Cenerale De La Recherche

-A51-1/1984

Agriculture 1+ Canada

RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT

~1984~ RAPPORT DE LA DIRECTION CENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE

Canada

Research Branch Report 1984 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche

RESEARCH BRANCH DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE

AGRICULTURE CANADA Copies of this publication are available from Research Program Service Research Branch Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6

On peut obtenir des exemplaires de cette publication au Service aux programmes de recherche Direction generale de la recherche Agriculture Canada Ottawa (Ont.) KIA OC6

@Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1985 Cat. No. A51-111984 ISBN 0-662-53715-7 Printed 1985

@Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1985 No de cat. A51-111984 ISBN 0-662-53715-7 Impression 1985 Contents Table des matieres

Foreword IV / Avant-propos V

Headquarters / Administration central VI Branch Executive VI/Haute direction VI Program Coordination Directorate VIII / Direction de la coordination du programme VIII Administration Division IX / Division de I'administration IX Branch Financial Management IX / Gestion jinanciere de la Direction generale IX Organization of the Research Branch X / Organisation de la Direction genera Ie de la recherche XI Map of research establishments XII / Carte des etablissements de recherche XII Program Structure XIII / Structure du programme XIV Institutes Directorate / Direction des Instituts Biosystematics Research Institute 5 Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 21 Engineering and Statistical Research Institute 35 Food Research Institute 45 Land Resource Research Institute 55 Research Program Service 69

Atlantic Region / Region de l'Atlantique 73 St. John's West, Nfld. 77 Charlottetown, P.E.I. 83 Kentville, N. S. 91 Fredericton, N. B. 105 Quebec Region / Region du Quebec 117 Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 121 LennoxviIle, Quebec 125 Sainte-Foy, Quebec 135 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 149 Ontario Region / Region de ['Ontario 157 Animal Research Centre 161 London Research Centre 183 Delhi, ant. 193 Harrow, ant. 199 Ottawa, Or.t. 211 Vineland Station, ant. 225 Prairie Region / Region des Prairies 235 Brandon, Man. 239 Morden, Man. 245 Winnipeg, Man. 251 Melfort, Sask. 265 Regina, Sask. 271 Saskatoon, Sask. 279 Swift Current, Sask. 289 Beaverlodge, Alta. 299 Lacombe, Alta. 305 Lethbridge, Alta. 313

Pacific Region / Region du Pacifique 331 Agassiz, B.C. 335 Kamloops, B.C. 339 Saanichton Research and Plant Quarantine Station, B.C. 345 Summerland, B.C. 349 Vancouve~ B.C. 361

Contents iii FOREWORD In 1984, the Research Branch operated with a The Research Branch Report is an annual pub- budget of $237 million and 3594 person-years, lication of the Research Branch of Agriculture including 918 for professional persons. Under the Canada. It includes brief summaries of research capital strategy plan the branch had a budget of results obtained during 1984, as well as listings of $50 million for the construction or improvement management, research staff, and publications. of research facilities. These resources are supple- Research programs in the branch are developed mented by contracts and grants to stimulate in response to the needs of the agri-food industry, research by agencies outside the department. Pri- as determined through the mechanism of the ority is given to projects related to energy, agri- Canadian Agricultural Services Coordinating cultural mechanization, food processing, reduc- Committee and consultations at all levels of the tion in the use of chemical pesticides, and industry. These programs must be consistent with biotechnology. the department's agri-food strategy for Canada, as The Research Branch cooperates with other outlined in the 1981 document "Challenge for branches of Agriculture Canada, with other fed- Growth". Program reviews, usually involving a eral departments, and with various agencies in number of external authorities, are conducted activities related to the agri-food sector. It also regularly; each commodity or discipline is usu- provides research assistance in developing coun- ally examined at 5-yr intervals. During 1984, tries and trains their scientists in Canada. national reviews were completed for beef Research results are reported in both scientific research, for potato pathology, and for the pro- and extension-type papers, listed at the end of gram on international assistance to developing each station's report. This information is passed countries. on through various provincial committees and During 1984, an operational planning frame- technology-transfer mechanisms to the producers work (OPF) was approved and implemented by and food processors. From the plant-breeding the branch. All research is now organized under programs of the branch, 20 new cultivars were four sub-elements, namely resources and sup- licensed or released in 1984. For the first time, port, animal productivity, crop productivity, and three potato seedlings were offered competitively food research (see "Program Structure", page to commercial companies on an "exclusive xiii). rights" basis, primarily for export seed sale. Also The five regions of the Research Branch, the first triple-M wheat (medium protein, namely Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, Prairie, and medium gluten strength, medium kernel hard- Pacific, include 29 major establishments, as well ness) HY-320 was licensed for Canadian produc- as a number of smaller units. Each one carries out tion. Following extensive research and extended research contributing to national and regional negotiation, Canadian rapeseed (canola) was objectives while developing technology pertinent granted GRAS status (generally recognized as to the specific area where it is located. In addition safe) in the United States, thus opening major to establishments in the regions, the Institutes potential markets for this important crop. Directorate includes five research institutes in Subsequent sections of this report present list- Ottawa that combine research on national pro- ings of management and research staff, research grams with special services to regional establish- results, and publication lists for each establishments and the public. A Program Coordination ment, by region. within the Research Branch. Directorate, located at Branch Headquarters in Ottawa, coordinates research programs at the national level and develops policies consistent E.J. LeRoux with furthering the objectives of the branch. Assistant Deputy Minister. Research

AVANT-PROPOS Les programmes de recherches de la Direction generale sont elabores en reponse aux besoins du Le Rapport de la Direction genera Ie de la secteur agro-alimentaire mis en lumiere par recherche est une publication annuelle de la l'intermediaire du Comite de coordination des Direction generale de la recherche d'Agriculture services agricoles canadiens et de consultations Canada. II comprend de brefs sommaires des effectuees a tous les niveaux du secteur. Ces resultats de recherches obtenus en 1984 ainsi que programmes doivent etre compatibles avec la des listes des publications et du personnel de la strategie agro-alimentaire du Ministere pour Ie recherche et de la gestion. Canada, dec rite dans Ie document de 1981 intitule

iv Research Branch Report 1984 Le deft des annees 80. Les programmes font tion generale avait un budget de 50 millions de l'objet d'examens reguliers, ce qui necessite ha- dollars pour la construction et l'amelioration de bituellement la participation d'un certain nombre l'equipement de recherche. Aces ressources d'administrations extemes; on examine generale- s'ajoutent des contrats et des contributions visant ment chaque produit primaire ou discipline tous a encourager la recherche par des organisations Ies cinq ans. Au cours de 1984, des revisions ont de l'exterieur. La priorite va aux projets portant ete effectuees a l'echelle nationale pour la sur l'energie, la mecanisation agricole, la trans- recherche sur Ie boeuf, la pathologie des pommes formation des aliments, la reduction de l'utilisa- de terre et Ie programme d'aide intemationale aux tion de pesticides chimiques et la biotechnologie. pays en developpement. La Direction genera Ie de la recherche colla- Sur Ie plan de l'organisation, la region Ouest de bore avec d'autres directions generales d'Agri- la Direction generale a ete divisee, au cours de culture Canada et d'autres ministeres federaux 1984, en deux regions, celles des Prairies et du ainsi qu'avec divers organismes dont les activites Pacifique, et son administration est de men agee sont reliees au secteur agro-alimentaire. De plus, de Saskatoon a Regina et a Vancouver. Ces elle fournit aux pays en developpement une aide a changements ont permis de porter une attention la recherche et elle forme leurs chercheurs au plus particuliere aux problemes agricoles propres Canada. a cette region diversifiee. Ala Ferme experimen- Les resultats des recherches paralssent dans les tale centrale, une etude approfondie a ete menee ouvrages scientifiques et les articles de vulgarisa- sur la future structure organisationnelle de tion enumeres a la fin de chaque rapport de sta- l'etablissement et un rapport a ete envoye a la tion. Cette information se rend jusqu'aux pro- haute direction du Ministere. ducteurs et aux etablissements de transformation En 1984, un Cadre de planification operation- des aliments en passant par divers comites nelle (CPO) a ete approuve et mis en vigueur par provinciaux et mecanismes de dissemination des la Direction generale. Toute la recherche est connaissances. A partir des programmes de maintenant organisee en fonction de quatre sous- selection des plantes de la Direction genera Ie, 20 elements; ressources et soutien, productivite des nouveaux cultivars ont ete homologues et dif- animaux, productivite des cultures, et recherche fuses en 1984. Pour la premiere fois, trois semis sur les aliments (voir "Structure de programme", de pommes de terre ont ete, de fa,>on con- page xiv). currentielle, offerts en "exclusivite" a des com- Les cinq regions de la Direction generale de la pagnies commerciales, essentiellement pour la recherche, soit I'Atlantique, Ie Quebec, I'Ontario, vente de semences a l'etranger. De plus, Ie pre- les Prairies et Ie Pacifique, comprennent 29 mier type de ble triple-M (quantite moyenne de etablissements principaux ainsi que de proteines, gluten de force moyenne, grain de nombreuses unites de moindre importance. Dans vitrosite moyenne), HY-320, a ete homologue chacune d'elles, on execute des recherches en pour la production au Canada. A la suite d'une fonction des objectifs regionaux et nationaux, recherche approfondie et de longues negocia- tout en elaborant une technologie appropriee a la tions, Ie colza canoia canadien a ete reconnu, aux region particuliere ou se trouve l'unite. De plus, Etats-Unis, comme etant un produit generale- de recherches situes a Ottawa qui allient la ment repute sain; cette culture a maintenant acces recherche sur les programmes nationaux a la a des marches interessants et prometteurs. prestation de services particuliers aux etablisse- Les prochaines sections du present rapport ments regionaux et au public. Un programme de contiennent des listes du personnel de la la Direction de la coordination, situee a l'admi- recherche et de la gestion. des resultats de nistration centrale a Ottawa, coordonne des pro- recherches et des publications pour tous les grammes de recherches a l'echelle nationale et etablissements, par region, au sein de la Direc- elabore des lignes d'action en accord avec les tion generale de la recherche. objectifs de la Direction generale. En 1984, la Direction generale de la recherche a fonctionne avec un budget de 237 millions de dollars et 3 594 annees-personnes. dont 918 s'appliquaient a des professionnels. Dans Ie cadre E.J. LeRoux du plan de la strategie d' immobilisation. la Direc- Sous-ministre adjoint a la Recherche

Headquarters v Headquarters Administration centrale

BRANCH EXECUTIVE HAUTE DIRECTION

Assistant Deputy Minister, Research E.1. LeRoux, BA, MSc, PhD Sous-ministre adjoint ii La Recherche

Directors General Directeurs generaux Program Coordination Coordination des programmes R.L. Halstead, BSA, PhD Institutes Instituts 1.W. Morrison, BSc, MSc, PhD Atlantic Region Region de ['Atlantique E.E. Lister, BSc, MSc, PhD Quebec Region Region du Quebec 1.-1. Jasmin, BSc(Agr), MSc Ontario Region Region de ['Ontario J.J. Cartier, BA, BSc, PhD Prairie Region Region des Prairies w.L. Pelton, BSA, MSA, PhD Pacific Region Region du Pacifique S.c. Thompson, BSc, MSA, PhD

Special Advisers Conseillers speciaux Senior Adviser, special projects Conseiller principal aux 1.E. Andrews, BSA, MSA, PhD projets speciaux Special projects Projets speciaux Y. Belanger, BSc Director, Administration Division Directeur de ['Admin- L.R. Radburn, ACBA, RIA istration Branch Financial Manager Gestionnaire financier de la 1.E. Renaud, CD Direction gblerale Executive Assistant Adjoint executif W. Baier, Diplomlandwirt, DrAgr, MSc

vi Research Branch Report 1984 E.J. LeRoux

R.L. Halstead l W. Morrison E.E. Lister l-J. Jasmin

1.1. Cartier W.L. Pelton S. C. Thompson lE. Andrews

Y. Belanger L.R. Radburn lE. Renaud W. Baier

Headquarters vii PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE DIRECTION DE LA COORDINATION DES PROGRAMMES

R.L. Halstead R. Bouchard 1.R. Aitken W.J. Saidak D.E Wood

D. E Kirkland c.1. Bishop R.M. Prentice R. Trottier 1. Nowland

Director general Directeur general R.L. Halstead, BSA, PhD

Research Coordinators Coordonnateurs des recherches Animals Animaux R. Bouchard, BA, BSA, MSc, PhD Contracts Analyst Analyste de contrats lR. Aitken, BSA, MSc, PhD Crops Cultures W.l Saidak, BSA, MS. PhD Food, Acting Aliments. interimaire D.F. Wood, BSc, MSc. PhD International R&D, acting D.F. Kirkland R et D international. interimaire Production Production C.l Bishop, BSc, AM, PhD, DSc, FRSC, FASHS, FAIC Protection Protection R.M. Prentice. BSc, MSc Protection Protection R. Trottier, BSc, MSc, PhD Resources, Acting Ressources, interimaire 1 Nowland, BA, MSc

Special Advisers Conseillers speciaux Animals Animaux lR. Lessard, BA. BSc. MS, PhD Horticulture Horticulture G.L. Rousselle. BA, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD International R&D R et D international 1 Millete, BSc. MSc, PhD Production Production 1. Mulders, BA, BSc, MS, PhD Production Production C.B. Willis, BSc(Agr), PhD Program .accountability fmputabilite des programmes lA. Perrin. BSc Program analysis Analyse des programmes K.W. Lievers, BSc, MSc Protection Protection B.N.A. Hudson, BSc, PhD Resources Ressources M.K. John, BSc(Ag). MS, PhD viii Research Branch Report 1984 ADMINISTRATION DIVISION DIVISION DE L'ADMINISTRATION

Director Directeur L.R. Radburn Chief, Administration Section Chef de la Section de R. Labelle l' administration Chief, Personnel Section Chef de la Section du G.l Redmond personnel

BRANCH FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT GESTION FINANCIERE DE LA DIRECTION GENERALE

Manager Gestionnaire lE. Renaud, I CD Chief, Financial planning Chef de la Planification K. Archer, J RIA financiere Chief, Financial analysis Chef de l'Analyse financiere A.L. Dignardl Chief, Financial planning and analysis (Institutes and lB. Moran I Ontario) Chef de la Planification et de l'Analyse financieres (Instituts et Ontario)

ISeconded from Finance and Administration Branch Derache de ta Direction generate des finances et de /' administration.

Headquarters ix ~

ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH BRANCH

ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER, RESEARCH

I PROGRAM I ADMINISTRATION COORDINATION DIRECTORATE I I I I I

DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL INSTITUTES ATLANTIC REGION QUEBEC REGION ONTARIO REGION PRAIRIE REGION PACIFIC REGION

Ottawa Halifax Montreal Ottawa Regina Vancouver

Research Institutes Research Stations Research Centre Research Centres Research Stations Research Stations

Biosystematics St. John's West, Nfld. Food, Saint-Hyacinthe, Que. Animal, Ottawa, Ont. Brandon, Man. Agassiz, B.C. Chemistry and Biology Colinet, Nfld. London,Ont. Morden, Man. Abbotsford, B.C. Engineering and Statistical Charlottetown, P .E.I. Portage la Prairie, Man. Kamloops, B.C. Food Kentville, N.S. Research Stations Winnipeg, Man. Prince George, B.C. Land Resource Nappan, N .5. Research Stations Melfort, Sask. Saanichton Research Fredericton, N.B. Lennoxville, Que. Regina, Sask. and Plant Quarantine Research Program Service Benton Ridge, N.B. Sainte-Fay. Que. Delhi,Ont. Indian Head, Sask. Station (Sidney), B.C. Michaud La Pocatilhe, Que. Harrow, Ont. Saskatoon, Sask. Summerland, B.C. (Buctouchel. N.B. Normandin, Que. Whelan Scott, Sask. Creston, B.C. Chapais (Woodslee),Ont. Swift Current, Sask. Kelowna, B.C. (Saint-David). Que. Ottawa,Ont. Beaverlodge, Alta. Vancouver, B.C. Saint-Jean, Que. Kapuskasing,Ont. Fort Vermilion, Alta. Frelighsburg, Que. Thunder Bay, Ont. Lacombe, Alta. L'Acadie, Que. Vineland Station, Onto Vegreville, Alta. L'Assomption, Que. Smithfield,Ont. Lethbridge, Alta. Lavaltrie, Que. Manyberries Sainte-Clothilde, Que. (Onefourl, Alta. Stavely, Alta. Vauxhall, Alta. ORGANISATION DE LA DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE

SOUS.MINISTRE ADJOINT A LA RECHERCHE

I DIRECTION DE LA COORDINATION DES I ~ ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMMES I

I I I I

DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DES INSTITUTS DE LA REGION DE LA REGION DE LA REGION DE LA REGION DE LA REGION DE L'ATLANTIQUE DU QUEBEC DE L'ONTARIO DES PRAIRIES DU PACIFIQUE

Ottawa Halifax Montreal Ottawa Regina Vancouver

Instituts de recherches Stations de recherches Centre de recherches Centres de recherches Stations de recherches Stations de recherches

Aliments Saint-Jean (T..N.) Aliments London (Ont.) Brandon (Man.) Agassiz (C.-B') Biosystematique Colinet IT .•N.) (Saint-Hyacinthe) Zootechnie (Ottawa) (Ont.) Morden (Man.) Abbotsford (C.-B.) Chimie et biologie Charlottetown n.-p.-E.J IQuebec) Portage-la-Prairie (Man.) Kamloops (C.-B') Technique et statistique Kentville IN ..E.) Winnipeg (Man.) Prince George (C.-B.) Terres Nappan (N.-E.) Stations de recherches Melfort (Sask.) Station de recherches et de Fredericton (N.-8,) Stations de recherches Regina (Sask.) quarantaine des plantes Service aux programmes Benton Ridge (N.-8.) Delhi 10nt,) Indian Head (Sask.) de Saanichton de recherche Michaud Lennoxville (Quebec) Harrow (Ont.) Saskatoon (Sask.) ISidneyl IC.-B.I IBuctouchel IN ..B.) Sainte-Fay (Quebec) Whelan Scott (Sask.l Summerland (C.-B.l La Pocatiere (Quebec) IWoodslee),IOnt.l Swift Current (Sask.l Creston (C.-B') Normandin (Quebec) Ottawa (Ont.) Beaverlodge (Alb.l Kelowna (C.-B.) Chapais Kapuskasing (Ont,) Fort Vermilion (Alb.) Vancouver (C.-B') (Saint-David) (Quebec) Thunder Bay (Ont.) Lacombe (Alb.) Saint-Jean (Quebec) Vineland Station (Ont.) Vegreville (Alb.1 Frelighsburg (Quebec) Smithfield (Ont.) Lethbridge IAlb.) L' Acadie (Quebec) Manyberries L'assomption (Quebec) 10nefouri (Alb.1 Lavaltrie (Quebec) Stavely (Alb. I Sainte-Clothilde (Quebec) Vauxhall IAlb.1

."-~ ,

MAP OF RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS CARTE DES ETABLISSEMENTS DE RECHERCHE AGRICULTURE CANADA AGRICUL TURE CANADA RESEARCH BRANCH DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE YUKON ~

, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES ", '. ". " TERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUEST '" , I. " ! ,~ ~

FOIl Vermilion o ~- , I i I PRAIRIE ~GION ('j NEWFOUNDLAND REGION l:)ESPRAIRIES c:J!i

ALBERTA I 'TDEf:N:E SUo'O" Vegreville SASKATCHEWAN! ~"""" ~w," o ,I MANITOBA . Col met ,",comb, M~'o" i ~9ilSSil oKelowna .Sil~kiltoon j vantouvert: j ~ Abbotsforn .Summerland i Saanich ton - .....• I~ey) '_Q...~r~ton e ~~~~n i _ I . Rcgl~a 0 ! Portage "- ...e Manybernes I Iii Prairie (Oncfourl_._ Brandone a • .- .-._.- .--Lf:Il...2!~~.• ~n.'~eg

LEGEND I LEGENDE ". REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS .'. ADMINISTRATION REGIONALE o ~~~~REI~~~l:I~~~~~LE RESEARCH STATION * CENTRE, INSTITUTE, Harrow OR SERVICE • STATION DE RECHERCHES CENTRE,INSTITUT SUBSTATION au SERVICE o SOUS.STATION

r;~-~-;~ .~ PROGRAM STRUCTURE OF THE 3. Energy and engineering RESEARCH BRANCH To develop and adapt engineering technology that will optimize energy utilization and effi- Departmental objective ciency of production, storage, processing, and distribution of agricultural products. Agriculture Canada's objective is to promote the growth, stability, and competitiveness of the 4. Biological resources agri-food sector, by making available policies, To provide accurate information about the programs, and services that are most appropri- quantity, quality, and location of Canada's bio- ately provided by the federal government, so that logical resources (including vascular plants, the sector makes its maximum contribution to the insects, arachnids, nematodes, fungi, and economy. bacteria) and to provide identification services that can be used as required to ensure agri- Branch objective cultural productivity. The Research Branch's objective for the scien- 5. Biotechnology tific research and development planning element To assess, develop, and utilize technology in is to maintain and improve the productivity of the support of basic and applied agricultural agri-food sector through developing and transfer- research. ring new knowledge and technology. 6. Protection Objectives for branch planning sub- To provide new, general, and basic research elements and sub-sub-elements information on the protection of animals and Management and administration. To provide crops from diseases, insects, and weeds. the managerial, financial, personnel, and admin- 7. Scientific support services istrative services required for efficient manage- To provide for all scientific researchers the ment of the Research Branch. analytical, statistical, graphic arts, publish- I. Planning and program management ing, and other general support services neces- To provide branch planning and program sary to maintain the quality and quantity of coordination in support of senior branch man- output of research findings. agement. Animal productivity research. To produce sci- 2. Administrative services entific and technical information and develop new To provide support for branch management in technology that will assist the primary producer financial, personnel, and any other adminis- in increasing the quality and efficiency of the trative areas necessary for the efficient func- production of animals. tioning of the branch. 1. Beef Resource and support research. To produce To improve the efficiency of beef production scientific and technical information and to and the quality of beef products in support of develop technology that will assist the agri-food regional, domestic, and export market devel- sector in managing and conserving the natural opment. resources necessary for agricultural production, 2. Dairy while increasing the level and efficiency of pro- To improve the efficiency of milk production duction, and that will assist other researchers in for domestic and export market development. developing applied technology. 3. Swine 1. Land To improve the efficiency of pork production To provide accurate information about the and the quality of pork and pork products in quantity, quality, and location of Canada's support of domestic and export market devel- land resource and to better understand the opment. properties of soils, which affect agricultural productivity. 4. Poultry To improve the efficiency of production of 2. Water and climate eggs and poultry meat and the quality of poul- To improve water management on Canadian try products in support of domestic and export soils in order to increase productivity and to market development. monitor and preserve environmental quality within the constraints imposed by Canada's 5. Other animals northern climate. To increase the efficiency of production and

Headquarters xiii quality of products from sheep, honey bees, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of fur bearers, and any other animals deemed to food-processing systems, and to develop and be of agricultural importance in support of characterize new products and ingredients in domestic and export market development. the processing of animal and dairy products. Crop productivity research. To produce scien- 3. Food safety and nutrition tific and technical information and develop new To increase consumer safety from antinutri- technology that will assist the primary producer tional and toxic constituents in food and to in increasing the quality and efficiency of the improve the nutritive value of processed production of crops. foods, where practical, in order to improve the I. Cereals level of nutrition of Canadians. To increase the production efficiency, quality, and protection of cereal crops for domestic STRUCTURE DU PROGRAMME DE and export markets. LA DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA 2. Oilseeds RECHERCHE To increase the efficiency of production adaptability and the quality of oilseed crops Objectif du Ministere and their products for domestic and export markets. L'objectif d'Agriculture Canada est de pro- mouvoir la croissance, la stabilite et la com- 3. Forages petitivite du secteur agro-alimentaire au moyen To increase the efficiency of production de politiques, de programmes et de services four- adaptability and the quality of domestic for- nis par Ie gouvernement federal, de fa<;on a age crops in support of livestock production. assurer une contribution optimale de ce secteur a 4. Field crops l'economie. To increase the production efficiency, quality, Objectifs de la Direction generale and protection of field crops such as tobacco, field peas, buckwheat, and field beans. L'element planification de la recherche scientifique et du developpement de la Direction ge- 5. Vegetables nerale de la recherche a pour objectif d'ameliorer To increase the efficiency of production, pro- la productivite du secteur agro-alimentaire en tection, adaptability, and quality of vegetables mettant au point de nouvelles technologies et en for the domestic market, and of potatoes and diffusant les connaissances. seed potatoes for export. Objectifs des sous-divisions et des sub-sous- 6. Tree fruits and berries divisions de la planification To increase the efficiency of production, protection, adaptability, and quality of tree fruits Gestion et administration. Fournir les services and berries for domestic and export markets. necessaires dans les domaines de la gestion, des finances, du personnel et de l'administration afin 7. Ornamentals d'assurer une gestion efficace de la Direction To develop, test, and release high-quality generale. ornamental plants that are adapted to Canada's climatic regions. I. Planification et gestion des programmes Assurer la planification et la coordination des Food research. To produce scientific and tech- programmes de la Direction generale afin nical information and develop technology that d'appuyer la haute direction. will assist the agri-food processing sector in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of 2. Services administratifs crop and animal commodity processing, while Fournir un soutien a la haute direction dans les ensuring the safety and nutritional value of food. domaines des finances, du personnel et tout autre domaine administratif pour assurer Ie I. Crop processing and products bon fonctionnement de la Direction generale. To develop new food-processing technology, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of Recherche sur les ressources et recherche de food-processing systems, and to develop and soutien. Mettre a la disposition du secteur agro- characterize new products and ingredients in alimentaire des informations scientifiques et the processing of agricultural crops. techniques et developper des technologies qui l'aideront a gerer et a conserver les ressources 2. Livestock processing and products naturelles necessaires a la production agricole To develop new food-processing technology, tout en augmentant leur utilisation efficace: ces xiv Research Branch Report 1984 memes res sources doivent aider les chercheurs it et ameliorer la qualite des produits pour les mettre au point des technologies appliquees. marches regional, national et d'exportation. 2. Bovins laitiers 1. Terres Accroitre I'efficacite de la production laitiere Foumir des informations precises sur la quan- pour les marches national et d'exportation. tite, la qualite et I'emplacement des 3. Porcs ressources en terres du Canada et parvenir it Accroitre I'efficacite de la production porcine une meilleure connaissance des proprietes des et ameliorer la qualite des produits pour les sols, qui influent sur la productivite agricole. marches national et d'exportation. 2. Eau et c1imat 4. Yolaille Ameliorer la gestion des eaux sur les sols du Accroitre I'efficacite de la production des Canada afin d'accroitre la productivite et de oeufs et de la volaille et ameliorer la qualite contr61er et conserver la qualite de I'environ- des produits avicoles pour les marches nement, en tenant compte des contraintes national et d'exportation. imposees par Ie c1imat boreal du Canada. 5. Autres 3. Energie et recherches techniques Accroitre I'efficacite de la production ovine, Developper et adapter une technologie pour apicole, d'animaux it fourrure et de tous les optimiser Ie rendement energetique et autres animaux juges importants pour I'agri- I'efficacite de la production, du stockage, de la culture, pour les marches national et d'expor- transformation et de la distribution des pro- tation. duits agricoles. Recherche sur les productions vegetales. Pro- 4. Ressources biologiques duire de I'information scientifique et technique et Foumir des informations precises sur la quan- elaborer une nouvelle technologie afin d'aider Ie tite, la qualite et I'emplacement des producteur primaire it augmenter la qualite et ressources biologiques du Canada (notam- I'efficacite de la production animale. ment les plantes vasculaires, insectes, arach- nides, nematodes, champignons et bacteries) 1. Cereales et offrir des services d'identification sur Accroitre I'efficacite, la qualite et la protec- demande pour assurer la productivite agri- tion des cultures cerealieres pour les marches cole. national et d'exportation. 5. Biotechnologie 2. Oleagineux Evaluer, developper et appliquer une tech- Accroitre I'adaptabilite sur Ie plan productif et nologie it I'appui de la recherche agricole fon- la qualite des oleagineux et de leurs produits damentale et appliquee. pour les marches national et d'exportation. 6. Protection 3. Fourrages Foumir les resultats generaux et fondamen- Accroitre I'adaptabilite sur Ie plan productif et taux sur la recherche dans Ie domaine de la la qualite des cultures fourrageres national protection des animaux et des recoltes contre afin d'aider it la production du betaiI. les maladies, les insectes et les mauvaises 4. Grandes cultures herbes. Accroitre I'efficacite de la production, la 7. Services de soutien scientifique qualite et la protection des grandes cultures Foumir it tous les chercheurs des statistiques, comme Ie tabac, Ie pois sec, Ie sarrasin et Ie des donnees analytiques, des publications et haricot sec. tout autre service d'aide generale necessaire 5. Legumes au maintien de la qualite de la recherche et it Accroitre I'efficacite de la production, la pro- I'accroissement de la productivite des opera- tection, I'adaptabilite et la qualite des legumes tions. pour Ie marche national, et des pommes de Recherche sur la production animale. Pro- terre et des pommes de terre de semence pour duire I'information scientifique et technique et I'exportation. elaborer une nouvelle technologie afin d'aider Ie 6. Arbres fruitiers et baies producteur primaire it augmenter la qualite et Accroitre I'efficacite de la production, la pro- I'efficacite de la production animale. tection, I'adaptabilite et la qualite des arbres 1. Bovins de boucherie fruitiers et des baies afin d'augmenter les Accroitre I'efficacite de la production bovine marches national et d'exportation.

Headquarters xv 7. Plantes d'omement teme et elaborer et caracteriser de nouveaux Developper, tester et distribuer des plantes produits et ingredients. d'ornement de grande qualite qui soient adaptees aux differentes regions climatiques 2. Transformation du bet ail et produits ali mentaires du Canada. Elaborer de nouvelles techniques de transfor- Recherches alimentaires. Fournir l'informa- mation alimentaire des produits animaux, tion scientifique et technique et elaborer la tech- accroltre l'efficacite et la rentabilite du sys- nologie a l'appui du secteur de la transformation teme et elaborer et caracteriser de nouveaux agro-alimentaire afin d'accroitre l'efficacite et la produits et ingredients. rentabilite de la transformation des produits animaux et vegetaux tout en assurant la salubrite et la 3. Salubrite des aliments et nutrition valeur nutritive des aliments produits. Accroitre la protection des consommateurs contre les constituants alimentaires toxiques I. Transformation alimenta ire et aliments et nefastes sur Ie plan nutritif et rehausser si Elaborer de nouvelles techniques de transfor- possible, la valeur nutritive des aliments mation alimentaire des produits vegetaux, transformes afin d'assurer une meilleure nutri- accroitre l'efficacite et la rentabilite du sys- tion aux Canadiens.

xvi Research Branch Report 1984 Institutes Directorate Direction des !nstituts

1.W. Morrison G. Poushinsky D.G. Proctor

Director General Directeur general J.W. Morrison, BSc, MSc, PhD Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes G. Poushinsky, BSc, MSc Chief, Administration Chef de l' administration D. G. Proctor

Institutes ...

