Análisis Ambiental De La Gestión Y Uso Del Agua En La Cuenca Del Río Huasco

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Análisis Ambiental De La Gestión Y Uso Del Agua En La Cuenca Del Río Huasco UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE Facultad De Arquitectura Y Urbanismo Escuela De Pregrado Carrera de Geografía ANÁLISIS AMBIENTAL DE LA GESTIÓN Y USO DEL AGUA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO HUASCO Memoria para optar al título profesional de Geógrafo Marcelo Valenzuela Fuentes Profesor Guía: Dr. Fernando Pino Santiago, Chile 2018 ANÁLISIS AMBIENTAL DE LA GESTIÓN Y USO DEL AGUA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO HUASCO TABLA DE CONTENIDOS 1 Presentación ................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Introducción ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Planteamiento del Problema ....................................................................................... 5 1.3 Localización ............................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 División Político-Administrativa .............................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Características Generales del Área de Estudio...................................................... 11 1.4 Objetivos .................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.1 Objetivo General .................................................................................................... 15 1.4.2 Objetivos Específicos ............................................................................................ 15 2 Marco Teórico................................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Espacio Geográfico y la Complejidad ...................................................................... 16 2.2 Globalización y la Nueva Ruralidad .......................................................................... 17 2.3 Zonas Áridas y Escasez de Agua ............................................................................. 21 2.4 El Riego en Chile ........................................................................................................ 22 2.5 Legislación y Estructura Administrativa de la Gestión del Agua ........................... 24 2.6 Legislación Ambiental aplicable en Chile ................................................................ 30 3 Metodología ................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Aspectos Generales................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Levantamiento en terreno y Procesamiento de la información .............................. 37 3.3 Descripción, análisis y diagnóstico gestión del agua ............................................. 42 i ANÁLISIS AMBIENTAL DE LA GESTIÓN Y USO DEL AGUA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO HUASCO 3.4 Área de Influencia y Evaluación Ambiental ............................................................. 46 4 Resultados ..................................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Uso y gestión del agua en el valle del río Huasco ................................................... 48 4.1.1 Junta de Vigilancia del Río Huasco ....................................................................... 48 4.1.1.1 Historia ............................................................................................................ 48 4.1.1.2 Organización Actual y Modelo Operacional ..................................................... 50 4.1.1.3 Situaciones de Disponibilidad Hídrica ............................................................. 53 4.1.1.4 Situación Hídrica Temporada 2011 – 2012 ..................................................... 55 4.1.1.5 Relación con Barrick Gold ............................................................................... 59 4.1.2 Comunidades de Aguas ........................................................................................ 66 4.1.2.1 Diagnóstico funcionamiento Comunidad Canal Conay .................................... 66 4.1.2.2 Diagnóstico funcionamiento Comunidad Canal Marañón ................................ 80 4.1.2.2.1 Sector Camarones – Las Porotas ............................................................... 86 4.1.2.2.2 Sector Imperial ........................................................................................... 88 4.1.2.2.3 Sector Quebrada El Jilguero ....................................................................... 91 4.1.2.2.4 Sector Vallenar ........................................................................................... 94 4.2 Análisis Ambiental ..................................................................................................... 98 4.2.1 Descripción General del Área de Influencia para los Elementos del Medio Ambiente 98 4.2.1.1 Medio Físico .................................................................................................... 98 4.2.1.1.1 Clima y Meteorología .................................................................................. 98 ii ANÁLISIS AMBIENTAL DE LA GESTIÓN Y USO DEL AGUA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO HUASCO 4.2.1.1.2 Geología y Geomorfología ........................................................................ 103 4.2.1.1.3 Hidrología ................................................................................................. 104 4.2.1.2 Ecosistemas Terrestres ................................................................................. 105 4.2.1.2.1 Suelos ...................................................................................................... 105 4.2.1.2.2 Flora y Vegetación .................................................................................... 105 4.2.1.2.3 Fauna Terrestre ........................................................................................ 109 4.2.1.3 Ecosistemas Acuáticos Continentales ........................................................... 109 4.2.1.4 Medio Humano .............................................................................................. 110 4.3 Identificación de Posibles Impactos Ambientales ................................................. 117 5 Discusión ..................................................................................................................... 121 6 Conclusiones............................................................................................................... 125 7 Bibliografía .................................................................................................................. 132 8 Anexos ......................................................................................................................... 135 8.1 Estructura Administrativa de la Gestión del Agua ................................................ 135 8.1.1 Institucionalidad Pública ...................................................................................... 135 8.1.1.1 Nivel de Autoridad ......................................................................................... 135 8.1.1.2 Nivel Normativo: ............................................................................................ 136 8.1.1.3 Nivel Ejecutivo .............................................................................................. 137 8.1.2 Institucionalidad Privada: Las Organizaciones de Usuarios ................................. 138 8.1.2.1 Juntas de Vigilancia ...................................................................................... 139 8.1.2.2 Comunidades de Aguas ................................................................................ 142 iii ANÁLISIS AMBIENTAL DE LA GESTIÓN Y USO DEL AGUA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO HUASCO 8.2 Catastros de Titulares de Derechos de Agua y Superficies Prediales en Comunidades de Aguas Analizadas................................................................................. 144 8.3 Relación entre gestión y uso del agua y elementos del medio ambiente. ........... 146 8.4 Análisis en detalle del artículo 11 de la Ley 19.300 ............................................... 150 ÍNDICE DE MAPAS Mapa 1 Localización Cuenca del Río Huasco ........................................................................... 10 Mapa 2 Track de recorrido realizado durante campaña de terreno Canal Marañón .................. 39 Mapa 3 Track de recorrido realizado durante campaña de terreno Canal Conay ...................... 40 Mapa 4 Tramos en que se divide la cuenca .............................................................................. 51 Mapa 5 Ubicación Proyecto Pascua Lama ................................................................................ 59 Mapa 6 Camino de acceso a Conay ......................................................................................... 67 Mapa 7 Predios con acceso al canal Conay ............................................................................. 68 Mapa 8 Uso de suelo agrícola Canal Conay ............................................................................. 71 Mapa 9 Terrenos con acceso al canal Marañón y Sectores en los que se clasificaron ............. 81 Mapa 10 Ubicación Puntos de Medición e infraestructura del canal .......................................... 82 Mapa 11 Uso Agrícola sector Camarones – Las Porotas .......................................................... 86 Mapa 12 Uso Agrícola sector Imperial .....................................................................................
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