zhivkov

He angered Johann Thugut when he raised a flag on his hotel balcony in the Wallnerstrasse, sparking a riot. He was wounded during his victory in the Battle of Spanden, and he led forces at the Battle of Mohrungen that fought against Levin Bennigsen. An agreement with Britain led to his receiving the Guadeloupe Fund. Earlier, he led the Saxon Ninth Corps at the , after which he lost his command as punishment for retreating. He married Desiree Clary, who was Napoleon's first fiancée, and he was given the title Prince of . His son succeeded him in another position as Oscar I. For 10 points, name this one-time Marshal of France who became King of Sweden from 1818 to 1844, founding his namesake . Answer: Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte [or Charles XIV John; or Karl XIV Johan]

The Institute of Red Professors became known as this man's "school," and he was later accused of composing the Riutin Platform. This man published such theoretical works as The Economics of the Transitional Period and The Theory of Historical Materialism, and he collaborated with Yevgeny Preobrazhensky to write The ABC of Communism. He spent five months in New York editing the newspaper New World, and he later resigned from Pravda to protest the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. He was serving as editor of Izvestia when he was accused of affilating with Mikhail Tomsky and Alexey Rykov, the "right opposition." For 10 points, name this NEP supporter who was executed in 1938 following the last of

29 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 the purge trials. Answer: Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin

One man with this proposed giving Zionists Uganda as their homeland and attempted to form an alliance with Germany several times in the Salisbury administration. Another man with this last name served as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Arthur Balfour and Foreign Secretary under , during which he negotiated the Locarno Treaties with Gustav Stresemann. The best known man of this surname is remembered for preceding Winston Churchill as Prime Minister and appeasing Hitler. For 10 points, give this surname shared by British politicians Joseph and his sons Austen and Neville. Answer: Chamberlain

Due chiefly to the provocation of this man, problems stemming from the Convention of Gastein led to the Seven Weeks War and Austria€™s exclusion from a newly established empire. This person arranged the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, a secret agreement compelled by the collapse of the Three Emperors League. The May Laws promulgated by this leader€™s minister of culture, Adalbert Falk, contributed to a political struggle called the Kulturkampf. This prime minister edited an exchange between the French Count Benedetti and King William in such a way so as to provoke armed conflict; that message, the Ems telegram, precipitated the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this German chancellor from 1871 to 1890, a Prussian who was the chief architect of the late-nineteenth century German Empire. Answer: Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck

This man orchestrated the fall of the Duke de La Vieuville after he was himself dismissed from office when Charles de Luynes€™ conspiracy resulted in the death of his patron, Concino Concini. After personally overseeing the siege of Rochelle, this man negotiated the Peace of Alais with the , and in the Day of the Dupes, he was almost dismissed at the behest of his king€™s mother, Marie de Medici. A supporter of French involvement in the Thirty Years War, this man was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin in his highest post in 1642. For 10 points, name this Chief Minister of Louis XIII. Answer: Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand Jean du Plessis]

This man received his first official post in government as Superintendent of Buildings some time after he incited a rivalry with over unpaid taxes. This man placed increased emphasis on the equality of tariffs laid on goods traded internally in his country, and he attempted to increase transportation options, commissioning Pierre Riquet to build the Canal du Midi. However, he ascended to his most well-known role due to the patronage of Cardinal Mazarin, and he successfully curried favor with Louis XIV after Mazarin's death. Known for pushing mercantilist policies and for placing a heavier tax burden on the nobility, for 10 points, name this French Controller-General of Finances for whom an economic commerce system is named. Answer: Jean-Baptiste Colbert

After previously hearing of an opposing plan proposed at the Meeting, this leader proposed a twenty-five point plan at the Bamberg Conference. This leader decided to abandon both the Madagascar Plan and Nisko Plan in favor of a plan which would better achieve the ideals of not feeding the hungry, not hydrating the thirsty, and not clothing the naked. Hans Ritter von Seisser and Otto von Lossow put down a rebellion led by this leader, and he consolidated power by executing Operation Hummingbird. The Beer Hall Putsch and Night of the Long Knives both occurred during this leader€™s reign. For 10 points, name this demonic German leader who published Mein Kampf before executing six million during the Holocaust by the end of World War II. Answer: Adolf Hitler

This man served as a naval captain for the Rio Grande de Sul, and earned fame for his performance at the battle of Sant'Antonio in a war against Juan Manuel de Rosas. He would later come to defend the from an attack by

30 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 the French, which included a failed charge on Janiculum Hill. On a notable journey, his forces took Milazzo and Calabria before emerging victorious at Volturno River; during that journey, this man subdued Naples and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies with his €œArmy of Thousand.€ For 10 points, identify this military leader during the Risorgimento who led the Redshirts. Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi

A splinter faction of this group was captured by a ship known as The Brindled Cow, commanded by Simon of Utrecht. That faction was led by a man named for the fact that he could drink four liters of beer without ever taking his mouth from a beaker. They had their base at the city of , but, after it was captured, many of their members became known as Likedeelers and allied themselves with East Frisian tribesmen. Financed by the prior to the creation of the , this organization formed largely as a result of war between Albert of Mecklenburg and Queen Margaret I in 1392. For 10 points, name this maritime guild of pirates in the Baltic, whose name derives from the fact that they supplied food and other provisions to cities. Answer: Victual Brothers [accept Vitalians or variants like Guild of the Victual pirates, etc.; accept Likedeelers before they're mentioned]

He argued against the need to fulfill vows and for the spontaneity of in On the Religious Profession. He demonstrated that divine prescience and a belief in human autonomy could not be reconciled in On the Free Will. In another work, he presented three distinct points of view on the compatibility of religion and the righteousness of man pursuing his natural appetites. That tract, On Pleasure, preceded a work that considered the question, "if Solomon could fall into idolatry," could not the same thing happen in the case of a "supreme pontiff." That question culminated in an argument that Rome's claim that it is "entitled by prescription to what it posseses" is based on the misattribution of a document allegedly given to Sylvester I in the 4th Century.For 10 points, identify this religious thinker who proved in 1440 that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. Answer: Lorenzo Valla

This man was the target of an assassination attempt by Viktor Ilyin. His official cult of personality was centered on an exaggerated version of his role at Malaya Zemlya. This leader€™s negotiations with a rival nation€™s leader failed to prevent the passage of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment, which proposed sanctioning his nation. This leader shared power with Nikolai Podgorny and Aleksey Kosygin, and he negotiated SALT II and initiated détente. The Pravda article €œSovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries€ introduced a policy named for this man that justified intervention in other socialist nations; that policy was his namesake doctrine that led to his invasion of Afghanistan. For 10 points each, name this leader effectively in charge of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. Answer: Leonid Ilich Brezhnev

This man worked with William Gifford on the weekly review The Anti-. This man€™s cousin Stratford was a longtime minister to the Ottoman Empire, and this man€™s son was the Governor-General of India during the Sepoy . He led a group that refused to join the Ministry of All the Talents, and he supported the Greek War of Independence. This British politician€™s opposition to Spanish colonization in Latin America led to the creation of the Monroe Doctrine. He was briefly prime minister after Lord Liverpool, in whose cabinet he had prominently served. This Tory feuded with the man who preceded him in his most famous role, going so far as to fight a duel with that rival. For 10 points, name this British Foreign Secretary of the 1820€™s, the successor to Castlereagh. Answer: George Canning

This enemy of the Military Council for National , who was supported by the KOR, negotiated a twenty-one- point agreement with Edward Gierek. After holding his most powerful position, this author of The Struggle and the Triumph and A Way of Hope co-founded the AWS, and while in power he declared a €œwar at the top.€ This enemy of the PZPR won concessions at his nation€™s round-table talks. He implemented Leszek Balcerowicz's brand of "shock therapy," and he was defeated in a re-election bid by Alexander Kwasniewski in 1995. Earlier, he helped lead an

31 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 organization that began in the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk. For 10 points, name this Polish winner of the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Solidarity trade union. Answer: Lech Walesa

This man criticized his country's involvement in foreign wars in an allegorical fable called The Ox. He demanded compensation for the family of Jacob Kaiser and forced another group to end its alliance with Austria in an armistice that he negotiated to end a war in which no battles occurred. This man executed Felix Mantz, a founder of a group known as his nation's Brethren. That group later became the Anabaptists, whom this man attacked with tracts like Tricks of the Catabaptists. He was succeeded by Heinrich Bullinger after his death during the Second Kappel War. His denial of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist caused his split with Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy. For 10 points, name this Swiss Protestant reformer who preached at Zürich. Answer: Huldrych Zwingli [or Huldreich Zwingli; or Ulrich Zwingli]

This man first distinguished himself as chief secretary to Ireland before being elected to Parliament from Oxford. While serving as home secretary to Arthur Wellesley, he helped carry out the concessionary Emancipation Act, allowing Catholics to sit in Parliament, though it cost him his own seat. Earlier, he had revamped Britain's criminal code and established the London police force, now named for him. His first stint as prime minister lasted only about five months, but he came back six years later, in 1841, for a second term, during which he reinstituted the income tax and famously repealed the Corn Laws. FTP name this British prime minister who founded the Conservative Party. Answer: Sir Robert Peel

