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1 South Khoisan 1 South Khoisan (Taa subgroup) etymology Compiled by George Starostin The etymological database for the Taa subgroup of the South Khoisan, or Taa-!Wi (!Wi-Taa), language family. In order to simplify things and also due to specific problems concerning the quality of data on !Wi, the Taa database is directly linked to the Peripheral Khoisan (Juu-Taa) database rather than to its intermediate ancestor (South Khoisan). Data sources: the main and, in fact, only major source of data here is the excellent !Xóõ dictionary by Anthony Traill (Traill 1986). Considering the extreme complexity of !Xóõ phonology, it is not surprising that "Proto-Taa" essentially coincides with the corresponding !Xóõ forms (with but a few exceptions that are specifically noted in the database). Additional data on two Taa idioms - that of the Masarwa of Kakia and the |Nu//en - are extracted from Dorothea Bleek's materials (Bleek 1929 and Bleek 1956). They do not so much add to our knowledge of comparative Taa phonology as provide extra insight into the lexical history of this subgroup. The relatively poor quality of the transcription makes it hard to talk in terms of phonetic correspondences; for the most part, it seems that all the three analyzed idioms are quite close and the correspondences are mostly trivial, but this triviality is frequently made obscure by erroneous transcription of the forms (e. g. with a major confusion of both click influxes and effluxes). The database consists of the following fields: 1. Proto-Taa: the hypothetical protoform, usually stripped of easily detachable grammatical morphemes and unified in terms of transcription; otherwise practically the same as the corresponding !Xóõ entry. 2. Stems: some of the forms are frequently met in conjunction with specific (class?) suffixes, sometimes two or more for one single root. In a few cases it was deemed useful to specify these combinations in a separate entry. 3. Meaning: the meaning of the protoform (most often, directly copied from Traill 1986). 4. !Xoong: the main entry in Traill 1986. All the forms are given together with the relevant grammatical information, following the system of notation employed by Traill in his dictionary. [For nouns, the Arabic numbers indicate the corresponding noun classes (from 1 to 4); the Roman numbers indicate the tonal class (from I to II). For 2 additional details, please consult Traill 1986.] 5. Masarwa: the default sources are Bleek 1929/Bleek 1956. 6. |Nu//en: the default sources are Bleek 1929/Bleek 1956. 7. !Xoong derivates: a listing of additional !Xóõ forms derived from the main stem as presented in Traill 1986. 8. Notes: additional comments and considerations. 9. References: bibliographical links. Notes on transcription: For old data (Bleek 1956 and older), the original transliteration systems are followed. For data taken from Traill's dictionary, some of the usual transliterating conventions of ToB are followed (such as transcribing prevoiced clicks as , etc., and nasalized ones as , etc.); in most cases, though, Traill's transcriptional idiosyncrasies are respected, especially in the area of rendering complex vowels, since they represent a "semi-official" transcription system