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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Over Mensenrechten En Justitie in Rwanda

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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Over Mensenrechten En Justitie in Rwanda Thematisch ambtsbericht over mensenrechten en justitie in Rwanda Datum 18 augustus 2016 Pagina 1 van 67 Thematisch ambtsbericht | augustus 2016 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Sub-Sahara Afrika (DAF) Pagina 2 van 67 Thematisch ambtsbericht | augustus 2016 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 1 Mensenrechten......................................................................................... 6 1.1 Algemene mensenrechtensituatie....................................................................6 1.2 Mishandeling en foltering.............................................................................11 1.2.1 Wetgeving ................................................................................................11 1.2.2 Foltering door militairen ..............................................................................12 1.2.3 Mishandeling door de politie.........................................................................14 1.2.4 Local Defence Forces ..................................................................................14 1.2.5 Toezicht en hulpverlening ............................................................................15 1.3 Verdwijningen ...........................................................................................16 1.4 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden......................................................18 1.5 Politieke partijen........................................................................................20 1.6 Oppositie in het buitenland ..........................................................................23 2 Rechtsgang .............................................................................................26 2.1 Algemene ontwikkelingen ............................................................................26 2.1.1 Presumptie van onschuld.............................................................................27 2.2 Ontwikkelingen rechtspraak .........................................................................28 2.2.1 Verbeteringen rechtsstelsel..........................................................................28 2.2.2 Militaire rechtbanken ..................................................................................30 2.3 Genocide rechtspraak .................................................................................31 2.3.1 Gacaca rechtbanken ...................................................................................31 2.3.2 Strafmaat genocidemisdrijven ......................................................................31 2.3.3 Rwanda Tribunaal ......................................................................................34 2.3.4 Vervolging buiten Rwanda ...........................................................................37 2.3.5 Uitwijzing en uitlevering ..............................................................................38 2.3.6 Vervolging internationale zaken in Rwanda .....................................................40 2.4 Gacaca archief...........................................................................................43 2.5 Terugkerende Rwandezen............................................................................44 2.6 Invloed politiek op de rechtsgang..................................................................46 2.7 Juridische bijstand......................................................................................47 2.8 Bejegening genocideverdachten....................................................................48 2.9 Vrijgelaten genocideplegers .........................................................................48 2.10 Divisionisme.............................................................................................. 50 2.11 Wetgeving genocide ideologie.......................................................................52 3 Detentie..................................................................................................56 3.1 Algemene situatie ......................................................................................56 3.2 Detentieomstandigheden............................................................................. 58 3.2.1 Gevangenissen ..........................................................................................58 3.2.2 Transit- en rehabilitatiecentra ......................................................................61 3.2.3 Detentiecentra leger en politie......................................................................62 3.3 Detentie genocideplegers ............................................................................62 3.4 Toezicht en hulpverlening ............................................................................63 3.5 Medische voorzieningen...............................................................................64 4 Literatuurlijst..........................................................................................65 4.1 Afkortingen ...............................................................................................66 Pagina 3 van 67 Thematische ambtsbericht Rwanda | augustus 2016 Inleiding Tijdens de genocide in Rwanda, die op de avond van 6 april 1994 begon, werden in ongeveer honderd dagen 800.000 Tutsi’s en gematigde Hutu’s door extremistische Hutu’s op systematische wijze omgebracht. In het Thematisch ambtsbericht over de ontwikkelingen ten aanzien van de vervolging, berechting en detentie van genocideplegers in en buiten Rwanda van 28 november 2011 is aandacht besteed aan de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten en de positie van (vermeende) tegenstanders van de regering in binnen- en buitenland. Tevens is de rechtsgang in Rwanda, met name voor wat betreft het strafrecht, beschreven. Daarnaast is ingegaan op de ontwikkelingen bij het Rwanda Tribunaal. In genoemd ambtsbericht van november 2011 is ook uitvoerig aandacht besteed aan de ontstaansgeschiedenis, het verloop en de gevolgen van het Gacaca proces. Tevens is ingegaan op de mogelijkheden om nog niet (dan wel bij verstek) berechte genocideverdachten, binnen en buiten Rwanda, op te sporen, te berechten en te detineren in Rwanda. In het voorliggende ambtsbericht – dat de periode van december 2011 tot en met juli 2016 beslaat - wordt ingegaan op relevante ontwikkelingen die aansluiten op de situatie in Rwanda zoals beschreven in het voorgaande ambtsbericht. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van (niet)gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordigingen in de regio aan dit ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In hoofdstuk één worden de ontwikkelingen beschreven op het gebied van de mensenrechten en de positie van (vermeende) tegenstanders van de regering in binnen- en buitenland. In hoofdstuk twee wordt ingegaan op de ontwikkelingen binnen de rechtsgang en in hoofdstuk drie wordt aandacht besteed aan de detentieomstandigheden. Pagina 5 van 67 1 Mensenrechten 1.1 Algemene mensenrechtensituatie In het algemeen is sprake van een lichte verbetering in de mensenrechtensituatie ten opzichte van de situatie in 2011.1 Volgens de Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) is Rwanda één van de zes landen in Afrika die in de periode 2011-2014 vooruitgang hebben geboekt op het gebied van onder meer veiligheid en rechtsstaat en burgerparticipatie en mensenrechten.2 Volgens het Gallup Global Law and Order 2015 report behoort Rwanda tot veiligste landen in de wereld.3 Daarnaast is - mede door efficiënt beleid van de Rwandese overheid - de agrarische productie tussen 2000 en 2012 bijna verdubbeld.4 Verder hebben de Rwandese burgers geprofiteerd van grote verbeteringen op het gebied van de gezondheidszorg.5 In tegenstelling tot 2014 waren er in 2015 geen berichten over ernstige mensenrechtenschendingen.6 De belangrijkste mensenrechtenproblemen waren in de verslagperiode volgens (internationale) ngo’s het lastig vallen, arresteren en mishandelen van journalisten, politieke tegenstanders en mensenrechtenverdedigers.7 De speciale VN-rapporteur, Maina Kiai, berichtte in januari 2014 dat ‘vreedzame protesten waarbij afwijkende meningen en kritiek op de regering worden geuit niet zijn toegestaan’.8 De regering rechtvaardigde de inperking van het recht om kritiek te uiten met een beroep op de strijd tegen terrorisme, het ontkennen van genocide en andere overwegingen van staatsveiligheid.9 In Oost-Congo hadden de Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR) zich aan het einde van de verslagperiode nog altijd niet overgegeven.10 De FDLR, een gewelddadige gewapende groepering die wordt gesteund door militante Hutu’s in de diaspora, wordt door de Rwandese regering beschouwd als een ideologische en politieke bedreiging. De externe FDLR dreiging, die ook wordt gezien als bedreiging van de veiligheid, wordt aangewend voor de interne controle over de veiligheid en het politieke leven in Rwanda zelf.11 Zie ook paragraaf 1.5. De burgeroorlog, de genocide van 1994 en de nasleep daarvan verdelen nog altijd de Rwandese samenleving. De terugkeer van vluchtelingen
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