DOCSLIB.ORG

Fucus Serratus Linneaus Aqueous Extracts and Examination of the Routes of Uptake of Minerals Both in Vivo and in Vitro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fucus Serratus Linneaus Aqueous Extracts and Examination of the Routes of Uptake of Minerals Both in Vivo and in Vitro Investigation of the mineral profile of Fucus serratus Linneaus aqueous extracts and examination of the routes of uptake of minerals both in vivo and in vitro Author Tarha Westby Supervisors Dr. Aodhmar Cadogan Ms. Geraldine Duignan Submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy at Institute of Technology Sligo Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 8 Declaration ......................................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 10 List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 12 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 14 Seaweed Baths: an underexplored resource ..................................................................... 14 1.1 Seaweed and the Global Context ......................................................................... 17 1.1.2 Agriculture ..................................................................................................... 22 1.1.3 Algin isolation................................................................................................ 22 1.1.4 Bioactive isolation ......................................................................................... 23 1.1.5 Biofuel ........................................................................................................... 25 1.1.6 Food ............................................................................................................... 25 1.1.7 Seaweed Baths ............................................................................................... 26 1.2 Seaweed................................................................................................................. 28 1.2.1 Seaweed composition .................................................................................... 29 1.2.2 Fibre ............................................................................................................... 29 1.2.3 Carbohydrate .................................................................................................. 29 1.2.4 Protein ............................................................................................................ 30 1.2.5 Lipid ............................................................................................................... 30 1.2.6 Vitamin and Mineral ...................................................................................... 30 1.3 Brown seaweed ..................................................................................................... 33 1.4 Iodine..................................................................................................................... 38 1.4.1 Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) ....................................................... 41 1.4.2 Sources ........................................................................................................... 42 2 1.4.3 Health Impact ................................................................................................. 43 1.4.4 Deficiency and Excess ................................................................................... 44 1.4.5 Urinary Iodine (UI) ........................................................................................ 45 1.5 Other minerals of interest ...................................................................................... 46 1.6 Skin Architecture .................................................................................................. 51 1.6.1 Epidermis ....................................................................................................... 51 1.7 Analytical Methods ............................................................................................... 54 1.7.1 Sandell-Kolthoff (SK) method....................................................................... 54 1.7.2 Spectroscopy .................................................................................................. 55 1.7.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) ......................... 57 1.7.4 Enhancer cells ................................................................................................ 59 1.8 Potential for dermal absorption from seaweed bathwater ..................................... 62 1.9 Problem statement ................................................................................................. 63 1.10 Justification ........................................................................................................... 64 1.11 Hypothesis ............................................................................................................. 64 1.12 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 65 1.12.1 General objective ........................................................................................... 65 1.12.2 Specific objectives ......................................................................................... 65 2 Methodology: Materials and Instrumentation ....................................................... 