PREFACE The aim of FRI is to assist the Canadian food industry to become more efficient, productive, The Institutes Directorate, located at the Cen- and competitive by developing new processes and tral Experimental Farm in Ottawa, consists of the prototype ingredients and improving the quality, Biosystematics Research Institute (BRI), the safety, and nutritional value of foods. This year a Chemistry and Biology Research Institute mechanism for direct consultation with the food (CBRI), the Engineering and Statistical Research industry was initiated through an industry liaison Institute (ESRI), the Food Research Institute committee and through discussions with industry (FRI), the Land Resource Research Institute technical committees on specific commodities. (LRRI), and Research Program Service (RPS). In The in-house research programs on dairy prod- 1984 the institutes' programs were conducted by a ucts, oil seeds, meats, food safety, and nutrition staff of 582 with a budget of approximately $40 are geared to the needs of the food industry and million. All the institutes combine active research the concerns of the consumer. on national programs with service to regional Responsibility for national programs in land stations or to the public in specialized areas of resources and agrometeorologic services resides their research. in LRRI. The programs of the institute include The BRI provides Agriculture Canada, other the national soil survey; a supporting role in soil departments and agencies, and their clients with classification; studies in land evaluation, agri- a unique center of systematic expertise for deal- cultural land use, and soil degradation; and ing with economic and social problems relating agrometeorological services, a farm weather ser- to insects, mites, spiders, plant parasitic nema- vice, crop-weather modeling, and a crop informa- todes, weeds, crop plants, native plants, plant tion system. parasitic and biodegrading fungi, and non- The RPS provides a variety of specialized ser- medical bacteria. Its comprehensive collections, vices nationwide to Research Branch establish- identification expertise, and systematic research ments and in support of Canadian agricultural capability enable BRI to provide all systematic research at the university, provincial, and federal services to support production and resource pro- levels. tection for two major Canadian industries, agriculture and forestry. The institutes maintain strong links with the The CBRI concentrates on biotechnology, pre- private sector. A notable mechanism for this is the servation of natural resources, environmental contracting programs. The major funds adminis- protection, and food safety. Some of the applica- tered by the institutes include energy (ERDAF), tions in these areas are nitrogen fixation, toxic chemicals, human nutrition, processing mycotoxin research, and stress physiology. It distribution and retailing (PDR), crop informa- also provides services in analytical chemistry and tion, and land evaluation. electron microscopy to other Branch establish- Further information about our programs may ments. be obtained by writing to the research establish- The personnel of ESRI continue to provide ments concerned or by addressing enquiries to consultation in support of all departmental objec- Institutes, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, tives. The engineering group focuses on energy, Room 2077, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, food engineering, structures, mechanization, Ont. KIA OC6. instrumentation, and equipment development. The statistical group continues to research new methodology am:! to provide computer software 1.W. Morrison for statistical analysis. Director General

2 Research Branch Report 1984 ....•

PREFACE L'IRA a pour mandat d'aider l'industrie alimentaire canadienne a devenir plus efficace, plus productive et plus competitive en mettant au La Direction des instituts, situee a la Ferme point de nouveaux procedes et ingredients, ainsi experimentale centrale d'Ottawa, comprend qu'en augmentant la qualite, la salubrite et la l'Institut de recherches biosystematiques (IRB), valeur nutritionnelle des aliments. En 1984, on a l'lnstitut de recherches chimiques et biologiques mis en place un mecanisme de consultation (lRCB), l'lnstitut de recherches techniques et de directe avec Ie secteur de l'alimentation, en creant statistiques (IRTS), l'Institut de recherches sur les un comite de liaison profession-Etat et en etablis- aliments (IRA), l'Institut de recherches sur les sant des echanges sur des produits precis avec des terres (IRT) et Ie Service aux programmes de comites techniques du secteur. Les programmes recherches (SPR). En 1984, un effectif de 582 de recherches internes qui traitent des produits employes a realise les divers programmes de laitiers, des plantes oleagineuses, de la viande, de l'Institut, a l'aide d'un budget d'environ 40 mil- la salubrite des aliments et de la nutrition tiennent lions de dollars. Tous les instituts accomplis sent a compte des besoins de l'industrie alimentaire et la fois des activites de recherches dans Ie cadre des preoccupations des consommateurs. des programmes nationaux et offrent des services L'IRT est chargee de l'execution des pro- dans leurs specialites respectives aux stations grammes nationaux dans les domaines des regionales ou au grand public. res sources en terres et des services agro-mete- L'IRB constitue, pour Agriculture Canada, orologiques. Parmi les programmes de l'Institut pour d'autres ministeres et organismes et pour figurent notamment I'inventaire national des sols; leurs clients, un centre unique de connaissances la participation a la classification des sols; des specialisees dans l'etude des problemes economi- etudes sur l'evaluation des terres, l'utilisation des ques et sociaux relies aux insectes, aux acariens, terres agricoles et la degradation des sols; les aux araignees, aux nematodes parasites des services agro-meteorologiques, les services de plantes, aux mauvaises herbes, aux plantes renseignements meteorologiques aux agri- cultivees, aux plantes indigenes, aux champi- culteurs, la construction de modeles agro- gnons parasites des piantes et biodegradants, et climatiques et un systeme d'information sur les aux bacteries sans interet medical. Grace a ses cultures. collections completes, a son service d'identifica- Le SPR offre une variete de services spe- tion et a sa capacite de recherches en systemati- cialises aux etablissements de la Direction gene- que, l'lRB est en mesure de dispenser aux deux rale de la recherche et aux chercheurs en agri- grandes industries canadiennes que sont l'agriculture, aux echelons universitaire, provincial et culture et les forets tous les services pertinents federal. necessaires dans Ie cadre de la production et de la Les instituts entretiennent des liens etroits avec protection des res sources. Ie secteur prive, notamment grace au mecanisme L'IRCB se concentre sur la biotechnologie, la d'impartition des recherches. Les instituts admin- conservation des ressources naturelles, la protec- istrent entre autres les grandes enveloppes de tion de l'environnement et la salubrite des ali- l'energie (programme de recherche et de developments. La fixation de l'azote, les mycotoxines et pement energetiques en agriculture et en alimen- la physiologie du stress retiennent surtout l'atten- tation); des produits chimiques toxiques; de la tion. L'Institut procure en outre des services de nutrition humaine; de la transformation, de la chimie analytique et de microscopie electronique distribution et de la vente au detail des aliments; aux autres etablissements de la Direction gene- de l'information sur les cultures et de l'evaluation rale. des terres. Le personnel de l'IRTS continue a donner des Pour de plus amples renseignements sur nos conseils qui contribuent a la realisation des programmes, veuillez ecrire aux etablissements objectifs du Ministere. Le groupe technique de recherches concemes ou aux instituts, Direc- s'interesse aux domaines de l'energie, du genie tion generale de la recherche, Agriculture alimentaire, de la construction, de la mecanisa- Canada, piece 2077, edifice K. W. Neatby, tion, de l'appareillage et de la conception de Ottawa (Ont.), KIA OC6. materiel. Le groupe de la statistique continue a mettre au point de nouvelles methodes et a creer 1.W. Morrison des logiciels pour l'analyse statistique. Directeur general

Institutes 3

Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

G.A. Mulligan, BSc Director I.M. Smith, BSc, PhD Assistant Director E. Gavora,1 lNG, BLS Librarian, Botany M.-J. Boisvenue,l BSc, M Bibl Librarian, Entomology J.E.H. Martin Manager, National Identification Service, Zoology; Unit Curator of Miscellaneous Insect Orders P.M. LeClair Manager, National Identification Service, Botany A. Giroux Administrative Officer

Nematodes and Hemiptera R.Y. Anderson, BA, MS, PhD Head of Section; Unit Curator of Nematodes; Hoplolaimidae (spiral nematodes), Tylenchorhynchidae (stylet nematodes), Aphelenchoidea (foliar nematodes) B.A. Ebsary, BSc, MSc, PhD Criconematidae (ring nematodes), Hemicycliophoridae (sheath nematodes) R.G. Foottit, BSA, MSc, PhD Unit Curator of Hemiptera; Aphids, scales, and thrips K.G.A. Hamilton, BSA, MSc, PhD Cicadellidae (leafhoppers), Cercopidae (spittlebugs)

Hymenoptera M.J. Sharkey, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Braconidae (braconid wasps) J.R. Barron, BSc, MSc, PhD lchneumonidae G.A.P. Gibson, BSc, MSc Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps) H. Goulet, BA, BSc, MSc, PhD Symphyta (sawflies) L. Masner, BSc, MSc, PhD Proctotrupoidea (proctotrupid wasps), Sphecoidea (digger wasps), Evanioidea (ensign wasps); Unit Curator of Hymenoptera W.R.M. Mason, BSc, PhD Braconidae (braconid wasps) C.M. Yoshimoto,2 BA, MSc, PhD Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps), Cynipoidea (gall wasps)

Diptera A. Borkent, BSc, MSc, PhD Cecidomyiidae (gall midges), Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) J.F. McAlpine, BSA, MSc, PhD Lonchaeidae (lance flies), Chamaemyiidae (silver flies) H.J. Teskey, BSc, MSA, PhD Unit Curator for Diptera; Tabanidae (horse flies and deer flies)

Biosystematics Research Institute 5 •..

J.R. Yockeroth, BA, MA, D Phil Syrphidae (flower flies), Scatophagidae (dung flies) D.M. Wood, BA, MA, PhD Tachinidae (parasitic flies), Culicidae (mosquitoes)

Coleoptera J.M. Campbell, BSc, MS, PhD Head of Section; Staphylinidae (rove beetles) Y. Bousquet, BSc, MSc, PhD Colydiidae, Elateridae (click beetles and wire worms), other stored- products beetles D.E. Bright, BSc, MSc, PhD Scolytidae (bark beetles), Curculionidae (weevils) L. LeSage, BSc, MSc, PhD Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) A. Smetana, M U DR, Cand Sc BioI Aquatic beetles, Staphylinidae (rove beetles); Unit Curator of Coleoptera

Arachnida and Insect Biology C.D. Dondale, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Araneae (spiders), Opiliones (harvestmen) Y.M. Behan-Pelletier, BSc, MSc, PhD Oribatei (oribatid mites); Unit Curator of Arachnida E.E. Lindquist, BSc, MSc, PhD Acari (mites and ticks) R. Matsuda, BA, PhD, DSc Comparative morphology and evolution D.R. Oliver, BA, MA, PhD Chironomidae (chironomid midges) I.M. Smith, BSc, PhD Eriophyoidea (rust and gall mites), Hydrachnida (water mites)

Lepidoptera and Trichoptera J.D. Lafontaine, BA, MS, PhD Head of Section; Noctuidae (cutworm moths); Unit Curator of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera S.A. Allyson, BSc, MSc Lepidopterous larvae (caterpillars) P.T. Dang,2 BSc, MS, PhD Microlepidoptera of forest importance (spruce budworm) J.F. Landry, MSc Microlepidoptera of agricultural importance A. Mutuura, BSc, PhD Tortricidae .(Ieafroller moths) F. Schmid, Lic es Sc Nat, Des Sc Nat Trichoptera (caddisflies)

Mycology G.A. Neish, BSc, PhD Head of Section; Mycotoxin fungi D.J.S. Barr, BSc, MSc, PhD Curator of National Collection of Fungus Cultures; zoosporic parasites of vegetable crops J.D. Bissett, BSc, PhD Conidial parasites of forage crops M.P. Corlett, BA, MA, PhD Ascocarpic parasites of fruit crops Y. Dalpe, BSc, MSc, DSc Mycorrhizae J.H. Ginns, BSc, MSc, PhD Basidiocarpic tree wood rots S.A. Needham,3 BA, BSc Curator of the National Culture Collection of Fungi and Nonmedical Bacteria

6 Research Branch Report 1984 J.A. Parmelee, BSc, MA, PhD Obligate parasites of plants (rusts, smuts, mildews); Curator of National Mycological Herbarium S.A. Redhead, BSc, MSc, PhD Mushrooms R.A. Shoemaker, BSA, MSA, PhD Ascocarpic parasites of cereals

Vascular Plants B.R. Baum, MSc, PhD, FRSC Head of Section; Cultivated crops, Hordeum G. Baillargeon, BSA, MSc Cultivated crops, Brassica 1.1. Bassett, BA Hay-fever plants, palynology, weeds J. Cayouette,4 MTh, MSc, PhD Grass flora of Canada e. W. Crompton, MSc Weed biology-taxonomy and palynology w.J. Cody, BA Curator of Herbarium; Canadian flora, ferns G.A. Mulligan, BSc Weeds, Cruciferae E. Small, BA, BSc, MSc Cultivated crops, Medicago A.E. Stahevitch, BSc, MSc, PhD Weeds, cytotaxonomy S.l. Warwick, BSc, PhD Weeds, genecology

Honorary Research Associates E.e. Becker, BSc, MSc, PhD Elateridae (click beetles, wireworms) J.A. Downes, BSc Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) G.P. Holland, BA, MA, DSc, FRSC Siphonaptera (fleas) S.J. Hughes, BSc, MSc, DSc, FLS, FRSC Conidial molds of wood and insects L.A. Kelton, BSA, MSc, PhD Miridae (plant bugs), Anthocoridae (flower bugs) w.e. McGuffin, BA, MA, PhD Geometridae (geometer moths, loopers) D.B.O. Savile, BSA, MSc, PhD, DSc, Plant rusts FRSC G.E. Shewell, BSc, MSc Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies), Calliphoridae (blow flies)

Departures S.G. Aiken, BSc, MSc, PhD Grass flora of Canada B.N.A. Hudson, BSc, PhD Chemical taxonomy of insects, Seconded, Research Branch polymorphic enzymes Coordinator Group L.A. Kelton, BSA, MSc, PhD Miridae (plant bugs), Anthocoridae Retired (flower bugs) P.J. Purcell-Smith, BA, MLS Librarian, Entomology

ISeconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 2Seconded from Canadian Forestry Service Branch of Agriculture Canada. 3Appointed October 1984. 4Appointed December 1984.

Biosystematics Research Institute 7 INTRODUCTION

The Biosystematics Research Institute (BRI) provides Agriculture Canada, other departments and agencies, and their clients with a unique center of systematic expertise for dealing with economic and social problems relating to insects, mites, spiders, plant parasitic nematodes, weeds, crop plants, native plants, plant parasitic and biodegrading fungi, and nonmedical bacteria. It provides Canadians with an expert team of scientists and technicians that maintains and updates an information system ensuring that the identities of any of these organisms can be determined accurately and that appropriate data on their biology and impact are quickly available. It is a vehicle for the flow of biosystematic information nationally and between Canada and other countries. The following broad aims guide the Biosystematics Research Institute in its operations: to conduct research to discriminate and correctly name organisms that occur in Canada or are otherwise of importance to Canadians; to contribute to science and its uses by developing natural classifications and interpreting evolutionary relationships; to develop and maintain the national collections of living or preserved organisms from Canada and elsewhere to provide a reference base for biosystematic research on diversity and distribution, and for identification purposes; to provide a national identification service for clients, publish guides to help others make identifications, and supply relevant information; to provide inventories and floristic and faunistic studies for selected regions, habitats, or host groups to permit effective assessment and monitoring of environments, their quality, and their changes; to provide leadership and cooperation in the development of biosystematics in Canada by making expertise available for training and other educational purposes. Reprints of publications are available from the authors. Correspondence on other matters should be addressed to the Director, Biosystematics Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ant. KIA OC6.

G.A. Mulligan Director

COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT to the research interests of the institute and, in AND MAINTENANCE addition, augmenting the holdings of the National Collection. Ten thousand specimens The holdings of the Canadian National Collec- were purchased and 53 525 specimens were tion of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes donated to the National Collection in 1984, con- increased by 479 400 specimens during 1984, of sisting of material from Canada, Alaska, south- which 283 000 specimens were curated. Major ern United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, South contributions were made by members ofthe insti- America, and India. Growth of the National Col- tute collecting throughout Canada, northern lection involved acquisition and curation of mate- United States, Australia, and New Zealand. A rial required both for current research activities of team of four institute scientists spent a month in institute scientists and for increasing representa- the British Mountains of the northern Yukon, an tion of other groups of importance to Canadians. area with a rich, diverse, and previously unex- Requests for loaning of material from scientists plored arthropod fauna. This is part of ongoing throughout the world amounted to 169 loans of research by institute scientists on the fauna of the approximately 100 000 specimens. Many scien- Canadian Arctic and its relationship with the tists and students from various parts of the world, arctic fauna of adjacent areas. During the summer including Australia, Mexico, and Europe, visited of 1984, the institute continued the survey of the the Canadian National Collection in 1984 to insects and arachnids of Cape Breton Highlands study and curate specific groups. The CanaColl National Park, with 19 officers of the institute Endowment Fund supported five people, who participating. This was the final year of a 2-yr curated several thousand specimens of Diptera, project, to be completed in March 1985, which is Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. The providing a large collection of specimens relevant CanaColl Development Fund, initiated in 1984

8 Research Branch Report 1984 and to which Agriculture Canada generously collection. As well, new laboratory space and gave $1000 in the form of a contract, supported facilities were provided to help meet these objec- one scientist who curated several thousand Arctic tives. More than 50 isolates of Boletaceae, most butterflies. Preparation of insect and arachnid of them ectomycorrhizal, deposited in the specimens, especially those from Cape Breton National Collection of Fungus Cultures were suc- Highlands National Park, was carried out with the cessfully revived after 27 yr of preservation on assistance of three persons employed under the agar under paraffin oil, indicating that long-term training of handicapped program and four per- storage of bolete cultures is possible, using a sons employed on the homebound handicapped simple inexpensive method. program. This help facilitated preparation of material that would otherwise not have been possible with our present staff. In November of this NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION year the Minister of Communications granted the SERVICE institute designation under the Cultural Property Export and Import Act for an indefinite period. A total of 1057 shipments of insects, mites, The institute is now eligible to apply for cultural spiders, and nematodes were received by the property tax certificates for donated or purchased zoology portion of the National Identification specimens and library material, and for grants to Service during 1984 and 69 898 specimens were assist in the purchase of cultural property. identified. The primary users were Agriculture The holdings of the Vascular Plant Herbarium Canada, including the Forestry Branch (48%), now stand at 773 461, an increase of 12 559 spec- and Canadian universities (24%). The remaining imens during the year. A total of 4600 plant clients were other federal and provincial depart- collections were made by staff members during ments and agencies, the general public, and field trips to various parts of Canada, including industry. A few examples of activities supported the Yukon Territory. Some 1895 specimens were by identification and biological information are received on exchange from Canadian and foreign as follows: biological control programs on gypsy correspondents and 819 specimens were received moth in the Maritimes, winter moth on Van- as gifts. We received 7697 specimens in 68 loans couver Island, wheat midge in Saskatchewan, and from cooperating Canadian and foreign institu- bark beetles at Victoria; the control of insect pests tions and sent out 6159 specimens to 42 herbaria in farm granaries of western Canada; a Northern in Canada and abroad. Forest Research Centre pictorial guide to insects The National Mycological Herbarium has of forest and shade trees of the Canadian prairies; increased its holdings by 3107 specimens and pest control studies of flea beetles and other now totals 245 383. We received 584 specimens insects on vegetables and small fruits at as gifts and 439 specimens as exchange from L'Assomption; the role of soil mites in a Chalk other institutions for a total of 1023. Mycology River project on the effects of clear-cutting on staff sent to other institutions 350 gift specimens forest productivity; the control of debarking wee- and 1647 exchange specimens. To examine spec- vils in Nova Scotia; the role of aquatic insects in a imens and gain other information, researchers in fish habitat protection project in Halifax; insects, agriculture, forestry, universities, and industry arachnids, and nematodes intercepted at ports of from Canada, the United States, and Europe vis- entry; pheromone research on cutworms at ited the herbarium for periods of I day to 2 wk. Lethbridge; and the use of larval diptera as an aid The National Collection of Fungus Cultures in determining the time of death in criminal increased its holdings from 8005 to 8323. The cases. increase was due mainly to material received During 1984, 10 392 collections of vascular through the Identification Service, cultures plants were identified. Major users of the service received for deposit from other establishments, this year were Agriculture Canada (22%), other or from isolations made by staff members. At federal departments (15%), and the general pub- present 2794 cultures have been successfully lic (12%). An increased number of inquiries was lyophilized for long-term preservation. During received directly from the general public and 1984, 251 cultures were sent out in answer to through Communications Branch, Agriculture requests from scientists in Canada and Canada. Assistance was provided on the identi- throughout the world. The institute enacted posi- fication of weeds, edible plants, poisonous tion and staff reassignments during 1984 in sup- plants, and native plants. The identifications pro- port of the national biotechnology research and vided to agriculture research stations and other development effort and Agriculture Canada's departments related to weed control research, agri-food strategy. These changes included the host plants of insect pests and pathogens, poison- appointment of a full-time curator to manage the ings of humans and livestock, aquatic weed prob-

Biosystematics Research Institute 9 lems, the interception of plant materials used in of the approximately 40 species attacking pine commercial products imported into Canada, have been characterized and their host-plant studies investigating waterfowl habitats, and hor- ranges and distributions plotted. In preparation is ticultural production on various soil types. Dur- a definitive handbook of the 180 genera of aphids ing 1984, several inquiries were received from the in Canada, one on the plant bugs of eastern Forensic Laboratory of the Royal Canadian Canada, and one on the plant bugs of British Mounted Police for the identification of plant Columbia and the Yukon. materia!. Two staff members traveled to New- Diptera. Larvae of an undescribed species of foundland to provide information on plant mate- Chironomidae (chironomid midges) were dis- rial used as evidence in murder trials. covered feeding heavily on the submersed apical A total of 4110 collections and cultures of fungi buds of the introduced Eurasian water milfoil, were identified during 1984. Principal users of Myriophyllum spicatum, in interior British the service were Agriculture Canada (43%), the Columbia. The milfoil is a major aquatic weed in general public (27%), and Canadian universities this continent. Larval and pupal stages of the (15%). Assistance was provided on the identifica- midge were associated through individual and tion of plant pathogens, mycotoxic fungi, fungi mass rearing, and a description and scientific used as biological control agents, mycorrhizal name (Cricotopus myriophylli) were published. fungi, and poisonous and edible fungi. Staff In a second chironomid midge investigation, a members again provided assistance to the Agri- problem involving the classification of Cardio- culture Canada research station in Beaverlodge, cladius albiplumus was brought to light by asso- Alta., in the screening of leafcutting bee cocoons ciation of the juvenile stages with the adult. for the presence of chalkbrood. Research stations Whereas males possess the classical characters of also received assistance with fungi relating to the genus Cardiocladius, both larvae and pupae diseases of crops, storage problems of vegetables have many characters formerly used to charac- and grain, disease resistance screening in potato terize the genus Eukiefferiella. Limits of the two breeding, boxcar surveys of cereal grains, forest genera are evidently in need of further study. insect and disease surveys, and phytosanitary About 2000 typescript pages and 1800 line regulations for the export of seed. The majority of drawings were finalized for Volume 2 of the inquiries from the public were for the identifica- Manual ofNearctic Diptera. Scientific and tech- tion of edible mushrooms and from hospitals for nical editing was completed for 65 of the 68 mushrooms suspected of poisonings. chapters. This book is the companion volume to Volume 1, published in 1981, which covered the introductory chapters and the first 43 families of RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY the order. Volume 2, dealing with the remaining TRANSFER 65 families, as well as the phylogenetic analysis of all Diptera, will be submitted to the printers in Insects, mites, and spiders 1985 and is expected to appear in 1986. Two Hemiptera. Research emphasis in Hemiptera handbooks are near completion. The Horseflies was on the systematics, biogeography, and dis- and Deerflies of Canada (Diptera, Tabanidae) tribution of leafhoppers, plant bugs, and aphids provides descriptions, distributions, illustra- in Canada. In faunistic surveys of Cape Breton tions, and aids to the identification of 151species. Highlands National Park and Newfoundland 140 The second handbook, on predacious flower flies and 95 species, respectively, were found, includ- (Diptera, Syrphidae), treats 163 species in ing 12 new species and two recently introduced Canada, Alaska, and Greenland. A revision was from Europe. A biogeographic analysis indicates completed for the New World species of Paragus that the two islands represent ecological relicts of (Syrphidae) with seven Nearctic species, six of glacial environments. Published were mor- which are new, and one Holarctic species. Five phometric and biogeographic analyses of three species in Dasyhelea (Ceratopogonidae) were genera of leafhoppers, establishing eight new revised, of which two are new. A major revision of species and validating nine synonymized species. the tribe Blondeliniini (Tachinidae) of North and A major handbook on the leafhoppers in Canada Central America was completed. This included and Alaska, in preparation, will include 236 spe- keys, illustrations, diagnoses, and synonyms for cies in 36 genera and taxonomic keys to the pests 55 genera and a taxonomic catalog of all species. of ornamental and fruit trees. Research on aphids In addition three new species in separate genera concentrates on the genus Cinara. A completed were described. A revision of the Atylotus analysis of character variation in a complex of 10 (Tabanidae) of eastern North America was subspecies provided conclusive data on geographic mitted, in which 10 species are recognized. Three variation, facilitating their identification. Over 25 of these are new and one is known previously

10 Research Branch Report 1984 from the Palaearctic region. Descriptions and during this survey. A section on the superfamily keys for adults and some larvae are given. A Staphylinoidea for a book dealing with the insect technical bulletin was completed on the biting fauna of southern Africa was accepted for pub- flies attacking man and livestock in Canada. This lication. Substantial progress was made on the provides general information and a summary of identification guide to the stored-products and each family, making it extremely useful to anyone household beetle pests in Canada. A major proj- in Canada who enjoys the outdoors or is inter- ect reviewing the beetles of the Arctic North ested in controlling biting flies. America is continuing on schedule. Coleoptera. Numerous papers dealing with Lepidoptera and Trichoptera. A paper on the the taxonomy and phylogeny of several families study of the North American Dioryctria pon- of beetles were published or accepted for publica- derosae group (Pyralidae) in which three new tion. In Carabidae two papers dealt with adults, species were described and a paper on the larva of one with those of the subgenus Steropus of the Microcrambus elegans (Clemens) (Pyralidae) genus Pterostichus, and another with the genus were completed and submitted for publication in Abaris; two dealt with the larval stages, one with 1984. A key separating five closely related spe- those of the genus Omophron and the other with cies of budworm (Tortricidae) in Canada is in Promecognathus; and one proposed a notation of press and is expected to be published in January the primary setae and pores on larvae of the fam- 1985, in which for the first time the eastern spe- ily. In Staphylinidae 10 papers were prepared, cies Choristoneurafumiferana (Clemens) and C. dealing with the genera Arpedium, Eucnecosum, pinus Freeman are morphologically distin- Orochares, Porrhodites, Deinopteroloma, Ca- guished from their western allies C. occidentalis mioleum, Thinobius, Nepalopeplus, Gabrius, Freeman, C. orae Freeman, and C. biennis and Aleochara and the tribes Megarthropsini and Freeman. A paper revising the tiger moth genus Atanygnathini. In Hydrophilidae a large revision Dodia Dyar (Arctiidae) was published, in which a of the Nearctic species of the subfamily new species was described from northern Canada Helophorinae, a paper on the genus Pelosoma, and Siberia. Draft manuscripts revising several and one on the taxonomy and faunistics of the other Arctic cutworm genera were completed. subfamily Sphaeridiinae were published. In Epinotia abbreviana (Fabricius) (Tortricidae), a Chrysomelidae one paper on the larvae of the widespread European pest of Ulmus spp., is genus Pachybrachis and one revising the North being reported as the first North American record; American species of the genus Ophraella was specimens of this species were collected and published. In Alleculidae one paper was pub- reared by the Newfoundland Forest Research lished describing the new genus Onychomira and Centre, St. John's. To assist a research project on giving a new key to the genera of the comb- pests of sunflower in Saskatchewan, Cochylis clawed beetles of North America. In Scolytidae arthuri Dang (Cochylidae) was described from two papers were published dealing with the genus specimens collected and reared by the Saskatoon Pityophthorus and one on the taxonomy and Agriculture Research Station. A number of faunistics of miscellaneous Scolytidae. undescribed Epinotia species (Tortricidae) sent in from Saskatchewan and British Columbia were The bibliography portion of the catalog of the retained at the Biosystematics Research Institute Scolytidae and Platypodidae of the world was for future study. Revisional studies of Pseu- almost finished (over 7000 references from 1963 dostenophylacinae and two genera, Setodes and to 1983) and the taxonomic portion of the project Leptocerus (Trichoptera), are well under way and includes now already 7000 species sheets. A will be completed some time in 1985. large manuscript (over 700 pages) describing the biology of beetle pests in Canada and the eco- Hymenoptera. A paper revised the world spe- nomic damage caused by them (exclusive of the cies of Psix. Eighteen species were recognized, forest industry), a handbook on the hister beetles of which 12 are new to science. Phylogenetic of Canada, and another handbook (first volume of relationships within the genus were hypothesized three proposed) on the weevils of Canada were and a key to separate the species was presented. completed and are being reviewed. Two new This work is of interest to biocontrol researchers introductions in North America, one in Carabidae because members of the genus P six attack several (Trechus quadristriatus) and one in Sta- insect pest species, such as the green stinkbug. In phylinidae (Anotylus insecatus), were published. separate papers two new Nearctic genera were Several sections on beetles for the report on the erected. A sawfly genus Pilacus was erected to Cape Breton Highlands National Park survey include four species formerly placed in the genera were written. Many important distributional Macrophya and Zaschizonyx. Zacremnops was range extensions of beetle species were noted erected to include two species of Braconidae for-

Biosystematics Research Institute H merly included in the genus Megagathis. A hand- bipunctata. The latter has invaded eastern book on parasitic wasps of the superfamily Chal- Canada during the past century. Both species cidoidea was published dealing with 16 families occupy identical habitats (crevices of buildings, and 50 subfamilies of this complex taxon. The bark, or stone), and the immigrant is slowly dis- book is meant to assist students, technicians, and placing the native one. In the Ottawa area, the applied and basic research scientists in identify- urban core is occupied only by S. bipunctata, ing chalcidoid wasps, especially those wasps both indoors and out, but limestone cliffs at the important to biocontrol programs. Identification periphery harbor either pure S. borealis keys are presented in both French and English and populations or mixed populations. Among farm much supplementary information such as biol- buildings southwest of the city, one-third contain ogy, hosts, and references are included. A paper only S. bipunctata and the remainder pure S. elucidated the host-parasite relationships of borealis populations or mixed ones. The mecha- insects associated with Lonicera (honeysuckle). nism by which displacement takes place was not Six species of parasitic Hymenoptera, two of discovered, but laboratory tests indicate that it these new to science, were recorded. All six were does not involve aggression between adults nor associated with one of four hosts that feed on differences in niche, prey, life history, or relative Lonicera. Close cooperation continued with the rate of reproduction. Agriculture Canada research station in Saska- Mites. A taxonomic analysis of the oribatid toon, where a cooperative project on the mite genus Epidamaeus in the subarctic part of Hymenoptera associated with sunflower western North America and eastern Siberia (Helianthus) is under way. The professional staff revealed the presence of nine species, six of of the Hymenoptera Section are collectively pre- which were described as new to science. Each of paring a key to the parasitic Hymenoptera associ- the new species was found to be restricted to one ated with Helianthus. The biology, geographic continent or the other, in contrast to the Arctic distribution, and host relationships of these para- species of the genus, which are mainly sitoids will be treated in a publication scheduled Beringian. Also completed was an analysis of for 1985. Another publication, which involves all Arctic genera of the oribatid family Cerato- professional members of the Hymenoptera Sec- zetidae in western North America. One new tion, is a handbook for the identification of the genus and two new species (total 10) were families of Hymenoptera. This is designed to be described, as were the immature stages of six of used by the nonspecialist. It will have keys in both the species for the first time. Seven species are French and English and will be extensively illus- circumpolar. The importance of oribatid mites trated. This paper will be completed in time for lies in their role in litter decomposition, humus our first workshop on the identification of formation, and mineral cycling; they also have Hymenoptera, which is scheduled for August potential as bioindicators and bioinoculants. A 1985. critical historical review of the world supra- Spiders. A comparison was made of the North specific taxa of tarsonemid mites and some of American wolf spider Pardosa fuscula and its their relatives was submitted for publication. counterpart P. atrata of Europe and Asia to deter- Twelve years in preparation, this work uses the mine whether a single Holarctic species or two fundamental setal notation of Grandjean to valid, but allopatric, species exist. Traditionally develop new homologies and to propose a revised they have been treated as two species. Museum hierarchy of categories based on the phylogenetic specimens from Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, method of Hennig. Three subfamilies (one new), and Siberia showed no consistent anatomical dif- seven tribes (four new), 30 genera (seven new), ferences, whereas male courtship patterns and and six subgenera (one new) are recognized and blood isozymes from living specimens collected diagnosed. Eight generic names are placed in in Ontario and Sweden showed considerable dif- synonymy. Representatives of all of the tar- ferences. The problem was not solved, inasmuch sonemid genera previously proposed, including as the behavioral and biochemical characters in nearly all cases their type-species, are diag- probably possess variability that could not be nosed and illustrated, and a new key based on demonstrated in the limited supply of living spi- characters from adult males, adult females, and ders available. Additional evidence from popula- where known, larvae, is presented. Families tions in Siberia and Alaska are needed. At present believed to be related to the Tarsonemidae are it seems practical to treat the forms as a single also examined. Additional papers were com- Holarctic species, P. atrata. Another study pleted, including one on important new syn- involved the North American cobweb spider, onymy in the genus Metatarsonemus, and one Steatoda borealis, and its European relative S. containing data supporting a decision regarding

