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Christine Prasad 2020 DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL GROUND MODELS FOR SLOPE INSTABILITY, EASTERN SIDE, TAKAKA HILL, TASMAN DISTRICT A thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Geology at the University of Canterbury By Christine Prasad 2020 Abstract State Highway 60 (SH60) over Takaka Hill in Tasman District has a long history of damage and closure from rainfall-triggered slope failures. Extreme rainfall from Ex-tropical cyclone Gita on 20th February 2018 triggered numerous translational soil slides on the southern side of Takaka Hill resulting in a series of debris flows that damaged SH60 near Riwaka. Scour erosion of road seal, damage to culverts, and failure of embankment sections led to complete closure of the road for five days, preventing all road access to the Takaka- Collingwood region. The road continues to be reduced to a single lane with traffic control more than two years after the event as repairs are ongoing. A programme of geomorphic mapping, geophysical profiling, and both in-situ and laboratory geotechnical testing was carried out to characterise the 2018 debris flows and investigate the hazard from rainfall-triggered slope failure and debris flows on Takaka Hill. Three stream catchments, on the lower slopes of the southern side of Takaka Hill, were the focus of this investigation. These are underlain by differing bedrock: granite, schist and a basic igneous suite. Historical records indicate an approximately 30-year recurrence for major events resulting in road closure for ≥ 5 days. The main types of rainfall-triggered failures are culvert blockage, shallow soil slides and debris flows. Smaller failures resulting in temporary road closures occur more frequently. Extreme rainfall events, often following periods of protracted rainfall trigger shallow translational soil slides in colluvial and residual soil profiles. Failure planes are generally shallower than 5 m. The debris from these failures enters the adjacent drainage courses and is then remobilised as channelised debris flows. The soil slide source colluvium is matrix supported with clasts up to boulder size. Pre-2018 debris flow deposits exposed in stream banks are 1 – 2 m in thickness. Geophysical profiling indicates up to 10 m of accumulated debris flow material in the debris fans on the lower slopes of Takaka Hill, indicating long-term debris flow activity in the area. Geotechnical characterisation of the colluvial soils in the slide source areas, the debris flow materials from 2018 and prior debris flow events, as well as the weathered bedrock and residual soil profiles encountered in the study area were used to develop detailed engineering geological profiles for the Takaka Hill area. These will provide the basis for any future slope stability analysis. I Acknowledgements This research would not have been possible without funding from New Zealand Aid Scholarship. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to further my studies. Thank you Nina Hannuksela from the scholarship team for her continuous support. I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my supervisory team: Clark Fenton (primary supervisor, University of Canterbury), David Bell (co-supervisor, University of Canterbury), and Glenn Stevens (associate supervisor, Tasman District Council). A special thank you to David Bell for his guidance in the last 2 months of writing. Your dedication to help students is applaudable. Thank you, Glenn Stevens for your continuous support from the very beginning of the project, providing me with data and assisting me with the geophysical field survey. To Tasman District Council, thank you for the financial support for fieldwork. Thank you, Sean Rees, for your continuous support and advice on soil mechanics concepts and laboratory testing. I would like to thank my friends, Katherine Yates and Romy Ridl, (PhD students) for answering my questions on soils and rocks, and for the encouraging words. Thank you to the landowners (Steve Ryder and Stephen Tonson) for allowing me to map and collect samples for laboratory testing. To New Zealand Transport Agency and Beca, thank you for providing funding and core samples for laboratory testing. Thank you to the University of Canterbury geotechnical team: Cathy Higgins, Chris Grimshaw, Matt Cockcroft, Rob Spiers, Sarah Pope, John Southward and Sacha Baldwin. Thank you to my friends and family for the continuous support. Special thanks to Jessica Boyd for assisting with the geophysical field survey and final formatting. My office and lab buddies Jessica Fensom and Laura Gnesko, thank you for the great company and support. Last but not least, thank you to my husband Satbir Singh, for coming with me to New Zealand and for your continuous support. Also thanks for being a great field assistant, it would have been difficult to carry all those samples by myself. II Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ I Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... II Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ III List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ VIII List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. XV Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Context .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project area ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Location ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Regional Geological Setting ............................................................................................. 3 1.2.3 Vegetation and Land use ................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Climate and Hydrology ............................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 Rainfall Characteristics .................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Geology and Geomorphology of Study Area ........................................................................... 9 1.5 Thesis Aim and Scope ............................................................................................................ 10 1.6 Thesis Organisation ............................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Terminology Adopted ............................................................................................................ 11 1.7.1 Weathering Profile ........................................................................................................ 11 1.7.2 Slope Movement Terminology ...................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: History of Slope Failures on Takaka Hill ...................................................................... 15 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Construction of SH60 ............................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Slope Instability affecting SH60 ............................................................................................. 17 2.3.1 Historical Instability ....................................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Note on Terminology ..................................................................................................... 22 2.3.3 1956/7 SH60 Closure ..................................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 August 1990 SH60 Closure ............................................................................................ 24 2.3.5 Ex-Tropical Cyclone Gita (February 2018) SH60 Closure ............................................... 25 III 2.4 Pre-2018 (Gita) Remote Sensing Data ................................................................................... 27 2.4.1 Remote Sensing Data .................................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 1947 Aerial Imagery ...................................................................................................... 27 2.4.3 1958 Aerial Imagery ...................................................................................................... 28 2.4.4 1989 and 1991 Aerial Imagery ...................................................................................... 29 2.4.5 2016 LiDAR .................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.6 Pre-Gita 2018 Aerial Imagery .......................................................................................
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