67 2.1 Choice of Analytical Methods .............................................................................. 67 2.2 Materials ................................................................................................................ 71 2.3 Optimization and validation of the SK micromethod for total iodine determination in Fucus serratus L. seaweed, seawater, bathwater and urine ......................................... 72 2.3.1 SK method reagent preparation ..................................................................... 72 2.3.2 SK method optimization ................................................................................ 72 3 2.3.3 SK micromethod ............................................................................................ 73 2.3.4 SK method validations ................................................................................... 74 2.3.5 SK method optimization ................................................................................ 75 2.3.6 SK micromethod validation ........................................................................... 80 2.3.7 Specificity: Alginate interference .................................................................. 88 2.3.8 Correlation between methods ........................................................................ 87 2.3.9 Comparison of methods ................................................................................. 88 2.3.10 UIC .................................................................................................................... 89 2.4 Seaweed sample collection, preparation, homogeneity studies, stability and pH procedures ........................................................................................................................ 90 2.4.1 Sample collection ........................................................................................... 90 Microwave, AAS and FES optimization and ICP-MS optimization ............................... 91 Dermal absorption in vitro ............................................................................................... 91 2.4.2 Simulated Bath preparation ........................................................................... 91 AAS, FES, ICP-MS and Dermal absorption/penetration in vitro .................................... 92 2.4.3 Sample homogeneity...................................................................................... 92 2.4.4 Sample stability.............................................................................................. 94 2.4.4.1 Long term stability ..................................................................................... 94 2.4.4.2 Freeze Thaw stability ................................................................................. 95 2.4.5 Sample pH...................................................................................................... 96 2.5 Optimization of ICP-MS for determination of aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc in Fucus serratus L. seaweed, seawater and bathwater. ................................................................. 97 2.5.1 Microwave digestion optimization ................................................................ 97 2.5.2 ICP-MS set up ................................................................................................ 99 4 2.5.3 ICP-MS optimization ........................................................................................ 99 2.6 Optimization of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES) methods for determination of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in Fucus serratus L. seaweed, seawater and bathwater ............ 104 2.6.1 AAS optimization ........................................................................................ 104 2.6.2 FES optimization ......................................................................................... 106 2.7 Optimization of Enhancer cell technology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Safety Assessment of Brown Algae-Derived Ingredients As Used in Cosmetics
    Safety Assessment of Brown Algae-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics Status: Draft Report for Panel Review Release Date: August 29, 2018 Panel Meeting Date: September 24-25, 2018 The 2018 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Executive Director is Bart Heldreth, Ph.D. This report was prepared by Lillian C. Becker, former Scientific Analyst/Writer and Priya Cherian, Scientific Analyst/Writer. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200 ♢ Washington, DC 20036-4702 ♢ ph 202.331.0651 ♢ fax 202.331.0088 [email protected] Distributed for Comment Only -- Do Not Cite or Quote Commitment & Credibility since 1976 Memorandum To: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons From: Priya Cherian, Scientific Analyst/Writer Date: August 29, 2018 Subject: Safety Assessment of Brown Algae as Used in Cosmetics Enclosed is the Draft Report of 83 brown algae-derived ingredients as used in cosmetics. (It is identified as broalg092018rep in this pdf.) This is the first time the Panel is reviewing this document. The ingredients in this review are extracts, powders, juices, or waters derived from one or multiple species of brown algae. Information received from the Personal Care Products Council (Council) are attached: • use concentration data of brown algae and algae-derived ingredients (broalg092018data1, broalg092018data2, broalg092018data3); • Information regarding hydrolyzed fucoidan extracted from Laminaria digitata has been included in the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Smith Alumnae Quarterly