for !Xóõ. For Proto-Taa, however, all of the standard ToB conventions are in order. Clicks: ʘ = labial click, | = dental click, ǂ = palatal click, ! = alveolar click, ǁ = lateral click. The Taa click efflux system is the most complex among all attested click systems and requires special attention. It includes the following: - zero efflux (Proto-Taa and Traill: no special marking; Bleek: |k, etc.); - voiced efflux (Proto-Taa/Traill: , etc.; Bleek: |g, etc.); - velar fricative efflux (Proto-Taa/Traill/Bleek: |x, etc.); - prevoiced velar fricative efflux (Proto-Taa/Traill x, etc.; Bleek ?); - velar ejective affricate (Proto-Taa |kx, etc.; Traill |kxʔ, etc.; Bleek |kx, |k", etc.); - prevoiced velar ejective affricate (Proto-Taa kx, etc.; Traill kxʔ, etc.; Bleek ?); - uvular stop (Proto-Taa/Traill |q, etc.; Bleek ?); - prevoiced uvular stop (Proto-Taa/Traill q, etc.; Bleek ?); - aspirated uvular stop (Proto-Taa/Traill |qh, etc.; Bleek ?); - prevoiced aspirated uvular stop (Proto-Taa/Traill qh, etc.; Bleek ?); - prenasalized voiced aspirated uvular stop (Proto-Taa/Traill G|qh, etc.; Bleek ?); - ejective uvular stop (Proto-Taa/Traill |qʔ, etc.; Bleek |k', ?); - aspirated efflux (Proto-Taa/Traill |h, etc.; Bleek |kh, |h, etc.); - voiceless nasalized efflux (Proto-Taa/Traill |, etc.; Bleek ?); - voiced nasalized efflux (Proto-Taa/Traill , etc.; Bleek |n, etc.); 3 - preglottalized nasalized efflux (Proto-Taa/Traill ʔ|n, etc.; Bleek ?); - glottal stop (Proto-Taa/Traill |ʔ, etc.; Bleek: no special marking). [Note: question marks merely denote that Bleek does not recognize the existence of this particular type in the idioms she is describing, not the fact that there are no cognates in Masarwa and |Nu//en that correspond to items with these effluxes in !Xóõ and not even the fact that these effluxes did not exist in these idioms; they may have simply been unnoticed. Thus, words with uvular effluxes are usually treated by Bleek as if containing corresponding velar ones; preglottalized nasals are transcribed the same as regular nasals, etc.]. Non-click consonants: c, ch (= Traill's ts, tsh) = voiceless hissing unaspirated and aspirated affricates; ʒ, ʒh (= Traill's dz, dtsh) = voiced hissing unaspirated and aspirated affricates; q, G, qh, Gh (= Traill's q, G, qh, Gqh) = uvular stops; cʔ, kʔ, qʔ, etc. (= Traill's tsʔ, kʔ, qʔ, etc.) = ejective consonants; š = hushing fricative (only in Bleek's materials). Vowels: ɛ, ɔ = open correlates to closed e, o. Pharyngealized vowels are marked as , , etc.; breathy vowels are marked with a superscript h (= Traill's regular h); nasalized vowels are marked with a tilde (ã, õ, etc.); á, à, ǎ, â = tonal markings. Number 1 Proto-Taa *ʘà Meaning young; child Bushman etymology 253 !Xoong ʘàa 2 II, pl. ʘʔâni 2 II, ʘàa-tû 4 II "young of (animals); child; daughter-, son-, mother-in-law" Masarwa ʘpā "grandson, granddaughter, daughter-in-law" |Nu//en ʘpware še ǁka "sister-in-law" !Xoong derivates ʘàje ʘàa "animal"; ʘàje ʘʔâni "animals"; !xóńa-tê ʘʔâni "the !Xóõ people"; |ʔ ʘàa "a small or distant fire"; kâ-ʘàa-bà 2 II, kâ-ʘàa-tû ʘʔâni 4 II "child"; ʘàa ʔ|nàn 3 II, -tû 4 II "daughter-, son-, mother-in-law, husbandʔs elder sister"; ʘàa āho 3 II, -tû 4 II "cousin, fatherʔs sisterʔs child, motherʔs brotherʔs child" Notes The Masarwa and |Nuǁen forms are hardly possible to separate from PT *ʘq 'child', given the impossibility of distinguishing between zero efflux and uvular efflux in Bleek's dictionary. The separation here is thus provisionary, based primarily on semantic reasons. 