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Introduction: History and Its Discontents Notes Introduction: History and Its Discontents 1. Compare Bain Attwood’s comments in ‘In the Age of Testimony: The Stolen Generations Narrative, “Distance”, and Public History’, Public Culture, 20, 1 (2008), 94–95. My thanks go to Becky Jinks for reading – and greatly improving – an earlier version of this Introduction. 2. See, for example, Lothar Kroll, Utopie als Ideologie: Geschichtsdenken und politisches HandelnimDrittenReich(Paderborn: Schöningh, 1999). 3. On the distinction between historicism in the sense of the speculative philos- ophy of history and historicism in the sense of setting events meaningfully in their historical context in the tradition of Ranke, see Frank Ankersmit, Meaning, Truth and Reference in Historical Representation (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2012). 4. See my discussions of these issues in Chapter 12 and in ‘History, Memory, Testi- mony’, in Jane Kilby and Antony Rowland (eds.), The Future of Testimony (London: Routledge, 2013). 5. Tony Judt with Timothy Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century (London: William Heinemann, 2012). That does not mean I agree wholeheartedly with their partic- ular contextualisations; for example, Judt and Snyder suggest that the emergence of Holocaust consciousness in the West has buried an awareness of the sophistica- tion of Central and Eastern European history and thought, which is now regarded as interesting only insofar as it illuminates the background to and possibility of the Holocaust. Other, positive traditions have been forgotten (237). I would suggest that things are a little more complicated than that, both with respect to Holocaust consciousness – which has hardly been a uniform process in ‘the West’ – and to Western knowledge of the history of Eastern Europe. 6. For a fuller discussion of these ideas, see my introduction to Dan Stone (ed.), The Holocaust and Historical Methodology (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012). 7. See, for example, Donald Bloxham, The Final Solution: A Genocide (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), and the review forum on that book in the Journal of Genocide Research, 13, 1&2 (2011), 107–52. 8. Judt and Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century, 104. 9. Judt and Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century, 177–78. One should note the remarkable conditions in which Judt’s and Snyder’s book was produced. My com- ments should not be read as lacking sympathy for a dying man who was speaking without the aid of reference materials. 10. Federico Finchelstein, ‘Fascism and the Holocaust’, in Stone (ed.), The Holocaust and Historical Methodology, 265. Also Finchelstein, Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919–1945 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 27. 11. Finchelstein, Transatlantic Fascism. See also Andrea Mammone (ed.), Borderless Fascism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming). 12. Finchelstein, ‘Fascism and the Holocaust’, 260. 184 Notes 185 13. Michael Wildt, Hitler’s Volksgemeinschaft and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Vio- lence against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1918–1939 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011); Frank Bajohr and Michael Wildt (eds.), Volksgemeinschaft: Neue Forschungen zur Gesellschaft des Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag, 2009). 14. For greater detail, see my Responses to Nazism in Britain, 1933–1939: Before War and Holocaust, 2nd edn (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). 15. For a fuller discussion, see my Histories of the Holocaust (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). 16. See Alon Confino, Foundational Pasts: The Holocaust as Historical Understanding (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012). 17. Dan Diner, ‘Historical Experience and Cognition: Juxtaposing Perspectives on National Socialism’, in Dan Diner, Beyond the Conceivable: Studies on Germany, Nazism, and the Holocaust (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000), 163. 18. See the essays in Stone (ed.), The Holocaust and Historical Methodology. 19. The reference is to Gil Anidjar, ‘Against History’, afterword to Marc Nichanian, The Historiographic Perversion (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 125–59. See my discussion in ‘The Harmony of Barbarism: Locating the “Scrolls of Auschwitz” in Holocaust Historiography’, in Nicholas Chare and Dominic Williams (eds.), Inside Auschwitz: New Perspectives on Holocaust Testimony (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming). 