(“John”) Demjanjuk in De Periode 1940-1952
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Die Akte Sobibor
Jürgen Graf, Thomas Kues, Carlo Mattogno DIE AKTE SOBIBOR Dem Andenken an Jürgen Rieger gewidmet INHALT Teil 1. Die gnadenlose Hatz auf den greisen John Demjanjuk ...................................................................... 1 Teil 2. Das offizielle Sobibor-Bild und die zeitgenössischen Dokumente ......................................................... 5 Teil 3. Der Schlüsselzeuge .................................................................................................................... 11 Teil 4. Die Entstehung des Mythos ......................................................................................................... 18 Teil 5. Das Lager Sobibor in der Darstellung der offiziellen Geschichtsschreibung ......................................... 23 Teil 6. Julius Schelvis’ Standardwerk über Sobibor. Eine kritische Analyse ................................................... 27 Teil 7. Zeugen-Panorama ...................................................................................................................... 32 Teil 8. Toivi Blatt, sein Tagebuch und sein Gespräch mit Karl August Frenzel ............................................... 37 Teil 9. Die „Gaskammern“ von Sobibor im Lichte der „Augenzeugenberichte“ und „historischen Forschungen“ . 42 Teil 10. Die beiden Sobibor-Prozesse von 1950 ....................................................................................... 46 Teil 11. Der Sobibor-Prozeß in Hagen (1965/1966) ................................................................................. -
German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸Dykowski
Macht Arbeit Frei? German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸dykowski Boston 2018 Jews of Poland Series Editor ANTONY POLONSKY (Brandeis University) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: the bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. © Academic Studies Press, 2018 ISBN 978-1-61811-596-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-61811-597-3 (electronic) Book design by Kryon Publishing Services (P) Ltd. www.kryonpublishing.com Academic Studies Press 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA P: (617)782-6290 F: (857)241-3149 [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com This publication is supported by An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-1-61811-907-0. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. To Luba, with special thanks and gratitude Table of Contents Acknowledgements v Introduction vii Part One Chapter 1: The War against Poland and the Beginning of German Economic Policy in the Ocсupied Territory 1 Chapter 2: Forced Labor from the Period of Military Government until the Beginning of Ghettoization 18 Chapter 3: Forced Labor in the Ghettos and Labor Detachments 74 Chapter 4: Forced Labor in the Labor Camps 134 Part Two Chapter -
Het Niemann Album Foto’S Van Vernietigingskamp Sobibor Het Niemann Album Het Niemann Album
HOLOCAUST BIBLIOTHEEK • FOTOBOEK Het Niemann Album foto’s van vernietigingskamp Sobibor Het Niemann Album Het Niemann Album Foto’s van vernietigingskamp Sobibor Samengesteld door het Bildungswerk Stanisław Hantz e.V. en de Forschungsstelle Ludwigsburg van de Universität Stuttgart Auteurs: Martin Cüppers Annett Gerhardt Karin Graf Steffen Hänschen Andreas Kahrs Anne Lepper Florian Ross Het Niemann Album is een gezamenlijk initiatief van Uitgeverij Verbum en Stichting Sobibor. Het Ministerie van VWS heeft de vertaling van het boek financieel ondersteund. Het Niemann Album is de vertaling van de Duitse uitgave Fotos aus Sobibor. Die Niemann-Sammlung zu Holocaust und Nationalsozialismus, Metropol Verlag, Berlijn, 2020. Omslagafbeelding: toegangspoort tot kamp Sobibor, voorjaar 1943, foto afkomstig uit de Niemann-verzameling Redactie: Martin Cüppers en Andreas Kahrs Vertaling: Rob Pijpers/Vitataal Redactie van de Nederlandse uitgave: Vitataal, Feerwerd © 2020 Uitgeverij Verbum ISBN 9789493028357 Meer informatie: verbum.nl INHOUDSOPGAVE 7 Woord vooraf Steffen Hänschen, Annett Gerhardt, Andreas Matthijs van der Tang Kahrs, Anne Lepper en Martin Cüppers 133 Het dodenkamp Sobibor 155 Niemanns foto’s uit Sobibor 9 Ten geleide Jetje Manheim Martin Cüppers 201 De Trawniki’s – handlangers bij de 13 Voorwoord Holocaust Bildungswerk Stanisław Hantz e.V. Martin Cüppers en Steffen Hänschen Martin Cüppers 219 Beloning voor de volkenmoord 17 De Niemann-foto’s De trip naar Berlijn van Aktion Reinhardt- Een unieke verzameling over de Holocaust en manschappen -
Final Report NATO Research Fellowship Prof. Dr. Holger H