12 Research Branch Report 1984 the correct authorship of several family names in National Collection houses one of the largest the Tarsonemoidea. A comprehensive study of nematode type collections in the world. the parasitic associations of larval water mites with their insect hosts was undertaken, including Vascular plants a critical review of all pertinent literature. All A bibliography of information on vascular previously published records were assessed in plants in the Maritime Provinces was completed. light of new information on the taxonomy and Taxonomic studies of rangeland sedges pro- biology of water mites and their hosts, and a ceeded with the completion of two papers, one number of these records were found to be based concerning the significance of sterile shoots and upon misidentifications or improperly docu- the other with closely related North American mented associations. Verified records, along with and European taxa in the Carex disticha group. In many new observations, were compiled and ana- cooperation with the National Museum, sections lyzed to yield new insights into the phylogeny on aquatic plants were prepared for the Atlas of and ecology of water mites. Systematic review of the Rare Vascular Plants of Ontario. The botani- the water mite taxa Arrenuroidea and Aturidae in cal survey and analysis of Cataraqui Marsh, orig- North America were continued, leading to com- inally undertaken in cooperation with Parks prehensive planned publications that will include Canada and other agencies, was revised for a diagnostic information, keys, and distributional technical bulletin. Keys to the aquatic plants of data for all species in these groups. A large paper Canada were completed for the first manual of on the systematics of the erophyoid mite genus Canadian aquatics. This work will aid in the iden- Trisetacus was published, and research on the tification of weedy species of irrigation canals, related genus Nalepella is in progress. reservoirs, and recreational lakes. Papers con- Nematodes. Cooperative work continued on cerning orchid hybrids, breedings systems of stunt and virus-transmitting nematodes with Canadian orchids, and taxonomy of the complex researchers at the Vineland Research Station, and genus Spiranthes were completed. Work is also on insect nematodes with a scientist at Saint- being carried out on several species of orache, Jean-sur-Richelieu. Statistical analysis of mor- including Atriplex prostrata, A. patula, A. phometric data confirmed the presence of an subspicata, and A. rosea, which are weedy in undescribed stunt nematode in a complex, which disturbed habitats throughout Canada. Articles resolves population disparities observed in host are completed on three closely related annual preference and behavior. Most significant of the nightshades, Solanum ptycanthum, S. nigrum, findings of the cooperative work on ento- and S. sarachoides, and on Russian thistle, mogenous nematodes were two new records of Salsola pestifer. Final revision of a monograph insect hosts of economic importance. In the labo- on the genus Vaccinium (cranberries, blueber- ratory, the carrot weevil and a noctuid cutworm ries), produced on contract with Acadia Univer- suffered up to 100% mortality when exposed to sity, was completed, and the manuscript for- the parasite. The nematode was identified as warded to the Scientific Editing Section of Neoplectana carpocapsae and all life stages were Research Program Service for preparation as a characterized. Other cooperative work was initi- Research Branch monograph. Taxonomic clar- ated with Plant Health personnel in Ottawa in a ification of the alfalfa genus M edicago continued survey for the pine wood nematode in Canada. towards the goal of producing a monograph. Dur- Six new species of plant and terrestrial nematodes ing 1984, nine papers were published, two were described and a morphological analysis was accepted for publication in 1985, and several published of an entomogenous species of impor- manuscripts submitted. Two species were added tance in biocontrol. Research on root-lesion to the genus Medicago, namely M. hypogaea nematodes, Paurodontella and Rhabditis, estab- E. Small and M. lesinsii E. Small. A paper was lished new diagnostic features which will have prepared describing evidence that indicates that significant application in taxonomy, phylogeny, still additional species should be added to and functional morphology. Fine morphological Medicago. A simplified taxonomic system was details of the head of a root-lesion nematode prepared for the different kinds of M. sativa, resolved its identity as an undescribed species which comprises the cultivated alfalfa and the and provided supplemental characters of value in most important wild variants that can be used for identifying and classifying these species. A cata- its genetic improvement. A paper was accepted log of 4990 primary and secondary types of 396 that demonstrated that the glandular hairs that species housed in the Canadian National Collec- serve to identify certain of these wild variants are tion of Nematodes was prepared. The Canadian potentially of agricultural value as a repellent

Biosystematics Research Institute 13 against certain beetles. In the course of idelJtifica- (Hypericum perforatum L.) were accepted for tion of Avena germ plasm collected recently by publication in the Biology of Canadian Weeds Agriculture Canada in Morocco, two new species series. A numerical taxonomic analysis was car- were discovered and described morphologically ried out on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula and cytologically in two papers that were written. complex). The latex chemistry of some of the The registry of barley cultivars containing about leafy spurge biotypes is being examined. A 8000 cultivar names, synonyms, pedigrees, and manuscript, Inventory of Canadian Weeds, has other relevant data was submitted for publication. been prepared and completed covering about 700 This will serve for some time as a basic reference weeds of agricultural importance. The publica- to barley breeding and registration. Within the tion includes English and French common course of a worldwide taxonomic revision of the names, distribution, and an annotated bibliogra- barley genus Hordeum, it was found that the phy showing distributional data, nomenclatural diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of H. bulbosum comments, and the location of pertinent biolog- can be distinguished morphologically. On this ical data for agricultural researchers. A weed sur- basis the two are now regarded as subspecies. In vey of the Peace River District in Alberta and connection with investigations of Section Hor- British Columbia was initiated. This work should deastrum of Hordeum a new method of coding be completed in 1985-1986. Field work in rela- quantitative characters for cladistic analysis has tion to the flora ofthe Yukon Territory centered in been devised. A paper was published reviewing the unglaciated Ogilvie and Wernecke moun- the biology of a new-problem weed species in tains. This flora project is scheduled for comple- Canada-jimsonweed. A paper was accepted for tion in 1987. publication reviewing the biology of a newly introduced weed of winter cereals in Ontario-- silky bent grass. Electrophoretic techniques were Fungi used to test the validity of two conflicting tax- The North American Matsutake mushroom onomic treatments for the annual North Amer- was correctly named Tricholoma magniverlare ican members of the genus Zizania (wild rice). (Peck) Redhead. This prized edible mushroom, Ten enzyme systems were examined and 31 popu- exported fresh to Japan from British Columbia, lations of wild-rice were collected from sites was shown to occur also in northern Canadian throughout its range in North America. Allozyme locations with new hosts outside of the ranges of data support Dore's (1969) recognition of two reported mycorrhizal hosts. A second large edi- species, Z. aquatica and Z. palustris. Variation ble species, causal agent of a rot of living hard- studies in populations of velvetleaf from the woods, was determined to be correctly named northeastern part of North America provided evi- Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead. Investiga- dence for considerable levels of population dif- tions of the mushroom flora along the Pacific ferentiation in morphological and physiological coast have revealed a significant number of new traits. Clines in seed weight and seed dormancy taxa. Panellus longinquus subsp. pacificus were correlated with length of the growing sea- Libonati-Barnes & Redhead, a newly discovered son. In contrast no or low levels of allozyme northern counterpart to a southern hemisphere variability were evident among the 39 popula- taxon, decays red alder wood but is also fre- tions examined. Genecological studies of five quently isolated from hemlock stumps experi- populations of jimsonweed collected from Ohio, mentally treated by west coast researchers to con- Michigan, and southern Ontario provided evi- trol the root pathogen Helerobasidion annosum dence for significant levels of variation among (Fr.) Bref. It is a potential control agent. The new populations and between and within families for species, Melanotus textilis Redhead & Kroeger, all five populations. Seed weight and cotyledon decomposes fabrics left outdoors along the west length increased and days to anthesis decreased coast. Investigation of specimens and literature with length of the growing season. Levels of mor- reports resulted in 15 new namings and consider- phological, phenological, and allozymic varia- able synonymy of North American mushrooms. tion were compared in nine newly introduced Additionally, mushrooms in the genera Copri- Canadian and six European populations of the nus, Hypholoma, Mycena, and Stropharia, weed species silky bent grass. Considerable dif- known from Europe, were reported from British ferences were evident both between and within Columbia or Ontario. Two new genera of wood- Canadian populations of the weed, suggesting rotting fungi (Mollicarpus Ginns and Gri- that two or even more introductions were involved seoporia Ginns) were proposed, one new species in the colonization of this weed in Canada. (Hericium americanum Ginns) was described, Cytological studies of Section Absinthium of and a number of species concepts were clarified Artemisia continued. Manuscripts on absinth through the use of genetic compatibility studies (Artemisa absinthium L.) and St. John's-wort and the critical evaluation of microfeatures.

14 Research Branch Report 1984 Taxonomy of the Cereal Rusts was published in a colorless flagellates than to the true Oomycetes multi-authored treatise entitled The Cereal Rusts. where it has been traditionally classified. A com- This definitive contribution points out the danger prehensive classification of the genera and spe- of the unduly broad species concepts employed cies of the Spizellomycetales, an order of zoo- by some cereal workers. Two long-cycled rusts on sporic fungi, was published in 1984. The Berberidaceae were described along with four Compendium of Plant Disease and Decay Fungi rusts on Gentianaceae. Uredo beringianum in Canada, an up-to-date reference book for plant (Tranz.) Parmelee on Gentianaceae, a species pathologists, plant breeders, ecologists, and previously not known in North America, was mycologists, will be published as an agriculture reported from the Yukon, British Columbia, and handbook. This volume contains about 30 000 Alaska. Bertia moriformis, a common wood- entries and treats nearly 8000 names of disease- degrading ascomycete, was shown for the first and decay-causing fungi in Canada. A manu- time to have two distinct varieties in North Amer- script on the parasitic fungi previously collected ica. Descriptions of a new species of Pyxi- on vascular plants in the Yukon was prepared and diophora and of Thuemenella cubispora (Ell. & to this manuscript will be added collection results Holw.) Boedijn, both members of the Hypoc- made in 1984. About 175 parasitic fungus species reales, were prepared. Monographs on Canadian will be reported on the native and weedy plants of and extralimital species of Leptosphaeria, this region of Canada. Documentation of the use Nodulosphaeria, and Entodesmium (Pleo- of an illicit hallucinogenic mushroom disguised sporales) have been completed. Fourteen new in food was provided for law enforcement agen- species of Leptosphaeria and a new Nodulo- cies. A cooperative study with scientists of the sphaeria were described. Unique and previously U.S. Department of Agriculture has identified unreported appendages were found on the asco- the causal agent of a new disease of maize in spores of most of the species of Entodesmium Latin America as a new species of Marasmiellus. parasitizing legumes. The Entodesmium Assistance has also been given to researchers in appendage has proven to be a significant tax- the Federal Republic of Germany and Quebec in onomic character and is hypothesized to relate to their search for antibiotics in unusual basidio- transmission and infection. A new species of mycetes. Puzzling biochemical analyses were Lasiosphaeria was described from decomposing resolved by correcting the identifications of wood. The fruit tree and grape root pathogen, cultures used in one case. The ascomycete genus Roesleria subterranea (Wienm.) Redhead, was Mycosphaerella is a huge genus of over 2000 renamed, recorded from British Columbia, and published names containing many plant patho- distinguished from a new genus, Roeslerina genic fungi. An index is being prepared which Redhead, which was based on two new species will include an alphabetical listing of all the pub- suspected of parasitizing roots of western con- lished names, authorities, place of publication, ifers. Meliolina subramanianii Hughes & Pir- homonyms, and new names created for later ozynski was described for the first time and six homonyms and key literature citations. A major species of the foliicolous ascomycete genus survey for chalkbrood disease (Ascosphaera Schniffnerula and one species of the anamorphic spp.) affecting the alfalfa leafcutter bee in western genus Sarcinella, which occur on Compositae in Canada was completed. Classic chalkbrood was the americas, have been redescribed and illus- found, for the first time in Canada, in nine sam- trated. Schiffnerula barnadesiae (Pat.) Petrak and ples of leafcutter bee cocoons. Five other species its Mitteriella and Questieriella synanamorphs of Ascosphaera in addition to A. aggregata Skou and a new genus, Digitosarcinella Hughes, have were observed from these materials, including been described. Two new species were described three new species that have not been previously in a revision of Trichoderma section Longibra- described. One of the new species may be patho- chiatum. These fungi produce cellulase enzymes genic, causing an early instar larval mortality in with potential for commercial application in the the leafcutter bee. The other two species are production of alcohol for transportation fuels. saprophytic and may cause spoilage of larval food The life cycle of Polymyxa graminis Ledingham, stores. Work on mycotoxin production by a fungal vector of several destructive cereal vi- Fusarium species, conducted in collaboration ruses, has been elucidated from studies of infect- with other Agriculture Canada researchers, and ed host root cells in the transmission electron with university and government researchers out- microscope. Lagena radicicola Vanterpool & side Agriculture Canada, has been concerned Ledingham is a widely distributed root parasitic with factors affecting mycotoxin production in organism in Canada but has received very little the field and in cultures grown in the laboratory. attention. Ultrastructural studies of its zoospores Field studies were concerned with deox- have shown that it is more closely related to the ynivalenol (vomitoxin) production by Fusarium

Biosystematics Research Institute 15 graminearum Schwabe. In the laboratory the tox- PUBLICATIONS igenic potential of isolates of F. crookwellense Burgess et aI., F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc., Research F. graminearum Schwabe, F. semitectum Berk. & Rav., F. sporotrichioides Sherb., and various iso- Aiken, S.G.; Darbyshire, S.J. 1984. The morphology of lates that belong in the section Liseola Wollenw. a vegetatively proliferating inflorescence of Ken- tucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis. Can. Field-Nat. et al. , was investigated. Data obtained from some 98:249-251. of these studies helped to shed some light on conflicting hypotheses concerning the origin of Aiken, S.G.; Lefkovitch, L.P. 1984. The taxonomic trichothecenes found in "yellow rain" samples value of using epidermal characteristics in the Canadian rough fescue complex (Festuca altaica, from southeast Asia. Successful axenic culture of F. campestris, F. halli "F. scabrella"). Can. J. blueberry seedlings and subsequent root inocula- Bot. 62:1864-1870. tion of three common soil fungi from the genus Oidiodendron confirmed the ability of these Allen, W.R.; Van Schagen, J.G.; Ebsary, B.A. 1984. Comparative transmission of the peach rosette fungi to form a mycorrhizal association with mosaic virus by Ontario populations of Long- blueberries. This root-fungus association enables idorus diadecturus and Xiphinema americanum these ericaceous plants to more effectively take (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Can. J. Plant Pathol. up phosphates, nitrogen, and other mineral 6:29-32. nutrients from the soil. Assistance is being pro- Allyson, S.A. 1984. Description of last instar larvae of vided to a project of Health and Welfare Canada, 22 species of North American Spilomelini (Lep- Health Protection Branch, to establish reference idoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae) with a key to standards of allergenic potency for selected species. Can. Entomol. 116:1301-1334. highly allergenic fungi. Mycological expertise is Anderson, R. Y. 1983. An emended description of being provided to ensure proper storage, han- Ditylenchus valveus Thome & Malek. 1968 and dling, and purity of the fungal isolates. Health description of D. jilimus n. sp. (Nematoda: and Welfare personnel are being trained in the Tylenchidae) from mushroom compost in proper cultural and mycological procedures. The Canada. Can. J. Zool. 61:2319-2323. Health and Welfare project is part of a larger Anderson, R.Y.; Handoo, Z.A.; Townshend, J.L. 1984. World Health Organization project to establish Cephalids in the taxonomy of Scutellonema reference standards for all types of allergenic Andrassy, 1958 and the description of cephalidum substances. The autofluorescence under ultra- n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). Can. J. Zoo I. violet light of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal 62:1091-1094. fungi was observed and its possible taxonomic Baillargeon, G. 1983. Rediscovery of Sinapis aristidis significance was investigated. An invitational Pome!. Eucarpia Cruciferae News!. 8:5. paper, Communication Problems in Inter- Barr, D.J.S. 1984. Cytological variation in zoospores of disciplinary Research, was published. This paper Spizellomyces (Chytridiomycetes). Can. J. Bot. addresses problems ranging from communica- 6: 1202-1208. tion between collaborators of different disciplines to finding a publication vehicle that will be Barr, D.J.S. 1984. The classification of Spizellomyces, Gaertneriomyces, Triparticalcar. and Kochio- seen by all those persons who need the findings of myces (Spizellomycetales, Chytridiomycetes). an interdisciplinary study. Thirty Canadian spe- Can. J. Bot. 6:1171-1201. cies were fully illustrated and described for Fungi Canadenses. These include a monograph of 11 Barron, l.R.; Bisdee, H.E. 1984. Hymenopterous parasites with lepidopterous and sawfly hosts on species of Puccinia (rust fungi) parasitic on Lonicera (honeysuckle) in the Ottawa area. Can. Ranunculaceae; Phyllosticta ampelicida (Engel- Entomo!. 116:1345-1356. mann) van der Ada, causal agent of black rot of cultivated grapes, P. celastrina (Died.) van der Baum, B.R. 1984. Application of compatibility and parsimony methods at the infraspecific, specific, Aa, causal agent of a new disease of container and generic levels in Poaceae. Chapter II, pages growth Euonymus fortunei 'emerald gold', and 192-220 in Duncan, T.; Stuessy, T. F., editors. eight other parasitic Phyllosticta species; two Cladistics: Perspectives on the reconstruction of Endogonaceae, one saprophytic and one endo- evolutionary history. New York, Columbia Uni- mycorrhizal; four fungicolous or lignicolous spe- versity Press. cies; and Cephaliophora tropica Thaxter, a Baum, B.R. 1984. Les methodes numeriques comme hyphomycete found to be associated with reptile criteres de validite stematique. Nat. Can. eggs in captivity. 111:13-19.

16 Research Branch Report 1984 Baum, B.R.; Bailey, L.G. 1984. Taxonomic studies in Campbell, 1.M. 1984. A review of the North American wall barley (Hordeum murinum) and sea barley species of the omaliine generaPorrhodites Kraatz (Hordeum marinum) I. Character investigation: and Orochares Kraatz (Coleoptera: Sta- Assessment of new and traditional characters. phylinidae). Can. Entomol. 116:1227-1249. Can. 1. Bot. 62:753-762. Campbell, 1.M. 1984. Onychomirajloridensis, a new Baum, B.R.; Estabrook, G.F. 1983. Maximally infor- genus and species from Florida with a revised key mative hierarchy construction by successive two- to the genera of North American Alleculidae state classification. Can. 1. Bot. 61:3297-3301. (Coleoptera). Coleopt. Bull. 38:288-300. Behan-Pelletier, Y.M. 1984. Ceratozetes (Acari: Campbell, 1.M.; Tomlin, A.D. 1983. The first record of Ceratozetidae) of Canada and Alaska. Can. Ento- the palearctic species Anotylus insecatus mol. 116:1449-1517. (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from North America. Coleopt. Bull. 37:309-313. Bissett, 1. 1984. A revision ofthe genus Trichoderma. 1. Section Longibrachiatum sect. nov. Can. 1. Bot. Catling, P.M.; Brown, 1.R. 1983. Morphometries and 62:924-931. ecological isolation in sympatric Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) in southwestern Ontario. Can. 1. Borkent, A. 1984. The systematics and phylogeny of Bot. 61:2747-2759. the Stenochironomus complex (Xestochi- ronomus, Harrisius, and Stenochironomus) Catling, P.M.; Brownell, Y.R.; Freedman, B. 1984. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Silver hairgrass, Aira caryophyllea, new to east- Can. 128:1-269. ern Canada and other notable records from Seal Island, Nova Scotia. Can. Field-Nat. 98:248-249. Bostanian, N.1.; Dondale, CD.; Binns, M.R.; Pitre, D. 1984. Effects of pesticide use on spiders (Ara- Cody, W.J.; Britton, D.M. 1984. Polystichum lemmo- neae) in Quebec apple orchards. Can. Entomol. nii, a rock shield fern new to British Columbia 116:663-675. and Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 98:375. Bousquet, Y. 1983. Brood care in Pterostichus Cody, W1.; Saquet, 1. 1984. Pinesap, Monotropa (Monoferonia) diligendus Chaudoir (Coleoptera: hypopithys, new to the flora of Manitoba. Can. Carabidae). Coleopt. Bull. 37:307-308. Field-Nat. 98:256-257. Bousquet, Y. 1983. Redefinition of the genus Stomis Cody, W1.; Scotter, G.W; Zoltai, S.C 1984. Addi- Clairville (Coleoptera: Carabidae) with the tions to the vascular plant flora of Bathurst Inlet, description of a new subgenus from western North Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. Field-Nat. America. Can. Entomol. 115:1597-1605. 98:171-177. Bousquet, Y. 1984. Nomenclatural notes on Nearctic Corlett, M.; Shoemaker, R.A. 1984. Lophophacidium Pterostichini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Quaest. dooskii n. sp., a phacidiaceous fungus on needles Entomol. 20: 1-5. of white pine. Can. 1. Bot. 62:1836-1840. Bousquet, Y. 1984. The subgenus Steropus Dejean Cranston, P.S.; Oliver, D.R.; Saether, O.A. 1983. The (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus): Adult and larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) larval character states, with notes on taxonomic of the Holarctic region-Keys and diagnoses. limits and relationships. Can. Entomol. 116: Entomol. Scand. 19:149-291. 1611-1621. Dalpe, Y. 1984. Variations du contenu lipidique occa- Bousquet, Y.; Goulet, H. 1984. Notation of primary sionnees par la carence en pyridoxine du milieu setae and pores on larvae of Carabidae (Coleop- nutritif de Ceratocystis ulmi. Can. 1. Bot. tera: Adephaga). Can. 1. Zool. 62:573-588. 62:102-104. Bousquet, Y.; Pilon, 1.G. 1983. Redescription of Dang, P.T. 1984. A new species of Cochylis treitschke Pterostichus (Pseudomaseus) tenuis (Casey), a (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) from Saskatchewan. valid species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Coleopt. Can. Entomol. 116:253-256. Bull. 37:389-396. Disney, R.H.L.; Peterson, B.Y. 1984. Two new species Bousquet, Y.; Smetana, A. 1984. Trechus quad- of Alamirinae (Diptera: Phoridae). Entomol. ristriatus, a palearctic species introduced into Scand. 14:435-438. North America (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Can. Dondale, CD.; Redner, 1.H. 1984. Revision of the Entomol. 116:215-220. milvina group of the wolf spider genus Pardosa Bright, D.E. 1982. Studies on West Indian Scolytidae (Araneae: Lycosidae). Psyche 91:67-117. (Coleoptera). 2. New distribution records and Ebsary, B.A. 1984. Rhyssocolpus arctic us n. sp. descriptions of a new genus and species. Stud. (Nematoda: Nordiidae) from Ellesmere Island Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 17:163-168. and a redescription of Lindseyus costatus Ferris Campbell, 1.M. 1984. A revision of the North American and Ferris, 1973 (Nematoda: Roqueidae) from Omaliinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The gen- Quebec, Canada. 1. Nematol. 16:235-239. era Arpedium Erichson and Eucnecosum Reitter. Can. Entomol. 116:487-527.

Biosystematics Research Institute 17 Ebsary, B.A.; Potter, lW.; Allen, W.R. 1984. Lindquist, E.E. 1984. Current theories on the evolution Redescription and distribution of Xiphinema of major groups of Acari and on their rela- rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 and Xiphinema ameri- tionships with other groups of Arachnida, with canum Cobb, 1913 in Canada with a description consequent implications for their c1assiciation. of Xiphinema occiduum n. sp. (Nematoda: Long- Vol. I, pages 28-62 in Acarology VI (Proceedings idoridae). Can. 1Zool. 62:1696-1702. 6th International Congress Acarology, Edin- burgh, Scotland, September 1982). Ellis Hor- Ginns, 1 1983. Ceratobasidium fibulatum an invalid wood Ltd., Chichester, England. name. Mycotaxon 17:439-442. Mason, W.R.M. 1984. Structure and movement of the Ginns,l 1984. Mollicarpus, gen. nov. (Polyporaceae) abdomen of female Pelecinus polyturator with notes on Coriolopsis byrsina, Phellinus (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae). Can. Entomol. crocatus, and Polystictus crocatus var. sibiricus. 116:419-426. Mycotaxon 19:71-80. McNamara, 11984. A catalogue of types of Coleoptera Ginns, 1 1984. Hericium coralloides N. Amer. Auct. in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, (=H. americanum sp. nov.) and the European Supplement II. Can. Entomol. 116:725-772. H. alpestre and H. coralloides. Mycotaxon 20:39-43. Mulligan, G.A.; Munro, D.B. 1984. Chromosome numbers and sexual compatibility in North Amer- Ginns, 1 1984. Griseoporia, a new genus for ica of Rorippa sylvestris (Cruciferae). Can. 1Bot. Hexagonia carbona ria (Polyporaceae). Myco- 62:575-580. taxon 20:559-565. Oliver, D.R. 1983. The larvae of Diamesinae (Diptera: Ginns, 1; Bernicchia, A. 1984. Flaviporus semisu- Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region-Keys pinoformis (Polyporaceae) in Italy. Mycol. Helv. and diagnoses. In Wiederholm, T., ed. Chi- 1:185-188. ronomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diag- Hughes, S.l 1984. Schiffnerula barnadesiae and its noses. Part I-Larvae. Entomol. Scand. Mitteriella and Questieriella synanamorphs. 19:115-138. Can. 1Bot. 62:1841-1843. Oliver, D.R. 1984. Male dimorphism in an arctic chi- Jimenez, M.-L.; Dondale, C.D. 1983. A new species of ronomid (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bull. Am. Arcosta from Guerrero, Mexico (Araneae: Entomol. Soc. 34:235-240. Lycosidae). 1 Arachnol. 12:116. Oliver, D.R. 1984. Description of a new species of Klimaszewski, 1 1984. A revision of the genus Cricotopus Van der Wulp (Diptera: Chi- Aleochara Gravenhorst of America north of Mex- ronomidae) associated with Myriophyllum ico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). spicatum. Can. Entomol. 116:1287-1292. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 129:1-211. Parrott, R.E.; Schmid, E 1984. Two subspecies of Landry, lE; Bousquet, Y. 1984. The genus Omophron Troides species from Natuna Islands, Indonesia Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Redescription (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Can. Entomol. of the larval stage and phylogenetic considera- 116:841-850. tions. Can. Entomol. 116:1557-1569. Parrott, R.E.; Schmid, E 1984. A new subspecies of LeSage, L. 1984. The larva of Anaquedius vernix Ornithoptera croesus from Morotai Island, Indo- (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Can. Entomol. nesia, and a gynandromorph of O. croesus lydius 116:189-196. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Can. Entomol. LeSage, L. 1984. Immature stages of Canadian 116:1519-1524. Neochlamisus Karren (Coleoptera: Chrysomeli- Redhead, S.A. 1984. Arrhenia and Rimbachia, dae). Can. Entomol. 116:383-409. expanded generic concepts, and a reevaluation of LeSage, L. 1984. Egg, larva, and pupa of Lexiphanes Leptoglossum with emphasis on muscicolous saponatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryp- North American taxa. Can. 1 Bot. 62:865-892. tocephalinae). Can. Entomol. 116:537-548. Redhead, S. A. 1984. Additional Agaricales on wetland Libonati-Barnes, S.D.; Redhead, S.A. 1984. Panellus Monocotyledoneae in Canada. Can. 1 Bot. longinquus subsp. pacificus, a new west coast 62:1844-1851. North American agaric associated with red alder. Redhead, S.A. 1984. Mycological observations 13-14: Mycotaxon 20:205-212. on Hypsizygus and Tricholoma. Trans. Mycol. Lindquist, E.E. 1983. Some thoughts on the potential Soc. Jpn. 25:1-9. for use of mites in biological control, including a Redhead, S.A.; Kroeger, P. 1984. Melanotus textilis, a modified concept of "parasitoids". Biological new fabric- and wood-inhabiting North American control of pests by mites. Pages 12-20 in Hoy, agaric. Mycologia 76:868-872. M.A.; Cunningham, G.L.; Knutson, L., eds. Redhead, S.A.; Reid, D.A. 1983. Craterellus Proceedings of a conference held 5-7 April, 1982 humphreyi, and unusual Stereopsis from western at the University of California, Berkeley. North America. Can. 1 Bot. 61:3088-3090.

