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OWENS, WENDY M., Ph.D., MAY 2018 ENGLISH

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OWENS, WENDY M., Ph.D., MAY 2018 ENGLISH OWENS, WENDY M., Ph.D., MAY 2018 ENGLISH IDENTITY AND THE IN-BETWEEN SPACE IN TRANSRACIAL ADOPTEE LITERATURE: MAKING SPACE FOR THE MISSING VOICE (307 PP.) Dissertation Advisor: Babacar M’Baye Within the past few years, adoptees have been challenging the positive adoption narratives about them by implementing corrective action movements through various scholarly, literary, and rhetorical media in order to claim their voices and agency. Exploring such movements, this dissertation focuses on several significant books about transnational adoption. These works are: Perpetual Child: Dismantling the Stereotype; Outsiders Within: Writing on Transracial Adoption; Flip the Script: Adult Adoptee Anthology; Lucky Girl: A Memoir; Ghost of Sangju: A Memoir of Reconciliation; and Fugitive Visions: An Adoptee’s Return to Korea. The narratives individually and collectively offer alternative voices in the exploration of identities across borders, cultures, and boundaries in ways that intersect with immigration and ethnic literature. Each book strengthens the intersectionality conversation of transnational adoptees and the importance of understanding their in-between identities as unique. Moreover, each narrative reflects the transnational adoptees’ temporary umbrella of white privilege and their 1.5 generation immigration status that set them apart from same-race and transracial domestically- adopted persons as well as their first-generation cohort and second-generation same-aged peers. Focusing on these dynamics, this dissertation attempts to privilege transnational adoptee books and scholarship that work to shift the conversations about orphan/adoptees to those created by adoptees. It aims to make a space for their missing voices. IDENTITY AND THE IN-BETWEEN SPACE IN TRANSRACIAL ADOPTEE LITERATURE: MAKING SPACE FOR THE MISSING VOICE A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Wendy M. Owens May 2018 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Wendy M. Owens B.S., Slippery Rock University, 2003 M.A., Slippery Rock University, 2005 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by __________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Babacar M’Baye __________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Kevin Floyd __________________________, Dr. Pamela Lieske __________________________, Dr. Carla Goar __________________________, Dr. William Kalkhoff Accepted by __________________________, Chair, Department of English Dr. Robert Trogdon __________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dr. James L. Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Defining Terminology ...................................................................................................... 10 Reflexivity Statement........................................................................................................ 17 Dissertation Plan ............................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTERS I. The History of Adoption in the United States ..................................................................... 27 II. Challenging the Myth of the Perpetual Child: Flip the Script ............................................ 77 The Perpetual Child .......................................................................................................... 88 Identity ............................................................................................................................ 104 Adoptees Flip the Script.................................................................................................. 117 Legacy ............................................................................................................................. 123 The Choir is Singing ....................................................................................................... 128 III. Mei-Ling Hopgood’s Journey to Transnationality ......................................................... 130 Introduction to the Memoirs ........................................................................................... 130 Defining and Re-Defining Orphan.................................................................................. 134 Corruption ....................................................................................................................... 136 Lucky Girl: a memoir ...................................................................................................... 139 Encompassing Mei-Ling Hopgood ................................................................................. 140 Connecting with the Text ................................................................................................ 149 The Christian Connection ............................................................................................... 151 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 176 v IV. Soojung Jo’s Journey to Transnational Identity in Ghost of Sangju .............................. 178 The Ghost of Sangju ....................................................................................................... 179 Situating the Text Within Transnational Adoption Literature ........................................ 181 Unique to the Memoir: a Transnational Adoptee Adopts Transnationally ..................... 183 V. Jane Jeong Trenka’s Fugitive Visions and Challenge to Transnational Adoption’s Status Quo ........................................................................................................................................ 216 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 250 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................ 261 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 280 A. outsiders within: Writing on Transracial Adoption Reviews from Amazon and Goodreads ......................................................................................................................................... 281 B. Potential Adoption Letter Exchange Regarding Mei-Ling Hopgood .............................. 284 C. Ghost of Sangju Reviews from Amazon and Goodreads ................................................. 288 D. Soojung Jo’s Blog Post .................................................................................................... 292 E. Fugitive Visions and Language of Blood reviews from Amazon ..................................... 294 F. Jane Jeong Trenka’s Excerpt Regarding Korean Living .................................................. 298 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by thanking my most awesome and caring advisor Professor Babacar M’Baye for his support, encouragement, motivation, and enthusiasm. His love of learning, teaching, and mentoring have truly been an inspiration to me. His kindness and understanding helped me through some very dark moments and struggles to continue despite chronic illness and medical crisis. Thank you, Babacar. Your words and confidence in my abilities mean more than words can express. In addition to my advisor, I want to thank the remaining members of my dissertation committee: Professor Kevin Floyd, who saved my sanity when taking over for Professor Harrell. Your support and insight have been truly appreciated. You have my gratitude. Also, to Professors Pam Lieske and Carla Goar, your words of support and encouragement during the prospectus defense and when discussing this project helped me to evaluate this project within the grander scheme of academic research and to continue to advocate for this most important topic within literary studies. I want to thank my doctoral cohorts—Molly, Danielle, and Lindsay—for their friendship and support. Big thanks and hugs for sharing in the pain, frustration, excitement, and relief as this process has taken its toll on my hair color and waistline. So, when this is over, lunch at my house! My deepest gratitude and thanks to Mila Konomos for her friendship, faith, mentorship, sharing, and trust. You can never know how your words and thoughts have helped me personally, affected my parenting, and influenced my academic work. My sincere thanks also extend to Raina Soojung Jo, Joy Lieberthal Rho, Susan Harris O’Connor, Kim Park Nelson, Jae Ran Kim, and Peter Aaron Myhre. Your professional work is vii inspiring, and your private words of encouragement have helped me to endure, challenge myself, and continue the path to further knowledge and advocacy. I would like to thank my several friendship circles that have provided various forms of support, insight, love, acceptance, shoulders to cry on, and tears of laughter. —Xiaoping, Hong, Anita (YiChen), Jenny, Penny, and NaRen —Theresa, Maggie, Malinda, Deb, Wendy, Krista,
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