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Ecology of the Morgan Creek and East Fork of the Salmon River Bighorn Sheep Herds and Management of Bighorn Sheep in Idaho

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Ecology of the Morgan Creek and East Fork of the Salmon River Bighorn Sheep Herds and Management of Bighorn Sheep in Idaho Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1971 Ecology of the Morgan Creek and East Fork of the Salmon River Bighorn Sheep Herds and Management of Bighorn Sheep in Idaho James K. Morgan Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Other Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Morgan, James K., "Ecology of the Morgan Creek and East Fork of the Salmon River Bighorn Sheep Herds and Management of Bighorn Sheep in Idaho" (1971). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1593. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1593 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontispiece Adult ewe, lamb, and adult ram ECOLOGY Of THE MORGAN CREEK AND EAST FORK OF · T~ SALMON Rl VER . BIGHORN SHEEP HERDS AND MANAGEMENT OFBIGHQRN SHEEP IN IDAHO by James K. Morgan A thesis submitted in partial fulfi Ilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Wi I d I i fa B i 0 logy App rov..ed: ~~jo7 Professor' Coi{m 11teec Memt5'#"r Gomm i ttee Merrfber . DeW &r Graduate Stud i es UTAH STATE UNIV~RSITY Logan, utah 1971 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Errol Nielson, Big Game Supervisor for the Idaho Fish and Game Department, deserves my warmest thanks for the patience and under­ standing that encouraged me during difficult times. To Perry Johnson goes thanks for assistance with many of the back-breaking tasks and for helping in many other aspects of the study. A special thanks to al I the other Fish and Game Department personnel, too numerous to name here, who helped in many different ways. My Committee members, Dr. Jessop B. Low, Leader of the Utah Cooperative Wi Idlife Research Unit, Dr. J. Juan Spi Ilett, Assistant Leader of the Utah Cooperative Wi Idiife Research Unit; Dr. Nei I West, Associate Professor of Range Science at Utah State University; and Dr. J. LeGrande Shupe, Professor of Veterinary Science at Utah State University, provided valued asststance in the form of advice, sugg~s­ tions, lab work, plant indentlfications, discussions, and encouragement. To them I say thank you. I am especially grateful to Jylene Morgan, who gave so much to the study and received so I ittle in return. Without her support, encouragement and assistance, the long hours and exhausting work would have been intolerable. Many thanks to the John Austin and Lloyd Todd fam! lies of Chal lis for believing in me. And thanks also to the town of Challis, Idaho, for showing me how contrary human nature can be. Hugh Harper, Wi Idl Ife Special ist for the Bureau of Land Management, deserves special credit for his accompl ishments In bringing the envlron- i i mental abuse documented by this study to the attention of the Bureau of Land Management and garnering funds and support for the cessation of this abuse. A great many people contributed to this study In one way or another. To al I of you I say thanks. I hope I have produced a study worthy of your efforts. Iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS i i LIST OF TABLES. vi LI ST OF FI GURES ix ABSTRACT .. xi i INTRODUCT I ON . OBJ ECTI VES 3 METHODS 4 Population Numbers and Composition 4 Movement and Migration •... 4 Food Habits and Range Analysis 4 Management 6 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREAS 7 ECOLOGY 14 Population Characteristics 14- Productivity .... 17 Group Size ..... 20 Diseases and Parasites 24 Predation . 28 Accidents. 31 Poach i ng 34 Food Hab its . 36 Compet it ion 39 Reproduction 45 Horn Growth • 50 ulSTRIBUTION AND MOVE~ENTS 62 Trapping •.....• 62 Movement and Migration 64 Morgan Creek 64 East Fork 78 Transp Iants 84 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page WINTER RANGE ANALYSIS 85 Vegetation Composition 85 Production and Uti lization . 95 Mapping .....•..... 95 BIGHORN SHEEP MANAGEMENT IN IDAHO 102 DISCUSS ION . 124 Ecology. 124 Management .. 127 RECOMMENDATIONS 129 Morgan Creek Herd 129 East fork of the Salmon River Herd 13Q Statewide Management 131, SUMMARY . 132 LITERATURE CITED 136 I\PPEND I X . 139 VITA • . 155 v LI ST OF TABLES Table Page I. Hel icopter counts on the Morgan Creek and the East Fork bighorn sheep herds, 1962 through 1970 . 14 2. Helicopter and Supercub aerial census comparisons 16 3. Age composition and sex ratio data for the Morgan Creek and East Fork of the Salmon River bighorn sheep herds, 1966-1970 . , . .. .........,..... 18 4. Comparison of 196.3, 1967 and 1969 bighorn sheep helicopter census for Morgan Creek and East Fork bighorn sheep herds 21 5. Age and sex of bighorns found dead on Morgan Creek winter ranges . 