One man by this surname endorsed Richard Wagner's racial theories in the book Foundations of the Nineteenth Century and became a German citizen during World War I. Another urged England to "think imperially" as Colonial Secretary during the Boer Wars, while another was the Tory leader in between Andrew Bonar Law's two stints and shared a Nobel Peace Prize with Charles Dawes for bringing about the Locarno Pact. The brother of that man created the first municipal savings bank in England and later extended recognition to the Italian occupation of Ethopia after becaming Prime Minister in 1937. He was supplanted by his intraparty rival Winston Churchill two years after declaring that he had delivered "Peace in Our Time" via the Munich Pact. FTP name this family of British politicians, including father Joseph and sons Austen and Neville. Answer: Chamberlain

His sister Anna wrote The Tale of a Great Sham, which emerged from her discontent with the League of which he had been the president. He was released from prison in return for help in suppressing violence through the Kilmainham Treaty, which brought an end to the Land War. He also gained status due to the deaths of T.H. Burke and Frederick Cavendish in Phoenix Park, which allowed him to displace the National League with his own Home Rule Party. His downfall began in 1889 when his alliance with Gladstone unravelled, and his fate was sealed in 1891 when the Freeman's Journal abandoned him, after he was named in a divorce petition involving William and Kitty O'Sheaa. FTP, name this leading Irish nationalist of the 1880s. Answer: Charles Stuart Parnell

He is the namesake of a five-member archipelago to the west of Duncan Island in the Galapagos, and his name was used for eleven years as a pseudonym in The New Yorker's "The Wayward Press" column by Robert Benchley. He was recruited while fighting for Spain in the Netherlands under the name of Guido and was eventually executed on the same day as Thomas Wintour. He pretended to be John Johnson, a servant of Thomas Percy, when discovered in a cellar after joining a group led by Robert Catesby. That led to his name gracing a holiday, also called Bonfire Night, which takes place on November 5. FTP, identify this member of the , who attempted to blow up Parliament and James I in 1605. Answer: Guy Fawkes [or Guido Fawkes]

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This man rose to power after his chief rival was undermined by a party held at Vaux-le-Vicomte. He founded the city of Rochefort after deciding that its harbor would be easily fortified, and Pierre-Paul Riquet designed the Canal du Midi under his direction. In addition to establishing the Code Noir, which dealt with slave labor, he founded the Académie des Sciences. He was succeeded by Jean de la Fontaine as a member of the Académie Française upon his death in 1683, though he is better known for giving pensions to other writers than for his own writings. FTP, name this protegé of Cardinal Mazarin who supplanted Nicholas Fouquet and became minister of finance to Louis XIV. Answer: Jean-Baptiste Colbert

He was interned in Kutahya for two years, but made the best of it by learning English from the works of Shakespeare during his imprisonment. While living in Italy he wrote the so-called "Cassandra letter" to protest a compromise negotiated by Deak's government. His work as a journalist covering the "Long Diet" led to his being appointed editor of the journal Pesti Hirlap, but he rose to power after Batthyany appointed him minister of finance. After Görgey's surrender to the Russians, he lost power and was forced to flee to Turkey in 1849. FTP, name this man who in 1848 became the de facto dictator of Hungary. Answer: Lajos Kossuth

Her maternal grandmother, Saint Margaret of Scotland, is Scotland's only royal saint. Her strongest supporter was her bastard half-brother Robert of Gloucester, and her marriage to Henry V ended childless with his death when she was twenty-three. Her youngest son William was her favourite, and he ran to mommy in Rouen after Thomas a Beckett refused to let him marry the woman he wanted. Her second son Geoffrey, named for his father, got into fights with her eldest son until Geoffrey's death in 1158. For 10 points, name this wife of Geoffrey of Anjou and mother of Henry II, a so-called Empress who struggled for the throne of England with Stephen of Blois. Answer: Matilda

He shares his name with an American journalist often credited with engineering the presidential nomination of Franklin Pierce. He attempted to found a school of followers with his late works, including Letters on a Regicide Peace, but succeeded only in converting the briefly prominent William Elliot. This onetime secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham argued for more enlightened treatment of the colonies in his "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents." He advocated a trustee rather than representative form of legislative delegation and attempted to show that the self- preservation instinct is the origin of aesthetic sensibility in his Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. FTP, name this anti-Tory author of Reflections on the Revolution in France, often considered the founder of conservative political philosophy. Answer:

This man, who is held responsible for squashing the development of the carnival song tradition, was given an order to appear at Bologna, which he returned with eighteen corrections labeled. His canonization was advocated by Catherine de Ricci and Philip Neri, while his follower Benevini translated this person's On the Simplicity of the Christian Life. He rose to power after negotiating the withdrawal of Charles VIII and gathered disciples known as the Wailers. He was aloof from both the Bigi and Arrabbiati parties, but he earned his greatest enmity among the Compagnacci, who worked against his prohibitions on gambling and sodomy. During the same year that he was excommunicated by Alexander VI, this Dominican converted Sandro Botticelli, who contributed to the destruction of paintings and books during this man's 1497 Bonfire of the Vanities. FTP, name this priest who came to power after the Medici left Florence. Answer: Girolamo/Jerome/Hieronymous Savonarola [do not accept Boyd-Graber]

This man first made a name for himself by capturing the Aristobulus II and taking the city of Pelusium, both while serving under Aulus Gabinius. His stepfather was executed for his part in the Cataline conspiracy on orders from , who would go on to make a series of speeches against this man modeled after Demosthenes's Philippics before this man had him proscribed. At Pharsalus he commanded the victorious left flank and led a cavalry charge to secure victory for Caesar, and during Caesar's campaigns in Africa he controlled Rome as Master of Horse. For 10 points, name this

33 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 man whose defeat at Actium by Octavian led to his suicide along with Cleopatra. Answer: Mark Antony [or Marcus Antonius]

One accusation of treason against this man rested on him possibly owning his own railroad car, and he cast an abstaining vote when his Jewish wife Polina Zemchuzhina was accused of treason. This man joined Lazar Kaganovich and in an attempt to bring to power, becoming one of the "Anti-Party Group" denounced by Khrushchev. He then served for a while as ambassador to Mongolia after being demoted from his post of Soviet Foreign Minister. For 10 points, name this man who signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi representative Joachim von Ribbentrop and was the namesake of some anti-tank "cocktails." Answer: Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov [or Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin]

Early in his life, this man built the Miramar Castle near Trieste, and was appointed Governor-General to the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia by his brother. Upon reaching his more famous position of power, he quickly nullified all large debts owed by peasants and banned corporal punishment. In attempt to solidify his position this brother of Francis Joseph I and husband of Carlota adopted the grandson of Augustin de Iturbide, but he was still defeated and killed at Queretaro by the forces of Benito Juarez. For 10 points, name this Habsburg who Napoleon III placed on the throne of Mexico. Answer: Emperor or Archduke Maximilian I of Mexico

This man authored Matt Weiner's favorite children's story, entitled On Civility in Children. One work by this man contains 195 illustrated variations of the sentence "your letter pleased me greatly" and advocates the "abundant style" of writing and speech. He wrote a guide for future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V entitled Education of a Christian Prince, and in addition to his Copia, this man criticized the accumulation of wealth by the church in his Sileni Alcibiadis. The title character of another work goes to heaven with an angel named "Genius", but St. Peter denies him entry due to his numerous sins. He's more famous for a work that was illustrated by Hans Holbein the Younger, in which the title character represents this figure's own inner voice and constantly chastises him. For 10 points, name this author of Julius Exclusus and In Praise of Folly, a Dutch Humanist. Answer: Desiderus

This man sent troops to deal with the Spanish capture of Casale, and refused to sign the treaty of Regensburg. He followed the theory of Antoine de Montchrestein, enacting the Code Michaud for regulation of trade. Buckingham failed to stop this man's siege of La Rochelle, and this man withstood one conspiracy led by Gaston d'Orleans and Cinq- Mars, while another, the Day of the Dupes, resulted in him winning a power struggle over Marie de' Medici. For 10 points, name this man who formulated policy during the Thirty Years' War, a minister to Louis XIII and priest known as "The Red Eminence." Answer: Cardinal Richelieu [or Armand-Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu]

This man received the undesirable assignment of guarding Black Rock. William B. Giles got this man a commission to an artillery corps early in his career, and in another post, this man replaced John Wool. He was captured on the Niagara front, but fought successfully at 's Lane. Later, this man won three victories in quick suchere he was elected from the district of Meath. The one-time president of the Land League, this man attempted to get the No-Issuance Manifesto passed. This man was unfortunately linked to the Phoenix Park massacres, and was ruined by the exposure of his adultery with Katherine O'Shea. For ten points, identify this person who pressed for Irish Home Rule, a 19th century politician. Answer: Charles Stewart Parnell

This man's government introduced an act that made divorce independent from the Anglican Church with the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, and he was inspired by the assassination attempt of to pass the Conspiracy to Murder Bill. While serving as Foreign Secretary he gained fame for supporting a British national against the Greek government in the Don Pacifico affair, with the 's bombardment of Athens becoming known as his "gunboat

34 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 diplomacy". Succeeding the Earl of Aberdeen as Prime Minister, his first ministry witnessed both the Second Opium War and the suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny. For ten points, identify this British Prime Minister whose first term also saw the end of the Crimean War. Answer: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston [accept either underlined part, accept Lord Palmerston]