Final Report NATO Research Fellowship Prof. Dr. Holger H. Herwig The University of Calgary Aggression Contained? The Federal Republic of Germany and International Security1 Two years ago, when I first proposed this topic, I had some trepidation about its relevance to current NATO policy. Forty-eight months of work on the topic and the rush of events especially in Central and East Europe since that time have convinced me both of its timeliness and of its relevance. Germany's role in SFOR in Bosnia since 1996, the very positive deployment of the German Army (Bundeswehr) in flood-relief work along the Oder River on the German- Polish border in the summer of 1997, and even the most recent revelations of neo-Nazi activity within the ranks of the Bundeswehr, have served only to whet my appetite for the project. For, I remain convinced that the German armed forces, more than any other, can be understood only in terms of Germany's recent past and the special military culture out of which the Bundeswehr was forged. Introduction The original proposal began with a scenario that had taken place in Paris in 1994. On that 14 July, the day that France annually sets aside as a national holiday to mark its 1789 Revolution, 189 German soldiers of the 294th Tank-Grenadier Battalion along with their twenty- four iron-crossed armoured personnel carriers for the first time since 1940 had marched down the Champs-Elysées in Paris. General Helmut Willmann's men had stepped out not to the tune of "Deutschland, 1 The research for this report was made possible by a NATO Research Fellowship. -
Tales of Members of the Resistance and Victims of War
Come tell me after all these years your tales about the end of war Tales of members of the resistance and victims of war Ellen Lock Come tell me after all these years your tales about the end of war tell me a thousand times or more and every time I’ll be in tears. by Leo Vroman: Peace Design: Irene de Bruijn, Ellen Lock Cover picture: Leo en Tineke Vroman, photographer: Keke Keukelaar Interviews and pictures: Ellen Lock, unless otherwise stated Translation Dutch-English: Translation Agency SVB: Claire Jordan, Janet Potterton. No part of this book may be reproduced without the written permission of the editors of Aanspraak e-mail: [email protected], website: www.svb.nl/wvo © Sociale Verzekeringsbank / Pensioen- en Uitkeringsraad, december 2014. ISBN 978-90-9030295-9 Tales of members of the resistance and victims of war Sociale Verzekeringsbank & Pensioen- en Uitkeringsraad Leiden 2014 Content Tales of Members of the Resistance and Victims of War 10 Martin van Rijn, State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sport 70 Years after the Second World War 12 Nicoly Vermeulen, Chair of the Board of Directors of the Sociale Verzekeringsbank (SVB) Speaking for your benefit 14 Hans Dresden, Chair of the Pension and Benefit Board Tales of Europe Real freedom only exists if everyone can be free 17 Working with the resistance in Amsterdam, nursery teacher Sieny Kattenburg saved many Jewish children from deportation from the Hollandsche Schouwburg theatre. Surviving in order to bear witness 25 Psychiatrist Max Hamburger survived the camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald. We want the world to know what happened 33 in the death camp at Sobibor! Sobibor survivor Jules Schelvis tells his story. -
Jaarverslag 2016 - Stichting Sobibor Annual Report 2016 - Sobibor Foundation Colofon / Colophon
JAARVERSLAG 2016 - STICHTING SOBIBOR ANNUAL REPORT 2016 - SOBIBOR FOUNDATION COLOFON / COLOPHON Stichting Sobibor, maart 2017 Sobibor Foundation, March 2017 Postbus/P.O. Box 51261, 1007 EG Amsterdam, The Netherlands S: www.sobibor.org E: [email protected] F: www.facebook.com/stichtingsobibor T: twitter.com/sticht_sobibo Bankrekening NL03 INGB 0003 3025 25 t.n.v. Stichting Sobibor te Amsterdam Bankaccount NL03 INGB 0003 3025 25 in the name of Sobibor Foundation Amsterdam KvK-nummer: 11044675 Bestuur december 2016 / Board December 2016: Maarten Eddes, voorzitter / chairman Cita Peereboom, secretaris / secretary Marijke Sterman-Vleeschdraager, penningmeester / treasurer Jacques D. Barth Petra van den Boomgaard Alwin Kapitein Rob Snijders Tekst / Text: bestuur Stichting Sobibor, tenzij anders vermeld, unless indicated Redactie / Editors: Maarten Eddes & Irene Hemels (Hemels Schrijfbedrijf) Vormgeving / Design, productie / production en druk / and publishing: Grafische Groep, Dubbel G, Haarlem Fotografie: Tenzij anders vermeld Stichting Sobibor Photography: Sobibor Foundation, unless indicated Omslag / Cover: Jules Schelvis Foto / Photo: Ronald Huffener © Niets uit deze uitgave mag op welke wijze dan ook worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de Stichting Sobibor of de betreffende fotograaf. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or by any information storage and retrieval -
Camp D'extermination De Sobibor