18 Research Branch Report 1984 Reeves, R.M.; Hadam, 1.1.; Redner, 1.H.; Dondale, Smetana, A. 1984. Revision of the subfamily C.D. 1984. Identity of the North American crab Sphaeridinae of America north of Mexico (Col- spiders Xysticus durus and X. keyserlingi eoptera: Hydrophilidae). Supplementum 2. Can. (Araneae: Thomisidae). Can. Entomol. 116: Entomol. I16:555-566. 221-225. Smetana, A. 1984. Review of the Japanese species of Reznicek, A.A.; Catling, P.M. 1984. Notes on Cana- the genus Gabrius Stephens (Coleoptera, Sta- dian sedges, Cyperaceae. Can. Field-Nat. phylinidae) (l2lst contribution to the knowledge 98:209-214. of Staphylinidae). Pan-Pac if. Entomol. 60: Salkeld, E.H. 1984. A catalogue of the eggs of some 122-150. Canadian Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Mem. Ento- Smetana, A. 1984. Remarks on the sphaeridiine genera mol. Soc. Can. 127: 1-167. Pelosoma Mulsant and Deltosthetus Sharp (Col- Savile, D.B.a. 1984. Communication problems in eoptera: Hydrophilidae). Coleopt. Bull. 38: interdisciplinary research. Proc. Indian Acad. 192-200. Sci. (Plant Sci.) 93:223-230. Smetana, A. 1984. A new species of the genus Gabrius Schlarbaum, S.E.; Small, E.; Johnson, L.B. 1984. Stephens from Japan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) Karyotypic evolution, morphological variability (l22nd contribution to the knowledge of Sta- and phylogeny in Medicago sect. Intertextae. phylinidae). Rev. Suisse Zool. 91:647-650. Plant Syst. Evol. 145:203-222. Smith, D.R.; Gibson, G.A.P. 1984. Filacus, a new Schmid, F. 1983. Encore quelques Stactobia genus for four species of sawflies previously McLachlan (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae). Nat. placed in Macrophya or Zaschizonyx (Hymen- Can. I10:239-283. optera: Tenthredinidae). Pan-Pacif. Entomol. 60:101-I12. Scott, P.M.; Nelson, K.; Kanhere, S.R.; Karpinski, K.F.; Hayward, S.; Neish, G.A.; Teich, A.H. Smith, l.M. 1984. Descriptions of new species of Trisetacus (Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) from 1984. Decline in deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) concentrations in 1983 Ontario winter wheat Pinaceae in western North America. Can. Ento- before harvest. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. mol. I16:173-182. 48:884-886. Smith, l.M. 1984. Larvae of water mites of some genera of Aturidae (Prostigmata: Hygrobatoidea) in Small, E. 1983. Pollen ploidy-prediction in the Medicago sativa complex. Pollen Spores North America with comments on phylogeny and 25:305-320. classification of the family. Can. Entomol. 116:307-374. Small, E. 1984. A clarification of the Medicago Smith, l.M. 1984. Morphology of larvae, deu- blancheana-bonarotiana-rotata complex. Can. 1. tonymphs, and adults of the water mite Bot. 62:1693-1696. Najadicola ingens (Prostigmata: Parasitengona: Small, E.; Bauchan, G.R. 1984. Chromosome numbers Hygrobatoidea) with remarks on phylogenetic of the M edicago sativa complex in Turkey. Can. 1. relationships and revision of taxonomic place- Bot. 62:749-752. ment of Najadicolinae. Can. Entomol. 116: Small, E.; Brookes, B.S. 1984. Taxonomic circum- 691-701. scription and identification in the Medicago Smith, l.M. 1984. Review of species of Trisetacus sativa-falcata (alfalfa) continuum. Econ. Bot. (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from North America, with 38:83-96. comments on all nominate taxa in the genus. Can. Small, E.; Brookes, B.S. 1984. Coiling of alfalfa pods EntomoI.1I6:1157-1211. in relation to resistance against seed chalcids: Warwick, S.l.; Thompson, B.K.; Black, L.D. 1984. additional observations. Can. 1. Plant Sci. Population variation in Sorghum halepense, 64:659.665. Johnson grass, at the northern limits of its range. Small, E.; Grant, w.F.; Crompton, c.w. 1984. A tax- Can. 1. Bot. 62:1781-1790. onomic study of the Locus corniculatus complex Wood, D.M. 1984. Cles des genres et des especes de in Turkey. Can. 1. Bot. 62:1044-1053. moustiques du Canada (Diptera: Culicidae). Smetana, A. 1983. The tribe Megarthropsini Cameron Abridged translation of The insects and arachnids (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Senckenb. of Canada. Part. 6. The mosquitoes of Canada. BioI. 64:141-155. Agric. Can. Publ. 1686/F. Cat. No. A42-45/ 1984F. 94 pp. Smetana, A. 1984. Eine neue Art der Gauung Thinobius Kiesenwetter aus Nord-Italien (Col- Yoshimoto, C.M. 1984. The insects and arachnids of eoptera, Staphylinidae). (124. Beitrag zur Ken- Canada. Part 12. The families and subfamilies of ntnis der Staphyliniden). Entomol. BI. 79: Canadian chalcidoid wasps. Hymenoptera: Chal- 170-172. cidoidea. Agric. Can. Publ. 1760:1-149.

Biosystematics Research Institute 19 Miscellaneous Lehmkuhl, D.M.; Danks, H.Y.; Behan-Pelletier, Y.M.; Larson, 0.1.; Rosenberg, D.M.; Smith, I.M. Bassett, 1.1.; Crompton, C.W. 1984. Contributions 47 1984. Recommendations for the appraisal of envi- and 55 Mulligan, G.A., editor. The biology of in ronmental disturbance: Some general guidelines, Canadian weeds. Contributions 33-61. Agric. and the value and feasibility of insect studies. Can. Pub!. 1765:1-415. Supp!. Bull. Entomo!. Soc. Can. 16:1-8. Baum, B.R., et. a!. 1984. Barley gene poo!. A collec- Mulligan, G.A., editor and compiler. 1984. Biology of tion maintained by Agriculture Canada and by the Canadian weeds. Contributions 33-61. Agric. Danish and Swedish agricultural universities Can. Pub!. 1765:1-415. (Nordic Gene Bank). Agric. Can. Pub!. l761B: 1-95. Mulligan, G.A.; Munro, D.B. 1984. Wild and cultivated plants poisonous to humans in Canada. A Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta preliminary inventory. Agric. Can. Tech. Bull. ampelicida. Fungi Can. 273. 15E:I-22. Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta Parmelee, 1.A. 1984. Microfungi parasitic on vascular celastrina. Fungi Can. 274. plants in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta and environs. Agric. Can. Tech. Bul!. 11E:I-32. gaultheriae. Fungi Can. 275. Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Bissett, J.D.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta anemones-virginianae. Fungi Can. 262. hamamelidis. Fungi Can. 276. Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Piccinia Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta blyttiana. Fungi Can. 263. minima. Fungi Can. 277. Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Bissett, J.D.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta geme/la. Fungi Can. 264. pallidior. Fungi Can. 278. Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta treleasiana. Fungi Can. 267. pyrolae. Fungi Can. 279. Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta areolata (Ranunculaceae). Fungi Can. 269. sphaeropsoidea. Fungi Can. 280. Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta toxi- calthae (Ranunculaceae). Fungi Can. 270. ca. Fungi Can. 281. Parmelee, J.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Bissett, 1.0.; Darbyshire, S.1. 1984. Phy/losticta calthicola. Fungi Can. 271. pervincae. Fungi Can. 282. Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Blackburn, w.1.; Stewart, R.B.; Neish, G.A. 1983. gigantispora. Fungi Can. 272. Weather factors and Fusarium head blight in Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Cumminsie/la wheat. Can. Agric. 29:20-22. mirabilissima. Fungi Can. 288. Cody, W.1.; Wagner, Y. 1984. Contribution 49. In Parmelee, 1.A.; de Carteret, P.M. 1984. Puccinia Mulligan, G.A., ed. Biology of Canadian weeds. podophylli. Fungi Can. 289. Contributions 33-61. Agric. Can. Pub!. 1765: 1-415. Parmelee, 1.A.; Savile, D.B.a. 1984. Puccinia pulsatillae. Fungi Can. 265. Dalpe, Y. 1984. Endogone pisiformis. Fungi Can. 283. Parmelee, 1.A.; Savi1e, D.B.a. 1984. Puccinia Dalpe, Y. 1984. Sclerocystis rubiformis. Fungi Can. trautevetteriae. Fungi Can. 266. 284. Parmelee, 1.A.; Savile, D.B.a. 1984. Puccinia ustalis. Darbyshire, S.1.; Aiken, S.G.; Dalpe, Y. 1984. A sig- Fungi Can. 268. nificant collection of Calamovilfa longifolia var. magna from Rondeau Provincial Park, Kent Redhead, S.A. 1984. Psilocybe bulbosa. Fungi Can. County. Plant Press 2:3. 287. Ginns, 1.H. 1984. Helicogloeafarinacea. Fungi Can. Redhead, S.A. 1984. Psilocybe bulbosa. Fungi Can. 286. 287. Hamilton, K.G.A. 1983. Primary and secondary hom- Redhead, S.A. 1984. Isolation of Psilocybe cubensis onyms in the Cicadellidae. In Tymbal Auchenor- from a chocolate cookie. Microgram 17:120-122. rhyncha News!. 2:11-13. Schmid, F. 1984. Essai d'evaluation de la faune mon- Hamilton, K.G.A. 1984. The tenth largest family? In diale des trichopteres. Entomo10gica 30:!. Tymbal Auchenorrhyncha News!. 3:4-5. White, G.P.; Darbyshire, S.J. 1984. Cephaliophora Hughes, S.1. 1984. Bactrodesmium moenitum. Fungi tropica. Fungi Can. 290. Can. 261. White, G.P.; Ginns, 1.H. 1984. Diplococcium clarkii. Fungi Can. 285.

20 Research Branch Report 1984 Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

A.I. de la Roche, BSc, MS, PhD Director e. McCarthy Administrative Officer

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation R.W. Miller, BSc, PhD Program Leader; Rhizobium and legume physiology E.S.P. Bromfield, BSc, PhD Rhizobium ecology ED.H. MacDowall, FSc, MSc, PhD Legume physiology C. Preston, BSc, MSc, PhD Sojl nitrogen

L.R. Barran, BSc, MSc, PhD Program Leader; Rhizobium genetics R.M. Behki, BSc, MSc, PhD Rhizobium genetics R.J. Watson, BSc, MSc, PhD Rhizobium genetics

Stress Physiology M.K. Pomeroy, BSc, MSc, PhD Program Leader; Winter survival of cereals C.J. Andrews, BSc, PhD Winter survival of cereals Y. Cloutier, BSc, MSc, PhD Desiccation stress E.E Schneider, BS, MSc, PhD Snow mold damage J. Singh, BS, PhD Freezing injury-membranes

Mycotoxins R. Greenhalgh, BSc, PhD Program Leader; Analytical and natural products chemistry B.A. Blackwell,l BSc, MSc, PhD Spectroscopy J.D. Miller, BSc, MSc, PhD Fungal physiology H. Morita, BSc, MSc, PhD Organic chemistry J.e. Young, BSc, MSc, PhD Analytical and natural products chemistry

Plant Pathology R.e. Sinha, BSc, MSc, PhD, DSc Program Leader; Virus and mycoplasma vector relationships L.N. Chiykowski, BSA, MSc, PhD Leafhopper-transmitted mycoplasma ye. Paliwal, BSA, MSc, PhD Aphid- and mite-transmitted viruses

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 21 Environmental Chemistry S.U. Khan, BSc, MSc, PhD, CChem, Program Leader; FCIC, FRSC Herbicides and insecticides D.S. Gamble, BSc, MSc, PhD, FCIC Herbicide chemistry A. Picman, MSc, PhD Phytochemistry

Soil Chemistry and Mineralogy M. Schnitzer, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD, Program Leader; Soil chemistry FCSS, FASA, FSSSA and organic matter L.M. Benzing-Purdie, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil nitrogen Y.K. Chan, BSc, PhD Soil microbiology K.C. Ivarson, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil microbiology

H. Kodama, BSc, MSc, DSc Program Leader; Soil mineralogy- crystal chemistry M. Ihnat, BSc, PhD, FAOAC Trace element chemistry N.M. Miles, BSc Soil mineralogy G.J. Ross, BSA, MSc, PhD Soil mineralogy S.S. Singh, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil chemistry

Mineral Analyses Services H. Kodama, BSc, MSc, DSc Head of Services

Analytical Chemistry Services M. Ihnat, BSc, PhD, FAOAC Head of Services

Electron Microscope Centre I.L. Stevenson, BSA, MSA, PhD Program Leader G.H. Haggis, BSc, PhD Electron microscopy

Honorary Research Associate D. Siminovitch, BSc, MSc, PhD, FRSC Frost hardiness

Departure S.M. Lesley, BSc, MA, PhD Rhizobium physiology Retired

VISITING SCIENTISTS

Y.K. Arora, BSc, MSc, PhD Mycoplasma biochemistry Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, India G. Catroux Soil nitrogen Ingenieur-agronome, INRA, France G. Calderoni Soil organic matter Professor in geochemistry, University of Rome M. Spiteller Soil nitrogen University of Gottingen, West Germany

22 Research Branch Report 1984 Visiting Fellows, National Sciences and Engineering Research Council A. AI-Jobore, PhD Biochemistry J.E. Irvin, PhD Microbiology A.M. Johnson-Flanagan, PhD Freezing injury-cell biology R. Lawuyi, PhD Mycotoxin chemistry J.R.J. Pare, PhD Spectroscopy R.G.L. Wheatcroft, PhD Genetic engineering

IAppointed I April 1984.

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 23 INTRODUCTION

The Chemistry and Biology Research Institute (CBRI) conducts research and development in areas of national importance to agriculture. The main thrusts are in biotechnology, preservation of natural resources, environmental protection, and food safety. The multidisciplinary approach in nitrogen fixation seeks to improve the nitrogen-fixing capacity of forage legumes through molecular genetics and conventional technologies. Research on mycotoxins examines the health and socioeconomic factors associated with fungal metabolites in food and feeds through multidisciplinary in-house research and close cooperation with other branch establishments, other government departments, universities, and the private sector. The stress physiology program emphasizes genetic engineering technology and mechanisms of stress injury and resistance combined with field experiments to develop crops resistant to low temperature, drought, and salinity stresses. Notable achievements in 1984 include the cryopreservation for several years of aster yellows mycoplasma in vector insects; new insights on the nature and distribution of pesticide residues, their potential release, and their bioavailability; the initiation of research into the genetic regulation of pesticide-degrading plasmids via recombinant DNA technology. The acquisition of new equipment and resources in 1984 enabled the institute to maintain its lead in biotechnology, especially in the area of plant and fungal molecular genetics and the application of recombinant DNA techniques to crop production, crop protection, and nitrogen fixation. The Electron Microscope Centre, the Analytical Chemistry Services, and the Mineral Analyses Services continued to provide services and to improve methodologies in response to the needs of the institute and other departmental establishments. The interaction with the universities, the private sector, and research establishments outside Canada is a high priority at the institute. During the past year several collaborative projects were initiated with Canadian universities, industries, and European research organizations. This report summarizes only the highlights of our achievements in 1984. Reprints of research publications and copies of this report are available from the Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6.

A.I. de la Roche Director

SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION considerably within cultivars but differences between the test cultivars were not significant. Rhizobium ecology Physiology of nitrogen fixation Experiments carried out at two field sites have Characterization of the isolated nitrogenase provided evidence for major ecological limita- enzyme system established that lowering the tions on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in alfalfa. A reaction temperature from 25°C to 12°C slowed negative correlation was demonstrated between the reaction severalfold and severely limited the native Rhizobium population size and the degree reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia. The propor- of nodulation by inoculant strains. Single-colony tion of reducing equivalents used in hydrogen isolates from field-grown nodules were identified production increased relative to the reduction of by bacteriophage typing. Inoculant strains were other substrates, leading to a reduction in the not recovered in more than 20% of the nodules energy efficiency of the system at low tem- and forage yield showed no significant response peratures. Under the same conditions intact nod- to inoculation. Significant differences in the dis- ules, in contrast, showed a decline in overall tribution of phage groups between field locations activity of less than twofold and a significant were demonstrated but there was no obvious increase in energy efficiency (less hydrogen pro- influence of alfalfa genotypes or inoculant strains duced). Moreover, luminometric measurements on these distributions. Although the relative com- of adenine nucleotides in intact nodules and bac- petitive abilities of inoculant strains were consis- teroids indicated that, based on results with the tent under axenic conditions and in soils, consid- isolated enzyme, ATP concentration in vivo was erable heterogeneity was demonstrated among not adequate for saturation of the enzyme system host plants for selective nodulation with different to give optimal reaction rates. This seemingly strains. Host preference for certain strains varied anomalous behavior of the nitrogenase system in

24 Research Branch Report 1984 vivo requires further investigation to determine anism for selective transcription of that operon. how symbiotic nitrogen-fixing systems compen- Cloning vehicles utilizing that mechanism for sate for the effects of environmental stress and high production of any gene product have been maintain nitrogenase activity and energy effi- constructed, but final testing of their efficiency is ciency at a high level of comparison to the iso- required. lated enzyme system. Preliminary results indicate that the introduc- Host physiology and recognition tion of the rifampicin marker into R. meliloti IZ450 significantly diminished competitive abil- The effects of long-term acclimation of alfalfa ity. Loss of the 150 Md plasmid resulted in a at low temperature on the nodular nitrogenase further reduction of competitive ability but it was system were determined. Enzyme activity less than that caused by the introduction of the remained higher than expected but initially high- rifampicin marker. energy efficiency declined with acclimation, pointing to the need for more physiological information on the basis of these phenomena. STRESS PHYSIOLOGY Soybean lectin carbohydrate-binding studies demonstrated that the putative initial step in host Biotechnology Rhizobium recognition leading to nodulation is more complex than expected. Binding determina- Freezing tolerance was induced in suspension tions using nuclear magnetic resonance spec- cell cultures df alfalfa and winter rape, and the troscopy showed that there were up to eight car- hormonal and temperature requirements for this bohydrate binding sites per lectin tetramer. New process were defined. Abscisic acid was able to chemical synthesis of sugar ligands facilitated replace low temperature as a requirement for cold this work, which is aimed at elucidating recogni- acclimation of winter rape, but not for that of tion phenomena at the molecular level. alfalfa cultures. Removal of benzyl adenine from the culture medium was required to attain max- Soil nitrogen cycle imum hardiness. The construction of a new emISSIOn spec- Differential interference contrast microscopy trometer and the application of isotope dilution coupled to video recordings was used to study techniques have provided estimates of the contri- membrane deletion in isolated, single rye cells bution of soil nitrogen and symbiotically fixed and in cultured cells of winter rape during hyper- nitrogen to the production of biomass in forage osmotic stress. Membrane segments were legumes. In addition, the transfer of symbiotic released as vesicles from the plasmalemma into nitrogen between crop plants and the fate of nitro- the cytoplasm and between the cytoplasm and the gen fertilizer added to soils will be determined cell wall. In stress-tolerant cells, the membrane with these techniques. material was reincorporated when the cells were Molecular genetics deplasmolyzed. The presence of calcium increased survival of Total DNA purified from each of 300 Tn5- enzymatically isolated winter wheat cells during mutants of Rhizobium meliloti has been analyzed ice encasement at - 1°C and freezing at lower by radioactive probing. These analyses have dem- temperatures. Uptake of 86Rb by isolated cells onstrated the presence of bonafide Tn5 insertions following ice encasement or severe freezing stress in 95% of the mutants. None contain inserts in the was enhanced by calcium. Cell injury increased known nif gene segments, but inserts have been progressively when the icing temperature was identified within the known nod gene region. reduced from - I to - 2 and - 3°C, but the Cloned replication regions of R. meliloti presence of calcium in the suspending medium plasmids have been subcloned and their stability reduced damage. has been tested during extended growth, and by passage through nodules. The rep regions have Freezing and desiccation stress been finely localized to DNA segments less than The levels of freezing tolerance induced by 3.0 kilobase pairs in size and none is completely desiccation of winter cereal seedlings were sim- stable in Rhizobium, indicating that genes confer- ilar to those induced by cold acclimation in wheat ring stability must exist elsewhere in the original and rye, but considerably less in barley and oats. plasmids. The hie (high colicin release) region of This was associated with a more rapid desiccation Co1E3-CA38 has been characterized. The ele- injury in barley and oats, precluding the comple- ments of the eol-imm-hie operon required for the tion of the hardening process. Proteins from vari- high production of the col and imm gene products ous subcellular fractions of wheat and rye have have now been identified, revealing a novel mech- been analyzed by two-dimensional electro-

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 25 phoresis. During cold acclimation and desicca- creased glycolytic metabolism during ice encase- tion, protein changes occurred, primarily in chlo- ment. roplasts and the soluble-protein fraction. Winter cereals survived ice encasement better and plants accumulated less ethanol but more CO2 under MYCOTOXINS light than dark conditions. Plants utilized their carbohydrate reserves more slowly in light than Deoxynivalenol dark and generated photosynthetic oxygen. This The large-scale fermentation process for mak- created a partial aerobic environment in the ice ing 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (ADON) has been which was conducive to increased survival. modified utilizing Fusarium culmorum. In addi- Field trials and screening tion, hydrolysis of ADON was achieved on an ion-exchange resin giving a cleaner product. Two Field survival of winter wheat was generally crystalline forms of deoxynivalenol (DON) have good during 1983-1984, except in localized areas been obtained. Over 150 g DON and 500 mg 14C_ where water accumulated and icing occurred. labeled DON (0.8 f.LmCi/mg) have been pro- Two seedings in September gave the highest cold duced for toxicological and feeding studies. hardiness and survival rate, but the latest seeding DON can be thermally induced to form an on 20 October 1983 gave the highest survival rate isomer (isoDON), in which the configuration of under ice encasement. The cultivar Houser con- the A ring has changed. IsoDON was identical to tinued to exhibit high levels of freezing resistance a contaminant found by workers in the United and ice tolerance. Eighty winter wheat and tri- Kingdom in the crust and bread baked from ticale cultivars and lines, including the Canadian DON-contaminated wheat. Winter Hardiness Nursery and the Ontario Winter Wheat Coop, were screened for winter survival Fungal secondary metabolites and ice tolerance. In the field, almost total kill Sixteen minor metabolites have been isolated occurred in the iced plot, whereas good differen- from crude fungal extracts of F. roseum var. tial survival among cultivars and lines was graminearum. These compounds were charac- obtained under controlled environments. Labora- terized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tory experiments showed that reducing the cold- (IH, I3C, IH/IH correlation and IH/I3C 2D) and hardening temperature from 2°C day and O°C mass spectrometry (gas chromatography-elec- night to O°C day and - 5°C night significantly tron impact and fast atom bombardment). In addi- enhanced cold hardiness and ice tolerance of a tion to the trichothecenes, other mevalonate- series of winter cereal cultivars. derived compounds were characterized, includ- Diseases ing culmorin, culmorone, and the modified trichothecenes sambucinol and sambucoin. Most of Breeding lines and foreign introductions of these metabolites are also produced by winter cereals were screened for resistance to F. culmorum, but in different amounts. snow mold diseases, but none of the plant materials tested was more resistant than the cultivars Microbiology currently in commercial production. Typhulas Fermentation studies in stirred jars with F. and Gerlachia were the most common pathogens culmorum were undertaken to determine nutri- inciting snow mold diseases in commercial plant- tional, physical, and production parameters during in eastern and central Ontario. T. phacorrhiza ing trichothecene synthesis. In fermentations was observed on more farms this past year than in yielding ADON (730 mg/L), significant amounts the previous two years, while sclerotia of a of culmorin, dihydroxy calonectrin, and sam- Typhula similar to T. ishikariensis var. cana- bucinol were also produced. Changes in nitrogen densis was isolated for the first time from winter and carbohydrate concentrations indicate these wheat in Ontario. None of the fungicides used in two factors are involved in inducing synthesis, a screening program gave satisfactory control of but glycerol is not utilized. NADPH-generating snow molds. In the laboratory, Typhulas were ICD necessary for trichothecene synthesis observed to incite diseases by the direct develop- showed an unexpected correlation with the rate of ment of hyphae from the sclerotia while spores ADON products. appear to play no role in dispersal or infection. Degradation and decontamination studies Cold hardiness of winter wheat and barley declined significantly when infected with barley with DON yellow dwarf virus, and decreased further when The differential resistance to F. graminearum plants were flooded at low temperature. Virus infection and DON formation in 21 wheat, rye, infection reduced carbohydrate levels and in- and triticale cultivars was estimated by measure-

26 Research Branch Report 1984 ment of DON and ergosterol levels. The ability of effective method for screening crude fungal wheat cultivars to degrade DON was examined in extracts for secondary metabolites. A rapid high- vitro. These studies showed that cell suspension performance liquid chromatography procedure cultures of the resistant cultivar Frontana for sterigmatocystin was developed and used to degraded 14C-DON into at least four labeled analyze single-cell protein from Chaetomia spp. products, whereas the susceptible cultivar Casa- The results were confirmed by gas chromatogra- vant did not significantly degrade DON. phy and mass spectroscopy. Both DON and ADON were degraded in a soil extract media, by isolates from a cornfield soil in the presence and absence of chloramphenicol. PLANT PATHOLOGY Several degradation products were detected but not characterized. Peach X-disease Treatment of contaminated wheat with aque- Peach X-mycoplasma (PXM) antigens were ous sodium bisulfite prior to milling resulted in a detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 90% reduction of DON levels; on baking the (ELISA) in clarified extracts prepared from only resultant flour, however, some DON was 5-g samples of infected leaves of the following reformed. This work led to a kinetic study of host plant species: carrot, red clover, white clover, several trichothecenes with sodium bisulfite. alsike clover, annual chrysanthemum, Gilia cap- Only those trichothecenes with an 8-keto group itata, and Potentilla intermedia. Several of these reacted (e.g. DON and its derivatives); charac- plant species, often present in or near peach terization of the reaction products indicates that orchards, could serve as natural reservoirs of the in addition to adduct formation, some degrada- pathogen. Heterologous serological reactions tion of DON had occurred. showed that it is possible to use ELISA to dif- In vitro experiments with rumen fluid indi- ferentiate peach X-disease from aster yellows, cated that ADON is rapidly deacetylated to clover phyllody, and clover yellow edge diseases. DON, which in turn is degraded. The main meta- Transmission studies on host susceptibility to bolite isolated revealed that the epoxy moiety in PXM, using the leafhopper Paraphlepsius irro- DON had been reduced to a double bond. The ratus as the vector, showed that annual chry- same metabolite was found in the urine of sheep santhemum was the most susceptible species, dosed with 3H-ADON. followed by alsike clover, ladino clover, and red Biosynthetic studies clover. Acquisition access tests showed that aster and red and alsike clovers are poor acquisition The incorporation of l3C-labeled (specific and hosts, whereas annual chrysanthemum and cel- double) acetate by Fusarium roseum was com- ery are relatively efficient sources of PXM. pleted. A similar study with F. culmorum gave incorporation in culmorin, ADON, dihydroxy Aster yellows disease calonectrin, and sambucinol. Maximum incor- The use of frozen leafhoppers as a vehicle for poration (8-10% l3C at specific sites) was long-term storage of aster yellows mycoplasma achieved through multiple additions at critical (AYM) was examined. Infectivity of a western times during the culture growth cycle. NMR isolate of AYM was preserved for a longer time in pulse sequences (i.e. polarization transfer tech- samples of Macrosteles fascifrons stored as niques) were used to determine incorporation lev- whole insects or as clarified insect extracts at els, and l3C1l3C homonuclear 2D NMR was -70°C than at - 28°C. Infectivity of the AYM developed to determine coupling patterns in isolate was detected after 5 yr but not after 6 yr in labeled extracts. The incorporation patterns for whole leafhoppers stored at -70°C. This isolate single and doubly labeled acetate was consistent was also preserved at -70°C in the leafhopper with the proposed mevalonate-derived biosyn- species Elymana sulphurella, Scaphytopius acu- thetic pathway for ADON. tus, and Athysanus argentarius for 4 yr, the longest time tested. However, in the species Aphrodes Analysis bicinctus, infectivity was detected after 6 mo but Mass spectroscopy (MS) linked-scan experi- not after 1 yr. Two other isolates of AYM, both ments were carried out with 10 trichothecene resembling an eastern strain, were infective after mycotoxins and the parent-daughter ion rela- 4.5 yr, the longest time tested, when stored in tionships were established. These data will be whole M. fascifrons at -70°C. used to determine the 14C-labeling pattern in sec- Cereal viruses ondary metabolites of F. culmorum by their frag- mentation pattern. Fast atom bombardment mass A disease causing blotchy mosaic symptoms spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be an was observed on wheat plants at two locations in

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 27 Ontario. A spherical (28 nm), sap-transmissible extractable 14C residues and a corresponding virus was determined to be the cause of the dis- increase of bound 14C residues over a l80-day ease. The virus was shown to be serologically incubation period. The degradation of deltameth- indistinguishable from cocksfoot mild mosaic rin was slower under the anaerobic than aerobic virus (CMMV), which is known to occur only in condition. The insecticide was degraded in the Europe. Mite transmission studies showed that organic soil by hydrolysis at the ester linkage Aceria tulipae, which is a vector of wheat streak followed by the formation of oxidative products. mosaic virus (WSMV) but not of brome mosaic A small portion of bound 14Cresidues in soil was virus (BMV), was able to transmit BMV at a low identified as 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimeth- efficiency when the mites were fed on wheat ylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, whereas the plants containing a mixed infection of the two remainder constituted unidentified products. viruses. This demonstrates a low-level "helper" activity of WSMV for BMV transmission, which Bound pesticide residues in bean plants could playa role in field dissemination of BMV. The amount of bound 14C residues found in Forage legume viruses bean plant treated with deltamethrin labeled with The viroid-like (VL) RNA oflucerne transient 14Cat the methyl or benzylic position was higher streak virus (LTSV) was shown to be a satellite of in the benzylic label treated plants. Deltamethrin the linear, genomic RNA of the virus. It was and a number of metabolites present in the plant shown that the replication of VL RNA of LTSV as bound 14C residues were released and identi- can be directed by the genome of southern bean fied with a high-temperature distillation tech- mosaic virus (SBMV) but not by the genome of nique followed by thin-layer and gas-chromato- CMMV and that the RNA is encapsulated in the graphic analyses. A major portion of the SBMV virions. SBMV virions containing the VL unextractable products remaining was of un- RNA induced a disease of increased severity in known composition. A small proportion of the plants showing the pathogenicity-modifYing pro- bound 14C residues from plant tissues was perty of the RNA. Also, this demonstration of released after incubation with enzymes. Al- genetic homology between LTSV and SBMV though these bound residues were present in supports designation of LRSV as a sobemovirus. small amounts and may be neither detected nor determined by routine analysis involving solvent extraction, they can nevertheless be of tox- ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY icological concern.

Nonbiological degradation of atrazine Pesticidal activities of secondary plant metabolites Hydrogen ions and undissociated carboxyl groups in a quantitatively characterized fulvic Studies on autotoxicity of sesquiterpene lac- acid were found to be the only catalytic agents for tones and phenolic acids present in the aggressive the hydrolysis of atrazine. No evidence of cataly- weed Parthenium hysterophorus were examined. sis by carboxylate ions was observed. A predic- It was observed that the germination rates of tive equation was produced for the half-life of achenes of this weed increased with increasing atrazine in dissolved organic matter. It was distance between them, and with an increasing observed that atrazine is hydrogen bonded in a washing period preceeding the germination. The labile equilibrium, to an identifiable set of proto- inhibition of germination by water-soluble auto- nated carboxyl groups, which acts as Bronsted toxins is temporary and its duration is determined acid catalysts for hydrolysis. KCl at 0.1 M by their concentrations. Water solutions of two changes the degree of protonation of the carboxyl major sesquiterpene lactones of this plant are groups, without otherwise affecting the atrazine autotoxic to its own seedlings and young plants. complexing. Cu (II) chelation both reduces and The antifungal protective properties of hulls of weakens the complexing through a combination two oat cultivars and their extracts were investi- of carboxyl group blocking and fulvic acid gated using 15 fungal species. Compounds identi- aggregation. fied in the extracts were phenolic acids present free or in the form of soluble or insoluble esters. It Fate of deltamethrin in an organic soil was found that the hulls function as a mechanical Deltamethrin labeled with 14Cat the methyl or barrier and various forms of phenolic acids in benzylic position showed a steady decrease of hulls act as chemical antifungal agents.