This man opposed the economics-first program advocated by an earlier leader who wrote Stadium and Light. This man's followers secured the passage of certain acts that ended the noble exemption from taxation and the practice of extracting "robot" labor that are known variously as the March Laws or April Laws. A bust of this person can be found in United States Capitol with the subtitle "Freedom Fighter," and he claimed to have learned English by studying Shakespeare in jail. This editor of the Pesti Hirlap proclaimed independence in , but Viscount Canning had to negotiate this man's exile at Shumen in Ottoman-controlled Bulgaria following the defeat of the Revolutions of 1848. For 10 points, name this man who sought autonomy from the Hapsburgs, the national hero of Hungary. Answer: Lajos Kossuth

This man resigned from the navy after being refused a promotion by the Earl of Sandwich and ultimately died in Newgate after being convicted of libeling . Baron Erskine's defense of this man brought an end to the doctrine of "constructive treason," and this man was successfully opposed by liberal arts college namesake Jeffrey Amherst in his most notable action. Johann Ramberg's cartoon Choosing His Cook satirized this man's late-in-life . His supporters were shot at by troops stationed outside the Bank of England under the command of John Wilkes, discrediting that figure. Five hundred died during the week-long assault on the houses of Parliament led by this man's Protestant Association, which used the slogan "No Popery" in protest of the Catholic Relief Act. For 10 points, name this British agitator who led some namesake 1780 riots in London. Answer: Lord George Gordon

This politician used money confiscated from a deposed king to establish his "Reptile Fund," which he used to establish a secret news agency to procure political information on socialists and influence public opinion. The Austro-Prussian War began when this man accused Austria of violating the Gastein Treaty, while he, along with Julius Andrassy and Prince Gorchakov, orchestrated the Three Emperors' League. The Falk, or May, Laws were passed during his conflict with the Roman , while he instigated the Franco-Prussian War with his publication of the Ems dispatch. FTP, name this Iron Chancellor responsible for Kulturkampf, a Prussian and German statesman of the 19th century. Answer: Otto von Bismarck

In 1944 this man gained notice for his radical article entitled "The United Front of Youth". Two decades later this leader would issue a decree forcibly detaining homeless or disabled children at "psychiatric wards" in Siret and Cighid, at the same time banning all contraception in hopes of increasing his nation's working population by fifty percent. Giving himself the title "Conducator", he also struck out against non-conformists via 1971's July Theses. During WWII this leader spent time in the Tirgu Jiu concentration camp, where he met the man he would succeed as party secretary in 1965, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. His downfall began with demonstrations in Timisoara, culminating with his execution alongside his wife Elena on Christmas Day of 1989. For ten points, name this longtime Communist dictator of . Answer: Nicolae Ceausescu

He resigned from his first term after a scandal involving the defense minister Lavon, and his policies resulted in the Haganah becoming an important pseudo-military organization. Late in his career, he founded the Rafi Party and the massive immigration of people from Yemen, which was known as "Operation Magic Carpet." He was the first head of the Mapai party, and was also the first and third person to hold his most notable office, being succeeded first by Moshe Sharett and later by Levi Eshkol. For 10 points, name this first Prime Minister of Israel. Answer: David Ben-Gurion

This man headed Commission on International Development Issues, which released the North-South

35 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 report often named for him. He flew to Iraq to arrange the release of western hostages in 1990, and he had to resign his most famous post when his aid Gunther Guillaume was revealed to be a spy. He recognized the Oder-Neisse Line in a nonaggression treaty with Poland. The longtime leader of the Social Democrats, this man served as mayor of West Berlin and was known for his policy of Ostpolitik. For 10 points, name this winner of the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize, the Chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974. Answer: Willy Brandt [or Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm]

His government saw the passage of the Army Enlistment Act as part of the Cardwell Reforms as well as Forster's Education Act. He quarreled with the Vatican over the subject of papal infallibility, and wrote the pamphlet Bulgarian Horrors and the Questions of the East as part of his Midlothian campaign. He lost the support of the Liberal Unionists to Lord Salisbury, and he was publicly blamed for the death of General Gordon. He abandoned Charles Parnell, whom he had earlier supported as part of his plan for Irish Home Rule. For 10 points, name this "Grand Old Man" and four time British prime minister, the Liberal rival of Benjamin Disraeli. Answer: William Gladstone

King Mvemba a Nzinga of the Kingdom of Kongo credited his 1509 victory over his rebellious brother Mpanzu a Kitima to the intercession of this figure, and in gratitude declared a national holiday on July 25. Together with his brother, he is described as being a "son of thunder" by Mark 3:17, and his question about the signs of the end times prompts Jesus' discussion of eschatology in Mark 13. According to tradition, he ordained as first bishop of Braga a man whose namesake spring is believed to cure sterility, St. Peter of Rates, while another tradition states that he appeared at the Battle of Clavijo on horseback, leading to the nickname Matamoros, Slayer of Moors. For ten points, name this patron saint of Spain, an apostle whose symbol is the scallop shell, and whose shrine is at Compostela.

Answer: St. James the Greater (accept James the Moor-Slayer before it is mentioned; prompt on James or on Santiago)

One man by this name was twice made hospodar of Wallachia, the second time ending with his capture by Austria and imprisonment at Brno. His more famous grandson of the same name lost an arm at the Battle of Dresden, but came to lead the "Friendly Society" which displayed a flag depicting a phoenix rising from its ashes on the reverse. He called for his compatriots to take a stand at Jassy, but this former aide-de-camp to Alexander I and phanariot was left high and dry and crushed at Dragashan. FTP, name this hero in the Greek War for Independence, whose more successful brother Demetrios lent the family name to a Michigan town near Ann Arbor. Answer: Alexander Ypsilanti (or Ypsilantis or Hypsilanti, etc.)

This duke of Sagan resigned from command after allowing Ernst von Mansfeld to escape from Dessau and later negotiated with Gábor Bethlen at Pozsony. His seat of power was in the city of Jistchin in northern . At Eger, he was assassinated by men loyal to Ferdinand II, after it was discovered that he was secretly planning to make peace. Two years earlier, he had been routed by his rival Gustavus Adolphus at Lützen, and he was ultimately replaced by Graf von Tilly. For 10 points, name this flamboyant Catholic general of the Thirty Years War. Answer: Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein

He used his connection with detective Ned Broy to peruse police files on his organization and ordered the execution of the Cairo Gang, which sparked the Croke Park massacre. He was replaced by W.T. Cosgrave as provisional government head shortly after he agreed to an oath of allegiance. He had become prominent two years earlier when Arthur Griffith and Eamon de Valera were imprisoned, and later stated that he "signed his death-warrant" by agreeing to partition. For 10 points, name this intelligence director of the Irish Republican Army who negotiated for Irish independence, but whose concessions to the British led to his assassination. Answer: Michael Collins

This man served in the Army of the North with Edouard Mortier, who would later be killed when Giuseppe Fieschi

36 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 attempted to assassinate this man. He used the pseudonym "Chabos" while working as a tutor at a school in Reichenau, and he later taught French in Boston. His daughter became the first queen of Belgium two years after he supplanted the so-called "Henry V" to become king of his nation. He himself abdicated in favor of his grandson and went to England 18 years after he was named monarch in the wake of 's overthrow during the July Revolution. FTP, name this man known as the "citizen king" who ruled France from 1830 until 1848. Answer: Louis Philippe (or Louis Philippe, duke of Orléans)

He was court-martialed for illegally arresting Captain Wathem, but his parents bribed him back into command of the Eleventh Hussars. He apparently didn't learn his lesson, as he arrested Captain Reynolds for failing to use a decanter in serving wine in 1840. After Harvey Tuckett exposed that so-called "Black Bottle Affair," he challenged Tuckett to a duel and wounded the reporter. He argued with his commander, Lord Lucan, during the battles of Varna and Alma, and he left camp to reside on his yacht in the harbor the day before his most notable achievement, ordered by Lord Raglan. He inexplicably became a hero on October 25, 1854 as he entered the "Valley of Death" at the Battle of Balaklava. FTP, name this British general who led the Charge of the Light Brigade, the namesake of a kind of sweater. Answer: James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, Baron Brudenell Of Stonton (accept James Thomas Brudenell)

He was cited, at the age of 79, as a respondent in a divorce case, and of London took to calling him "Lord Cupid" for his notorious womanizing ways. As Prime Minister, he had to deal with incidents involving the Arrow and the Trent and he oversaw both the Second Opium War and the Sepoy Mutiny. As Foreign Secretary, he had supported Don Pacifico's claims in Greece. His premiership also saw the transfer of control of the British East India Company to the Crown and the rebuffing of Confederate attempts at an alliance. FTP, name this noted nationalist who was Prime Minister of England during the American Civil War. Answer: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston [accept either]

After winning the battle of Novi Sad, also known as Petrovaradin, this man ordered Belgrade to be fortified. That victory led to the exchange of Oltenia and the fortress of Temesvar through the . Fourteen years earlier, this man had fought against his own cousin, Louis-Joseph, Duke of Vendome, at the battle of Cassano. A decisive victory he won on the Tisa River against Mustafa II led to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. FTP, name this victor at the , who served at Oudenarde, Malplaquet, and Blenheim during the War of the Spanish Succession, one of the greatest generals to serve the Austrian Hapsburgs. Answer: Prince Eugene of Savoy (or Eugenio di Savoia or Eugen von Savoyen)

While serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer this man reset the ten year rule and caused a general strike in support of coal miners when he enacted a return to the gold standard. He was involved in a scandal surrounding the Sidney Street Shootings as Home Secretary, and he supported close cooperation with the United States through the "special relationship." During World War I he was disgraced for his role in the Gallipoli Campaign as First Lord of the Admiralty, and he won a Nobel Prize in Literature in part for a history of World War II. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister who succeeded Neville Chamberlain. Answer: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill

During a whirlwind tour of the United States, this man secured the signing of a document which was followed a couple months later by the Martin Declaration. He had earlier been to America when he married his longtime wife Charlotte Garrigue in New York. Along with a few others, he founded the Realist Party in 1889 and promoted independence with the signing of the Pittsburgh Manifesto, alongside men like astronomer Milan Stefanik. He's also known for writing a memoir The World Revolution, as well as a thesis on "suicide as a mass social phenomenon" and a treatise on concrete logic. He was succeeded by the doctor Edvard Benes as president after he retired in 1935, though his son Jan was later foreign minister. FTP, name this professor who was the first president of a newly-formed Czechoslovakia. Answer: Tomas Masaryk

37 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010

The Convention of Kloster-Zeven was signed following this man's defeat against d'Estrées at Hastenbeck, while another one of his defeats, at the Battle of Lauffeld, was a rematch with a man who had defeated him two years earlier. He made his military debut at the Battle of Dettingen, where his father led his country's forces into battle, while his most famous victory was preceded by the defeat of Henry Hawley at the Second Battle of Falkirk and took place in a year which had previously seen him fail to relieve Tournay after it was besieged by Marshal Saxe. FTP, name this son of George II who in 1746 crushed the Young Pretender's rebellion at Culloden Moor, the namesake of a "gap" in the Appalachian Mountains. Answer: Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (accept either underlined answer)

This man's government was pestered by the Foreign Office undersecretary's doctrine of "vansittartism," and his half- brother of the same name was the foreign secretary who brought Britain into the Locarno Pact. His doom as leader was presaged when L.S. Amery shouted "in the name of God, go!" at him on the floor of Parliament, months after he had reappointed as lord of the Admiralty his intra-party rival, Winston Churchill. FTP, name this Brit who succeeded Stanley Baldwin as Prime Minister, in which role he ceded the Sudetenland and secured "peace for our time" through appeasement at Munich. Answer: (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain

This person was attacked in a "Letter... to a Friend," in which Giovanni Caroli questioned his claims. The Piagnoni formed to preserve the memory of this thinker, who wrote Infelix ego, a meditation on Pslam 51, shortly before his death. His Compendium of Revelations contains his dichotomy of prophecies and images of a black cross above Rome and a gold cross above Jerusalem. He supported the invasion of Florence by Charles VIII, but was excommunicated for defying Pope Alexander VI. FTP, name this Dominican friar and reformer, who led the 1497 "Bonfire of the Vanities." Answer: Girolamo Savonarola

While in the Collona regiment, he coordinated papal-Spanish strategy after the Treaty of Monzón, and he served in Antonio Barberini's mission, which resulted in the Treaty of Cherasco. That work on the Mantuan succession crisis introduced him to his future benefactor, who secured for him the wealthy abbey of Corbie after he left Urban VIII's service. He negotiated an end to the Piedmontese Civil War and the surrender of Bouillon's forces during the Cinq-Mars affair. A failed invasion of Tuscan ports, coupled with the lack of major gains for the French in the Treaty of Osnabrük and tax increases, prompted the Fronde, which were revolts against the influence of, FTP, what second principle minister of France, the successor of Cardinal Richelieu? Answer: Cardinal Jules Mazarin or Giulio Raimando Mazzarino [or Mazarini]

His two main rivals were warlords named Kobyak and Konchak, according to the Hypatian and Laurentian Chronicles. Edward Keenan of Harvard argues that the most famous literary work describing this man was a forgery by the 18th- century Czech writer Josef Dobrovsky, but Roman Jakobson argued for the work's authenticity by comparing it to the Zadonshchina. Eventually named ruler of Chernigov, he and his brothers set out in 1185 on a failed expedition against the Kumans, who were immortalized in an operatic dance 700 years later under the name of Polovetsians. FTP, name this Kievan prince whose life became the subject of an early Russian epic poem and an opera by Aleksandr Borodin. Answer: Prince Igor

He began his career as the mayor of Stepney and was elected to Parliament from the constituency of Limehouse. He defeated Morrison and Greenwood in a party leadership election, and he later was the leader in creating the National Health Service and spearheaded the start of Britain's atomic weapons program. One of two people who spent the entire war as a part of the , this participant in the Potsdam Conference won re-election in 1950. He also supervised the breakup of the British Empire and the beginning of the Cold War. For 10 points, name this Labour Prime Minister, the immediate successor to Winston Churchill. Answer: Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow, Viscount Prestwood [accept any underlined part]

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This man's first administration saw the passage of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act, and as home secretary under Lord Melbourne he was responsible for reducing the number of capital offenses. His 1845 stance in favor of total free trade forced his opponent Robert Peel to follow him, and as foreign secretary, he proposed mediating the American Civil War, only to be denied by the man whose recognition of Napoleon III had caused the collapse of this man's first ministry. He spoke in 1817 in opposition to the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, but it was as paymaster under Charles Grey, in which capacity he fought for the of English Dissenters and Irish Catholics, that he saw his greatest success. FTP, name this liberal Whig, the driving force behind the Reform Bill of 1832 and Prime Minister from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866. Answer: John Russell, 1st Earl of Russell, Viscount Amberley of Amberley and Ardsalla

This man set off on a celebrated mission to America with John Dillon, but once he returned was forced to negotiate the so-called "treaty that never was," the Kilmainham Treaty. His stature rose in the wake of the New Departure campaign, and he set out to continue the quest of his predecessor Isaac Butt. Sometimes dubbed the "uncrowned king," he became troubled by the forgery of Richard Piggott, which linked him to the Invincibles and the Pheonix Park murders. He'd earlier encouraged the issuance of the No Rent Manifesto as president of the Land League, but may be better remembered for his career-breaking affair with Kitty O'Shea. FTP, name this 19th century nationalist politician who advocated Irish home rule. Answer: Charles Stewart Parnell

His wife was never permitted in the royal carriage, as a condition of his marriage to the lower-class woman after he became following the death of his cousin Rudolf and father Charles Louis. Alleged to have died because surgeons could not find any buttons on his clothing, which he had sewed onto himself each day for a perfect fit, this man held the office of inspector general of all land and sea forces, which spurred Oscar Potiorek to invite him to a review of maneuvers in Bosnia. FTP, name this Hapsburg prince, assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. Answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand [or Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-este; or Franz Ferdinand, Erzherzog Von Österreich-este]

He shares his name with the currently longest-serving puisne justice on the Supreme Court of Canada. The more prominent figure of this name initiated the "Operation Irma" airlift from Yugoslavia and adopted the "back to basics" social platform. He proclaimed "I am my own man" after defeating and to win his leadership post. His administration entered and then withdrew from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, and he was soundly defeated in 1997 by Tony Blair. FTP, name this successor of Margaret Thatcher and last Conservative prime minister of the U.K. Answer: John Major

He tried to start a newspaper called The Representative to further the cause of mines, but the mining bubble burst, and the paper failed, which was the basis for his novel Vivian Grey. He contributed to an anti-Whig pamphlet related to the Reform Bill of 1832, and he won his first seat in Parliament in 1837, helping to found the Young England group in 1842. He dueled with Sir Robert Peel over the repeal of the Corn Laws, and Lord Derby first made him Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1852, beginning his rise through the Conservative ranks. FTP, name this Prime Minister of Britain in 1868 and from 1874 to 1880, who had a rivalry with William Gladstone. Answer: Benjamin Disraeli

Heinrich Bullinger succeeded this man in the highest office he ever held, though the office, which Bullinger held until 1575, lost most of its political significance after this man's death. Among his theological works are "The Rhymed Fables of the Ox," written while a priest in Glarus, The Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God, a printed version of his sermons at Oetenbach, and On the True and False Religion, in which he attacks, among other things, the views on transubstantiation held by Luther that he would later openly contest in his sixty-seven articles and at the Marburg

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Colloquy. He was killed in the Second War of Kappel, acting as chaplain for the armies fighting against the power of the forest cantons. FTP, identify this priest of the Grossmunster in Zurich, the leading figure of the Swiss Reformation. Answer: Ulrich (or Huldrych) Zwingli

Though many of his friends converted to Catholicism while he was MP for Oxford, he remained a High Church Anglican and founded the Church Penitentiary Association for the Reform of Fallen Women. He was often at odds with Queen Victoria, especially after he tried to cut funding to the Prince Albert memorial and his support for Irish Home Rule wrecked his third ministry. After the fall of Khartoum, his opponents referred to him as the M. O. G., "Murderer of Gordon," rather than his usual nickname of "Grand Old Man." FTP, name this four time British Prime Minister, the Liberal rival of Benjamin Disraeli. Answer: William Ewart Gladstone