    ALUMNAEALUMNAE Special Issueue QUARTERLYQUARTERLY TriumphantTrT iumphah ntn WomenWomen for the World campaigncac mppaiigngn fortififorortifi eses Smith’sSSmmitith’h s mimmission:sssion: too educateeducac te wwomenommene whowhwho wiwillll cchangehahanngge theththe worldworlrld This issue celebrates a stronstrongerger Smith, where ambitious women like Aubrey MMenarndtenarndt ’’0808 find their pathpathss Primed for Leadership SPRING 2017 VOLUME 103 NUMBER 3 c1_Smith_SP17_r1.indd c1 2/28/17 1:23 PM Women for the WoA New Generationrld of Leaders c2-50_Smith_SP17.indd c2 2/24/17 1:08 PM “WOMEN, WHEN THEY WORK TOGETHER, have incredible power.” Journalist Trudy Rubin ’65 made that statement at the 2012 launch of Smith’s Women for the World campaign. Her words were prophecy. From 2009 through 2016, thousands of Smith women joined hands to raise a stunning $486 million. This issue celebrates their work. Thanks to them, promising women from around the globe will continue to come to Smith to fi nd their voices and their opportunities. They will carry their education out into a world that needs their leadership. SMITH ALUMNAE QUARTERLY Special Issue / Spring 2017 Amber Scott ’07 NICK BURCHELL c2-50_Smith_SP17.indd 1 2/24/17 1:08 PM In This Issue • WOMEN HELPING WOMEN • A STRONGER CAMPUS 4 20 We Set Records, Thanks to You ‘Whole New Areas of Strength’ In President’s Perspective, Smith College President The Museum of Art boasts a new gallery, two new Kathleen McCartney writes that the Women for the curatorships and some transformational acquisitions. World campaign has strengthened Smith’s bottom line: empowering exceptional women. 26 8 Diving Into the Issues How We Did It Smith’s four leadership centers promote student engagement in real-world challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction Assistée Par Enzyme De Phlorotannins Provenant D'algues
    Extraction assistée par enzyme de phlorotannins provenant d’algues brunes du genre Sargassum et les activités biologiques Maya Puspita To cite this version: Maya Puspita. Extraction assistée par enzyme de phlorotannins provenant d’algues brunes du genre Sargassum et les activités biologiques. Biotechnologie. Université de Bretagne Sud; Universitas Diponegoro (Semarang), 2017. Français. NNT : 2017LORIS440. tel-01630154v2 HAL Id: tel-01630154 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01630154v2 Submitted on 9 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Enzyme-assisted extraction of phlorotannins from Sargassum and biological activities by: Maya Puspita 26010112510005 Doctoral Program of Coastal Resources Managment Diponegoro University Semarang 2017 Extraction assistée par enzyme de phlorotannins provenant d’algues brunes du genre Sargassum et les activités biologiques Maria Puspita 2017 Extraction assistée par enzyme de phlorotannins provenant d’algues brunes du genre Sargassum et les activités biologiques par: Maya Puspita Ecole Doctorale
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Structuring Fucus Communities at Open and Complex Coastlines in the Baltic Sea
    Factors structuring Fucus communities at open and complex coastlines in the Baltic Sea Martin Isæus Department of Botany, Stockholm University 2004 © Martin Isæus ISBN 91-7265-846-0 Print Center, Frescati Stockholm 2004 Front page photo by Martin Isæus. Sketched illustrations by Meta Isæus-Berlin. 2 Doctoral dissertation 2004 Martin Isæus Department of Botany Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden Abstract This thesis deals with physical factors and biological interactions affecting the distribution of two fucoid species, Fucus vesiculosus and F. serratus, in the Baltic Sea. Studies have been carried out in two quite different environments: an archipelago, and an open rocky coast. The archipelago has an extremely long coastline with a heterogeneous submerged landscape of different substrate types, slopes, water qualities, and degrees of wave exposure. The factors influencing F. vesiculosus distribution, morphology and epiphyte composition were studied in the Stockholm archipelago using field surveys and spatial modelling in Geographic information systems (GIS). A GIS-method to estimate wave exposure was developed and validated by comparing the result to an index based on vertical zonation of lichens. Wave exposure was considered an important factor for predicting the distribution of F. vesiculosus by its ability to clean hard surfaces from silt, and a predictive model was constructed based on the information of wave exposure and slope of the shore. It is suggested that the lower distribution boundary of attached F. vesiculosus is set by sediment in sheltered parts of the archipelago, and by light availability in highly wave exposed parts. The morphology of F. vesiculosus was studied over a wave exposure gradient, and several characters responded in accordance with earlier studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Stage 1 Screening Report and Stage 2 Natura Impact Statement (NIS) Report