20. Apart from Chapters 10 and 11, see A. Dirk Moses, ‘Genocide and the Terror of History’, Parallax, 17, 4 (2011), 90–108; Jens Meierhenrich, ‘Topographies of Remembering and Forgetting: The Transformation of Lieux de Mémoire in Rwanda’, in Scott Straus and Lars Waldorf (eds.), Remaking Rwanda: State Build- ing and Human Rights after Mass Violence (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011), 283–96. 21. See, for example, Waldorf, ‘Instrumentalizing Genocide: The RPF’s Campaign against “Genocide Ideology”’, in Straus and Waldorf (eds.), Remaking Rwanda, 48–66, on the Rwandan government’s attacks on ‘genocide ideology’ and ‘divi- sionism’, which, as Waldorf shows, have done more to strengthen old animosities and divisions than overcome or replace them. See also Janine Natalya Clark, ‘The “Crime of Crimes”: Genocide, Criminal Trials and Reconciliation’, Journal of Genocide Research, 14, 1 (2012), 55–77, which argues for limiting our expecta- tions of the extent to which criminal trials can aid social reconciliation; and Jens Meierhenrich, Lawfare: The Formation and Deformation of Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda, 1994–2010 (New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming), which questions the success of Rwanda’s gacaca process. 22. See Paul Connerton’s interesting suggestions in ‘Seven Types of Forgetting’, Memory Studies, 1, 1 (2008), 59–71. 23. Brandon Hamber, Liz Ševcenkoˇ and Ereshnee Naidu, ‘Utopian Dreams or Prac- tical Possibilities? The Challenges of Evaluating the Impact of Memorialization in Societies in Transition’, International Journal of Transitional Justice, 4 (2010), 397–420. 24. On France, Zeev Sternhell, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); on Italy, David D. Roberts, The Syndicalist Tradition and Italian Fascism (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1979); Roberts, ‘How Not to Think about Fas- cism and Ideology, Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35, 2 (2000), 185–211. One might also mention the role of 186 Notes the anti-Irish Home Rulers in the House of Lords, whose pre-1914 position surely has a good claim to be counted as one of the originating loci of fascism. 25. Roberts, ‘How Not to Think about Fascism’, 208. 1 Beyond the ‘Auschwitz Syndrome’: Holocaust Historiography after the Cold War 1. Lev Rozhetsky, ‘My Life in a Fascist Prison’, in Joshua Rubenstein and Ilya Altman (eds.), The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008), 128. 2. Sara Gleykh, ‘The Destruction of the Jews of Mariupol’, in Rubenstein and Altman (eds.), Unknown Black Book, 216. 3. Joshua Rubenstein, ‘The War and the Final Solution on the Russian Front’, in Rubenstein and Altman (eds.), Unknown Black Book, 13. 4. Dalia Ofer, ‘Holocaust Historiography: The Return of Antisemitism and Ethnic Stereotypes as Major Themes’, Patterns of Prejudice, 33, 4 (1999), 87–106. 5. Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006). 6. As noted by Alon Confino, ‘A World without Jews: Interpreting the Holocaust’, German History, 27, 4 (2009), 540–41. And see the essays in Mark Roseman, Devin Pendas and Richard Wetzell (eds.), Beyond the Racial State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013). 7. Robert Gellately, ‘The Third Reich, the Holocaust, and Visions of Serial Genocide’, in Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan (eds.), The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 241–63; Christopher R. Browning, ‘The Nazi Empire’, in Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 407–25. 8. Peter Hayes, ‘Auschwitz: Capital of the Holocaust’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 17, 2 (2003), 330–50. 9. Jan Erik Schulte, Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung: Das Wirtschaftsimperium der SS. Oswald Pohl und das SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt 1933–1945 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2001); Michael Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Jan Erik Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit für die SS: Juden in der Ostindustrie GmbH’, and Bernd C. Wagner, ‘Gerüchte, Wissen, Verdrängung: Die IG Auschwitz und das Vernichtungslager Birkenau’, both in Norbert Frei, Sybille Steinbacher and Bernd C. Wagner (eds.), Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit: Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik (Munich: K. G. Saur, 2000), 43–74 and 231–48. 10. Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower, ‘Introduction’, in R. Brandon and W. Lower (eds.), The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008), 6. 11. Patrick Montague, Chełmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler’s First Death Camp (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012); Shmuel Krakowsi, Das Todeslager Chełmno/Kulmhof: Der Beginn der Endlösung (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2007); Yitzhak Arad,
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