After catching a cold during a balloon ascent he was forced to end his service in the Franco-Prussian War, after which he was reprimanded by the duke of Cambridge because his service was a violation of British neutrality. He was shot in the jaw during his campaigns against the slave trader Osman Digna, while his image as a "man of destiny" was forwarded by a popular book written by G. W. Steevens. It was rumored that he was not dead but sleeping in a cave in the Hebrides after the HMS Hampshire, which was taking him on a secret mission to Russia, was sunk by a German mine in 1916. Named Secretary of State for War during the Asquith ministry, a recruitment campaign using his image saw three million people enlist, including a million volunteers who comprised his namesake army, which was also called the "New Army." He was serving as sirdar of the Egyptian army when he won a victory at Omdurman and met Captain Marchand at Fashoda. FTP, name this general, who also led British forces to victory in the Boer War. Answer: Horatio Herbert Kitchener, first earl of Khartoum

He notably invoked Article 87 of the Fundamental Laws to implement changes in electoral procedures. He was assisted by the moderate Octobrists, but they turned on him after he went over their heads to change the government of Poland. He notoriously created special courts which handed out so many death sentences that the hangman's noose came to be known as his "necktie." Following the Manifesto of June 3, he assured himself of a conservative majority in his country's legislature. He started out as Interior Minister under Goremykin, and served as governor of Grodno and Saratov before taking his best-known office. His work came to an end at the Kiev Opera House when a former spy for the Okhrana, Dmitri Bogrov, killed him. Things got bad for radicals after he dissolved the Second Duma. FTP, name this Prime Minister of Russia from 1906 to 1911, who is most famous for his agrarian reforms. Answer: Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin

He entered politics through the connections of his wife, the countess Eleonore Kaunitz. In his first ministerial position, he forged a friendship with Friedrich von Gentz and he replaced Count Stadion in his most famous post. Following his nation's defeat at the Battle of Wagram, he was forced to relinquish control of Fiume, Istria, and Trieste in the Treaty of Schönbrunn. The first victim of the 1848 revolution in Austria and staunch exponent of a European balance of power, he advocated the at a meeting hosted in his nation following the Napoleonic Wars. FTP, name this Austrian diplomat known for his role at the Congress of Vienna. Answer: Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst Von Metternich

He was the father-in-law of Poland's Casimir the Restorer by a daughter he had in the last years of his life. This constructor of the Desyatinnaya is said by the Legend of Jacob to have made his most famous decision on considerations of beauty. After making that decision, he invaded Chersoneus, took a new name, and ordered that some sacred objects be thrown into the Dneiper River. An illegitimate son, he had to overcome the usurper Yaropolk before he could take power, and he gave up seven wives in favor of Anne of Byzantium in order to seal a 987 pact with Basil II, aka the Bulgar Slayer. FTP, name this grand prince of Kiev and conqueror of Novgorod, who is best known and canonized for converting Russia to Orthodox Christianity. Answer: Saint Vladimir I Svyatoslavich, the Great, of Kiev (or Svyatoy Vladimir I Svyatoslavich Veliky; accept any

40 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 combination of Vladimir and a designation; prompt on "Vladimir")

He became unpopular following the so-called "Black Friday" when he persuaded Frank Hodges to accept a wages pool for miners. Other scandals of this man's career included an insider-trading scheme involving the Marconi Company as well as a long-term affair with his secretary Frances Stevenson. His first cabinet post was as President of the Board of Trade to Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The power of the British House of Lords was broken in 1911 as part of the fight he started, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, in introducing the so-called "People's Budget" of 1909. His nominal boss at that time was Herbert Asquith, who would eventually promote him to War Minister. FTP, name this Welshman who managed to oust Asquith from power and replace him in time to be British Prime Minister at the end of World War I. Answer: David Lloyd George

The government of his enemies, the Arrabbiati, began his downfall by inciting riots on Ascension Day. This Ferraran composed the poem "On the Decline of the Church" and preached from the pulpit of San Marco, becoming vicar- general there. He prophesied the coming of an avenger in the French King Charles VIII, who served only to create a power vacuum that this man could fill, attacking Pope Alexander VI after the expulsion of Piero de Medici. Machiavelli considered him the greatest contemporary example of an "unarmed prophet," who, unlike Moses or Romulus, would be unseated as soon as the people stopped following him. In 1498 he was hanged and his body burned in the Piazza della Signoria which had been a focal point for the Bonfires of the Vanities that he conducted. FTP, name this demagogue, a Dominican ruler of Florence. Answer: Girolamo Savonarola

Accused of corruption by Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton in the political weekly The Eye-Witness, he defended the "people's budget" in the Limehouse speech and proposed national health insurance for Britain. Kept off the HMS Hampshire mission to Russia by his involvement in Irish affairs, he succeeded Lord Kitchener at the War Office, a step up from his previous post eliminating the shell shortage as minister of munitions to the coalition government. His willingness to negotiate for Irish Home Rule was considered "surrender" by his Tory colleagues, but was perfectly consistent with his earlier advocacy for the rights of the Boers. FTP, name this Welsh successor to Herbert Asquith, the British representative at the 1919 Paris peace conference. Answer: David Lloyd George

His philosophy was shaped by his time in the von Gerlach circle, with whom he collaborated on a column in the Kreuzzeitung. As a representative to the Parliament in 1849, he denounced unification as "a putrid brew of sentimentality," and he later negotiated the Three Emperors League, launched the Kulturkampf, and altered the Ems Telegram. He warned that "the great questions of the day will not be setteld by speeches and majority decisions...by by blood and iron." After the success of his realpolitik in the Franco-Prussian War, he was elevated to Chancellor of the new German Empire. FTP, name this Prussian diplomat. Answer: Otto Eduard Leopold, Fürst von Bismarck, Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Herzog von Lauenburg

Late in his life, while living at his palace in Fassolo, he broke up a plot on his life led by the . This prince of Melfi actually began his career in the service of Innocent VIII and King Ferdinand of Naples. His capture of the Barbary corsair Cadolin and his quelling of the Corsican Revolt led him to work for Francis I under who he raised the Siege of . Eventually Charles V made him de facto ruler of his hometown of Genoa. FTP identify this Italian admiral whose name graced a luxury liner that famously collided with the S.S. in 1956. Answer: Andrea

He was nicknamed "Lord Cupid" for his womanizing and had an affair with Mrs. O'Kane. As foreign secretary he organized and chaired the London Conference of 1830, which resulted in an independent Belgium. He was generally a proponent of "" as in the Don Pacifico Affair of 1850. Replacing Russell as Prime Minister, his nearly ten years in office are known as the "reign of moderate " which saw the U.S. Civil War and the Crimean War.

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For 10 points, identify this Liberal nicknamed Pam, who served until 1865. Answer: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (accept either)

In his youth, he became a member of Narodniki, though publicly he claimed to be a member of the more moderate Group of Toil. After the czar's overthrow, he was made both vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet and Minister of Justice, becoming popular due to his institution of basic freedoms and equal rights for women. As , his June Offensive was a complete disaster, and prompted him to give command to Lavr Kornilov, who he accused of attempting a coup d'état. Soon after - for 10 points - the Bolsheviks launched the to overthrow whose short-lived provisional government? Answer: Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky

The Law of Succession that he passed officially declared his nation a state monarchy and was one of the so-called Organic Laws that he passed to legalize his own rule. He made his name during the Rif War, and his way to the top opened up with the death of General Sanjurjo, and he soon consolidated his power by established his own political party, FET, or the Falange. In 1969 he named his successor as the grandson of Alfonso XII, the last king. FTP, name this military leader who ruled for 45 years as dictator of Spain. Answer:

When asked to give a eulogy on the death of the Duke of Wellington, he nearly copied word for word Thiers's eulogy for marshal St. Cyr. He served in the government of Lord Derby as Chancellor of the Exchequer but his first budget was torn apart by his chief rival, who replaced him. His first term as prime minister followed the Tory takeover of the 1867 Reform Bill but only lasted 10 months. Representing Britain at the Congress of Berlin, FTP, name this Conservative Prime Minister from 1874 to 1880, a longtime opponent of William Gladstone and the first British prime minister of Jewish ancestry. Answer: Benjamin Disraeli (accept 1st Earl Beaconsfield or Viscount Hughenden)

For his action at Caporetto he was awarded the "Blue Max," his country's highest military decoration. Twenty years later, he published a book of lectures on tactics entitled Infantry Attacks, and three years after that he led an army division that became known as the "ghost division." The high point of his career was the capture of Tobruk but after defeat at Mareth Line he was recalled and was preparing coastal defenses in France in his last official position. Committing suicide after his implication in the assassination plot on Hitler, FTP, who was this German commander of the Afrika Corps, a man known as "The Desert Fox?" Answer: Erwin Rommel.

He thought that his work in optics surpassed Newton's and "changed the face" of science and he published an Essay on the Human Soul in 1771. His first work of fiction was The Adventures of the Young Count Potowski, but it was not published until 1847. While in England he published The Chains of Slavery, in which he celebrated John Wilkes and explained that the French "had no country". Appointed physician to the Count d'Artois, it was while he held this post that he wrote his subversive "Plan for Criminal Legislation". As editor of The Friend of the People he championed radical reforms and was forced to leave France after publishing attacks on Finance Minister Necker. For 10 points, name this symbolic leader of the Montagnards murdered by Charlotte Corday. Answer: Jean-Paul Marat

During his eleven years as an MP for Coventry this man organized a civilian works corps to help the army in and promoted a harmonic integration of railways. He worked with Joseph Lindley to publish The Magazine of Botany and The Flower Garden, works that drew heavily from his time with the Duke of Devonshire where he supervised the construction of a conservatory at Chatsworth and designed a lily house for the rare Victoria Regia. His most famous work was eventually moved to Sydenham Hill until it was destroyed by fire in 1936, a full 85 years after it was originally exhibited. FTP name this architect who constructed the crowning jewel of 1851's Great Exhibition, the Crystal Palace.