    Stage 1 Screening Report and Stage 2 Natura Impact Statement (NIS) Report Proposed New Slipway and Beach Access at Fethard Harbour March 2020 Prepared by DixonBrosnan dixonbrosnan.com Fethard Pier Screening & NIS 1 DixonBrosnan 2020 Dixon.Brosnan environmental consultants Project Stage 1 Screening Report and Stage 2 Natura Impact Statement (NIS) Report for Proposed New Slipway and Beach Access at Fethard Harbour Client T.J O Connor & Associates Project ref Report no Client ref 2023 2023 - DixonBrosnan 12 Steam Packet House, Railway Street, Passage West, Co. Cork Tel 086 851 1437| [email protected] | www.dixonbrosnan.com Date Rev Status Prepared by 10/03/20 2 2nd draft . This report and its contents are copyright of DixonBrosnan. It may not be reproduced without permission. The report is to be used only for its intended purpose. The report is confidential to the client, and is personal and non-assignable. No liability is admitted to third parties. ©DixonBrosnan 2020 v180907 Fethard Pier Screening & NIS 2 DixonBrosnan 2020 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The information in this report has been compiled by DixonBrosnan Environmental Consultants, on behalf of the applicant. It provides information on and assesses the potential for a New Slipway and Beach Access at Fethard Harbour, Fethard on Sea, County Wexford to impact on any European sites within its zone of influence. The information in this report forms part of and should be read in conjunction with the planning application documentation being submitted to the planning authority (Wexford County Council) in connection with the proposed development. A Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) have also been prepared for the proposed development.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascophyllum Nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of Environmental Factors on Biomass and Plant Height
    Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height Lilja Gunnarsdóttir Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland 2017 Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height Lilja Gunnarsdóttir 60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Magister Scientiarum degree in Environment and Natural Resources MS Committee Mariana Lucia Tamayo Karl Gunnarsson Master’s Examiner Jörundur Svavarsson Faculty of Life and Environmental Science School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik, December 2017 Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height Rockweed in Breiðafjörður, Iceland 60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Magister Scientiarum degree in Environment and Natural Resources Copyright © 2017 Lilja Gunnarsdóttir All rights reserved Faculty of Life and Environmental Science School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Askja, Sturlugata 7 101, Reykjavik Iceland Telephone: 525 4000 Bibliographic information: Lilja Gunnarsdóttir, 2017, Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) in Breiðafjörður, Iceland: Effects of environmental factors on biomass and plant height, Master’s thesis, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Iceland, pp. 48 Printing: Háskólaprent Reykjavik, Iceland, December 2017 Abstract During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice covered all rocky shores in eastern N-America while on the shores of Europe ice reached south of Ireland where rocky shores were found south of the glacier. After the LGM, rocky shores ecosystem development along European coasts was influenced mainly by movement of the littoral species in the wake of receding ice, while rocky shores of Iceland and NE-America were most likely colonized from N- Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Long Term Effects of Ascophyllum Nodosum Canopy Removal on Mid
    J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. (2004), 84,327^329 Printed in the United Kingdom Long term e¡ects of Ascophyllum nodosum canopy removal on mid shore community structure P O S.R. Jenkins* , T.A. Norton and S.J. Hawkins* O *Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. Port Erin Marine Laboratory (University of Liverpool), P Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, UK. Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] The long term e¡ects of macroalgal canopy removal on community composition were investigated over a 12 year period. Experimental removal of the dominant Ascophyllum nodosum canopy led to short term changes in community composition, the major features of which were still apparent 12 years later. Ascophyllum was slow to recover despite high recruitment, and experimental plots were dominated by Fucus species. After 12 years a mixed assemblage of Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum had devel- oped. Canopy removal resulted in a change in the balance between grazing limpets and the cover of red algal turf in the understorey community.The cover of tur¢ng algae declined signi¢cantly allowing the area grazed by limpets to extend. This led to a 3^6 fold increase in the limpet population 12 years after canopy removal. INTRODUCTION of Man with an almost complete cover of fucoid canopy algae (see Jenkins et al., 1999 for complete description of Physical disturbance in the intertidal and shallow the shore). At mid tide level the shore was dominated by subtidal zones is frequently manifested as an extensive loss Ascophyllum nodosum with small patches of Fucus vesiculosus of macroalgal canopy cover (see Underwood, 1998, for and Fucus serratus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Speed of Recent Range Shifts in Seaweeds