4 References Bleek 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687; Traill 47. Number 2 Proto-Taa *ʘà Stems *ʘà-je Meaning meat Bushman etymology 138 !Xoong ʘàje 3 I Masarwa ʘpwe |Nu//en ʘpwē, ʘpwi !Xoong derivates ʘàje ʘàa 2 II, ʘàje ʘʔâni 2 II "animals, creatures of the wild, game"; ʘàje |è ǂqhùe "east wind which is favourable for hunting" Notes Cf. also !Xóõ ʘ "herd of eland, flesh, meat", ʘ-tê "pieces of meat, flesh", kùu ʘ "mutton". References Bleek 684, 685, 687; Traill 47. Number 3 Proto-Taa *ʘá Stems *ʘá-ʔi Meaning abomasum Bushman etymology 903 !Xoong ʘáʔi 2 II, pl. ʘáʔa-tê References Traill 47. Number 4 Proto-Taa *ʘin Meaning to sleep Bushman etymology 191 !Xoong ʘân; ʘûm 2 n I "sleep (n.)" Masarwa ʘpwõĩ, ʘpwoin; ʘpũ-|ā "morning" |Nu//en ʘpwoin !Xoong derivates ʘân |ʔâa |îi "sleep deeply"; ʘân ǂʔ "early"; ʘân-ʘân kV "rock to sleep, put to sleep"; ʘ ã, ʘân ã -sà "dream", ~ kV "dream of (tr.)" References Bleek 682, 683, 684, 685, 686; Traill 47. 5 Number 5 Proto-Taa *ʘm Meaning to rub in (fat) Bushman etymology 254 !Xoong ʘm-sà ʘBV [H] References Traill 47. Number 6 Proto-Taa *ʘú Meaning to be jammed, stuck together, stick on Bushman etymology 0 !Xoong ʘúʔu !Xoong derivates ʘûʔu lu "jam into (tr.)" References Traill 47. Number 7 Proto-Taa *àh Meaning to take or catch in cupped hands Bushman etymology 0 !Xoong àhʔa -sà ahʔV [L] References Traill 47. Number 8 Proto-Taa *are Meaning to gossip about Bushman etymology 255 !Xoong āle -sà aLV [M] References Traill 47. Number 9 Proto-Taa * Meaning edible caterpillar Bushman etymology 256 6 !Xoong 1 e II, pl. -tê 4 u II References Traill 47. Number 10 Proto-Taa * Meaning species of plant (Convolvulaceae (pomoea)) Bushman etymology 0 !Xoong | 2 n II References Traill 47. Number 11 Proto-Taa * Stems *-m Meaning hollow tree, hole in a tree, water-storing tree Bushman etymology 0 !Xoong o 3 e II, pl. m-kà-tê 2 u II References Traill 47. Number 12 Proto-Taa *ʘxà Meaning elder half brother (avoidance category) Bushman etymology 257 !Xoong ʘxàa 2 II, pl. -tû 4 II !Xoong derivates dim. kâ-ʘxàa-bà, pl. kâ-ʘxàa-tû ʘʔâni References Traill 48. Number 13 Proto-Taa *ʘxṹ Meaning to shuffle, walk as a sick person Bushman etymology 0 !Xoong ʘxṹ (kâ) References Traill 48. Number 14 7 Proto-Taa *xàRe Meaning to twirl (as an eggbeater), make fire with firesticks; to instruct, teach Bushman etymology 258 !Xoong xàle-sà xaLV [L] References Traill 48. Number 15 Proto-Taa *ʘkxúm Meaning delicious, nice Bushman etymology 259 !Xoong ʘkxʔúm (ń) ʘkxʔúbe 3 I, pl. ʘkxʔúma References Traill 48. Number 16 Proto-Taa *kxâi Meaning to chew, munch Bushman etymology 24 !Xoong kxʔâi -sà kxʔaJV [H] !Xoong derivates kxʔaJV ǁqh-tê "grind the teeth" References Traill 48. Number 17 Proto-Taa *kxṍ Meaning fly (n.); sp. of poisonous plant (Crotalaria spartioides D.C.) Bushman etymology 260 !Xoong kxʔṍ 1 e I, pl. kxʔ-tê/-nî 4 u II |Nu//en ʘpũ; ʘpwā-rriŋ "flies" References Bleek 684, 685; Traill 48.
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