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Answer: Joseph Paxton

Although the bishop of Constance rejected his petition to allow priests to marry, he went ahead and married Anna Reinhart anyway. He argued that non-Christian sages such as were also inspired by the Holy Spirit in his Commentary on True and False Religion, and at the Marburg Colloquy he disputed the meaning of the Lord's Supper with Luther. Two years later, he took a spear to the stomach and was killed at the battle of Kappel. FTP, name this Protestant leader, whose 67 articles were adopted by the Council of Zurich. Answer: Ulrich Zwingli

After studyng law at Westminster this man became esquire to the Earl of Arundel. But it was a rivalry with his neighbor Reynold, Lord Grey of Ruthin, that sparked off what would become his lasting legacy. In 1402 he captured Lord Grey and Edmund Mortimer who then joined his insurrection. His coalition with Henry Percy ended at the battle of Shrewsbury, yet this man went on to triumph at Harlech and continued to call himself , even entering into a treaty with Charles VI of France before the effort was snuffed out. FTP name this fifteenth century Welsh nobleman who sought independence for his country and who was featured in the plays Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2. Answer: Owen Glendower

He risked his career through his use of the spy Dalberg to set up the failure of the after being insulted with an assignment as jailer at Valencay. He had failed as Bishop of Autun after he was excommunicated, though his ban was lifted after arranging the Concordat of 1801. The overstatement of his role in the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien by his enemy Joseph Fouche caused one scandal, but he is better remembered for his role in the XYZ affair. FTP, name this statesman whose diplomacy brought Louis Philippe and Louis XVIII to power, best known for representing France at the Congress of Vienna. Answer: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigourd

As Vice-President of the State Committee for Defense during WWII he intensified Soviet armament production, and after Stalin's death briefly shared power with Khrushchev, Molotov, and Malenkov, but was soon accused of conspiracy and shot after a mock trial. In 1931, he became political head of the Transcaucasian republics, the culmination of a series of leadership positions he held in his native Georgia, including head of the Georgian branch of the Cheka. FTP, who was this Soviet secret police chief who oversaw Stalin's political purges? Answer: Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria

Ironically this staunch anti-Fascist may have lived the last years of his life in the vicinity of his former enemies when he was allowed to live out his final days with his daughter in Chile. His own career began after he was found guilty for "preparing treason" and spent ten years in a Nazi labor camp, whereupon being set free by the Red Army he served in the Volkskammer and joined the Free German Youth Movement. When Walter Ulbricht was proving a little too receptive to Willy Brandt, this member of the SED replaced him, just as Egon Krenz would take over his position as chairman of the council of state after a wave of pro- demonstrations. FTP identify this East German leader who built the Berlin Wall and effectively ruled the country from 1973 until 1989. Answer: Erich Honecker

Her older sister Margot is hardly mentioned, even though she is smart and pretty. Peter Schiff was her first love since she was in sixth grade, though she has also had romantic feelings for Harry Goldberg a.k.a., Hello Silberberg and received her first kiss from Peter van Pels or van Daan. FTP, name this daughter of Otto and Edith who died at age 15 in Bergen-Belsen, best known for documenting hiding from the Nazis in her . Answer: Anne Frank

He spent the last 30 years of his life managing a hydroelectric plant in Kazakhstan, but his early career was filled with promise. By the late 1930s, he was one of Stalin's lieutenants, trusted enough to be given a role in managing the party

43 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 purges. During his term in power, the execution of Lavrenti Beria was ordered. When Stalin died, he had seized the offices of prime minister and party secretary, though he would give way to Bulganin two years later. FTP, identify this Soviet politician, who served as premier from 1953 to 1955. Answer: Georgy M. Malenkov

His first military ventures were against Moorish pirates in the Mediterranean and the rebellious Moriscos of Granada. Later, as Governor General of the Netherlands, he expressed his desire to invade England and wed Mary Queen of Scots, but due to the failure of his peace plan, the Perpetual Edict, and the lack of resources given to him by his half- brother Philip II, he was kept in stalemate until his 1578 death. Despite this failure he was renowned for a previous victory in which he led the forces of the against the Ottomans. FTP, name this bastard son of Charles V, the victor of Lepanto. Answer: Don John (or Juan) of Austria

His attempt to reform the excise tax by extending it to wine and tobacco failed miserably after generating riotous opposition. He perfected the system of political patronage, putting "placemen" loyal to him in important positions in the government. His rise to power peaked after he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1721, in which capacity he restored confidence in the government following the South Sea Bubble. Forced into declaring war against Spain over Jenkins' ear, he resigned in disgust in 1741. FTP, who is this man, considered Britain's first prime minister? Answer: Robert Walpole

Lavrenti Beria was appointed head of the NKVD over this man upon the death of Yezhov Nikolai. An original member of the Presidium, he eventually joined forces with Beria and feuded with Communist Party rival Andrei Zhdanov, who had this man relieved from one of his posts in 1946. Later, this man formed the "Antiparty Party" with Bulganin in an attempt to oust Khrushchev, but was unsuccessful and permanently banned from Soviet politics. FTP, identify this early statesman most famous for succeeding Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union. Answer: Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov

Guillaume Apollinaire taught him how to tell time. His father argued with another poet over the invention of "simultaneous poetry," though this man made his breakthrough as a historian and educator, penning such works as Race: A Study in Modern Superstition and 1968's The American University. The author of Darwin, Marx, Wagner, he is best known for his historical analyses such as The Use and Abuse of Art and The House of Intellect. FTP, identify this French historian who wrote 2000's From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 1500 to the Present. Answer: Jacques Barzun

His participation in the Siege of Dumyat under Richard of Cornwall brought him to the height of his career, when he was sent with unlimited powers to crush the Gascon Barons' Revolt, though he lost favor with the King after the Council of Oxford. Perhaps his most important victory was at the Battle of Lewes, which ensured the survival of his Committee of 15, though he was undone by the desertion of Gilbert De Clare, who provided the genius behind his defeat at Evesham by Edward Longshanks. FTP, name this rebellious Earl of Leicester, the leader of the Baronial Revolt against Henry III. Answer: Simon de Montfort (accept early Earl of Leicester)

He was the secretary to G.F. Sacchetti, Milan's papal legate and a highpoint in his early career was the arrangement of the Treaty of Cherasco. In his most famous office he organized the League of the Rhine as a check on Austrian powers and also worked to conclude the Treaty of the Pyrenees and the Peace of Westphalia. He twice had to leave Paris due to the actions of the Fronde and his relationship with Anne of Austria has been a great historical mystery. FTP, identify this protégé of Richelieu the chief minister for the young Louis XIV (14th). Answer: Cardinal Jules Mazarin or Goulio Raimondo Mazzarino

An RAF volunteer in 1917, he survived an airplane crash during his first flight and being hit by a bus during a London

44 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 blackout. His political career began with the Canadian Department of External Affairs as First Secretary, and he later became Canada's first ambassador to the U.S. Elected to Parliament for Algoma East as a Liberal, he served in St. Laurent's cabinet and led the Liberal opposition during the Diefenbaker years. His own government was responsible for universal medicare. FTP, name this Canadian Prime Minister best remembered for his role in the Suez Canal crisis. Answer: Lester Pearson

A smear campaign was conducted against him by Richard Pigott, who linked him with the murder of Thomas Henry Burke. For his opposition to the Coercion Bill, he was ejected from the House along with 34 of his followers. Shortly thereafter, the "No Rent" manifesto proclaimed his Land League illegal. Ironically, he was then forced, by Lord Salisbury's majority, to ally himself with Gladstone. However, it all came crashing down when his affair with Kitty O'Shea was revealed. FTP, name this Irish statesman who fought for Home Rule throughout the 1880s. Answer: Charles Stewart Parnell

His first major invention was the teletype printer, which he created in 1850. That same year he explored the area of Damaraland in Africa, and soon after demonstrated new techniques in statistics, particularly in correlation calculations. His 1863 book Meteorographica was one of the first modern treatises on weather mapping, but he soon began work in another field, which resulted in the controversial publication Hereditary Genius. FTP, name this cousin of Charles Darwin, student of heredity, and promoter of eugenics. Answer: Sir Francis Galton

This writer of many genres was predictably negative about mid-nineteenth-century French writing in his 1858-59 History of the Dramatic Art in France, and much of the same artistic concerns got into poems such as "Art" and "Symphony in White Major," the former from his 1852 volume Enamels and Cameos, a book that Baudelaire thought was really cool. For 10 points, name this Frenchman who tore into bourgeois critics and the public in general in the preface to his rather smutty 1835 novel Mademoiselle de Maupin. Answer: Theophile Gautier

He opened the world's first international press exhibition with the "Pressa." He named and patented "Cologne Bread." Losing power upon the Nazi accession, he was placed in a concentration camp in 1944, and upon liberation began working with the newly formed Christian Democratic Union. He served as mayor of Cologne before becoming president of the Parliamentary Council, which created a provisional constitution for the German Federal Republic. In 1949 he became chairman of the CDU for West Germany. FTP, name this man who was confirmed as the first Chancellor of West Germany. Answer: Konrad Adenauer