    Chapter 3 The Dynamic Biogeography of the Anthropocene: The Speed of Recent Range Shifts in Seaweeds Sandra C. Straub, Mads Solgaard Thomsen and Thomas Wernberg Abstract The biogeographic boundaries of seaweeds are largely determined by temperature tolerances, physical barriers and limitations to dispersal. Anthropogenic ocean warming and increasing connectivity through human activities are now causing rapid changes in the biogeography of seaweeds. Globally, at least 346 non-native seaweed taxa have been introduced to new regions, and at least 31 species of seaweed have shifted their distributions in response to recent temperature chan- ges. Range-shift speeds were determined for 40 taxa, and compared between three drivers: (I) range expansions caused by introductions, (II) range expansions and (III) contractions caused by climate change (warming/cooling). The speed of change in seaweed biogeography differed between these drivers of change, with expansions significantly faster than contractions, and climate-driven shifts significantly slower than introductions. Some of the best documented introduced species expansions include Sargassum muticum (4.4 km/year in Denmark), Undaria pinnatifida (35– 50 km/year in Argentina) and Caulerpa cylindracea (11.9 km/year in the Mediterranean Sea). Examples of seaweeds with recent climate-driven range shifts include Scytothalia dorycarpa, a native species in Western Australia, which retracted >100 km poleward as a consequence of a single event (a regional marine heat wave). However, climate-driven range shifts were generally assessed over long time periods (>10 years). Fucus serratus (1.7 km/year) and Himanthalia elongata (4.4 km/year) have slowly retracted westwards in northern Spain in response to S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Seaweed Phylogeography
    Zi-Min Hu Ceridwen Fraser Editors Seaweed Phylogeography Adaptation and Evolution of Seaweeds under Environmental Change Chapter 3 The Dynamic Biogeography of the Anthropocene: The Speed of Recent Range Shifts in Seaweeds Sandra C. Straub, Mads Solgaard Thomsen and Thomas Wernberg Abstract The biogeographic boundaries of seaweeds are largely determined by temperature tolerances, physical barriers and limitations to dispersal. Anthropogenic ocean warming and increasing connectivity through human activities are now causing rapid changes in the biogeography of seaweeds. Globally, at least 346 non-native seaweed taxa have been introduced to new regions, and at least 31 species of seaweed have shifted their distributions in response to recent temperature chan- ges. Range-shift speeds were determined for 40 taxa, and compared between three drivers: (I) range expansions caused by introductions, (II) range expansions and (III) contractions caused by climate change (warming/cooling). The speed of change in seaweed biogeography differed between these drivers of change, with expansions significantly faster than contractions, and climate-driven shifts significantly slower than introductions. Some of the best documented introduced species expansions include Sargassum muticum (4.4 km/year in Denmark), Undaria pinnatifida (35– 50 km/year in Argentina) and Caulerpa cylindracea (11.9 km/year in the Mediterranean Sea). Examples of seaweeds with recent climate-driven range shifts include Scytothalia dorycarpa, a native species in Western Australia, which retracted >100 km poleward as a consequence of a single event (a regional marine heat wave). However, climate-driven range shifts were generally assessed over long time periods (>10 years). Fucus serratus (1.7 km/year) and Himanthalia elongata (4.4 km/year) have slowly retracted westwards in northern Spain in response to S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • 713 OPAL BIG Seaweed Search:713 OPAL BIG Seaweed Search 27/7/09 10:45 Page 1
    713 OPAL BIG seaweed search:713 OPAL BIG seaweed search 27/7/09 10:45 Page 1 Now answer these questions Where are you? Write down the name of the beach, the nearest road, or a detailed description of where you are. Take a photo if you can (try to include a landmark). Write down today’s date. What is your seashore like? Is it: a almost all rock; b almost all sand or mud with just a few rocks; c somewhere in between. Is it: a sloping; b almost flat. What seaweeds have you found? Whenever you spot a new type of seaweed, record the Take a walk along the coast and help us to monitor the effects following... Is it: a underwater in a rock pool; b out of the water on a rock. of climate change and invasive species on our seaweeds How much of it is there? a lots – it is covering most of the nearby rocks; b not very much – I can just see one or two pieces; c somewhere in between. All about seaweeds Take a photo of each species if you can. Seaweeds are a marine group of simple plant-like organisms called algae. Extracts How many limpets did you find in 1 minute? from seaweeds are used in many everyday Now send us your results! It is really important that you tell us which seaweeds you have seen products, including foods, shampoos, today. By sending us your results, you will be helping to track the invasive Wireweed and adding to cosmetics and medicines.