Camp d'extermination de Sobibor Le camp d'extermination de Sobibór était un camp d'extermination Camp nazi situé dans le Gouvernement général de Pologne. L'emplacement d'extermination de de cet ancien camp se trouve aujourd’hui dans le quart sud-est de la Sobibór Pologne, à proximité des frontières actuelles avec l'Ukraine et la Biélorussie, à environ 250 km à l'est-sud-est de Varsovie. De même que les camps d'extermination de Bełżec et de Treblinka, Sobibor entra en fonction dans le cadre de l'opération Reinhard. De mai 1942 à l'été 1943, les autorités allemandes y firent assassiner environ 250 000 Juifs. Sobibor fut ensuite transformé en camp de concentration, puis liquidé Mémorial du camp d'extermination de fin 1943 après une révolte au cours de laquelle une cinquantaine de Sobibór. La pyramide est un mélange de détenus s'échappèrent. sable et de cendres humaines. Présentation Type Camp d'extermination nazi Gestion Date de mars à mai 1942 création Créé par Richard Thomalla (camp) Erwin Lambert (chambres à gaz) Dirigé par Franz Stangl puis Franz Reichleitner Date de 14 octobre 1943 fermeture Victimes Type de Juifs, essentiellement détenus polonais, mais également de toute l'Europe Morts Entre 200 000 et 250 000 Géographie Pays Pologne Gmina Sobibór Coordonnées 51° 26′ 50″ nord, 23° 35′ 37″ est Géolocalisation sur la carte : Biélorussie Sommaire Création et organisation Origine Choix du lieu et construction Organisation et topographie Les exécuteurs Les Arbeitsjuden Les opérations de tuerie L'arrivée des convois L'extermination Le sort -
The Holocaust, 1933-1941-1945
The Holocaust, 1933-1941-1945 Wichert ten Have and Maria van Haperen ‘Early in the morning of 1 June 1943, the names of those who were to depart for the east in the waiting freight train were read aloud in the deadly silence of the barracks. […] We tried to boost each other’s morale. We are heading for the east, probably Poland. Perhaps we will meet family members there and friends who have already left. We will have to work hard and will suffer great deprivation. The summers will be hot and the winters freezing cold. But our spirits are high. We will not allow anyone or anything to dampen our spirits. […] Of course, none of us knew exactly what was ahaid of us. We had to make the best of it. We would do what we could to stay together and to survive the war. It was the only sensible thing you could say to each other in such circumstances. […] After our carriage had been packed with as many people as possible and the door locked from the outside with massive hooks, De Vries did a headcount: there were 62 of us, plus a pram. With all of our baggage, we were like herrings packed in a barrel. There was barely any room to stretch your legs. […] The first problem we tried to solve was that of deciding on the best position to make the journey, sitting or standing. There was no obvious answer that applied as a general rule. Some could sit as long as there were others who stood. -
Introduction: History and Its Discontents
Notes Introduction: History and Its Discontents 1. Compare Bain Attwood’s comments in ‘In the Age of Testimony: The Stolen Generations Narrative, “Distance”, and Public History’, Public Culture, 20, 1 (2008), 94–95. My thanks go to Becky Jinks for reading – and greatly improving – an earlier version of this Introduction. 2. See, for example, Lothar Kroll, Utopie als Ideologie: Geschichtsdenken und politisches HandelnimDrittenReich(Paderborn: Schöningh, 1999). 3. On the distinction between historicism in the sense of the speculative philos- ophy of history and historicism in the sense of setting events meaningfully in their historical context in the tradition of Ranke, see Frank Ankersmit, Meaning, Truth and Reference in Historical Representation (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2012). 4. See my discussions of these issues in Chapter 12 and in ‘History, Memory, Testi- mony’, in Jane Kilby and Antony Rowland (eds.), The Future of Testimony (London: Routledge, 2013). 5. Tony Judt with Timothy Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century (London: William Heinemann, 2012). That does not mean I agree wholeheartedly with their partic- ular contextualisations; for example, Judt and Snyder suggest that the emergence of Holocaust consciousness in the West has buried an awareness of the sophistica- tion of Central and Eastern European history and thought, which is now regarded as interesting only insofar as it illuminates the background to and possibility of the Holocaust. Other, positive traditions have been forgotten (237). I would suggest that things are a little more complicated than that, both with respect to Holocaust consciousness – which has hardly been a uniform process in ‘the West’ – and to Western knowledge of the history of Eastern Europe. -
Demjanjuk - Munich II