28 Research Branch Report 1984 SOIL CHEMISTRY AND derived monomeric phenols are commonly found MINERALOGY in plant-soil systems, these compounds could be an economical energy source for asymbiotic N2 Soil carbohydrates fixation in many carbon-limited environments. These findings are crucial for elucidating new Evidence for the formation of melanoidins in aspects of nitrogen cycling in soils where rhi- soils was obtained. Melanoidins are dark brown zosphere microbial activities affect nitrogen N-containing polymers that result from the inter- uptake by plants. action of carbohydrates with amino acids. The data were obtained in incubation studies in Soil microbiology 'V-irradiated and autoclaved soils with 15N_ Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (a bacterium iso- labeled amino acids. The reaction products were lated from Canadian cold acid sulfate soils) was characterized by solid-state 13C- and 15N-NMR found to oxidize Fe at 4°C to H2S04 and the spectroscopy. While the exact chemical structure yeJlow mineral jarosite [KFe3(S04MOH)6]' The of melanoidins is stiJI unknown, a possible inter- data showed that the bacterium was responsible mediate has been isolated. for the acidity of these soils and their yeJlow Studies on the effect of temperature on Mail- mottles of jarosite. lard reaction products showed that an increase in At pH 2.0, the yeast-like stages of the dimor- temperature increased the aromaticity oflow- and phic fungus Scytalidium acidophilum fermented high-molecular-weight products. glucose to alcohol in 98% yield. This was better Chemistry of humic and fulvic acids than the commercial yeast fermentation where 90% of the theoretical yield is acceptable. The oxidative degradation of humic acids The recently licensed insecticide deltamethrin extracted from Paleosols (buried soils), ranging was found to be degraded by soil microbes, thus in radiocarbon ages from 6000 to 30 000 years, preventing its accumulation in soils. showed that humic acids 22 000 years and older produced significantly greater quantities of ben- Acid rain and soil acidity zene tetra-, penta-, and hexa-carboxylic acids The fertilizer-precipitation acidity ratio (FPAR), than did the oxidation of younger humic acids, which represents the hydrogen ion concentration including those extracted from agricultural soils. produced by fertilization over that due to pre- These data show that the molecular complexity or cipitation, may be used to indicate the contribu- stability of the humic acids increased with time. tion of acid rain to soil acidity. The FPAR ratio Effects of fertilizer applications and crop rota- ranges from I in most of the Atlantic region to tions on the chemical composition of humic acids over 100 in some parts of southern Manitoba and extracted from Orthic Brown Chernozem soils in in the Okanagan vaJley area of British Columbia. Saskatchewan were investigated. Humic acids From the Montreal-Quebec City region to south- extracted from soils under continuous wheat and western Ontario region, the ratio varies from I to fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus as re- 4. FPAR varies from 8 to 20 in the prairies region quired were significantly more aromatic than of Saskatchewan and Alberta, in the Peace River humic acids extracted from soils under continu- region, and in the coastal region of southern Brit- ous wheat that did not receive nitrogen fertilizer. ish Columbia. These ratios indicate that fertiliza- This indicates that the application of sufficient N tion is the key factor in causing soil acidification. is necessary for the synthesis of more aromatic, Treatment of acid soils with gypsum that is, more stable humic acids. Further investigation on the equilibration of Soil nitrogen acid soils with CaS04 (gypsum) solution resulted A number of heterocyclic N-compounds were in the fol1owing reaction sequence: SO;( which identified for the first time as significant compo- dissociated from CaS04 reacted with clay sur- nents of the "unknown" soil-N fraction. This faces where exchangeable sites had been blocked information wiJI lead to a more efficient utiliza- by A I "hydroxide" or similar compounds to form tion of the soil-N and to a more comprehensive a neutral aluminum hydroxy sulfate phase. Con- understanding of the soil-N cycle. sequently the exchangeable sites on clay surfaces Many soil bacteria are capable of fixing N2 but were restored with the release of excess OH usual1y lack adequate supplies of available resulting in an increase of pH. energy. A new Pseudomonas species isolated Acidification in the Okanagan Valley from soil was demonstrated to use efficiently simple phenolic compounds as carbon and Within 12 yr of orchard management, acid- energy sources for N2 fixation. Since plant- ification produced by fertilization and irrigation

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 29 in Okanagan apple orchards has lowered soil pH vices also contributed significantly to more than to less than 3.5 and greatly reduced permanent- 25 research publications, reports, and presenta- charge action exchange capacity, base saturation tions to conferences, which dealt with mineral percentage, and ratios of exchangeable CalMg, characterization of Canadian soils, mineral CalK, and Mg/K. Acidification had also pro- weathering, mineralogy of Alberta tar sands, soil duced large amounts of phytotoxic Al and Mn acidification, acid sulfate soils, mineral equi- and decreased mineral crystallinity as well. librium in soil systems, the nature of soil clay Broadcast application rather than band applica- minerals, and methodology development for tion near the trees of nitrogen fertilizer and elim- mineral characterization and quantification. ination of over-irrigation are reducing the rate of The capacity of the Mineral Analyses Services acidification. Liming with the appropriate mix- laboratory was increased by designing a new ture of calcitic and dolomitic limestones should device and modifying a number of techniques for correct most of the adverse effects of acidifica- the preparation and pretreatment of samples. A tion. special heating step was designed to acquire diffraction data of a specimen being heated at Characterization of smectitic minerals in temperatures up to 200°C on the sample holder of soils a Philips X-ray diffractometer. This device elimi- Problems of differentiating soil vermiculites nates rehydration of specimens that are highly and smectites in the acid and leached Ae horizons hydro scopic and allows accurate temperature of podzolic soils prompted an investigation into readings of the specimen on the holder. the expansion characteristics and layer-charged distribution of these minerals. It was found that these soil smectites expanded like normal ones ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY when intercalated with glycerol but that they con- SERVICES tracted like typical vermiculites when saturated with K. It is postulated that the dominant Analytical Chemistry Services provided tetrahedral charge and the inherited mica charac- branch establishments with chemical analyses in teristics may playa major role in the behavior of support of research projects in areas of soil man- these soil clays. agement and protection; land use; energy produc- Removal of amorphous components from tion and conservation; environmental quality and soils production and improvement of dairy cattle and poultry; production improvement of cereals, B horizons of podzol soils often require treat- oilseeds, forages, and horticultural and field ments for the removal of noncrystalline inorganic crops; food processing and new product develop- soil components prior to the identification and ment; and food safety. A wide range of agri- quantification of crystalline mineral components. cultural research materials was analyzed for con- To that end, chemical extraction with a reagent stituents such as dietary fiber, fat, cellulose, lig- such as Tiron has been found very effective. As nin, ash, caloric value, macroelements, minor other chemical reagents, however, Tiron also dis- elements, trace elements, nitrogen, proteins, solves, to some extent, crystalline mineral com- amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic func- ponents. Gibbsite, for example, present in some tional groups. Approximately 52 000 determina- eastern Canadian soils may be dissolved by the tions were provided to professional and technical reagent up to about 25% depending upon particle staff of 15 branch establishments. size of the mineral. A simple method was devised New Fibertec and Soxtec equipment was to estimate the original quantity of the mineral. It acquired and placed into operation for the deter- requires only a measurement of the amount of Al mination of fiber and fat contents as part of an extracted at two different temperatures. effort to upgrade proximate laboratory facilities. Upgraded microcomputer software was put into operation for the acquisition and reporting of MINERAL ANALYSES SERVICES amino acid information. Chemical analysis of maize reference mate- Mineral Analyses Services provided more than rials was completed by cooperating laboratories. 2000 X-ray diffractograms and approximately Information provided for concentrations of a 300 infrared spectra to 35 professional and tech- number of agriculturally important chemical ele- nical staff from branch establishments, other gov- ments is being assessed, to lead to recommended ernment departments, and universities. The ser- values.

30 Research Branch Report 1984 ELECTRON MICROSCOPE CENTRE Andrews, C.1.; Seaman, W.L.; Pomeroy, M.K. 1984. Changes in soil hardiness, ice tolerance and total carbohydrates of winter wheat under various cut- Seventy professional and technical staff of the ting regimes. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:547-558. Ottawa establishments (institutes, stations, centres), six off-campus stations, and eight outside Bahalla, M.K.; Nozzolillo, c.; Schneider, E.F. 1984. agencies, universities, other government depart- Pathogenicity of soil fungi associated with root rot ments, and industry made use of the facilities of of lentils. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:21-28. the Electron Microscope Centre. Special projects Benzing-Purdie, L. 1984. Amino sugar distribution in were undertaken for the St. John's West Research four soils as determined by high resolution gas Station, Health and Welfare Canada, the Cana- chromatography. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1. 48: 219-222. dian Red Cross, and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Benzing-Purdie, L.; Nikiforuk, 1.H. 1983. A novel The center contributed significantly to 56 oxazolidine derivative from xylose and urea. 1. manuscripts and graduate dissertations con- Carbohyd. Chern. 2:439-447. cerned with methodology development; the sys- Blackwell, B.A.; Greenhalgh, R.; Bain, A.D. 1984. tematics and phylogeny of insects, nematodes, I3C and IH NMR spectral assignments of deox- and fungi; membrane ultrastructure related to ynivalenol and other mycotoxins from Fusarium stress; ultrastructure of blood platelets; fungal graminearum. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32: 1078-1082. zoospores; fulvic acid - metal interactions; food microstructure; toxin effects on plants; the con- Bromfield, E.S.P. 1984. Variation in preference for firmation of virus-free potato tissue; surface tex- Rhizobium meliloti within and between M edicago tures of tobacco; fiber morphology; and the sativa cultivar grown in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:1231-1236. microanalyses of soils and soil complexes. Par- ticulars of these publications appear under the Bromfield, E.S.P. 1984. The preference for strains of individual listings of institutes and stations. Rhizobium me/i/oti by cultures of Medicago The technical capability of the centre was sativa grown in agar. Can. 1. Microbiol. increased by the addition of a high-resolution 30: 1179- 1183. scanning microscope (ISI-DS-130), an X-ray Calderoni, G.; Schnitzer, M. 1984. Effects of age on spectrometer system (T-N 5500), and a Kontron the chemical structure of paleosol humic acids image analysis system (SEM-IPS). The interfac- and fulvic acids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48:2045-2051. ing of these three pieces of equipment will permit the morphologic and geometric quantification of Calderoni, G.; Schnitzer, M. 1984. Nitrogen distribu- materials as well as elemental distribution and tion as a function of radiocarbon age in paleosol identification. A Balzer (BAT-400D) freeze-etch humic acids. Org. Geochem. 5:203-209. device has been installed to facilitate specimen Campbell, P.; Jacobson, I.; Benzing-Purdie, L.; Roden, preparation for transmission and high-resolution L.; Fessler, 1.H. 1984. Silk-A new substrate for scanning microscopy. Special methods have been UDP-D-xylose: Proteoglycan core protein developed for the freezing and replication of very (D-xylosyltransferase). Anal. Biochem. 137: thin samples. 505-516. The Electron Microscope Centre hosted visit- Cloutier, Y 1984. Changes of protein patterns in winter ing workers and graduate students from both rye following cold acclimation and desiccation home and abroad and has contributed to a variety stress. Can. 1. Bot. 62:366-371. of educational programs. Cloutier, Y; Andrews, c.1. 1984. Efficiency of cold hardiness induction by desiccation stress in four winter cereals. Plant Physiol. 76:595-598. Cory, H.D.; Morita, H. 1984. High resolution solid PUBLICATIONS state NMR of peats. I. Spectra and relaxation properties of Canadian peats. Fuel 63:84-92. Research DeKimpe, C.R.; Kodama, H. 1984. Transformation of AI-Kanani, T.; MacKenzie, A.F.; Ross, G.1. 1984. an aluminosilicate gel into pre-koalinitic and pre- Potassium status of some Quebec soils: K release zeolitic structures: Effects of solution media. Clay by nitric acid and sodium tetraphenylboron as Miner. 19:237-242. related to particle size and mineralogy. Can. 1. Friend, D.W.; Trenholm, H.L.; Young, 1.C.; Soil Sci. 64:87-98. Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1984. Effects of AI-Kanani, T.; Ross, G.1.; MacKenzie, A.F. 1984. adding potential vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) Mineralogy of surface soil samples of some detoxicants or an inoculated com supplement to Quebec soils with reference to K status. Can. J. wheat diet fed to pigs. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. Soil Sci. 64:99-107. 64:733-741.

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 31 Greenhalgh, R.; Gilbert, 1.; King, R.R.; Blackwell, Morita, H.; Singh, 1.; Fulcher, R.G. 1984. Detection of B.A.; Startin, 1.R.; Shepard, M.J. 1984. IsoDON: the mycotoxin zearalenone in hyphae by fluores- Synthesis, characterization and occurrence in cence microscopy. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6: 179-181. bread and cereal. 1. Agric. Food Chern. Paliwal, Yc. 1984. Properties of a Canadian isolate of 32:1416-1420. lucerne transient streak virus and further evidence Greenhalgh, R.; Hanson, A.W.; Metler, 1.0.; Taylor, of similarity of the virus to sobemoviruses. Can. 1. A. 1984. Production and X-ray crystal structure of Plant Pathol. 6:1-8. 3-acetoxy-7, 15-dihydroxy- 12, 13-epoxytricho- Paliwal, YC. 1984. Interaction of the viroid-like tec-9-en-8-one. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32: RNA-2 of lucerne transient streak virus with 945-948. southern bean mosaic virus. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. Greenhalgh, R.; Meier, R.M.; Blackwell, B.A.; Miller, 6:93-97. 1.0.; Taylor, A.; ApSimon, 1.w. 1984. Minor Picman, A.K. 1984. Antifungal acitivity of sesquiter- metabolites of Fusarium roseum (ATCC 28 I 14). 1. pene lactones. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 12:13-18. Agric. Food Chern. 32:1261-1264. Picman, A.K.; Giaccone, R.; Ivarson, K.C.; Altosaar, Haggis, G.H.; Schweitzer, I.; Hall, R.; Bladon, T. I. 1984. Antifungal properties of oat hulls. Phy- 1983. Freeze fracture through the cytoskeleton toprotection 65:9-15. nucleus and nuclear matrix of lymphocytes studied by scanning electron microscopy. 1. Microsc. Picman, A.K.; Picman, 1. 1984. Effect of selected 132(2): 185-194. pseudoguaianolides on survival of the flour beetle. Tribolium confusum. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. Khadhair, A.H.; Sinha, R.C.; Peterson, 1.E 1984. 12:89-93. Effect of white clover mosaic virus infection on various processes relevant to symbiotic N2 fixa- Picman, 1.; Picman, A.K. 1984. Autotoxicity in tion in red clover. Can. 1. Bot. 62:38-43. Parthenium hysterophorus and its possible role in control of germination. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. Khan, S.U.; Stratton, G.D.; Wheeler, W.B. 1984. 12:287-292. Characterization of bound (nonextractable) residues of dieldrin, permethrin and carbofuran in Preston, C.M.; Dudley, R.L.; Fyfe, C.A.; Mathur, S.P. radishes. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32:1189-1191. 1984. Effects of variations in contact times and copper contents in a BC CPMAS NMR study of Khan, S.U.; Zhang, L.; Akhtar, M.H. 1984. Bound samples in four organic soils. Geoderma residues of deltamethrin in bean plants. 1. Agric. 33:245-253. Food Chern. 32:1141-1144. Preston, C.M.; Schnitzer, M. 1984. Effect of chemical King, R.R.; Greenhalgh, R.; Blackwell, B.A. 1984. modifications and extractants on the carbon-13 Oxidative transformation of deoxynivalenol for spectra of humic materials. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1. quantitative and chemical confirmatory purposes. 48:305-311. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32:72-75. Protz, R.; Ross, G.1.; Martini, I.P.; Terasmae, 1. 1984. King, R.R.; McQueen, R.E.; Levesque, D.; Green- Rate of Podzolic soil formation near Hudson Bay, halgh, R. 1984. Transformation of deox- Ontario. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 64:31-49. ynivalenol (vomitoxin) by rumen microorganism. J. Agric. Food Chern. 32:1181-1183. Reid, W.S.; Turnbull, 1.E.; Sabourin, H.M.; Ihnat, M. 1984. Silo gas: Production and detection. Can. Kotlyar, L.S.; Sparks, B.D.; Kodama, H. 1984. Some Agric. Eng. 26:197-207. chemical and mineralogical properties of fine solids derived from oil sands. Alb. Oil Sands Tech- Ross, G.1.; Cline, R.A. 1984. Potassium exchange nol. Res. Auth. (AOSTRA) 1. Res. 1:99-106. characteristics in relation to mineralogical properties and potassium uptake by grapes of selected Lau, P.C.K.; Rowsome, R.W.; Watson, R.1.; Visentin, soils in the Niagara Peninsula of southern L. 1984. The immunity gene of colicins E2 and Ontario. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 64:87-98. E8 are closely related. Biosci. Rep. 4:565-572. Schnitzer, M.; Barr, M.; Hartenstein, R. 1984. Kinetics Macdowall, ED.H. 1983. An integrating sphere for the and characteristics of humic acids produced from rapid non-destructive estimation of whole plant simple phenols. Soil BioI. Biochem. 16:371-376. chlorophyll content. Can. 1. Bot. 61:3072-3079. Schnitzer, M.; Preston, C.M. 1983. Effects of acid Miller, 1.0.; 1varson, K.C.; Kaeppner, W.M. 1984. hydrolysis on the BC NMR spectra of humic Growth of Scytalidium acidophilum on defined substances. Plant Soil 75:201-211. media, whey and acid sulphite waste and a taxonomic note. Int. Biodeterior. Bull. 27:27-31. Singh, S.S. 1984. Increase in neutral salt extractable cation exchange capacity of some acid soils as Miller, 1.0.; Moharir, YE.; Findley, 1.A.; Whitney, N.J. affected by CaS04 applications. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 1984. Marine fungi of the Bay of Fundy VI: 64: 153-161. Growth and metabolites of Leptosphaeria arae- maris, Sphaerulina oraemaris, Monodictys pel- agia and Dendryphiella salina. Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci. 34:1-8.

32 Research Branch Report 1984 Singh, 1.; Blackwell, B.A.; Miller, R.W; Bewley, 1.0. Gamble, D.S.; Langford, H.; Underdown, A.W 1984. 1984. Membrane organization of the desiccation The interrelationship of aggregation and cation tolerant moss, Tortula ruralis, in severe dehy- binding offulvic acid. Pages 349-356 in Kramer, drated states. Plant Physiol. 75:1075-1079. C.1. M.; Duinker, 1.C. , eds. Complexation of trace metals in natural waters. Martinus Nyhoff and Dr. Sinha, R.C. 1983. The aster yellow controversy: Cur- W Junk Publisher, The Hague. rent status. Yale 1. BioI. Med. 56:737-743. Gamble, G.S.; Marinski, 1.A.; Langford, C.H. 1984. Sinha, R.C. 1984. Transmission mechanism of Humic-trace metal ion equilibria in natural mycoplasmal ike organisms by leafhopper vec- waters. Vol. 9 in Ion exchange and solvent extrac- tors. Curro Topics Vector Res. 2:93-109. tion. Marinski, 1.A., ed. Marcel Dekker, New Sinha, R.C.; Bromfield, E.S.P.; Peterson, E.A. 1984. York. Application of immunodiffusion to the identifica- Greenhalgh, R. 1984. The use of selective detections. tion of Rhizobium meliloti strains competing for Pages 164-202 in Ambrus, A.; Greenhalgh, R., nodulation on Medieago sativa. Antonie van eds. Pesticide residue analysis. Health aspects of Leeuwenhoek 1. Microbiol. Serol. 50:155-160. chemical safety, World Health Organization, Sinha, R.C.; Chiykowski, L.N. 1984. Purification and Copenhagen. serological detection of mycoplasmal ike orga- Ihnat, M. 1984. Atomic absorption and plasma atomic nisms from plants affected with peach eastern emission spectrometry. Chapter 7, pages 129-166 X-disease. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:200-205. in Stewart, K.K.; Whitaker, 1.R., eds. Modern Stevenson, 1.L.; Schnitzer, M. 1984. Energy-dispersive methods of food analysis. AVI Publ. Co., West- X-ray microanalysis of saturated fulvic acid-iron port, Conn. and -copper complexes. Soil Sci. 183:123-126. Langford, e.H.; Gamble, G.S. 1984. Kinetic spec- Tremblay, P.A.; Miller, R.W 1984. Cytoplasmic mem- troscopy of metal fulvic acid complexes. In brane of Rhizobium meliloti II. Function differen- Kramer, C.1.M.; Duinker, 1.C., eds. Complexa- tiation and generation of membrane potentials. tion of trace metals in natural water. Martinus Can. 1. Biochem. Cell BioI. 52:592-600. Nyhoff and Dr. W Junk Publisher, The Hague. Watson, R.1.; Lau, PC.K.; Vernet, T.; Visentin, L. Miller, 1.D. 1984. Marine fungi in Bermuda ecosystem. 1984. Characterization and nucleotide sequence Bull. Dep. Agric. Fish., Bermuda 55:18-27. of a colicin release gene in the hie region of the Miller, 1.0. 1984. Biosynthetic studies in Canadian plasmid CoIE3-CA38. Gene 29:175-184. mycotoxin research. In Scott, P.; Trenholm, Weinberger, P.; Greenhalgh, R. 1984. Some adjuvant H.L.; Sutton, M., eds. Mycotoxins: A Canadian effects on the fate of feritrothion and aminocarb. perspective. National Research Council. NRC Environ. Toxicol. Chern. 3:325-334. 22848. Young, 1.e.; Chen, Z.1.; Marquardt, R.R. 1983. Reduc- Miller, R.W.; Barran, L.R. 1984. Control of membrane tion in alkaloid content of ergot sclerotia by fluidity in fusarium. In Kates, M.; Manson, L.A., chemical and physical treatment. 1. Agric. Food eds. Membrane fluidity. Biomembranes 12: Chern. 31:413-415. 451-469. Young, 1.e.; Fulcher, R.G.; Hayhoe, 1.H.; Scott, P.M.; Paliwal, YC.; Comeau, A. 1984. Epidemiology of bar- Dexter, J.E. 1984. Effect of milling and baking on ley yellow dwarf virus in Ontario and Quebec in deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) content of eastern 1982 and 1983. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 64:21-23. Canadian wheats. 1. Agric. Food Chern. Young, 1.e. 1984. Ergot alkaloids and decontamina- 32:659-664. tion. In Scott, P.; Trenholm, H.L.; Sutton, M., Zhang, L.; Khan, S.U.; Akhtar, M.H.; Ivarson, K.e. eds. Mycotoxins: A Canadian perspective. 1984. Persistence, degradation and distribution of National Research Council. NRC 22848. deltamethrin in an organic soils under laboratory Young, 1.e.; Fulcher, R.G. 1984. Mycotoxins in grains: conditions. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32:1207-1211. Causes, consequences and cures. Cereal Foods Miscellaneous World 28:725-728. Bailey, S.W; Brindley, G.W; Fanning, D.S.; Kodama, H.; Martin, R.T. 1984. Report of the Clay Miner- als Society. Nomenclature Committee for 1982 and 1983. Clays Clay Miner. 32:239-240.

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute 33

Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

P.w. Voisey, FI, MechE Director H. Pitt, BA Administration

Energy P. Van Die, BSc(Eng), MSc Head of Section D. LeBlanc, BSc(Eng) Processing, distributing, retailing M. Levesque,2 BSc(Eng) Conservation-buildings H.A. Jackson, BSc(Eng), MSc Greenhouses and solar E. Manolakis, BSc Liquid fuels-biogas D. Sidaway-Wolf, BSc, MSc Processing, distributing, retailing C. Vigneault, BSc, MSc Mechanization-fertil izer

Food Engineering G.E. Timbers, BSA, MSA, PhD Head of Section; Food process engineering D. McGinnis, BApSc(Eng), MSc Food process engineering

Research Service E.I Brach, DEE, DipMil Head of Section; Electronics D.I Buckley, BE, MSc Electronics

Structures and Mechanization M. Feldman, BE, MSc Head of Section; Mechanization Manager of ERDAF contract program L.P. Heslop, BSc Mechanization D. Masse,2 BSc, MSc Canada Plan Service design engineer IA. Munroe, BSA, MSc, PhD Structures P.A. Phillips, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Animal environment W.S. Reid, BSc(Agr), MSc Mechanization IE. Turnbull, BSA, MSA Director, Canada Plan Service; Farm structures

Statistical Research C.l Williams, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section M.R. Binns, MA, DipMathStat Statistics G. Butler, BMath, MMath Statistics P.Y. Jui, BSc, MSc, PhD Statistics L.P. Lefkovitch, BSc Statistics C.S. Lin, BSc, MSc, PhD Statistics B.K. Thompson, BSc, MMath, PhD Statistics M.S. Wolynetz, BMath, MMath, PhD Statistics

Engineering and Statistical Research Institute 35 W. Watt,] BA Head, Systems and programming I. Hall,] CertlnfoProc Systems and programming K. Heng,1 BSc, MAppSc Systems and programming J.D. Hobbs,] BSc Systems and programming

Technical Services J.G. Caron Head of Section

Departures K.W. Lievers, BSc(Agr), MSc Systems analysis Transferred to Research Branch Coordination Directorate, 1984 D. Marshall,2 BSc(Eng) Energy-biomass, mechanization Resigned February 1985 G.P. Poushinsky, BSc, MSc Head, Statistical Research Transferred to Research Branch Institutes Directorate, 1984

VISITING SCIENTIST

R. Garruti, Profa Ora Food science Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada grant

'Seconded from Systems and Consulting Directorate. 2Educational leave during 1984.

36 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The institute continued its diverse activities, which are ilIustrated in the following report and by the list of publications provided. The major functions of conducting research and providing advice and services in statistics and engineering continued. The energy program continued contracting-out to the private sector as the primary means of conducting research and development. The research covers energy technology across the agrifood system from soil to table. In the 6 yr that the program has operated, some notable successes have been achieved, such as in biogas production systems, crop drying, and greenhouses. Some technological areas such as crop residue combustion and solar energy have been proved to have limited application in Canadian agriculture. Contract budget cuts imposed in 1984 will permit a progressive shift to in-house research by 1986. The food engineering research program provided further results in the form of basic physical property information, processes, instrumentation, and equipment that are being taken up by industry for commercialization. The structures research program produced further results permitting economies of construction in farm buildings. The output of the Canada Plan Service (CPS) again demonstrated its effectiveness in maintaining a flow of designs for farm buildings and in providing information to farmers and building contractors via provincial extension services. Now in its 31st yr of operation, the CPS has become a respected model within the international agricultural engineering community. Mechanization work continued to focus on the difficult problems of mechanizing horticultural and specialty crops. Undertaking the initial high risks of this research is serving the horticultural industry by creating new crop production opportunities. Notable is the progress made in developing a production system for processing strawberries grown in solid set beds. The statistical research program provided support and collaboration across all branch research programs. Notable is the recent application of nearest-neighbor analysis and other new methodologies to crop-breeding programs. The provision of proven computer programs for statistical analysis continues to be an important activity, justified by the high level of usage throughout the department. Overall the statisticians are having an incredible impact on the efficiency and accuracy of branch research through improved experimental designs and data analysis, new methodology, and provision of statistical training. The efficiency of the institute's statistical work is also expected to improve with the recent acquisition of a minicomputer. Other activities, such as the work of the development workshops, maintaining a data base on agricultural engineering research, and provision of maintenance services for scientific equipment, were also maintained. The development of instruments and equipment for both research programs and departmental food-inspection programs was again fruitful. These new devices are improving the efficiency and accuracy of biological experiments and opening up new avenues of research. Excellent progress has been made on the program to automate food inspection methods through image analysis and robotics technology. The first field trials of instruments are already under way. Overall a successful program was in place throughout the year, involving 165 in-house research projects and 95 research contracts valued at $10 million. Much work was completed and reported in 120 publications released by the institute. Results from contract work was released in 36 reports placed on the data base maintained by the Canadian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information at the National Research Council of Canada.