    [Show full text]
  • SCAPEGOATS NO LONGER Maritime Unions Around the World Demand an End to the Criminalisation of Seafarers
    ENVIRONMENT NAUTILUS AT WORK NL NEWS PEOPLE Progress on plastics but Union eff orts bring hope to Ship visits, college days Two writers shine a spotlight new nuclear concerns abandoned yacht crew and demonstrations on the maritime world Volume 51 | Number 07 | July 2018 | £3.50 €3.70 SCAPEGOATS NO LONGER Maritime unions around the world demand an end to the criminalisation of seafarers 1 Cover July_SR checked.indd 1 20/06/2018 15:51 CELEBRATING 40 YEARS AS THE INDUSTRY’S LEARNING PARTNER WITH NEW COURSES LAUNCHED FOR 2018 Limited places still available: COMING SOON: &HUWLͤFDWHLQ/RJLVWLFV0DQDJHPHQW 6WDUWHG-XQH &HUWLͤFDWHLQ0DULWLPH&\EHUVHFXULW\ &HUWLͤFDWHLQ6KLSSLQJ0DUNHWV$QDO\VLV &HUWLͤFDWHLQ%LJ'DWDLQ6KLSSLQJ 6WDUWV6HSWHPEHU &HUWLͤFDWHLQ,QWHUQDO$XGLWLQJLQ6KLSSLQJ &HUWLͤFDWHLQ7DQNHU&KDUWHULQJ &HUWLͤFDWHLQ'HVLJQDWHG3HUVRQ$VKRUH 6WDUWV6HSWHPEHU &HUWLͤFDWHLQ$XWRQRPRXV6KLSSLQJ &HUWLͤFDWHLQ/HDUQLQJ 'HYHORSPHQWLQ6KLSSLQJ 6WDUWV2FWREHU &HUWLͤFDWHLQ+HDY\/LIW 6WDUWV1RYHPEHU 7RͤQGRXWPRUHDERXWRXUFRXUVHVRUWRUHTXHVWDSURVSHFWXVFRQWDFWXVRQ [email protected] | +44 (0)20 7017 4483 | www.lloydsmaritimeacademy.com nautilusint.org 2 June 2018 TEL.JULY2018.002.indd 2 13/06/2018 10:26 CONTENTS telegraphVolume 51 | Number 07 | July 2018 Familiar story for Scottish lifeline services 15 WELCOME 05 General secretary Mark Dickinson expects the unexpected NAUTILUS AT WORK 9 New report forecasts fresh decline in UK offi cer numbers 11 UK government urged to end crew’s ordeal 13 Windfarm work permit waiver is 20 condemned 15 Northern Isles lifeline services
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Status of Seaweed Production, Trade and Utilization
    GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization Volume 124 FAO GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME VOL. 124 The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization by Fatima Ferdouse Susan Løvstad Holdt Rohan Smith Pedro Murúa Zhengyong Yang FAO Consultants Products, Trade and Marketing Branch Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2018 5HTXLUHGFLWDWLRQ )$2 7KHJOREDOVWDWXVRIVHDZHHGSURGXFWLRQWUDGHDQGXWLOL]DWLRQ *OREHILVK5HVHDUFK3URJUDPPH9ROXPH 5RPHSS /LFHQFH&&%<1&6$,*2 7KHGHVLJQDWLRQVHPSOR\HGDQGWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIPDWHULDOLQWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQSURGXFWGRQRWLPSO\WKHH[SUHVVLRQRIDQ\RSLQLRQZKDWVRHYHU RQWKHSDUWRIWKH)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV )$2 FRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDORUGHYHORSPHQWVWDWXVRIDQ\FRXQWU\ WHUULWRU\FLW\RUDUHDRURILWVDXWKRULWLHVRUFRQFHUQLQJWKHGHOLPLWDWLRQRILWVIURQWLHUVRUERXQGDULHV7KHPHQWLRQRI VSHFLILFFRPSDQLHVRU SURGXFWVRIPDQXIDFWXUHUVZKHWKHURUQRWWKHVHKDYHEHHQSDWHQWHGGRHVQRWLPSO\WKDWWKHVHKDYHEHHQHQGRUVHGRUUHFRPPHQGHGE\ )$2LQSUHIHUHQFHWRRWKHUVRIDVLPLODUQDWXUHWKDWDUHQRWPHQWLRQHG 7KHYLHZVH[SUHVVHGLQWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQSURGXFWDUHWKRVHRIWKHDXWKRU V DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRUSROLFLHVRI)$2 ,6%1 )$2 6RPHULJKWVUHVHUYHG7KLVZRUNLV PDGH DYDLODEOHXQGHUWKH&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV$WWULEXWLRQ1RQ&RPPHUFLDO6KDUH$OLNH ,*2OLFHQFH && %<1&6$ ,*2KWWSVFUHDWLYHFRPPRQVRUJOLFHQVHVE\QFVDLJR 8QGHUWKHWHUPVRIWKLVOLFHQFH WKLVZRUNPD\EHFRSLHGUHGLVWULEXWHG DQGDGDSWHG IRUQRQFRPPHUFLDOSXUSRVHVSURYLGHGWKDWWKHZRUNLV DSSURSULDWHO\FLWHG,QDQ\XVHRIWKLVZRUNWKHUHVKRXOGEHQRVXJJHVWLRQWKDW)$2
    [Show full text]