Demjanjuk - Munich II Commentary by Andriy J. Semotiuk U.S. and Canadian Immigration Lawyer A fundamental principle of Western jurisprudence is individual responsibility for one's actions. In criminal law, this requires that the charges against the accused, and the accused’s responsibility for the crime, must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In the Demjanjuk case there was no finding of individual culpability, there was instead, a PRESUMPTION of it. There was no finding of voluntariness, there was instead, a PRESUMPTION of it. That is why this case was a show trial, not a real trial. Let us be clear. No sensible human being denies the facts of the Holocaust, the loss of 6 million Jewish lives or their suffering, nor the turmoil initiated by Nazi Germany that resulted in the loss of some 50 million lives in World War II. What is being questioned, however, is the role Demjanjuk played in all that. One of the great attributes of the jurists at Nuremberg was their insistence that the accused have the ability to fairly defend themselves according to the rule of law and legal principles. Though flawed in some ways, such as its failure to prosecute even one Allied war crime, the involvement of a Soviet prosecutor and its attempt to shift the blame for the Katyn Forest massacre of Polish Officers on to the Germans, still, even with such deficiencies noted, the Nuremberg trials sought to abide by the rule of law and to find the accused guilty of INDIVIDUAL responsibility for the crimes committed. Unlike in the Demjanjuk case, in the case of the Nuremberg defendants, there was no doubt about their identity, there was no doubt about their presence where the events took place and there was little doubt about their personal involvement. -
Heinrich Wefing Der Fall Demjanjuk Der Letzte Große NS-Prozess
Unverkäufliche Leseprobe Heinrich Wefing Der Fall Demjanjuk Der letzte große NS-Prozess Rund 240 Seiten, Gebunden ISBN: 8-3-406-60583-3 © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München Wer ist John Demjanjuk? Als der Demjanjuk-Prozess am 30. November 2009 beginnt, an einem kalten, düsteren Wintermorgen in München, ist die halbe Welt zuge- schaltet. Schon um sechs Uhr in der Frühe stehen Reporter und Kame- rateams aus den Niederlanden, aus Israel, Polen, Großbritannien und den USA vor dem Betongebirge des Münchner Strafj ustizzentrums an der Nymphenburger Straße, bei kaum vier Grad über Null, dick ver- packt in Schals und Daunenjacken. Viele lockt die Story, die spektaku- läre Geschichte eines Greises, der als junger Mann ein «KZ-Scherge» gewesen sei, wie die «Bild»-Zeitung schreibt, als stehe das schon fest, ein leibhaftiger Helfer des Holocaust. Vielen Journalisten aber steht auch die historische Dimension des Verfahrens vor Augen. Dies werde der letzte bedeutende NS-Prozess in Deutschland, heißt es. Noch einmal, mehr als sechzig Jahre nach Kriegsende, werde sich die Bundesrepublik mit den Verbrechen der Nationalsozialisten ausein- andersetzen müssen. Noch einmal, vielleicht zum letzten Mal, muss in einem großen Verfahren vor Gericht nicht nur die Schuld des Ange- klagten verhandelt, sondern auch die Geschichte des Holocaust aufge- rollt werden – und die Geschichte der Strafverfolgung nationalsozialis- tischen Unrechts nach dem Krieg. Noch einmal würde die Frage gestellt werden: Wie konnte der Judenmord geschehen? Und wer waren diejenigen, die das Menschheitsverbrechen begangen haben? Ob der Demjanjuk-Prozess wirklich der letzte seiner Art sein wird, 15 ist schwer zu sagen. Noch sind die Fahndungslisten der Justizbehörden nicht geschlossen, noch leben einige hochbetagte Männer und Frauen, die mit Anfang zwanzig in die Verbrechen der Nationalsozialisten ver- strickt waren. -
Operation Reinhard”1: the Decision- Making Process for the Mass Murder of the Jews in the Generalgouvernement
The Origins of “Operation Reinhard”1: The Decision- Making Process for the Mass Murder of the Jews in the Generalgouvernement Bogdan Musial The question of the decision-making process leading up to the mass murder of the European Jews during World War II remains a controversial topic in the historical research. Recent studies suggest that the decision was a complex, step-by-step process, and the most crucial decisions were made in the summer and fall of 1941.2 The contemporary debate generally posits two basic decisions, separate in time, that set the “Final Solution” in motion. The first, leading to the murder of Soviet Jewry, is assumed to have been reached in July or August 19413; that is, only after the destruction of the Soviet Jews was underway was the decision made to annihilate all the Jews in Europe. The second decision is dated to September or October 1941.4 L. J. Hartog and Christian Gerlach have sought to modify this two-phase sequencing of the decision-making process for the “Final Solution.” They 1 The plan for the murder of the Polish Jews in the Generalgouvernement was given the cover name “Operation Reinhard” after the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in Prague in May 1942, in order to honor his memory. See Dieter Pohl, Von der “Judenpolitik” zum Judenmord. Der Distrikt Lublin des Generalgouvernements 1939-1944 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1993), p. 129. 2 An overview of the most recent research can be found in Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide. Essays on Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); idem, Der Weg zur Endlösung.