Peter W. Voisey Director

Engineering and Statistical Research Institute 37 ENERGY provide design guidelines for agricultural applications. Progress was made in using winter coldness to A project to more precisely control ventilation produce ice for subsequent use in the summer in a calf barn found no significant energy savings, season. Packing vegetables in ice reduces the but the more stable environment that was main- energy required for vegetable cooling by refriger- tained reduced losses from death and sickness. ation systems. A commercial-scale unit is in Progress on improving the design of heat ex- operation and a second one is planned. Because changers for bams and on developing ways to of the improved rate of ice production achieved, minimize dust fouling and freeze-up is encourag- the technology now has application in the more ing. Through the contracting-out program, im- moderate climatic regions of Canada. proved technology for the operation of commer- The energy aspects of manure handling and cial grain dryers was successful in saving energy, fertilizer were reviewed and reported. An evalua- and the Ontario provincial government sponsored tion of the energy savings achieved by installing an incentive program for installing the developed doors, strip curtains, and night covers as retrofit technology. devices on open multi deck freezer cases in food The program on anaerobic digestion of manure retail stores showed that night covers were the has established the energy production potential best investment. Results from a project in which through several research projects. There are now the specific heat of cooked chicken is being deter- about 12 digesters operating on Canadian farms mined are being compared for several freezing as a result of coordination and cooperation systems. A prototype installation using outside among the government agencies involved. Cana- cold air to reduce energy consumption of me- da is developing leading expertise and has given a chanical refrigeration systems in meat-process- new thrust to the technology. Major work remaining plants has shown potential energy savings, ing is to improve the reliability, to optimize the and a full-scale installation is planned. operation and design of the systems, and to make A comparison of different methods of heating effective use of the by-products, particularly the retort pouched foods was made and results were recycling of protein recovered for feed. published. A scraped surface heat exchanger was Work on biomass combustion is being reduced set up for evaluating the suitability for processing because it is difficult to find economically viable various food products. A review of the use of systems. Future work will focus on demonstra- irradiation in the food industry with respect to tion projects where unique conditions such as saving energy and for providing background for readily available biomass exist. undertaking work on this area was completed. A second data acquisition system for a tractor The potential of using microwave heating as a was developed. It has increased data collection, means for heating and drying fruits and vegeta- processing, and display capabilities. Data for bles is being examined, in comparison with con- evaluating the effect of the position of the center ventional processes. Contracts on microwave of gravity on four-wheel-drive tractor perfor- roasting of peanuts, use of cold ambient air for mance was established to evaluate potential fuel refrigeration in meat processing, use of waste economies. heat for preheating processing tomatoes, and A fuel-alcohol facility is now operational, on a development of an energy-efficient extraction farm-community (or cooperative) scale. It is process for canola oil progressed. Other current providing an opportunity to scale up other devel- contracts are examining heat recovery in spray oping technologies such as feedstock pretreat- drying, use of heat pumps for heating potato ments. The importance of by-products in making storages, construction of a dessicant air dryer, the production of liquid fuels from agriculture and the application of solar energy at an apple economically attractive is a strong focus of the juice facility. work. The entire liquid-fuels program is a com- As a result of new technology developed for plex of interrelated projects, each one contribut- northern regions, a complex of 10 greenhouses is ing to the overall objective of producing liquid now in operation using waste heat from a Union fuels from agriculture. Projects are closely related Carbide smelter in Chicoutimi. A new retractable to other agricultural work and there is potential insulation system developed has also enhanced for spinoffs. For example, separating out com the economic viability of northern greenhouse grain from stover, fermenting the grain to alcohol, production. and blending the resulting stillage back with A project to measure the soil heat flux for stover for animal feed appears to enhance the providing information to design heating and cool- utilization of the stover by animals. Basic work on ing applications is in its 3rd yr and will be used to cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose recovery and

38 Research Branch Report 1984 improved fermentation processes for alcohol pro- using supercritical CO2 in cooperation with the duction are providing better understanding of Food Science Department at Laval University. these components. Technology transfer in food texture measure- The processing of Jerusalem artichokes into ment continued, with participation in a Campbell fermentable sugars is progressing. This tech- texture workshop and with input into having the nology also contributes toward developing this Ottawa starch viscometer commercialized by crop for the production of fructose syrup widely industry. Research included work with the Uni- used for food processing. versity of Guelph on fat penetrometers, the devel- Submissions were prepared for the depart- opment of an oscillating nondestructive gel ment's participation in the national energy pro- tester, and the testing of nonconventional Kramer gram. Budget cuts reduced the energy con- shear cells. The microcomputer program for the tracting out program to $4.3 million (from $8 acquisition, manipulation, and analysis oftexture million) for 1985, with additional reductions data has been well accepted and is currently used anticipated. This required developing a new pro- at several establishments. gram strategy with less emphasis on new liquid fuels and solar energy research. ENGINEERING RESEARCH SERVICE FOOD ENGINEERING The design and development of instruments Food engineering research resulted in commer- and equipment to support research operations cialization of both equipment and processes. The across the Branch continued, and a range of Agriculture Canada/Atlantic Bridge Company equipment was produced to support regulatory food blancher won two major awards, the "Gor- work of the department. don Royal Maybee Award" of the Canadian Insti- The new program of automatic grading and tute of Food Science and Technology and the inspection of agricultural products by machine "Industrial Achievement Award" of the Institute vision is now in place. A standards laboratory for of Food Technologists (1FT) in the United States. color measurement was established. A shielded This is the first time that the 1FT award has been dark room for machine vision work with color won by a Canadian invention. and black-and-white digital cameras was assem- Cryogran, a cryogenic freezing process pat- bled, as well as a computer with development ented for the department in the 1970s, has become systems. a commercial reality through the efforts of a new The standards laboratory was used to measure licensee, IQF Inc. of Toronto. Cryogran frozen the change in color of insect traps due to coating egg products are now available commercially, with a nontoxic insect adhesive. A hand-held and considerable growth in the quantities and instrument for grading veal on the basis of color range of products available is anticipated. and texture was developed and tested. An elec- Determination of heat-transfer coefficients in trooptical instrument with a four-color inter- air-over-water retorts was completed. Draft stan- ference filter, used for grading tobacco by texture dards on the protocol for pouch processing by and color, was also tested. retort were sent for consideration to the American Various mechanical equipment developed Society for Testing Materials and the Canadian included: an HPLC critical gas extractor, an auto- General Standards Board. matic timing device for malt sample viscometers, A pilot-plant unit for continuous microwave a micro syringe mechanism for simultaneous processing was installed at a mustard-processing innoculation and withdrawal of 10 cc gas samples plant in Alberta. This unit, developed in coopera- from the soil, support tables for pH monitoring tion with the National Research Council, will be systems, a special hot plate shaker, a field soil tested in a commercial environment with the sterilizer, an anti-roll plate for use with glass cooperation of Alberta Agriculture. knives in a microtome, a photoelectric sensor and A new prototype for forming meat patties was alarm system for a film processor, a soil and developed and will be tested in cooperation with a environment simulation chamber, and a green- firm, with a view to commercialization. house lysimeter apparatus. An oviposition event Separation processes were investigated with a recording system for 1024 birds was installed in a liquid cyclone system that was developed in poultry research facility. Based on a two-wire cooperation with the Food Research Institute. circuit with each station polled by a micro- Membrane development continued and a super- processor, the new system has other potential critical liquid extractor was tested. The latter was industrial applications, for example, alarm sys- used to study separation of butter oil fractions tems. 39 Engineering and Statistical Research Institute Several microcomputer-based instruments Mechanization were developed; an ultrasonic snow depth gauge is under field testing at the agrometeorological The prototype strawberry harvester was im- weather station, and a volume measuring system proved and completed a full season of work, to study individual plants was placed in opera- achieving the targets for machine reliability. Par- tion. Several computer interfaces such as for an ticipation continued on the Ontario Processing Alpha Laval Rationmaster and a thermocouple Strawberry Research Committee, where good data logger were completed. progress was achieved in coordinating and advancing the development of a Canadian industry in strawberry processing. STRUCTURES AND The modified cauliflower tyer achieved 65-90% correctly tied heads in field tests. A fertilizer MECHANIZATION dispenser for orchards, to deliver the fertilizer in a concentrated band along the tree drip line for Structures improved efficiency of nutrient utilization, was The Canada Plan Service (CPS) completed 28 completed and delivered to the Smithfield Exper- plan sets in six building categories, as well as imental Farm. A charcoal slurry applicator was producing 62 leaflets. For efficient information completed and delivered to the Harrow Research release, some less-complicated plans were con- Station. Different methods of establishing a rye verted to leaflets containing complete instruc- cover crop after potato harvest were compared, in tions. Emphasis was on beef, dairy, and swine collaboration with the Charlottetown Research facilities. Roof truss designs were revised, based Station. on data from truss tests to achieve construction Data collection continued on cucumber har- economies while maintaining structural safety. vesting and soil penetration resistance in a tillage The CPS truss-testing facility was used to sim- experiment. Development continued on an auto- ulate snow loads on five doubled gable trusses, matic transplanter. A report was published updat- 12 m span; the average snow load at failure was ing the list of engineering contract research 2.64 times the theoretical design load of 1.7 kPa reports available as of June 1984. for that particular truss design, with the weakest Under the agricultural engineering research of the five failing at the 2.43-times design. This and development contract program, a multi-pass excellent performance confirmed the benefits of cucumber harvester, a two-month study and several design modifications based on previous report on a large juice-apple operation in the truss tests. United States, and a computerized costing pro- Multilaminated truss joints (using nails, a steel gram for mechanized dairy manure management interior gusset, and two side-plates of plywood) were completed. The costing program brought were tested for combined resistance to bending together extensive information and advice from and tension to predict more precisely the perfor- provincial extension specialists and other sources mance of roof trusses with semirigid nailed and is now a useful planning tool. The prototype joints. cucumber harvester is not ready for commer- Two papers on silo gas were presented at an cialization but was transferred to the Ontario international silo safety conference. Three papers Ministry of Agriculture and Food for further field covering penning, planning principles, and tests. manure handling for housing confined animals in Canada were presented at an international conference in Beijing, China. Four contracts were initi- STATISTICAL RESEARCH ated under the agricultural engineering research and development (AERD) program, investigat- Statistical support was provided to all branch ing tingle voltages in animal housing, liquid research objectives through the design and analy- manure flushing systems, frost penetration sis of experiments, maintaining and enhancing around building foundations, and steel roof computer software, training scientists and sup- diaphragms. port staff in the use of computer software, and Data collection continued on earth-lined research to improve statistical methodology. manure storages to determine self-sealing effects, Collaborative work included studies on my co- snow loads on roofs to obtain better design infor- toxins, beef and dairy cattle production, piglet mation, the effectiveness of two-tiered pig pens, behavior and housing, and fat metabolism in and other animal environment-productivity swine. Statistical support was provided to the assessments. corn, potato, barley, wheat, and forage crop pro-

40 Research Branch Report 1984 grams by the design of breeding protocols, the and now contains 23 000 entries encompassing estimation of genetic parameters, and the design reports from the agricultural engineering liter- and analysis of numerous experiments and field ature. Means are being sought to make the data trials. Major contributions were made to the inter- base accessible to external organizations via pretation of the data from cereal cooperative trials computer networks. using new procedures to assess variety by location interaction and improving precision using nearest-neighbor techniques and generalized lat- tices. Collaboration continued on the estimation PUBLICATIONS of true metabolizable energy of poultry feedstuffs and the kinetics of the uptake, disposition, and Research metabolism of vitamin D in ruminants. The food- Aiken, S.G.; Lefkovitch, L.P. 1984. The taxonomic quality program was supported through the value of using epidermal characteristics in the design and analysis of efficient experiments for Canadian rough fescue complex (Festuca altaica, sensory evaluation. Work continued on the genet- F. campestris, F. hallii, "F. scabrella"). Can. 1. ics of general disease resistance, manure storage Bot. 62:1864-1870. facilities, crop loss estimation, and weed control Bostanian, N.1.; Dondale, CD.; Binns, M.R.; Pitre, D. programs. 1984. Effects of pesticide use on spiders (araneae) Major changes to the protocol prescribed by in Quebec apple orchards. Can. Entomol. the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 116:663-675. (AOAC) for the statistical analysis of collab- Buckley, D.1.; St. Amour, G.R.; Marriage, P.B. 1984. orative trial data resulted from participation on A serial recorder interface for a LI-COR area this AOAC committee. Additional theoretical meter. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:1029-1032. studies of interaction between genotype and envi- Buckley, D.1.; Timbers, G.E.; Kloek, M.; Lalonde, ronment showed the usefulness of conditional MJ.L. 1984. Texture profile analysis with curve clustering for analyzing this problem. Original smoothing using a personal computer system. J. studies of fertility trends by nearest -neighbor and Texture Stud. 15:247-261. other techniques gave useful results for field plot Craig, I.L.; Fedak, G.; Jui, P.Y. 1984. Morphological layout to improve experimental precision and effi- variation in diploid Hordeum bulbosum L. col- ciency. lected in Spain. Euphytica 33:99-106. Data analysis has been improved by additions Deman, 1.M.; Gupta, S.; Kloek, M.; Timbers, G.E. to and enhancements of the computer program 1984. Instrumentation for thermopenetrometry of library. The programs in this library were run fats. 1. Am. Oil Chern. Soc. 61:1569-1570. about 27 000 times during the year. GENSTAT, a statistical computer package widely used Desjardins, R.L.; Buckley, D.1.; St. Amour, G.R. 1984. Eddy flux measurements of CO above corn throughout the world, was evaluated and found to 2 using a microcomputer system. Agric. For. Mete- be a powerful tool for both the design of experi- orol. 32:257-265. ments and the statistical analysis of data. Fraser, D.; Lin, C.S. 1984. An attempt to estimate teat quality of sows by hand milking during farrowing. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:165-170. TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICES Friend, D.W.; Trenholm, H.L.; Young, 1.C.; Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1984. Effect of adding potential vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) The institute workshop continued to support detoxicants or a F. graminearum inoculated corn the engineering research programs of the institute supplement to wheat diets fed to pigs. Can. 1. by constructing and fabricating prototype equip- Anim. Sci. 64:733-741. ment under development. Efficiency in the Giles, B.E.; Lefkovitch, L.P. 1984. Differential ger- machine shop was improved by the acquisition of mination in Hordeum spontaneum from Iran and a numerically controlled milling machine. Main- Morocco. Z. Pflanzenzuechtg. 92:234-238. tenance of research equipment continued at all Hackett, A.1.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. Fertility of ewe establishments on the Central Experimental Farm lambs maintained indoors year-round on an accel- campus. The preventive-maintenance program erated breeding program. 1. Anim. Sci. 59: organized 3 yr ago has proved very effective. 1129-1134. Some 1400 work orders for maintenance were Hamilton, R.M.G.; Thompson, B.K. 1984. Observa- completed. tions on daily variation in feed intake and shell The data base on agricultural engineering strength of eggs from White Leghorn pullets and research and development was further expanded force molted hens. Poult. Sci. 63:2335-2344.

Engineering and Statistical Research Institute 41 Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, CJ. 1984. Vitamin OJ levels Reid, W.S.; Turnbull, 1.E.; Sabourin, H.M.; Ihnat, M. in certain sheep tissues at various times after the 1984. Silo gas, production and detection. Can. intramuscular administration of vitamin OJ. Int. Agric. Eng. 26:197-208. 1. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 53:17-23. Salmon, R.E.; Froehlich, D.; Butler, G. 1984. Effect of Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, C.1.; Shorrock, C. 1984. canola meal, fish meal, and choline plus meth- Vitamin OJ response in sheep to oral versus par- ionine on the sensory quality of broiler chickens. ental administration and to intramuscular dose Poult. Sci. 63:1994-1998. levels of vitamin OJ. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64: Sibbald, I.R.; Morse, P.M. 1984. A preliminary inves- 697-707. tigation of the utilization of true metabolizable Ivan, M.; Buckley, OJ.; St. Amour, G.R.; Nicholls, energy in chicks. Poult. Sci. 63:954-971. c.P.; Veira, D.M. 1984. An automatic system for Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. Variation among aerobic or anaerobic sampling of duodenal aliquots of entire chicken homogenates. Poult. digesta. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:118-119. Sci. 63:1446-1448. Lefkovitch, L.P. 1984. A nonparametric method for Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. The nutrient con- comparing dissimilarity matrices, a general mea- tent of menhaden fish meal. Poult. Sci. 63: sure of biogeographical distance, and their appli- 1987-1993. cation. Am. Nat. 123:484-499. Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. A longitudinal Lin, C.S.; Binns, M.R. 1984. The precision of cultivar study of energy and nitrogen excretion by fasted trials within eastern cooperative tests. Can. 1. cockerels. Poult. Sci. 63:691-702. Plant Sci. 64:587-591. Sidaway- Wolf, D.M. 1984. An overview of energy use Lin, C.S.; Williams, C.1.; Binns, M.R. 1984. Inves- in food and agriculture. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Tech- tigation of interchromosomal interactions among nol. 1. 17:4-13. three major chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster in response to environments and Thompson, B.K.; Kramer, 1.K.G.; Farnworth, E.R.; the relationship between multi-line and two-line Corner, A.H.; Hulan, H.W 1984. The rela- analyses: Re-examination of caligari and mather tionship of body weights with incidence and data. Heredity 52:403-414. severity of myocardial necrosis in male albino rats. Nutr. Res. 4:681-689. Mack, A.R.; Brach, E.1.; Rao, C.R. 1984. Appraisal of multispectral scanner systems from analysis of Timbers, G.E.; Stark, R.; Cumming, D.B. 1984. A high-resolution plant spectra. Int. 1. Remote Sens- new blanching system for the food industry ing 5:279-288. I: Design, construction and testing of a pilot plant prototype. 1. Food Process. Preserv. 2: 115-133. McGinnis, D.S. 1984. Computer model of an air-to-air shell-and-tube heat exchanger for ventilation heat Trenholm, H.L.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; Friend, D.W; recovery. Can. Agric. Eng. 26:151-162. Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1984. Feeding trials with vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-con- McKellar, R.C.; Froehlich, D.A.; Butler, G.; Cholette, taminated wheat: Effects on swine, poultry, and H.; Campbell, C. 1984. The effect of uncooled dairy cattle. 1. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 185: storage on proteolysis bitterness and apparent vis- 527-531. cosity in ultra-high-temperature milk. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. 1. 17:14-17. Turnbull, 1.E.; Lefkovitch, L.P.; Lowe, D.L. 1984. Single-slope doubled truss performance with Otten, L.; Brown R.; Reid, WS. 1984. Drying of white nailed triple gusset plates. Can. Agric. Eng. beans-effect of temperature and relative humid- 26:219-226. ity on seed coat damage. Can. Agric. Eng. 26:101-104. Turnbull, 1.E.; Masse, OJ.; Lefkovitch, L.P.; Lowe, D.L. 1984. Performance of single-member versus Patni, N.K.; Toxopeus, R.; Tennant, A.D.; Hore, P.R. double-member gable roof trusses. Can. Agric. 1984. Bacterial quality of tile drainage water from Eng. 26:227-232. manured and fertilized cropland. Water Res. 18:127-132. Veira, D.M.; Butler, G.; Ivan, M.; Proulx, 1. 1984. The effect of avoparcin offered in a free-choice min- Poushinsky, G.; Basu, P.K. 1984. A study of distribu- erai mixture on the growth of beef heifers. Can. J. tion and sampling of soybean plants naturally Anim. Sci. 64:187-189. infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Phytopathology 74:319-326. Warwick, S.l.; Thompson, B.K.; Black, L.D. 1984. Population variation in Sorghum halepense, Reid, WS.; Chambers, 1.; Nicholls, c.P. 1984. Four Johnson grass, at the northern limits of its range. instruments for measuring poultry body dimen- Can. J. Bot. 62:1781-1790. sions. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:769-772. Wolynetz, M.S.; Sibbald, I.R. 1984. Relationships Reid, WS.; Desjardins, R.L.; Fagan, WE.; Ginsburg, between apparent and true metabolizable energy A. 1984. An open-loop fast response gas sam- and the effects of a nitrogen correction. Poult. Sci. pling valve with current control. 1. Phys. E. Sci. 63:1386-1399. Instrum. 17:323-327.

42 Research Branch Report 1984 Miscellaneous MacDonald, R.D.; Marshall, D.; Chagnon, R. 1984. Comparative evaluation of five full scale anaero- Binns, M.R. 1984. Multivariate graphical data analy- bic digesters. 3rd International Symposium on sis: Exploring differences among the third set of Anaerobic Digestion, Boston, Mass., August NCI test cigarettes/Analyse graphique des don- 1983, 20 pp. nees 11. plusieurs variables: Etudes des differences entre les specimens de la troisieme serie de ciga- Marshall, D.; Buckley, D.l; Kahler, K. 1984. Design, rettes experimentales de I'E-U National Cancer development and testing of a magnetic bubble- Institute (NCI). Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture based tractor data acquisition system. Am. Soc. Canada, Rep. No. 8308-1592, 50 pp. Agric. Eng. (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper No. 84-1628, 24 pp. Buckley, D.l 1984. Some experience with interfacing and using microcomputers in agricultural Marshall, D.; McKyes, E.; Raghavan, G.S.v. 1984. research. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. (CSAE) Annual Improving traction efficiency on 4WD tractors by Meeting, Paper No. 84-215, 20 pp. modifYing rolling radius. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper No. 84-1557. Buckley, D.l; Rousselle, G.L.; Theriault, R.; St. Amour, G.; Nicholls, C.F. 1984. Comptage et Marshall, D.; McKyes, E. 1984. The effect of center of pesage de pommes pretriees par micro- gravity location on tractive efficiency and torque ordinateur. Institut de recherche et statistique, distribution of large 4-wheel drive tractors. Am. Agriculture Canada, Rap. No. 1598, 15 pp. Soc. Agric. Eng. (ASAE) Annual Meeting, Paper No. 84-1035, 19 pp. Compton, B.A. 1984. A two-row potato planter for seed verification use/Une planteuse de pommes Morse, P.M. 1984. A history of the Statistical Research de terre 11. deux rangs pour la verification de la Service, Ottawa. Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture semence. Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture Canada, Rep. No. 1643, 34 pp. Canada, Rep. No. 8212-1578, 7 pp. Otten, L.; Tanaka, B.; Manolakis, E. 1984. Dehydra- Gagnon, B.; Kennedy, B.; LeBlanc, D. 1984. Heat tion of aqueous alcohol. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. recovery for Canadian food and beverage indus- (CSAE) Annual Meeting, Paper No. 84-219, tries. Agric. Can. Publ. 5181, 28 pp. 18 pp. Gagnon, B.; Kennedy, B.; LeBlanc, D. 1984. La Paris, 1; Dandurand, A.; Davidson, c.; LeBlanc, D. recuperation de la chaleur dans l'industrie des 1984. Design and evaluation of a solar wall for a aliments et des boissons. Agric. Can. Publ. 5181, farm building. Proc. of ENERGEX '84 Confer- 28 pp. ence, Regina, Saskatchewan, pp. 441-447. Hergert, G.B. 1984. Tobacco engineering and mecha- Patni, N .K.; Jui, P.Y. 1984. Changes in mineral content nization. The Lighter, 54:16-21. of dairy cattle liquid manure during anaerobic storage. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. (CSAE) Annual Hocking, R.P.; Timbers, G.E.; Fallis, 1 1984. A farm scale anaerobic digester. Phase I. Construction Meeting, Paper No. 84-413, 17 pp. start up and operation. Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agri- Reid, W.S. 1984. Silo gas-production and detection. culture Canada, Rep. No. 1673, 21 pp. Proceedings of the International Silo Safety Con- ference, Kitchener, Ont. pp. 4.0-4.38. Hocking, R.P.; Timbers, G.E.; Fallis, J. 1984. Rapport sur l'installation d'un digesteur anaerobie 11. la Reid, W.S.; Compton, B.A.; O'Sullivan, 1; Bouw, ferme. Premiere etape. Construction, mise en W,J. 1984. Progress in single-pass harvesting of marche et fonctionnement. Institut de recherche cucumbers. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. (ASAE) technique et statistique, Agriculture Canada, Rap. Annual Meeting, Paper No. 84-1071, 38 pp. No. 1673, 22 pp. Sidaway-Wolf, D.M. 1984. Some energy aspects of the LeBlanc, D.; Li, P.T.; Goldstein, V. 1984. Use of retort pouch. Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture winter coldness to provide refrigeration in the Canada, Rep. No. 8411-1651, 2 pp. food processing industry. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. Sidaway-Wolf, D.M. 1984. Quelques aspects energeti- (CSAE) Annual Meeting, Paper No. 84-217, ques du sachet sterilisable. Institut de recherche 20 pp. technique et statistique, Agriculture Canada, Rap. Levesque, M.; McGugan, c.; Bruno, L. 1984. Design, No. 8411-1651, 2 pp. testing and evaluation of an air-to-air heat recov- Sidaway-Wolf, D.M., Boston, R. 1984. Analyses des ery system installed on a commercial continuous- ressources energetiques consacrees 11. l'embalage flow grain dryer. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. (CSAE) des produits alimentaires-Rapport sommaire. Annual Meeting, Paper No. 84-212, 32 pp. Institut de recherche technique et statistique, MacDonald, R.D.; Marshall, D.; Barclay, 1 1984. The Agriculture Canada, Rap. No. 8369-1678, 25 pp. Kemptville College downflow stationary fixed Sidaway-Wolf, D.M.; Boston, R. 1984. An energy anal- film anaerobic digester. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. ysis of consumer food products packaging- (CSAE) Annual Meeting, Paper No. 84-412, Summary report. Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agri- 15 pp. culture Canada, Rep. No. 8369-1678, 22 pp.

Engineering and Statistical Research Institute 43 Turnbull, lE. 1984. Manure handling systems. Eng. Vigneault, C.; Levesque, M. 1984. Production, Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture Canada, Rep. No. entreposage et utilisation de la glace a des fins 6722-1605, 62 pp. agricoles. Institut de recherche technique et statis- Turnbull, lE. 1984. Pens, confinement and productiv- tique, Agriculture Canada, Rap. No. 8232-1596, 15 pp. ity of livestock and poultry. Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture Canada, Rep. No. 6722-1603, 28 pp. Voisey, P.W. 1984. Present Canadian R&D activities. In Turnbull, lE. 1984. Silo gas-what can be done. Pro- Proceedings Symposium on the Future Role of ceedings of the International Silo Safety Confer- Aviation in Agriculture, Saskatoon, April. ence, Kitchener, Ont., pp. 5.0-5.15. National Research Council of Canada, Rep. No. AFA-TN-17 NRC23504, pp. 307-318. Turnbull, lE.; Ogilvie, JR. 1984. Planning livestock facilities and specialized equipment. Eng. Stat. Voisey, P.W., ed. 1984. Program and abstracts: Sym- Res. Inst., Agriculture Canada, Rep. No. 6722- posium on the future role of aviation in agri- 1611, 30 pp. culture. National Research Council, Associate Committee on Agricultural and Forestry Aviation, Vigneault, C.; Boily, R. 1984. Design of a greenhouse Saskatoon. Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture heating system using ground water heat pumps. Canada. 50 pp. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper No. 84-4533, 24 pp. Voisey, P.W., ed. 1984. Proceedings: Symposium on the future role of aviation in agriculture, Saska- Vigneault, C.; Levesque, M. 1984. Production, storage toon, April. National Research Council of and utilization of ice for agricultural applications. Canada, Rep. No. AFA-TN-17 NRC23504, Eng. Stat. Res. Inst., Agriculture Canada, Rep. 492 pp. No. 8232-1596, 15 pp.

44 Research Branch Report 1984 Food Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF N.W Tape,l BSA, PhD Director M.R. Sahasrabudhe, BSc, MSc, PhD Acting Director B.R. Maguire Administrative Officer K. Lapsley,2 BSc, MSc Food Science Services L. Robichon-Hunt, BSc, MSc Nutrition Services

Processing Technology and Food Quality D. Paton, BSc, PhD Program Leader; Processing technology, extrusion cooking WF. Collins, BSc, PhD Phenolics chemistry lD. Jones, BSc, MSc, PhD, CChem, Oilseed fractionation FRSC, FIFST c.Y. Ma, BSc, MSc, PhD Protein functionality D. Oomah, MSc, PhD Cereal processing IN. Weisz, BSc Carbohydrate analysis D.F. Wood,3 BSc, MSc, PhD Meat processing P.l Wood, BSc, PhD Carbohydrates

Dairy Products D.B. Emmons, BSA, MS, PhD Program Leader; Dairy products V. Harwalkar, BSc, MSc, PhD Protein chemistry R.C. McKellar, BSc, MSc, PhD Dairy product microbiology H.W Modler, BSA, MS, PhD Dairy products G. Paquette, BSc Dairy products R.P. Sinha, BSc, MSc, PhD Dairy microbiology

Structure and Sensory Evaluation I.R. Siddiqui, BSc, MSc, PhD, DSc, Program Leader; Carbohydrates C. Chern, FRSC, FCIC D. Froehlich,4 BSc, MSc Sensory evaluation M. Kalab, MSc, PhD Electron microscopy L.M. Poste, BASc, Dip Tech Sensory evaluation S.H. Yiu, BSc, MSc, PhD Microscopy

Food Safety and Nutrition Wl Mullin, LRIC, PhD Analytical methodology R.A. Holley, BSc, PhD Meat microbiology L. Nadeau, BSc, MSc Nutrient analysis A.M. Paquet, BSc, PhD Amino acid and peptide chemistry B. Picard, BSc, MSc, PhD Microbial biochemistry L.F. Russell, BSc, MSc Nutrient analysis C. Willemot, BSc, MSc, PhD Lipid biochemistry

Departure Z. Sabry Program Leader; Nutrition Resigned 1984

Food Research Institute 45 VISITING SCIENTIST Kazi Shamsuzzaman Dairy microbiology Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council postdoctoral fellowship, 1984-1985

IFrench language training and assignment, September 1984-April 1985. 2Transferred to Quebec Region, December 1984. 3Seconded to Headquarters, Planning and Coordination Directorate. 4Educationalleave, University of California, Davis, 1982-1985.

46 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The Food Research Institute is a major center for food research and development in the Research Branch. The institute's aim is to assist the Canadian food industry to become more efficient, productive, and competitive by developing new processes and prototype ingredients and by improving the quality, safety, and nutritional value of foods. The in-house research programs on dairy products, oilseeds, meats, food safety, and nutrition are geared to the needs of the food industry and the concerns of the consumer. This year a mechanism for direct consultation with the food industry was initiated through an industry liaison committee and through discussions with industry technical committees on specific commodities. The institute manages a contract research program on processing, distribution, and retail (PDR) and institute scientists act as scientific authorities and evaluators for several contract research projects funded by the federal government. A Canadian patent was issued under the title "Processing Aqueous-Treated Cereals", resulting from a joint research project with the Ottawa Research Station on oat processing. Dr. Tape chaired the third session of the Codex Committee on Vegetable Proteins and the Canadian delegation was headed by Dr. D.E Wood. This report summarizes some of the progress and achievements in 1984. Reprints of research publications and more detailed information can be obtained by writing to the Food Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6.

M.R. Sahasrabudhe Acting Director

FOOD PROCESSING globulins under the influence of pH, salts, ethylene glycol, and denaturants. The data reveal the Extrusion cooking exceptionally high thermal stability of the pro- The mathematical model previously developed teins and show that disulfide bonds and hydro- to describe the extent of starch breakdown as a phobic interactions are important in the structural function of extrusion operating conditions has organization of oat globulin polypeptides. Using been further refined to describe the starch break- fluorescent antibodies and high-resolution light down in terms of intrinsic viscosity and the microscopy, the oat prolamin (avenin) was shown degree to which the starch is cooked during pro- to be localized in the protein bodies of scutellum cessing. The revised model is easier to manipu- cells of dry grain; but 1-3 days after seed ger- late and more rapid, and it introduces a term mination, a large number of the protein bodies related to starch functionality. Wheat starch, vital became devoid of prolamin, indicating rapid gluten, and wheat flour solubles were processed mobilization of the protein in the germinating in combination in a single-screw extruder. The seed. paste viscosity profiles and degree of cook of the starch component of the products were measured Cereal l3-glucans to assess interactive effects. The composite of all A rapid and sensitive assay for (l~ 3)( 1~4 )-13- three components, simulating a wheat flour, D-glucanase in malting barley has been devel- cooked more thoroughly than did the parent oped. A dyed cereal l3-glucan substrate may be wheat flour and gave thicker product pastes. The prepared simply by addition of Congo Red to data suggest that the integral structure of particles crude alkaline extracts of oats or barley. After of the parent wheat flour imparts a greater resis- appropriate washing and drying, the dye-glucan tance to water penetration of the starch granules complex may be used as an insoluble substrate for than would be the case if the individual flour the enzyme. During incubation, dye is released components existed at random in a composite linearly with time and the rate of dye release is formulation. These results may have a bearing on proportioned to enzyme activity. Enzyme activity the control of industrial cooking processes invol- determined by the dye release method correlates ving multi-component formulations. well with activity determined by standard viscosity methods. Collaborative studies with Carls- Oat proteins berg Research Laboratories, Copenhagen, are in Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was progress to develop this assay for use by the used to study the thermal properties of oat malting and brewing industry.