His campaign in the Rhineland against Villars brought about the Treaty of Rastatt. Unable to obtain a commission from Louis XIV, he went east to fight the Turks, inducing a rout at Senta and capturing Belgrade, paving the way for the Peace of Karlowitz. A series of victories over Catinat and Villeroi culminated in his success at Luzzara in 1702, after which he joined his most famous compatriot in another war. A co-victor at the Battles of Malplaquet, Oudenaarde, and Blenheim, FTP, identify this prince-general who teamed up with the Duke of Marlborough during the War of the Spanish Succession. Answer: Eugène de Savoie-Carignan or Eugène of Savoy

Early in his career he was forced to share power with John Carteret, but was eventually able to force his resignation. He spent time in jail for graft during a period of Tory ascendancy, but was most popular for his economic policies, including his establishment of the sinking fund to reduce the national debt, which he had also addressed with his resolution of the South Sea Bubble crisis. However, he was forced from office due to British failures in the early stages of the War of the Austrian Succession. FTP, who was this first official Prime Minister of Britain? Answer: Robert Walpole

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The author of the 1926 expressionist novel Michael: A German Destiny in Diary Sheets, he first came to prominence in 1927 as the founder and editor of the journal Der Angriff. He earned a doctorate from under Friedrich Gundolf after gaining exemption from World War I service due to a clubfoot that was later held by some to the hoof of the Devil. Leader of the Berlin branch of the Nazi Party in the 1920s, he became chancellor the day before he took his own life in Hitler's bunker. FTP, who was this Nazi minister of propaganda? Answer: Josef Goebbels

His most famous voyage was inspired in part to take over the territory at Nootka Sound, and his book describing the voyage was completed on his death by his lieutenant, Peter Puget, for whom this man named . After sailing on James Cook's second and third voyages, he visited the Hawaiian islands, where his presentation of the British flag to Kamehameha led to the Union Jack's inclusion in the Hawaiian flag. He then conducted a detailed survey of the western coast of North America from 1792-94. FTP, who was this British explorer for whom a large island off the coast of British Columbia is now named? Answer:

One of the richest nobles in his country, he was made Commander-in-Chief of the army for helping expel the Swedes. His granddaughter Clementina married James Edward Stuart and was the mother of "Bonnie Prince Charlie." Following his exploits at Chocim, he was elected King John III following the death of King Michael, but he fought his most famous battle in July of 1683 when he came to the aid of Count Stahremberg and pitted his 75,000 men against an army of more than 200,000. FTP, name this Polish king who lifted the Turkish and ruled Poland until 1696. Answer: Jan Sobieski (accept John III [or Jan III] before it is mentioned)

With a name meaning "wiseacre," this leader struck a deal with Hildebrand, the influential advisor to Pope Nicholas II, at the Council of Melfi. He later repaid the Vatican by expelling Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV from Rome. The son of the Tancred of literary fame, he assisted his brothers, William Bras-de-Fer, Drogo, and Humphrey, in ending Byzantine influence over , and later led his sons in repeated, unsuccessful attempts to take Constantinople. FTP, name this Norman knight who founded the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Answer: Robert Guiscard

The legitimate political party from which this group splintered in 1959, the PNV, had existed since 1894, but was unwilling to begin an armed struggle for independence. It not only survived the Franco regime, but dispatched one of its leaders with a car bomb. FTP, name this Basque terrorist organization, responsible for a large number of assassinations and much political discord in Spain and France. Answer: ETA or Euzkadi Ta Azkatasuna

Following his resignation, he was succeeded by a member of the National Unity Party that he had founded. He was originally appointed prime minister by President Carmona because of the fiscal skills garnered while he was professor of economics at the University of Coimbra. Soon after, he quickly reimposed press censorship and crushed all opposition parties. His successor, Marcello Caetano carried on the policy that saw this man send troops to Cape Verde, Guinea- Bissau, and to suppress independence movements. FTP, name this man who, from 1932 to 1968, ruled Portugal as a dictator. Answer: Antonio de Oliveira Salazar

Among his chief works was the apology for Christianity, "Compendium revelationum," which was later placed on the Index. This man came to power as head of the party known as the "Weepers," for their complaints about the lack of morality in their time. His followers lit two major "bonfires of the vanities," the second of which followed his conviction for heresy. Welcoming Charles VIII into his city, he hoped for French reform of what he believed to be the corrupt court of Pope Alexander VI. FTP, name this figure who was hanged and burned in 1498, the Dominican friar that ruled

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Florence after the exile of the Medici. Answer: Girolamo Savonarola

The daughter of a prominent painter, this woman was apprenticed under Gustav Kilmt but turned away from painting to music, studying composition under Alexander von Zemlinsky. Though not herself known for any musical or artistic works of her own, she was friends with many of the major artistic figures of the early twentieth century, including Arnold Schoenburg, Alban Berg, Franz Werfel, Walter Gropius, and Gustav Mahler, the latter three of whom she married. For 10 points name this woman, whose amatory exploits are celebrated by Tom Lehrer. Answer: Alma Schindler Mahler Gropius Werfel (either name is ok)

This English statesman put into effect the Act of Supremacy and the dissolution of the during the 1530s, having earlier become agent and secretary to Cardinal Wolsey. He arranged Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and proved himself a highly efficient administrator and advisor during his time as and Lord of the Exchequer, but fell from favor after choosing Anne of Cleves as Henry's consort. FTP, name this beheaded politician known as "hammer of the monks". Answer:

Originally trained as an electrician, criticism of party government cost this man his job at a government owned shipyard in 1976. He was imprisoned during the military crackdown in 1981 after gaining numerous concessions from the government, for which he was awarded the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize, while 7 years later he would defeat his former ally Tadeusz Mazowiecki for his country's presidency. FTP name this Polish hero, the leader of Solidarity. Answer: Lech Walesa (may also be pronounced as Valensa)

This man was trained as an advocate, but resigned his post as a judge in 1782 and for a time lived the life of a dandy in Arras. Known as the "Incorruptible", in 1791 he became public accuser, and the next year he emerged as the leader of the Mountain faction of the , but in 1794 was ousted and killed in the . FTP, who was this member of the Committee of Public Safety who dominated France during the Reign of Terror? Answer: Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre

This man's doctrine declared the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of other Communist countries when their were threatened. In 1950 he spent time in Moldavia sovietizing Romanians, and after losing and then regaining his seat on the Politburo he became President of the Praesidium if the Supreme Soviet in 1960. Although he briefly shared power with after he engineered the ouster of Khrushchev, he soon took over full control of the government. FTP, who was this man who served as general secretary of the Soviet Union until 1982? Answer: Leonid Brezhnev

He expanded his landholdings by marrying an elderly Moravian widow in 1609 when he was 26, and was made Duke of Friedland after putting down a rebellion in his native Bohemia. By the year of his death, he had very few allies other than Christian von Ilow, a far cry from his popularity when he occupied all of mainland Denmark in collaboration with the Count of Tilly. Profiled in a trilogy by Schiller, FTP, who is this turncoat against Ferdinand II who was assassinated 14 months after opposing Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Lutzen? Answer: Albrecht (Wenzel Eusebius) von Wallenstein

Author of the book "Theism and ", this man became Secretary for Scotland in 1886, and from 1887-91 served as Chief Secretary for Ireland, where his policy of suppression earned him the nickname "bloody". He engineered the 1904 entente with France and succeeded Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915, ten years after his four year stint as Prime Minister ended, but he is best-known for his time as Foreign Secretary from 1916-19, specifically a short November 2, 1917 communication to Lord Rothschild. FTP, name this man whose declaration expressed Great Britain's support for a Jewish homeland.

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Answer: Arthur James Balfour

This Frenchman was a notable historian whose works included History of the and History of the Consulate and the Empire, but he is better known for his role in public life. An opposition journalist in the 1820's, after the July Revolution he became a liberal Orleanist member of the Chamber. An opponent of Napoleon III, after the fall of the Second Empire, he became the leader of the French government in 1871. Name this statesman who died in 1877 after being forced out of office by the monarchists, and who, FTP, was the first president of the Third Republic. Answer: Adolphe Thiers

Under the provisions of the "Cat and Mouse Act," she was imprisoned twelve times for a total of thirty days in 1913. Every time her condition deteriorated from the effects of her self-induced starvation, she was released, and then when her health improved somewhat she was promptly re-incarcerated. That year, her movement had turned more militant, even bombing Lloyd George's home in a wave of violence said to have been organized by her daughter Christabel. Her other daughter, Sylvia, was also active in the suffragist movement. FTP name this woman who died in 1928, shortly before all adult British women gained the vote. Answer: Emmeline Pankhurst

He won his first campaign for public office after rounding up his opponent's supporters the night before the election and putting them on a ship bound for Norway. A leader of London's notorious Hellfire Club and the reputed author of a pornographic parody of Pope's Essay on Man, he prompted Dr. Johnson's famous remark that he would rather dine with Jack Ketch, the public hangman, than with him. For 10 points, name this champion of civil liberties in 18th-century England, who is also the namesake of a U.S. presidential assassin. Answer: John Wilkes

He fled to France in order to escape his creditors in 1816, not long after his penchant for clever insults lost him his royal patronage. He later pulled his life together long enough to become British Consul in Caen, only to return to debtors' prison shortly afterwards, and he eventually died in a French insane asylum. For 10 points name this onetime fashion icon and sidekick of the future George IV, the unofficial "arbiter elegantiarum" of the British Regency. Answer: George Bryan "Beau" Brummell