22 6. Classification of bighorn sheep groups by age, sex, and area for November - December 1966 and January - February 1967 . 23 7. Summary of bighorn sheep group sizes - February 1970 25 8. Summary of bighorn sheep group s!zes - 1966-67 . 25 9. Diseases and parasites found In 15 bighorn sheep in Idaho 26 10. Blood chemistry and analysis from bighorn sheep - Apri I 22, 1968 . 29 I I. Summary of animal remains taken from an eagle's nest in the Morgan Creek lamb nursery area, 1968 and 1969 33 12. Food habits of mule deer and bighorn sheep for the winter 1966-67 in the Morgan Creek study area . .. 37 13. Percentage of observations for bighorn sheep and mule deer by direction of slope for November through February and March through May, 1967 and 1968. Morgan Creek Study Area, 1967-68 . .. .... .. 42 14. Percentage of observations for bighorn sheep and mule deer on three vegetation types for November through February, 1966- 67 and 1967-68 and March through May, 1967-68. Morgan Creek Study Area . , . .. 42 vi Table Page 15. Comparative results of 30-hour helicopter census on Morgan Creek and Middle Fork of the Salmon River, February 1970 ........ " •......... 46 16. Growth and development of a bighorn lamb raised in captivity. (May 1967 - May 1968) 53 17. Age and horn size for bighorn sheep taken by Idaho hUnters in 1966 and 1967 . • . • . .• 56 & 57 H3. Bighorn skull specimen number, age, and Boone and Crockett score . 59 19. Age (years) and horn sizes (inches) of some bighorn sheep taken by hunters in Idaho during 1968 and 1969 . 60 20. Results of administering sucostrin to bighorn sheep with the Cap-Chur gun . .• .... .•.....• 65 21. Relocation data for radio instrumented bighorns, Morgan Creek, 1969 . .. ..•............. 67 22. Relocation data for radio instrumented bighorns, Morgan Creek and Mahogqny CreGk, 1969 • .. ........ 68 23. Relocation data for radio instrumented bighorns, Morgan Creek and Dar ling Creek~ 1969 . • . , . 69 24. Relocation data for radio instrumented bighorns, East Fork Salmon River, 1969 . • . 80 25. Average percentage canopy coverage/percent frequency of vegetation on East Fork, Morgan Creek winter ranges . 89 - 92 26. Classification of bighorn sheep range use 96 27. Forage production on bighorn sheep winter ranges. 96 28. Summary of vegetation types and aspects for Morgan Creek winter range.", ..... , , . 100 29. Idaho bighorn sheep tag sales and ki II summary for 1952 through 1969 . .' ........ 104 30. Number of hunter days, average number of bighorns observed per hunter, percentage hunting success by subunit, 1967. 106 31. Dates of bighorn ki lis and numbers of hunters hunting on various days of the season. , . • . • .. 110 vi i Table Page 32. Total bighorns and legal rams observed by hunters and average number of bighorns and legal rams observed per hunter per trip in ·1960 arid· 1968 • • •• ••••• 113 33. Summary of 1968 bighorn sheep observations 119 vi i i LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page I. Bighorn sheep winter range, Lower Morgan Creek and Bone- yard Gulch, October 1967 • • . • • • . • •. 8 2. Grass-shadscale type bighorn sheep winter range. Spring gulch area near Morgan Creek .•..•• 10 3. Bighorn sheep winter range, East Fork Salmon River, near Marco Creek . • .. .... • . • 12 4. Bighorn sheep population trends, 1962 through 1970 . 15 5. Coyote attempting to attack three bighorn rams near the National Elk Refuge, Jackson Ho~e, Wyoming. • . • • . .. 32 6. Bighorn sheep lamb nursery area on the Morgan Creek study area .•. 32 7. Remains of bighorn ram which apparently fel I to his death from cl iff in background. • . • . • . • • • . 35 8. Average percent use of grasses, browse, and forbs by bighorn sheep • . • . 38 9. Overused mahogany on Morgan Creek winter range 40 10. Overused mountain mahogany becomes spiny and stickery to the touch as the leaves are stripped and only the sharp, nipped-off stems are left . • . •. 40 I I. Use of slopes by bighorn sheep & deer - 1966-67, 1967-68 43 12. Use of vegetation type by bighorn sheep & deer - 1966-67, 1967-68 . •. •...•....... 44 13. Bighorn sheep lamb near Morgan Creek, May 28, 1967 49 14. Female lamb raised in captivity, 1967 51 15. Measurements for a bighorn sheep lamb raised in captivity (May 1967-May 1968) • . 52 16. Circumference at base and total length of right horn for rams taken in 1daho in 1966, 1967 . • . • . 54 ix Fi gure Page 17. Bighorn sheep horns embedded in a douglas fir tree. 58 Picked up near Mackay, Idaho .•........•. 18. Age-Boone-Crockett score relationship of rams found dead. 61 19. Morgan Creek study area 66 20. Bighorn ewe 2H22. Movements as tracked with radio transmitter - Morgan Creek . 70 21. Bighorn sheep ewe 2H27. Movements as tracked with radio transm i tter - Morgan Creek . 71 22. Bighorn sheep ewe 2H31 and 32. Movements as traced QY radio transmitters - Morgan Creek .
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