Food Research Institute 47 Methods for determining cereal ~-glucans zoxazinones may therefore have to be reevaluated have been automated. Sugars from hydrolysates in terms of these findings. of cereal extracts or isolated polysaccharides are Meats separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on Bio-Rad HPX-85 columns Functionality of oat protein and modified oat using water as eluent. The column effluent is protein was determined in comminuted meat sys- monitored by an automated orcinol assay. The tems. Oat globulin (oG), defatted oat globulin method was used to compare calcofluor-precipi- (DoG), succinylated oat globulin (SoG), oat pro- tated ~-glucan from poor and well-modified tein isolate (oPI), and succinylated oat protein malts. Analysis of enzymically released oligo sac- isolate (SoPI) were incorporated at the 5,10, and charides from residues of extracted oat flour 20% replacement levels for meat protein. Cook showed that 66% of oat ~-glucan was extracted at yields, cohesiveness, and firmness were mea- 45°C by pH 10 carbonate, but that over 90% was sured in both beef and pork systems. In the beef extracted at 80°C. Application of the meth- system all proteins gave inferior functionality odology to commercial oat products showed that data at all three substitution levels. In the pork commercial quick oats contain approximately system, however, some differences in func- 3.8% ~-glucan, whereas oat bran cereal contains tionality were observed. The oG and SoPI pro- 6-8% ~-glucan. Air-classified oat bran prepared teins, at the 5 and 10% levels of substitution, gave under contract at POS pilot plant (Saskatoon) functionality data comparable to the all-pork contained 13-15% ~-glucan. control and only the 20% substitution level was significantly lower. The DoG, SoG, and oPI were Cereal phenolics all significantly lower than the control at all sub- Fractionation of solubilized "bound" maCIn stitution levels. Further studies are planned to from oat and wheat bran using gel filtration and better resolve the reasons for the apparent protein ion-exchange chromatography has revealed a and species difference. number of subunit phenolic-carbohydrate com- A contract research study on an alternate meat- ponents. The major cationic phenolic-carbohy- curing system has resulted in a curing system drates were found to consist of a series of mono- without the use of nitrite. A patent has been filed and oligosaccharide derivatives of 2-aminophe- for this process. nol (i.e. 2-hydroxyaniline). Susceptibility to ~-glucosidase hydrolysis indicated that these nonreducing glycosides were ~-linked through DAIRY PRODUCTS the hydroxyl function ofthe 2-aminophenol since the amine function is unsubstituted. The smallest Quality of cottage cheese member of the series was further purified and Mealiness is a problem in curd made from characterized as 2-aminophenoxy-I-O-~-D- highly heated milk. Whey was acidified to be glucopyranoside by mass spectroscopy and equivalent to the pH of the interior of curd, where nuclear magnetic resonance and confirmed by acid is produced more quickly; however, it had no synthesis. apparent effect on reducing mealiness in the Several additional hydroxycinnamic acid cheese. Various homogenization treatments dur- amides of substituted aminobenzoic acids (i.e. ing the heating of skim milk were tested. Homog- anthranilic acids) have been isolated and identi- enization of ultra-high temperature milk is effec- fied from oat bran extracts. These include the tive in preventing sediment and the hypothesis N-ferusoyl, N-p-coumaroyl, andN-caffeoyl deriv- was that this would reduce mealiness; however, atives of 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Routes to the the treatments had no apparent effect on the curd. synthesis of these compounds have been developed and applied to production on a milligram Fortifying skim milk powder with and gram scale for physicochemical, fungistatic, vitamin A and organoleptic studies. Studies on the phys- A 2-yr study in collaboration with industry and icochemical stability using aqueous and nona- the University of British Columbia was com- queous solutions have indicated that although a pleted. Antioxidants were found to be necessary cyclic form (i.e. substituted 2-styryl-4H-3, I-ben- to provide reasonable stability over a I-yr period zoazinone) predominates in nonaqueous sol- at 22°C or for 6 mo at 37°C. Dry-blending with vents, the benzoxazinone ring is rapidly hydro- stabilized beadlets was the best procedure. lyzed in aqueous and aqueous-alcohol solutions Adding stabilized vitamins in oil to skim milk to the corresponding N-aroylamides. Previously concentrate before spray-drying also gave good reported antifungal activities of the cyclic ben- stability to regular spray-dried powder. Similar

48 Research Branch Report 1984 results were obtained by spraying the stabilized cultures. Inorganic phosphate was as effective as vitamins as an emulsion in skim milk during the organic phosphate. However, for antibiotic resis- instantizing process for instant skim milk. tance, the inorganic phosphate was more effec- Whey protein denaturation-aggregation tive. The presence of phosphate in the medium increased the resistance of starter cultures to The thermal properties of ~-Iactoglobulin, a aminoglycoside antibiotics, but sensitized them major whey protein, were studied by differential to penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. scanning calorimetry. The effect of several polyols having various hydroxyl contents (e.g. di- and Ultra-high temperature processing of cheese tripolyhydroxyl) and various concentrations The continuous process developed for the pro- (0-50%) upon thermal denaturation of ~-Iac- duction of ricotta and Queso cheese was further toglobulin was studied. Most polyols enhanced refined with the new ultra-high temperature heat stability as judged by increased To (up to (UHT) equipment being used to denature the 9°C). Ethylene glycol lowered To markedly. The whey proteins. Denaturation consisted of indirect modification of thermal stability allows control of preheating of the product to 50°C, followed by denaturation of whey proteins and their func- direct steam injection to obtain temperatures of tional behavior. 95-100°C. Ricotta was successfully prepared Gelation of milk proteins from blends of both skim milk and whole milk (10, 15, and 20%) with whey. Depletion of Gelation of evaporated milk during its storage recoverable protein, fat, and solids ranged from has been linked to the practice of cold storage of 90 to 100% and averaged over 95%. Several the concentrate before canning and sterilization. Canadian and American firms have expressed an The changes resulting from cold storage of casein interest in the process. micelles were studied. Upon cold storage of An all-dairy formulated cream cheese was heated and unheated casein micelles, some pro- developed, using either ricotta or Queso Blanco teins (~-casein) became soluble, and an increase cheese base as the protein source, blended with in the surface hydrophobicity and hydration of cultured buttermilk and high-fat sour cream casein micelles was observed. These changes (60-70% butterfat) to yield an excellent-quality offer a physicochemical basis for the gelation of cream cheese. The product was hot-packed to sterilized milk. give a shelf life of 2-3 mo. The denatured whey Microbiological quality of milk proteins in the product absorbed the excess moisture and served to replace stabilizer nor- Studies on the mechanism of extracellular pro- mally added to most commercial cream cheese. teinase synthesis by psychrotrophic bacteria have revealed that excess carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate are essential for maximum synthesis, suggesting that cells do not produce proteinase in STRUCTURE AND SENSORY response to nutrient limitation. Divalent cations EVALUATION (e.g. calcium) appear to be necessary for proteinase synthesis, since chelating agents prevent Carbohydrates formation of an active enzyme but are less effective against preformed enzyme. A comparison of Rigorous purification of certain components of the hide powder azure and free amino group fraction B from the sodium-hydroxide-soluble methods for determining proteolysis in milk was polysaccharides of tobacco cured-leaf laminae made. Hide powder azure was more sensitive yet (Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Delhi 76'), using a com- less precise than the free amino group method. bination of barium hydroxide precipitation and Spoilage of commercial samples of evaporated fractionation on DEAE-cellulose (borate) col- milk was linked to acid production by Entero- umns, have yielded a galactoxyloglucan. The coccus jaecium. Growth of this microorganism galactoxyloglucan showed [ex]024 + 94°, and had was stimulated by protein hydrolysates resulting infrared bands at 765, 864, 895, and 934 cm, from growth and proteinase production by a which are characteristic of amyloids and cel- cocontaminant, Bacillus subtilis. lulose. Acid hyrolysis of the amyloid gave galac- tose, xylose, glucose, and mannose in the molar Effect of added phosphate in starter ratios I: I:69:0.1. Methylation of the amyloid cultures gave a product that was methanolyzed, hydro- Addition of phosphate in synthetic media and lyzed, reduced, acetylated, and examined by gas- skim milk accelerated the growth rate and liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and increased significantly the total yields of bacterial chemical ionization methods.

Food Research Institute 49 Analysis of the methylation data showed a glucosinolates in the rapeseed structure was statistical unit of 63 sugar residues consisting of developed. seven terminal, nonreducing end groups (six N-2,6-trichlor-p-benzoquinoneimine (TCQ) o-glucosyl and one o-galactosyl). There are seven was used as the staining reagent. The specificity residues of o-glucose involved in branching of TCQ was established by results obtained from through positions 4 and 6. The remaining 49 paper and gas chromatographic studies of nonterminal residues consist of three (1-0>2)- glucosinolates in rapeseed methoanolic extracts linked o-xylosyl units and 46 (I-o>4)-linked using TCQ as the visualizing reagent. Rapeseed o-glucosyl units. hand-cut sections were stained with 1% TCQ These findings demonstrate that like the pre- (w/v) in absolute methanol containing O. 3 N HCI viously reported amuloid (galactoxyloglucan), at 60°C for 1-2 min. Microscopic examinations of preparations contained small proportions of ara- the stained sections revealed the location and binoxyloglucan. The tobacco amyloid (arabinox- distribution of glucosinolates in the structure of yloglucan) also contains small proportions of the rapeseed. galactoamyloid. Such polysaccharides appear to Glucosinolates were detected within protein modifY the burning rate of cellulose and amelio- bodies of the cotyledonous cells under the estab- rate the associated harshness. Also, these sol- lished staining condition. As many as 6-10 pro- ubilized cell uloses could, as by-products isolated tein bodies per cell were stained by the reagent. during the production of tobacco-leaf proteins, Sensory evaluation find application in the food industry. Investigation into lipid degradation in pork Microstructure resulted in a clear increase in panelists' scores for Electron microscopy revealed that the excel- off-aroma (warmed-over aroma) from day 0 to lent spread ability of a cream cheese spread with a day 8. Over the same period the thiobarbituric whey protein base was related to its microstruc- acid numbers also increased. Three all-dairy for- ture, which consisted of minute whey protein mulated cream cheese spreads made from Queso particles, 100 nm in diameter, and uniform fat Blanco and ricotta cheese bases were found to be globules, 850470 nm in diameter. The micro- no different from a commercial product with structure of a less-spreadable cream cheese respect to firmness, rate of dissipation, and spread, based on acid-coagulated milk protein smoothness. Differences found in saltiness and (Que so Blanco), consisted of a compact protein acidity can be adjusted through formula changes. matrix. Casein micelles in this matrix were Texture profile analysis and instrumental tex- characterized by a core-and-Iining ultrastructure, ture measurement techniques were utilized to initially found in glucono-o-Iactone-induced study the effect of packaging and storage tem- milk gels. The ultrastructure is developed by perature on white navy beans (P. vulgaris). coagulating hot milk (70-90°C) to pH 5.5. Turkeys, basted and nonbasted, cooked to Artefacts, which are developed during scanning optimum (85°C) internal temperatures were eval- electron microscopy of milk products, were fur- uated. No differences were found in the dark ther studied and the results published in order to meat. However, the white meat of nonbasted tur- show how the artefacts can be made distinguisha- keys had less flavor and was less tender and less ble and their development avoidable. In sheep juicy than that of basted turkeys. White meat of cheeses, manufacturing processes were reflected overcooked turkeys was less tender and less juicy in the microstructure (oriented versus isotropic). than that of optimally cooked turkeys. Collaborative studies contributed to a better understanding of the development of microstructure in heat-coagulated (3-lactoglobulin. Other FOOD SAFETY AND NUTRITION collaborative studies, such as those on filtration of polluted water, effects of proteolytic enzymes Digestibility of dietary proteins on the microstructure of Cheddar cheese, and microstructure of whipped cream, have been con- Quantitative in vitro determination of the tinued. digestibility of synthetic tripeptides (from bovine (3-casein) containing o-methionine as an internal Microscopy residue was carried out using intestinal mucosal Microscopy was used as a tool to study the peptidases in collaboration with the Department distribution of glucosinolates in rapeseed. As of Food Science, North Carolina State University, there was no specific staining method available, a Raleigh, N.C. The results show that o-meth- new histochemical technique for detecting ionine was not released by intestinal enzyme

so Research Branch Report 1984 preparation; neither the amine nor the carboxy- Nitrites terminal L-amino acid was released when The antimicrobial activity of nitrite is best D-methionine was in the internal position in the defined by its property of preventing toxin forma- tripeptide. When methionine-containing tripep- tion from C. botulinum. Work in progress is tides were treated with intestinal peptidases, aimed at the determination of the mechanism of complete hydrolysis was observed. Con- inhibition and the evaluation of potential sequently, racemization inhibits not only utiliza- replacers for nitrite. Nitrite has been shown to tion of those amino acid residues that racemized, inhibit a pathway of adenosine triphosphate but also utilization of the L-forms adjacent to (ATP) production in C. botulinum. Three other racemized residues in protein structure. Inhibi- pathways of ATP production by substrate-linked tion of biological utilization of proteins by forma- phosphorylation in C. sporogenes, a nontox- tion of D-amino acids may be two-fold: preven- igenic model for C. botulinum, have been identi- tion of complete digestion of the protein; and fied. The substrates for ATP generation pathways competitive inhibition of the biological absorp- are arginine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Out tion of L-amino acid containing dipeptides by of the three pathways, one is resistant to nitrite unhydrolyzable D-amino acid containing tripep- action (arginine as substrate), whereas others tides. have shown sensitivity. Growth experiments have Contamination of mustard flour by shown that in the presence of arginine sufficient Nematospora yeast to provide for all the energy requirements of the A newly recognized phytopathogenic yeast cell, nitrite can stilI inhibit growth. This shows was found in both oriental (Brassicajuncea) and that other processes, beside the energy metabo- yellow (B. hirta) mustard seeds grown in western lism, are affected by nitrite action and are of Canada. The new species was named Nematos- primary importance for the determination of the pora sinecauda according to standard botanical antimicrobial mechanism of nitrite. Preliminary procedure. Biochemical testing as well as mor- results using nitrite-free cures have shown that phological observations by means of light and sodium hypophosphite and monomethylfuma- scanning electron microscopy were used to estab- rate are promising compounds. Their utilization lish this organism as the second legitimately rec- can prolong the shelf life of meat at 27°C for more ognized species of this genus. than 2 wk in the presence of spores of C. botulinum. Starter cultures in meat fermentations Research has been initiated to provide alterna- Bacteriophage fri inhibited growth and acid tives to nitrite for meat curing. The mechanism of production by a narrow range of Lactobacillus action of nitrite is being investigated with respect starter bacteria in nutrient broths. In laboratory to its antioxidant effect, which retards the devel- sausage the phage-sensitive starters produced opment of warmed-over flavor and rancidity. Pork sufficient acid to allow production of acceptable meat lipids were analyzed after various periods of sausage in the presence of phage. Dispersal and storage at 4°C after cooking. The results showed a multiplication of the phage in the meat matrix decrease in phospholipids and in phospholipid appeared to be limited and suggested that product polyunsaturated fatty acids with little change in failure in the fermented meats industry due to the triglycerides during warmed-over flavor phage infection would be an uncommon event. development. A rapid increase in thiobarbituric acid numbers correlated well with sensory scores Survival of Staphylococcus in dried beef for warmed-over aroma and with the lipid Beef jerky was prepared from both 6-mm-thick changes over time. An unidentified lipid, not slices of inside round steak and corned beef bris- detected in fresh meat, accumulated during stor- ket, to which were added cells of Staphylococcus age after cooking. aureus. Staphylococci doubled within 2 h of the start of the drying of corned beef slices. About Vitamin C 3-3.5 h was required before corned beef reached An HPLC method for determining vitamin C a safe water activity of 0.86 and between 1 and in vegetable samples, particularly tomatoes, is 2.5 h before inside-round slices reached this stilI under development. Good reproducibility level. Only 15% of all staphylococci initially pre- has been achieved, internal standards have been sent survived 8 h of heat-drying, and this figure evaluated, and results are now being compared was reduced to 5% after a week of refrigerated with the standard indophenol colorimetric storage of prepared slices. It is thus relatively method. important that only high-quality meats be used in Data on the vitamin C content of imported and the manufacture of jerky and that the initial dry- domestic tomatoes is being collected to docu- ing be conducted rapidly. ment fluctuations over a 3-yr period. The data

Food Research Institute 51 will give a more accurate estimate of dietary Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, C.L.; Holley, R.A. vitamin C from tomatoes and will be included in 1984. Shelf-life of meat loaves packaged in vac- the Canadian nutrient file. uum or nitrogen gas. 1. Effect of storage temperature, light and time on the microflora change. J. Food Protect. 47:128-133. PUBLICATIONS Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, C.L.; Holley, R.A. 1984. Shelf-life of meat loaves packaged in vac- Research uum or nitrogen gas. 2. Effect of storage, temperature, light and time on physicochemical and Davidson, v'J.; Paton, D.; Diosady, L.L.; Larocque, sensory changes. J. Food Protect. 47: 134-139. G.M. 1984. Degradation of wheat starch in a Ma, c.- Y. 1984. Functional properties of acylated oat single screw extruder: Characteristics of extruded protein. J. Food Sci. 49:1128-1131. starch polymers. J. Food Sci. 49(2):453. Ma, c.-Y.; Harwalkar, v'R. 1984. Chemical charac- Davidson, v'J.; Paton, D.; Diosady, L.L.; Rubin, L.J. terization and functionality assessment of oat pro- 1984. A model for mechanical degradation of tein fractions. J. Agric. Food Chern. 32:144-149. wheat starch in a single screw extruder. J. Food Sci. 449(4):1154. McKellar, R.C. 1984. A comparison of the hide powder azure and the casein-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid Emmons, D.B.; Beckett, D.C. 1984. Effect of gas- methods for measuring proteolysis in milk. J. producing cultures on titratable acidity and pH in Food Protect. 47:476-480. making cottage cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 67: 2192-2199. McKellar, R.C.; Cholette, H. 1984. Synthesis of extracellular proteinase by Pseudomonas j1uorescens Emmons, D.B.; Beckett, D.C. 1984. Effect of pH at under conditions of limiting carbon, nitrogen and cutting and during cooking on cottage cheese. J. phosphate. App!. Environ. Microbio!. 47: Dairy Sci. 67:2200-2209. 1224-1227. Finlay, C.J.; Stanley, D.W.; Emmons, D.B. 1984. McKellar, R.C.; Froehlich, D.A.; Butler, G.; Cholette, Chicken pepsin as a rennet substitute. Can. Inst. H.; Campbell, C. 1984. The effect of uncooled Food Sci. Techno!. J. 17:097-101. storage on proteolysis, bitterness and apparent Fulcher, R.G.; Wood, PJ.; Yiu, S.H. 1984. Insights viscosity in ultra-high-temperature milk. Can. into food carbohydrates through fluorescence Inst. Food Sci. Techno!. J. 17:014-017. microscopy. J. Food Techno!. 38:101-106. McKellar, R.C.; Nichols-Nelson, D. 1984. Acid coag- Holley, R.A.; Allan-Wojtas, P.; Phipps-Todd, B.E. ulation of evaporated milk by a coculture of 1984. Nematospora sinecauda sp. nov., a yeast Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus subtilis. J. pathogen of mustard seeds. Antonie Van Food Protect. 47:853-855, 860. Leeuwenhoek J. Microbio!. Sero!. 50:305-332. Miller, S.S.; Yiu, S.H.; Fulcher, R.G.; Altosaar, 1. Jenkins, KJ.; Emmons, D.B. 1984. Tolerance of cal- 1984. Preliminary evaluation oflectins as fluores- ves to fat peroxides in milk replacer. J. Dairy Sci. cent probes of seed structure and composition. 67:592-597. Food Microstruct. 3: 133-139. Laleye, c.L.; Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Carmichael, Moran, E.T., Jr.; Poste, L.M.; Ferket, P.R.; Agar, v'A. L.; Holley, R.A. 1984. Shelf-life of vacuum- or 1984. Response of large toms differing in growth nitrogen-packed pastrami: Effects of packaging characteristics to divergent feeding systems: Per- atmospheres, temperature and duration of storage formance, carcass quality and sensory evaluation. on microflora changes. J. Food Sci. 49:827-83!. Poult. Sci. September, 1778-1792. Laleye, c.L.; Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Carmichael, Paquet, A.; Chen, EM.F.; Benoiton, L.N. 1984. Fur- L.; Holley, R.A. 1984. Shelf-life of vacuum- or ther studies on the synthesis of symmetrical nitrogen-packed pastrami: Effects of packaging anhydrides and 2,4-disubstituted-5(4H)- atmosphere, temperature and duration of storage oxazolones from N-alkoxycarbonylamino acid on the physicochemical and sensory changes. J. using soluble carbodiimide. Can. J. Chern. Food Sci. 49:832-837. 62: 1335-1338. Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, C.L.; Holley, R.A. Paton, D.; Spratt, W.A. 1984. Component interactions 1984. Effects of temperature, light and storage in the extrusion cooking process: Influence of time on the microflora of vacuum- or nitrogen- process conditions on the functional viscosity of packed ground beef. Sci. Aliment. 4:187-199. the wheat flour system. J. Food Sci. 49(5):1380. Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, C.L.; Holley, R.A. Russell, L.F.; Mullin, W.J. 1984. The variation of vita- 1984. Effects of temperature, light and storage min C concentration in canned tomato juice. time on the sensory and exudate loss charac- Lebensm. Wiss. Techno!. 17:27-28. teristics of vacuum- or nitrogen-packed ground beef. Sci. Aliment. 4:177-186.

52 Research Branch Report 1984 Siddiqui, I.R.; Rosa, N.; Woollard, G.R. 1984. Struc- Miscellaneous tural investigation of water-soluble tobacco Eigel, W.N.; Butler, lE.; Ernstrom, C.A.; Farrell, Jr.; (Nicotiana tabacum) polysaccharides: Peptic Harwalkar, Y.R.; Jenness, R.; Whitney, R.M.C. polysaccharides. Tob. Sci. 28:122-126. 1984. Nomenclature of proteins of cows milk: Sinha, R.P. 1984. Effect of buffering media with phos- Fifth revision. J. Dairy Sci. 67:1599-1631. phates on the antibiotic resistance of lactic strep- Fulcher, R.G.; Wood, P.l; Yiu, S.H. 1984. Insights tococci. App!. Environ. Microbio!. 47:1175-1177. into food carbohydrates through fluorescence Trevors, K.E.; Holley, R.A.; Kempton, A.G. 1984. microscopy. Food Techno!. Jan.: 101-106. Effect of bacteriophage on the activity of lactic Jenkins, K.l; Kramer, lK.G.; Sauer, ED.; Emmons, acid starter cultures used in the production of D.B. 1984. Canadex 402.55. fermented sausage. 1Food Sci. 49(2):650-1, 653. Wood, P.l 1984. Physicochemical properties and tech- Wood, P.l; Fulcher, R.G. 1984. Specific interaction of nological and nutritional significance of cereal aniline blue with (l-43)-cx-D-glucan. Carbohydr. J3-glucans. Pages 35-78 in Y.E Rasper, ed. Cereal Polym. 4:49-72. polysaccharides in technology and nutrition. Wood, PJ.; Weisz, 11984. Use of calcofluor in analysis American Association of Cereal Chemists, of oat J3-D-glucan. Cereal Chern. 61:73-75. St. Paul, Minn. Zee, S.-Y.; Chan, H.-Y.; Ma, c.-Y. 1984. Localization of prolamin in oat scutellum cells before and after seed germination. 1Plant Physio!. 116:91-94.

Food Research Institute 53

Land Resource Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

J.S. Clark, BSA, MSc, PhD Director J.e. van Schaik, MSc, PhD Deputy Director M.B. Trudel Head, Administration

Soil Resource Inventory and Mapping J.A. Shields, BSA, MSc, PhD Soil correlation-Great Plains C. Tamocai, BSF, MS Soil correlation-British Columbia and North

Atlantic Soil Survey (Truro) E Hender, BSc Party leader D.A. Holmstrom, BSA Party leader G.T. Patterson, BSc, MSc Party leader H.W. Rees, BSc Party leader K.T. Webb, BSc, MSc Party leader

Quebec Soil Survey (Sainte-Foy) J.M. Cossette, BSc Head of Unit L. Grenon, BSA Party leader L. Lamontagne, BSc Party leader M.e. Nolin, BSc, MSc Party leader

Ontario Soil Survey (Guelph) e.J. Acton, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Unit R.K. Jones, BSc, MSc Party leader E.W. Presant, BSA, MSc Party leader G.J. Wall, BSA, PhD Party leader

Manitoba Soil Survey (Winnipeg) R.E. Smith, BSA, MSc Head of Unit R. Eilers, BSA, MSc Party leader W.R. Fraser, BSc, MSc Party leader W. Michalyna, BSA, MSc, PhD Party leader H. Veldhuis, lng, MSc Party leader

Saskatchewan Soil Survey (Saskatoon) D.E Acton, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Unit A.J. Anderson, BSc Party leader W.D. Eilers, BSA, MSc Party leader L.M. Kozak, BSA, MSc, PhD Party leader G. Padbury, BSA, MSc Party leader

Land Resource Research Institute 55 H.P. W. Rostad, BSA, MSc, PhD Party leader H.B. Stonehouse, BSA, MSc Party leader

Alberta Soil Survey (Edmonton) WW Pettapiece, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Unit IA. Brierley, BSc Party leader G.M. Coen, BSc Party leader IC. Hiley, BA, MA Party leader I Tajek, Eng Party leader B.D. Walker, BSc, MSc Party leader

British Columbia Soil Survey (Vancouver) T.M. Lord, BSA Head of Unit A.I Green, BSA, MSc Party leader D.E. Moon, BSc, PhD Party leader C.I Selby, BSc, MSc Party leader K.WG. Valentine, BSA, MSc, PhD Party leader L.IP. van Vliet, BSA, MSc Party leader

Soil Classification IA. McKeague, BA, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Classification e.A. Fox, BA, MSc, PhD Micromorphology P.E.M. Levesque, BSA, MSA, PhD Organic soils S.P. Mathur, BSc, Assoc IARI, PhD Organic soils G.C. Topp, BSA, MS, PhD Physics and water e. Wang, BSA, MS, PhD Chemistry G. Wilson, BSc, MSc, DIC Engineering K.e. Wires, BA Physical structure

Land Use and Evaluation I Dumanski, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section D.R. Coote, MS, PhD Degradation I Culley, BSc, MSc Water quality R. Dejong, BSc, MSc, PhD Water use E. Huffman, BSc, MA Land use B. Kloosterman, BSA, PhD Data system K.B. MacDonald, BSA, MSc, PhD Evaluation K. Switzer-Howse, BSc Information

Agrometeorology Ie. van Schaik, MSc, PhD Head of Section I Boisvert, BSc, MSc Farm weather service research A. Bootsma, BSc Agroclimatological resources R.L. Desjardins, BSc, MA, PhD Micrometeorology L.M. Dwyer, BSc, MSc, PhD Environmental meteorology S.M. Edey, BSc Applications H.N. Hayhoe, BSc, MS, PhD Biomathematics A.R. Mack, BSA, MSc, PhD Remote sensing D.W Stewart, BSA, MSc, PhD Crop-weather modeling

Departures IH. Day, BSA Head, Soil resource inventory Retired 9 April 1984 and mapping PK. Heringa, BSc, MSc Party leader, Atlantic soil Retired 12 October 1984 survey

56 Research Branch Report 1984 VISITING SCIENTISTS

Uleys Wailanduw Water resource expert Indonesia Clovis Lima Peatland inventory 1 March 1984 - 1 June 1984, Brazil, Canadian International Development Agency Daniel Lord Postdoctorate January-February 1984, Agrometeorology

Land Resource Research Institute 57 INTRODUCTION

The Land Resource Research Institute (LRRI) continues its responsibility for national programs in land resources and agrometeorologic services. The programs ofthe institute include the national soil survey program, a supporting program in soil classification research, a program involving studies in land evaluation, agricultural land use, and soil degradation, and an agrometeorological program that includes agrometeorological services, farm weather service, crop-weather modeling, and crop information. The institute is organized on a regional basis, with soil survey units located in each of the provinces where cooperative survey work is carried out. The central group in Ottawa is responsible for national correlation and map production and for research in the various aspects of soil, water, and agrometeorological disciplines. This report gives the outcome of the ongoing activities of the institute during 1984. More complete information can be obtained from the Land Resource Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6.