Napoleon called him "the bravest of the brave". A soldier in the French Revolution, he first rose to prominence at the in 1805. He fought so valiantly at Borodino that Napoleon named him Prince of the Moskowa. After Napoleon abdicated, he retained his rank under Louis XVIII, but he defected rather than arrest Napoleon after his return from Elba and commanded the Old Guard at Waterloo. FTP, name this French general, executed for treason despite Louis XVIII's efforts to save him. Answer:

While serving as the king's merchant at Antwerp in 1551, he managed to repay a substantial loan that allowed the king to open credit again, and after being dismissed for by Mary he was appointed ambassador to the Netherlands in 1559 by Elizabeth. He managed to convince the government to borrow money from London financiers instead of from foreigners, and facilitated the process by founding the Royal Exchange. FTP, name this Englishman, best known for an observation which states that, given two coins of equal value, the one of lower intrinsic value will tend to drive the other one out of use, a "law" that generally says "Bad money drives out good." Answer: Sir Thomas Gresham

The son of a devout Catholic secondary schoolmaster, he received a diploma in agriculture after World War I and worked as a poultry farmer. He served as flag bearer in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch, and thereafter rose steadily in the Nazi party, in 1929 becoming head of Hitler's elite bodyguard, the Schutzstaffel. FTP, name this man, who eventually became the Nazi minster of the interior, commander of the Gestapo, and, in 1944, commander-in-chief of the armed

48 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 forces. Answer: Heinrich Himmler

This precocious scholar became a professor of history at at the age of 19, and was often referred to as "le Jeune" to differentiate him from his older brother. He worked with Ippolito Rosellini to direct an expedition that reached Aswan in 1828, two years before the chair of Egyptian Studies at the College de France was created specifically for him. FTP, name this Frenchman, best known for his 1824 breakthrough in which he deciphered hieroglyphics using the Rosetta Stone. Answer: Jean François Champollion (le Jeune)

After the purges of the 1930s he joined the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs as head of the U.S. division. He subsequently became counselor at the Soviet embassy in the U.S, and went on to serve as his country's ambassador to Great Britain and the United States. A skilled negotiator, he attended the conferences at Dumbarton Oaks, Yalta, and Potsdam, and was made deputy premier in 1983. FTP, identify this Soviet leader, who was named president of the USSR in 1985, only to resign three years later so that Mikhail Gorbachev could assume the title, and who also served as foreign minister from 1957 to 1985. Answer: Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko

After his impudent "Sermon before the Princes," on Nebuchanezzar's dream in the second chapter of Daniel, was delivered at Allstedt before the brother and nephew of Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, he was exiled. Captured at Frakenhausen, he was tortured and killed. FTP, name this preacher, who called for blood in the Peasant's War. Answer: Thomas Müntzer

His life's achievement was inspired by a picture of a burning city in a book his father gave him. He became a US citizen after getting rich as a military contractor in the Crimean War. He argued that Bunarbashi was not the site he desired to find, but that Hisarlik was, in his 1868 Ithaca, the Peloponnes & Troy. FTP, name this man who later proved his claim in his excavations. Answer: Heinrich Schliemann

He condemned the 1944 anti-Hitler plot, and as head of the German High Command he was a major organizer of the Nazi bombings of English cities as well as an issuer of orders to shoot POWs and commandos. He was executed after the Nuremberg trials, but a Munich de-Nazification court said he wasn't a major offender. FTP, who was this advisor of Hitler and Chief of Operation staff at the end of the war whose last name sounds like a snack cake? Answer: Alfred Jodl

Was he barrister Montague Druitt? Was he the painter Walter Sickert? What is known is that in the poverty stricken Whitechapel area, Mary Ann Nichols, Ann Chapman, Catherine Eddowes, Elizabeth Stride, and Mary Kelly were all prostitutes brutally disemboweled. FTP, what is this nickname supplied in grisly letters to the press by a notorious, but so far unidentified, serial killer in late 19th century London? Answer: Jack the Ripper

He was born in Teignmouth, England, in 1834, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. After his graduation he was sent with his regiment to India, where he participated in the Punjab and Burmese wars. In 1856 he joined the Trigonometrical Survey of India. Until his 1877 retirement from the army, he conducted topographical surveys in Kashmìr, Ladakh, and Bhutan . FTP, identify this British soldier and topographer, for whom the second highest peak in the world, also known as K2, was named. Answer: Henry Haversham Godwin Austen

This thinker spent most of her adult life in exile, finally spending the three years before her 1817 death in Paris. Her

49 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 principal philosophical work was the 1796 A Treatise on the Influence of the Passions on the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations in which she developed the theme of the inseparable connection between thought and feeling. Closely associated with Romanticism, her 1813 De l'Allemagne, published in London, was an important instrument for introducing German Romanticism to the French and English. For 10 points, who was this French thinker who had to live in exile because of her disfavored political father, ? Answer: Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker or Mme de Staël

The article "Where to Begin" served as the basis for one of this person's works. The April Theses laid out several of this leader's political aims while attacking a political rival, whom he characterized as a "social-chauvinist." Both he and that rival had opposed the views of the Economists and worked for the newspaper The Spark, but that rival, Georgi Plekhanov, opposed this man at the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, so this man led the group against Plekhanov's so-called Mensheviks. FTP, identify this Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolsheviks and the first head of the Soviet Union. Answer: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin [or Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov]

Probably the most comprehensive study of this historical figure is the 1967 three-volume work of Carl Burckhardt. This man undertook what he called "the reformation of the third order of the realm" in his political testament, but at first he was forced to flee to Blois in the wake of the murder of Concino Concini. He established the Company of One Hundred Associates, and an attempt to eliminate him was known as the Day of the Dupes. He'd gain plenty of enemies later in his career like Gaston of Orleans and the marquis de Cinq-Mars. Succeeded by Mazarin, FTP, name this chief minister to Louis XIII starting in 1624, a cardinal known as the "Red Eminence." Answer: Cardinal Richelieu (or Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu)

Along with Winston Churchill and John Simon, he was the one of three people to sit in the British Cabinet during both World War I and II. After making a fortune by amalgamating the entire cement industry in Canada, he moved to Britain, became active in politics, and acquired the Daily Express and . In these mass-market papers, he championed free trade and the British empire. FTP name this press baron and politician. Answer: Lord Beaverbrook

He was arrested along with Philip de Montmorency, the count of Hoorn, who was also a Knight of the Golden Fleece. They had been put on trial by the Council of Blood, and in response to their deaths a group of guerillas known as the "Beggars" attacked a certain country. Earlier, this man had won a major victory over Anne de Montmorency at Saint- Quentin, while he defeated Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. Later in life, he opposed the policies of the Cardinal Archduke of Mechelen, Antoine de Granvelle, who was the chief minister to Margaret of Parma. He was one of the first victims of a reign of terror instituted by the man who won the battle of Mühlberg and engineered the peace of Cateau- Cambresis. FTP, name this Dutch nobleman who refused to join William the Silent in revolt but was executed anyway by the Duke of Alba, who was the subject of a play by Goethe. Answer: Lamoraal, the Count of Egmont or Egmond

In 1645, this Chancellor of the Exchequer was removed to the island of Jersey, through the pretext being made guardian to the Prince of Wales. After the death of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed Lord Chancellor and wrote the History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. For ten points, name this minister whose name is collectively attached to the Corporation Act, the Five-Mile Act, the Conventicle Act, and the Act of Conformity, which were aimed at Nonconformists. Answer: 1st or Sir Edward Hyde or Viscount Cornbury or Baron Hyde of Hindon

Appointed director of the charitable Pio Albergo Trivulzio in 1771, and honorary lecturer at the University of Bologna by Pope Benedict XIV in 1749, this philosopher published Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana ("Analytical Institutions for the Use of Italian Youth") in 1748. FTP, what Italian, better known as a mathematician, is better known

50 12_Figures.txt 3/27/2010 for the versiera, or versed sine curve, is known in English as a "witch" Answer: Maria Gaetana Agnesi

He entered parliament as a Whig in 1805 and served as Home Secretary under the 2d Earl Grey. As prime minister he delegated power to such Cabinet members as Lord Palmerston and spent most of his time teaching the young Queen Victoria, who refused to dismiss her Whig chambermaids when Robert Peel was to succeed him. FTP, what British political leader shares his name with the capital of Victoria, Australia? Answer: William Lamb, 2d Viscount Melbourne

Her To Know the Ways of God was destroyed in 1945, and her The Book of Divine Works is known only through a later reproduction. The originals were probably created by nuns along the river Rhine, and among her 80 vocal works are the Latin drama Ordo Virtutum. FTP, name this Benedictine abbess and artist-musician of the 12th century. Answer: Hildegard von Bingen

On Ascension Day, he boarded the Bucentaur and led a fleet of a thousand ships to preside over the "Wedding of the Sea" ceremony. The original holders of this title replaced the tribunes as the local representatives of the Byzantine emperor. The first was Paolo Lucio Anafesto, and the last one, Ludovico Manin, was deposed by Napoleon. The Porta della Carta is the gateway to their palace, designed by Buon and Giovanni, which was built after such figures as Freancesco Foscario and Enrico Dandolo held this title. FTP, name this office, the elected leader of Venice. Answer: doge

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