J.S. Clark Director

INSTITUTE ROLES radation in all regions. Technologies and procedures for monitoring soil degradation are also The activities ofLRRI include research, devel- being developed. opment, and services related to Canada's land Land evaluation. Data on soils, climate, resources. These activities not only support other agronomy, and economics are being integrated to research within the Research Branch but also develop improved methodology for predicting provide information essential to policy and deci- crop yield potentials and assessing the quality of sion-making for regional and national levels of the land resources of Canada for various uses. government, educational institutions, and agri- Agrometeorological data archive. Agrome- business. The institute, in pursuit of these activities, provides leadership and is responsible for a teorological data and processing services are provided. number of national programs related to land, including those outlined below. Crop information system and agroclimatic resources. Agroclimatic resources are assessed Soil inventory. Soil mapping is done by LRRI staff in cooperation with provincial and univer- to provide information for efficient management of agricultural resources. Work on crop informa- sity personnel throughout the nation. The LRRI through correlation provides quality control on tion systems has been reduced and present activities are concentrating on maintaining familiarity soil maps and reports. Maps are prepared show- with new developments. ing the distribution of soils and land capability for various potential uses. Committees. LRRI contributes to the integra- Canada soil information system (CanSIS). tion of land-related and agrometeorology activi- Soil survey, soil management, crop yield, and ties of Agriculture Canada and other federal and cartographic data are stored in a computerized provincial agencies through participation in a system so as to be available to users throughout number of committees. These include: Canada. • Canada Committee on Land Resource Ser- vices (CCLRS) and the associated expert Soil taxonomy and interpretations. Improve- committees ments are developed in taxonomic and inter- • Provincial agricultural services coordinat- pretive soil classification systems through ing committees and soil survey committees research and integration of information from o Canada Committee on Ecological Land many sources. Classification Soil degradation. Increased effort has been • Interdepartmental Committee on Land Use devoted to the assessment of the degree and extent • Interdepartmental Committee on Water of soil degradation in all regions of Canada. At • Geotechnical Committee of the National present maps and data are being prepared to pro- Research Council and the Peatland Sub- vide general broad-scale information on soil deg- committee

58 Research Branch Report 1984 o Canada Advisory Committee on Remote Nova Scotia. Soil maps for Pictou, Colchester, Sensing and Hants counties and the Kentville Research o Committee on Great Lakes Water Quality Station-Sheffield Mills Research Farm were o Interdepartmental Committee on Air Sur- completed and submitted to cartography for pub- veys lication. Draft reports for Colchester County and o Canada Expert Committee on Agrome- the Kentville Research Station-Sheffield Mills teorology Research Farm were submitted to the Land o Atlantic Advisory Committee on Agro- Resource Research Institute for technical editing. meteorology Contracted soil surveys for Cobequid shore, o Ontario Climate Advisory Committee Northumberland shore, and Annapolis Valley o Canadian Advisory Committee on Remote have been successfully correlated through their Sensing and associated committees first field season and 29 ortho photo maps at a o Comite de coordination des services agri- scale of 1:20 000 were completed. Soil tem- coles du Canada (CCSAC) perature and water table measurements were o Commission d'agrometeorologie du Con- monitored at 21 sites and the coded data were seil des productions vegetales du Quebec submitted to CanS IS for manipulation and stor- (CPVQ) age; 21 replacement sites were also installed. o Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) Quebec. Field mapping was completed for the Task Force on Standard and Nonstandard Vercheres project and for 25% of the Chambly Climatic Data project; a field tour of the mapped area was o Canadian Committee on Climatic Fluctua- attended by 60 persons. The Chapais Experimen- tions and Man o Interdepartmental Committee on Telidon tal Farm near Levis was surveyed and the report was contracted out. A feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the application of microcomputer and commercial software programs for pro- INSTITUTE PROGRESS AND cessing soil transect data. Compilation of a ACHIEVEMENTS generalized soil landscape map (1:1million scale) was completed for the agricultural region. Soil resource inventory and mapping Ontario. Soil maps with descriptive legends Newfoundland. The Cormack-Deer Lake soil were published for Sault Sainte Marie-Blind report was published, and the Red Indian Lake- River (4lJ,K), Kenora-Dryden (52E, F), and Burgeo and Terra Nova agricultural development International Falls-Rainy River (52C, D) map area reports were submitted for publication. Map- sheets. Soil maps were printed for the Haldimand ping was completed for the Flat Bay and Grandy's -Norfolk region and the report was submitted for Lake-Friars cove areas. Reports for Gander Lake, printing. Maps for North Bay (3lL), Gogama Green Bay, and Stephenville-Port-aux-Basque (4lP), and Ville Marie (31M) project areas were were sent to for editing. LRRI submitted for final cartographic preparation. Prince Edward Island. The soil survey report About 84 000 ha were mapped in the Niagara to accompany the maps at a scale of I:75 000 was region and 12 000 ha in Middlesex county; pre- submitted for publication. Soil moisture and tem- liminary maps were prepared. Improved soil perature bench mark sites were monitored interpretations for horticultural and special field bimonthly. A generalized soil landscape map was crops were developed, and interpretations for compiled at a scale of 1:250 000. erodibility were enhanced through development New Brunswick. A report was published of a rainfall simulator and procedures for field describing the soils mapped on the Agriculture measurement of soil erosion. A report was final- Canada Research Station at Fredericton. About ized on soil interpretations and soil training for 15 000 ha were mapped at 1:20 000 on the Wood- forest land management in southern Ontario; task stock-Florenceville project and a preliminary force involvement commenced for the identifica- report was prepared. The Chapman-Minto-Har- tion of prime sites for northern forest develop- court reconnaissance report was reviewed and ment. submitted to Research Program Service. Report Manitoba. Reports were published for the writing continued on the central and northern Roblin and the Notre Dame-Rathwell-Treherne exploratory project. The soil moisture and tem- project. Field mapping was completed for perature monitoring program was expanded to approximately 147 700 ha at 1:20 000 and include six more sites. Correlation activities 1:50 000 scale in portions of the municipalities of resulted in the finalization of the New Brunswick Dufferin-Grey, D60; Lome, D63; Shellmouth, soils key. D64; South Cypress, D65; Swan River, D66; and 59 Land Resource Research Institute Springfield, D67; and at nine waste sites and acid- made available to other agencies. This joint proj- rain-testing sites near Thompson, Man. Reports ect with Alberta Agriculture has greatly were completed to publication stage for Labro- enhanced awareness of an interest in using soil querie-Sainte-Anne, D49; Westbourne, D51; vil- survey information in Alberta; a paper was also lages of Altona, Emerson, Gretna, lIe des presented on this project at the Canadian Society Chenes, Landmark, Letellier, Rosennart, and of Soil Science meetings. Considerable progress Saint-Jean, D53; Sainte Rose, D55; Souris, was made toward establishment of a committee to Wawanesa, and Virden, D56; Interlake villages, coordinate all soil and land inventory work in the D57; Minnedosa and Hallboro, D58; and Baudry province. It has representation from four govern- Park, D59. Development of irrigation suitability ment departments-Agriculture, Energy and and salinity classification criteria was continued Natural Resources, Environment, and Municipal in cooperation with Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Affairs-as well as the Alberta Research Coun- Administration and prairie region survey units. cil, the University of Alberta (Soils Department), Field measurements were conducted in situ to and Agriculture Canada (Soil Survey). Correla- measure field capacity and bulk density required tion activities saw field reviews conducted in the for calculating available water-holding capacity Paintearth, Cardston, and Pincher Creek areas. of loam, glacial till, and lacustrine clay in south- The physiographic map (1:1.5 million scale) was ern Manitoba. completed and submitted for publication. Saskatchewan. Mapping was completed on British Columbia. Reports describing soils on approximately 230 000 ha in the Melville-Rid- Saltspring Island, Pender Islands, and the Mill- ing Mountain area and 320 000 ha in the Bat- Woodfibre Creek area were submitted for pub- tlefords area, and was initiated on an additional lication. The Power River inventory and peatland 425 000 ha in the Battlefords area. A new highly systems reports were submitted to Research Pro- interpretive report format was published for gram Service for editing. A report was drafted for Wolseley. Editing of reports and extended legends Taseko Lakes and the agricultural capability map has been completed on an additional nine munici- was completed for the Upper Pine Valley. High palities, and maps have been compiled, extended intensity surveys were conducted on three Indian legends prepared, and the first draft of reports reserves in the Peace River area and two reserves written for 12 more municipalities. Reports were in northcentral British Columbia. Research was also published for the Swift Current and Green conducted into survey intensity level specifica- Lake-Waterhen map areas. In situ field studies tions, and two papers were published. The Can- were conducted to determine available water SIS soil name file for British Columbia was capacity and permeability of selected soils. The amended and revised. Contracts were managed dynamics of the shrink-swell process in clay soils for the preparation of Williams Lake and Nazko was clearly established by micromorphology and soil reports and for the compilation of gener- measurements of field cracking; recommenda- alized soil landscape maps (1:500 000 scale) of tions relative to the classification of these soils the southern agricultural area. were developed. Measurements of the buildup Yukon Territory. Twenty thousand hectares and dissipation of groundwater mounds beneath were mapped at a scale of 1:20 000 in the Takhini potholes in relation to the associated geochemical and Carcross valleys of the Whitehorse project processes were instrumental in the development area and preliminary maps were made available to of models for mapping soil salinity. requesting agencies. An exploratory survey was conducted to characterize soil landscapes along Alberta. Reports for Revelstoke, Kootenay, and the Dempster Highway in the Richardson Moun- Glacier national parks were completed and sub- tains-Eagle Plains region and a report was pre- mitted to Parks Canada. A field survey was compared. In cooperation with the Yukon Depart- pleted for the last 100 000 ha in the Cardston ment of Municipal Affairs and Beaverlodge county survey, and interim maps were compiled Research Station, the 1st yr of a territorial crop and submitted to the cartography unit. Maps for and fertility trial demonstration project was suc- Medicine Hat (72L) were also submitted to the cessfully completed. The 2nd yr of results from cartography unit and interim copies of all maps the soil testing program for commercial farmers were made available on request. A project outline were summarized and presented to the local agri- was prepared for the Pincher Creek survey area cultural association. Soil benchmark sites were and a joint project was negotiated with the established at 10 locations to monitor soil tem- Alberta Research Council for a survey of perature and water. Flagstaff County in eastcentral Alberta. The computerized land base project on a quarter section Northwest Territories. The field work on the basis (called SIDMAP) was documented and southern Keewatin soil survey project was com-

60 Research Branch Report 1984 pleted and a preliminary soil map of this area was the process of being published by EMR in the prepared. The first drafts of the soil reports and National Atlas of Canada. A national wetland soil maps of the Great Bear-Slave River and the data bank has been developed to facilitate the Bathurst-Cornwallis Island soil survey map areas storage and analysis of peatland information. were completed. On-site adjustment and replace- The analysis of the data on Folisols and the ment of thermistors on the Inuvik temperature papers dealing with the characteristics and classi- sites were completed. Soil temperatures contin- fication of Folisols have been completed and pre- ued to be monitored year-round on these sites. sented to the soil classification working group of Evaluation of the first 2.5 yr of soil temperature the Expert Committee on Soil Survey. In addition data was completed and published. to this, a paper dealing with the micromorphology of organic soils and organic layers has Ottawa. Correlation field reviews were con- been completed and published. ducted for a number of regional projects and the Preparation of the 1:250 000 scale peatland national soil-names file was updated. Map leg- maps of the Mackenzie Valley and northern ends and soil reports submitted for publication Yukon was completed and the evaluation of site- were edited. The small-scale generalized soil specific background data from various sources landscape maps (1:1 million scale) of Saskatche- was initiated. wan and Manitoba were submitted for publication Development of the motor-driven peat auger, and maps at 1:500 000 scale were compiled for which will provide easier and more efficient sam- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Peace pling of frozen peats in contrast to the manual and River area in British Columbia. Statistics Canada less efficient method used to date, has been com- enumeration area data were added to the extended pleted and successfully tested. legend of the Saskatchewan small-scale map. Maps showing aridity indices for wheat and Soil classification perennial crops based on soil and climatic param- The Soil Classification Section does research eters were published for Saskatchewan. The first to improve soil classification and soil interpreta- four sections (100-400) of the Soil Survey Hand- tions, and provides field and laboratory services book, outlining surveys in Canada and their plan- for all sections of LRRI. Progress is reported for ning and operations, were submitted for printing the projects concerning soil water and structure, and section 600 (Soil Survey Investigations) was mineral soils, and organic soils, and for the ser- reviewed by the editorial lead committee. vice functions. Cartography. The cartographic unit completed Soil water and structure. The pilot indus- 69 maps for Agriculture Canada and Environ- try-laboratory program (PILP) contract was ment Canada and forwarded them for printing completed and the instrument for reflectrometry according to schedule. The British Columbia analysis for moisture in soil (IRAMS) is being Grape Atlas was produced and printed, as were 13 manufactured and sold by Foundation Instru- other special projects. The unit also completed ments Inc. of Ottawa. Evaluation in the field over 357 miscellaneous jobs for Research Branch one growing season showed that the reflectrome- staff. Improvements to the CanSIS software were try technique for measuring soil water is as accu- completed and will result in an increase in pro- rate as and much more convenient than the usual ductivity and cost efficiency in future years. Con- sampling method. sultation and advice was provided to the Nova A closed-top infiltrometer for use on a single Scotia Soil Survey unit concerning cartographic ring was developed for measuring infiltration of and CanSIS requirements for mapping projects water into soil under readily adjusted heads. Use under contract. A total of 123 maps were com- of a low negative head resulted in the rapid attain- pleted for CanS IS and 383 derivative maps were ment of reproducible values and avoided uncon- also prepared. trolled flow into cracks. The technique is espe- Peatland Inventory. This project, supported by cially useful in structured soils in which reliable the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) infiltration from measurements at positive heads and Energy Mines and Resources Canada are difficult to obtain. (EMR), was in its third and final year. The pre- Horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity liminary reports and accompanying peatland (Ksat) of soils in the Ottawa area was found to maps of the Pacific Coast of British Columbia and range from 0.3 to 9 times vertical Ksat values for the Saint Lawrence Lowland were completed. the same horizons. High horizontal Ksat values The study that assessed the peatland resources of were associated with stratified materials and high

Canada was completed and published by NRC. vertical Ksat values with abundant earthworm

Maps showing wetland regions and wetland dis- channels. Estimates of horizontal Ksat as one of tribution in Canada have been finalized and are in eight classes, from guidelines based on soil mor-

Land Resource Research Institute 61 phology, were within one class of the measured classifYing these soils were summarized. Based class in more than 80% of cases. on information from all regions of Canada, modi- Approaches used by soil survey organizations fied criteria were proposed and tested on some of six countries for characterizing and interpret- problem soils in British Columbia. The modified ing the air-water properties of soils were evalu- criteria resolved several problems but further test- ated. Improvements could be made in Canada by ing of them throughout Canada is required. adjusting the upper limit to -5 or -10 kPa for Several methods used in the chemical charac- estimating the capacity of soils to retain water terization of the classification of soils were devel- according to plant rooting habits, and by improv- oped or modified and tested. Evaluation of several ing guidelines for estimating saturated hydraulic field tests for differentiating podzolic B horizons conductivity and aeration from soil morphology showed that color of an HCI-HF extract was by checking against field measurements. better than other, more complex tests proposed. Vane shear strength of a clayey soil within a For borderline soils, however, laboratory analysis delineation on a soil map was shown to be vari- is recommended to resolve questions of classi- able. The results for a soil thought to be uniform fication. A related study showed that hydro- show the need for assessment of variability and chloric acid hydroxylamine has some advantages adequate replication of shear strength measure- over the commonly used acid ammonium oxalate ments to be used in soil survey interpretations. as an extractant of amorphous forms of Fe and Al Improvements were made in procedures for in soils. Solutions of ethylenediaminetetraacetic progressive measurements of soil shrinkage as acid (EDTA), however, were shown to be inferior the soil dries and for exchanging soil water by to currently used selective extractants for both acetone prior to impregnation with resins and amorphous and organic forms of Fe and Al in preparation of thin sections for microstructure soils. A method for total fluoride determination studies. Seven research papers were published or was tested and applied to reference soil samples; are in press. fluorine ranges from 90 to 1000 mg/kg. Mineral soils. Podzolic soils in an area of the New engineering interpretation sheets were southern Laurentian Highlands were so variable developed for mineral soils to facilitate engineer- in depth to bedrocks that naming mapping units ing soil classification from soil survey data. in terms of series is not feasible even at a scale of Pedotechnical interpretations were compiled for 1:20 000. The soils could be classified appropri- organic soils to facilitate information transfer ately at the family level as dominantly Orthic between soil surveyors and engineers. Ferro-Humic Podzols, coarse loamy, mixed, A total of eight research and three mis- cold, humid family, with some shallow to cellaneous papers were published or are in press. extremely shallow lithic families of the same sub- Organic soils. Hydrological and agronomic group, and minor inclusions of similar families of characterization of organic soils toward develop- Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzols. Designating soils ment of a national land use capability rating for of such mapping units as a single series is mis- organic soils in Canada indicated that deeper leading to interpreters of soil survey information. layers of organic soils transmit water more slowly Inorganic forms accounted for most of the than shallow layers, even when degree of decom- amorphous AI, Fe, and Si in B horizons of some position does not increase with depth; and most sandy Podzolic soils from Quebec and some of the 12 mineral sublayers of organic soils in sandy Brunisolic soils from Ontario. This pro- Canada can be productive and manageable when vides further evidence in support of the hypoth- mixed in certain proportions with their organic esis that translocation of inorganic forms of AI, overlay. A new instrument, a microcomputer Fe, and Si plays a significant role in podzoliza- capacitor piezometer system, was designed, tion. Translocation of Al and Fe as organic com- built, and compared with field instruments that plexes is not discounted but the common belief were used to complete a survey of hydrological that it is the major mechanism in podzolization is properties of shallow organic soils and their min- open to question. eraI sublayers across the country. A detailed Properties of two Nova Scotian soils developed investigation on the Keswick marsh showed that in tills of different ages were found to be similar, fluctuating water tables in cultivated organic soils with the exception of color and thickness of sola. transport partly degraded and humified organic It is concluded that both tills are of Late Wiscon- materials. sin age and that the color difference is due to To meet the need for an economic and effective different sithological sources of the tills. source of N, P, K, Ca, and minor elements for Developments in concepts of Gleysolic soils fertilizing nutrient-poor sphagnum peats, meth- and information on problems with criteria for odology was developed for preparing high quality

62 Research Branch Report 1984 composts from fish scrap, crab scrap, and sea- Land evaluation and crop production. Esti- weeds by enveloping them in sphagnum peat. mates of long-term, actual crop yields for five The acidic peat absorbed the ammonia produced crops in Canada have been compiled and docu- by the decomposing fish and crab scraps. The mented. Five-year running means and time trends fibrous nature of the peat, high biodegradability have been calculated for com and spring wheat, of all the materials, and the special design of the and fluctuations in yield are being researched. A manually prepared aboveground compost heaps crop growth model for spring wheat has been (naturally ventilated through reusable soil pipes), completed in Manitoba, and work has begun on promoted rapid aerobic thermophilic activity, so compiling an integrated soil-climate data base that no malodors were produced. The high water for application of the model. The soil salinity file and heat retention properties of the peat obviated for Manitoba was expanded, and a revised irriga- the need for opening, watering, and turning of the tion suitability classification was prepared. A compost heaps. The composts produced are detailed soil inventory data base (1:250 000) for earthy in smell, granular, near neutral in pH, dark Alberta (SlDMAP) was finalized and docu- brown, and rich in both immediately and slowly mented, and a series of derivatives was produced. available nutrients. Procedures for automated computer legends have A study of Folisols, soils with thick layers of been implemented in Saskatchewan. forest litter (folic), in northern Vancouver Island An evaluation of the SPAW soil-plant-air- showed that the thickness of folic material was -water (SPAW) model using Canadian data was highly variable over short distances. Thick folic encouraging. The model calculates soil water layers were commonly associated with decom- changes throughout the growing season with a posing wood and they tended to occur on lower minimum of measured values. A procedure for slope positions. Data from this and previous stud- calculating soil moisture in high water table sit- ies led to the decision to classify soils with more uations was implemented. Long-term soil water than 40 em of folic material overlying mineral reserves for a wheat-fallow rotation in southern material in the Folisol great group of the Organic Saskatchewan were calculated, and maps pro- order. duced. The efficiency of summerfallow to A total of six research and three miscellaneous recharge available soil water was estimated to be papers were published or are in press. less than 16%. Summerfallow ratios were related Field and laboratory services. Greenhouse to physical and economic data in western and field experiments were maintained, samples Canada. were prepared for analysis, and chemical and A procedure was developed for identifying agricultural priority areas at a municipal level physical analysis of 3500 soil and water samples was completed for a total of some 20 LRRI scien- (1:50 000). This utilizes a combination of agri- tists in soil survey units and in Ottawa. Recently cultural land use and soil survey data. It is an purchased major automated instruments, namely example of detailed land evaluation and is com- the Leco carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen deter- plementary to the broad-scale, supply-oriented studies done at the University of Guelph. The minator, an autoanalyzer, and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer with programmable Niagara land use report was finalized and submit- sampler, were brought into full operation and ted for publication. This relates the economic have made it possible to provide a more efficient performance of various agricultural activities to analytical service. A methods manual was pub- physical land factors. The Guelph land evaluation lished and the precision and accuracy of soil group has identified data requirements for determinations of C and N by the new equipment national land evaluation and is proceeding to were tested and found to be superior to those compile the necessary integrated data bases. achieved by previous methods used in the labora- A classification procedure for farm-level crop- tory. ping systems from census acreage data has been developed. This technique, which estimates land- Land use and evaluation based economic analyses at the regional level, is The land use and evaluation program under- being used in several studies of agriculture in takes to develop improved techniques for inte- eastern Canada. A very detailed version of the grating and interpreting soil climate, landform, sorting program is being used to augment field agronomic, and economic data to evaluate the data in the Haldiman-Norfolk land use systems production potential and degradation hazards of project, and a more general version is being land under alternate agricultural uses. Progress applied to a land degradation study in central and for each of the projects is as follows. eastern Canada.

Land Resource Research Institute 63 Forest land productivity in Canada was evalu- pleted for the map-digitizing portion of the sys- ated at a broad scale using a physical crop growth tem. A regional installation has been effected in model. Generally good agreement was achieved Nova Scotia and is progressing in Manitoba and with available forest yield data. Seven scientific Saskatchewan. Software for the map analysis papers and bulletins were prepared for publica- (output) is being developed under contract and tion. will be tested in the new year. All the national data files have been reformated Land resource protection. Maps have been to one or a series of RAPID relations and efforts prepared that show the risk of water erosion in are being focused on the development of output southern Ontario and the Peace River region of reports and flexible outputting procedures. A British Columbia, and the risk of wind erosion in wide range of report types have been developed Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Field, laboratory, for the soil data (DETAIL) file and the wetlands and modeling studies have demonstrated the registry. Work is currently under way to refine and greater water erodibility of soils when they are consolidate these into a flexible reporting system freshly thawed in the spring, and the high risk of and to allow for a wide range of statistical manip- wind erosion of dry, snow-free soils in winter. ulations and summaries. It will also facilitate Acid rain and nitrogen fertilizers have been transfer of data to other computer systems. Final compared using a model of soil acidification pro- products will be published in a user's manual in cesses. Nitrogen fertilizer was found to be the the future. greater source of acidity in the agricultural soils The general CanS IS user's manual and user's of all regions of Canada west of Quebec. The output manual for the soil performance and man- beneficial effects on agricultural land of the nitro- agement file of CanSIS have been published. gen and sulfur in acid rain were found to be over These represent major steps toward complete sys- 10 times greater than the cost of lime to neutralize tem documentation. the acidity they cause. There has been rapid development of interest in The role of pipe drains in modifying water microcomputers for regional offices over the past tables has been evaluated in an important eastern year. Thus major efforts were directed toward the Ontario soil, and equations predicting drain spac- development of an overall institute electronic data ing were compared. An experiment has been processing policy, preparation of equipment established in the northern Ontario Clay Belt to acquisition plans up to 1987, and preparation of study the effectiveness of alternative drainage requisitions and justification for the electronic systems. Erosion and water quality have been data processing hardware and software to be measured in open-channel outlet drains in an acquired. unstable eastern Ontario soil. Major improvements were demonstrated with the use of vegeta- Agrometeorology tion, groundwater interception pipes, and bank Research and development within the slope angles. Agrometeorology Section is concerned with Factors for application of the universal soil loss characterizing weather and climate as it relates to equation (USLE) have been calculated and put on agriculture, in order to provide a quantitative computer for southwestern Ontario, Alberta, and basis for efficient use of Canada's limiting cli- part of the British Columbia portion of the Peace mate resources and to provide for more informed River area. decision-making on weather-sensitive agri- Studies of soil erodibility have continued in the cultural operations. Evidence is accumulating to field using a rainfall simulator, as have studies of suggest that we are likely to experience periods of the effects of herbicide use and zero-tillage on climatic variability and possibly climate change soil structure. Seven scientific papers and reports due to increasing carbon dioxide levels. Research have been prepared. to increase our understanding and to develop Canada soil information system (CanSIS). methodologies to assess crop response to envi- Work is in progress to transfer cartographic soft- ronmental factors is a prerequisite if food produc- ware from the IBM system on Data Crown to the tion in Canada is to effectively adjust to the possi- VAX computers in Agriculture Canada. This ble complex environmental changes. Develop- offers the potential of reducing both the time and ment of methodologies to assess agroclimatic costs involved in producing interpretive maps. resources for normal climate and for variable or Software is being developed to eliminate the changing climate conditions need increasing sup- restriction on the number of map symbols port. The growing cost of energy and the desir- allowed and the physical size of the map. ability of optimizing the application of chemical The testing and implementation of the stand- control for crop pests and disease make the devel- alone digitizing work station have been com- opment and dissemination of agrometeorological

64 Research Branch Report 1984 indices applicable for decision making for far-red one. The sensitivity of a canopy to wind is weather-sensitive agricultural operations an dependent, however, on its geometrical config- important priority. uration. Under such conditions, it is important to use the median value rather than the mean value. Crop environment assessment. Procedures for These results may be useful for future detailed operationally estimating yields of cereal crops analyses of satellite imagery. under different cultural management practices from daily meteorological data and current soil Rates of biomass production of corn under water reserves have been developed for projecting field conditions have been estimated for 3 yr from conservative production estimates. By late June the net absorption of carbon dioxide. The total 1984, in the Brown Soil Zone, yields of 1.2 tfha biomass production for each growing season was for wheat on fallow and of 0.7-0.8 tfha on stub- determined by calculating gross photosynthesis, bleland were estimated. Final reported produc- plant respiration, and soil respiration from hourly tion yields were 1 tfha. By comparison, yields of measurements of easily observed environmental 1.6-1.8 tfha in the Dark Brown Soil Zone were factors and asssociated functional relationships. estimated. Final reported production yields were The potential of measuring crop growth and 1.6 tfha. During this time when dry conditions water use for areal applications was demonstrated were prevailing in the southern prairies, crop using an airborne analyses system developed in yields of 2.0--2.4 tfha in the Black Soil Zone were cooperation with the Engineering and Statistical estimated. Simultaneously, imagery for Sas- Research Institute and the National Aeronautical katchewan was acquired in mid July from the Establishment of the National Research Council polar-orbiting (daily) satellite operated by the by: comparing the rate of growth of canola, flax, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- wheat, and corn from CO2 flux at 25 m above the tion. It outlined the boundaries of the drought crops; providing a rapid estimate of the reduction areas, which extended south of Yorkton, Quill in growth potential of an area damaged by a Lake, North Battleford, and Kindersley. These hailstorm by measuring the CO2 flux over the areas also coincided with soil moisture reserves area; and estimating regional actual evap- as estimated from daily meteorological data for otranspiration for water balance studies. sites having less than 75% of normal soil water Agroclimatic resource assessment. Results of reserves for continuously cropped lands assessments of agroclimatic resources of the (25 June). The wheat yield - protein model was Atlantic Region were incorporated into extension modified to calculate conserved over-winter soil publications for improved guidelines on cutting moisture for wheat grown on both fallow and management of forage crops and optimum seed- stubble land. Other modifications were intro- ing dates of winter wheat. These recommenda- duced to increase sensitivity for unusually dry tions will promote improved forage quality or years based on crop data obtained from 1961 to improved yield, or both, through better manage- 1978. ment. In cooperation with Environment Canada, Field monitoring of seven test areas provided historical archives of daily depth of snow on data on crops and crop growing conditions in the ground are being upgraded and expanded for all Prairie Provinces for analyses of the thematic agricultural regions in Canada. The improved mapper data from Landsat and from airborne data base will facilitate more detailed assessment radar imagery acquired in the X, C, and L band of conditions for overwintering crops. wavelengths. High-resolution airborne multi band A report was completed on the possible impact spectrometer data were obtained for defining of climatic change on crop production in various future agricultural optical sensor systems. Analy- regions of Canada, in cooperation with the Crop ses of changes in water bodies in eastern Sas- Production Division of the Production Develop- katchewan over a period of years using Landsat ment Directorate and the Land Use and Evalua- data in relation to crop yields indicated a complex tion Section of LRRI. Results of this study sug- relationship between water-body distribution, gest that a warming trend in climate without previous environmental and weather conditions, changes in precipitation could cause a decline in and current season's crop conditions. Results yields of many crops in most regions due to from ground-based spectrometer studies show higher moisture stress. that measurements of irradiance values for the red Preparation of detailed frost maps for about and far-red bands taken under cloudy conditions one-third of the agricultural land area of Prince are more constant and approximately 10% larger Edward Island was completed. Information on than measurements taken during sunny condi- dates of last spring and first autumn freeze and tions. Also, under windy conditions, the red freeze-free period are overlaid on 74 orthophoto- reflectance band shows larger variability than the base map sheets at a scale of 1:10 000. The maps

Land Resource Research Institute 65 will be made available to farmers for manage- time weather-based estimates of insect popula- ment decisions relating to frost-sensitive crops. tions, disease development, and crop maturity. A Studies continued on the relationships between 6-mo trial of a microprocessor-based data logger the physical environment and crop growth and at the Agriculture Canada weather site in Ottawa development. Field data on growth and phe- was completed. A microcomputer with automatic nological development of com, soybeans, and dialing capability was used to automatically barley were obtained for the 3rd yr at four sites. A retrieve data from the weather site at night and on method of estimating com leaf stage and expan- weekends via the telephone line. This system can sion from environmental parameters (tem- potentially reduce manpower requirements and perature and moisture) was developed and tested increase the availability of current weather data against field data on sandy loam and clay soils. for computer updating of agrometeorological Growth and water relations of barley in sandy indices and models. Provincial and farm groups loam and clay loam soils were monitored in a were visited in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, greenhouse environment. A nonlinear model was and British Columbia, with a view to improving developed and fitted to com growth data. This local farm weather services through incorpora- model has the potential for being used in wide tion of agrometeorological indices related to area estimates of crop growth and yield. Develop- pests, diseases, crop maturity, and hay-drying mental work on detailed com growth modeling potential. continued by incorporating leaf development and A network of soil moisture observations was transpiration functions into the model. Water established in three areas in Quebec, in coopera- stress conditioning of com was studied by moni- tion with the Commission d'agrometeorologie du toring changes in osmotic potential under field Quebec. The recommended model was calibrated and controlled conditions. and implemented at Ville Saint-Laurent. A func- Improved simulations of the soil water regime tion to estimate the contribution of the water table near the surface boundary were achieved by using to soil moisture was developed. A cooperative new numerical schemes at the soil surface in the project with the Saint-Jean Research Station to Hayhoe-de Jong soil moisture model. The effect develop an apple bud survival function and an of using 30 yr of daily weather data as opposed to apple growth function was initiated. climatic normal data as input into three soil water A new low-cost leaf wetness sensor was com- models of increasing complexity was studied. pared with the standard instrument for measuring The models used for this purpose included the wetting duration, the Hiltner dew balance, and a aridity index of wheat, the versatile soil moisture commercial resistance-type sensor. The results budget, and the Hayhoe-de Jong soil moisture were most encouraging and suggest that this new model. Continued improvements in soil water sensor could be useful in monitoring leaf-wetting modeling will improve our ability to characterize duration for prediction of development and con- soil climatic regimes for agriculture, for estima- trol of disease for fruit and vegetable production. ting crop yield and evaluating management prac- Field monitoring of winter and spring environ- tices. mental and soil conditions was continued, to Operations management. The Agromete- increase the data available to evaluate frost depth orology Section is actively involved in research to sensors and develop and test numerical models of develop and demonstrate the usefulness of soil temperature and freeze-thaw processes. The indices and parameters that integrate weather and new frost probe was adapted for automatic record- soil conditions into decision-making aids for ing with a CR5 data logger. In addition, a dif- agricultural production. As part of this project ferent electrode configuration was designed and current weather conditions and derived soil field tested. A numerical model of heat flow in the moisture were monitored on a weekly and snow for the case where snow depth and density is monthly basis during the year for the Prairie Prov- specified was formulated and integrated with a inces. Eighteen soil moisture evaluation reports soil heat flow model. The heat flow model was were produced, together with 352 manuscript successfully applied for comparison with frost maps for reproduction on the Grassroots videotex depth estimating from the electrical frost probe. services. Development work was carried out on Design modifications were made to the sonic an improved crop stress index for wheat. Coeffi- snow-depth sensor. It was installed at the Agri- cients for each crop district related to five phe- culture Canada weather site in Ottawa for further nological stages were developed. Current compu- evaluation and comparison with standard meater weather data files for Ontario and the Prairie surements. Provinces were updated on a weekly basis for use A field experiment was carried out monitoring by regional agricultural researchers for near-real- the response of strawberries to irrigation, which

66 Research Branch Report 1984 was scheduled according to three different crite- Mathur, S.P.; Sanderson, R.B.; Belanger, A.; Valk, ria. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to M.; Knibbe, E.N.; Preston, C.M. 1984. The monitor B-gauge response to that of other indica- effect of copper applications on the movement of tors of water stress. copper and other elements in organic soils. Water In a cooperative study with the Saskatoon Air Soil Pollut. 22:277-288. Research Station multiple regressions relating McKeague, 1.A.; Eilers, R.G.; Thomasson, A.1.; weather conditions in Saskatchewan on a rural Reeve, M.1.; Bouma, 1.; Grossman, R.B.; Favrot, municipality basis for the years 1943 to 1981 to J.C.; Renger, M.; Strebel, O. 1984. Tentative fluctuations in combined field and combined assessment of soil survey approaches to the characterization and interpretation of air-water roadside grasshopper populations were used to properties of soils. Geoderma 34:69-100. interpret the spatial growth and decline indicated in three-dimensional plots. A study was com- McKeague, 1.A.;Grant, D.R.;Kodama, H.; Beke, GJ.; pleted to determine the change in the drying Wang, C. 1983. Properties of genesis of a soil and the underlying saprolite, Cape Breton Island, index over the growing season at selected sites in Canada. Can. 1. Earth Sci. 18:487-494. the Maritimes. Michalyna, W.; Rust, R. H. 1984. Influence of drainage regime on the chemistry and morphology of some Manitoba soils: I. Sandy Chernozemic and PUBLICATIONS Gleysolic soils of the Lower Assiniboine Delta. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 64:587-604. Research Michalyna, W.; Rust, R.H. 1984. Influence of drainage Bootsma, A. 1984. Forage crop maturity zonation in the regime on the chemistry and morphology of some Atlantic Region using growing degree-days. Can. Manitoba soils: II. Clayey Chernozemic and 1. Plant Sci. 64:329-338. Gleysolic soils of the Red River Plain. Can. 1. Soil Coote, D.R.; Saidak, WJ. 1984. Influence of herbicide Sci. 64:605-620. use and inter-row tillage on com yields and soil Smith, C.A.S.; Spiers, G.A.; Coen, G.M.; Pluth, D.1. conditions. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:405-409. 1983. On the origin of Fe in some Podzolic soils Desjardins, R.L.; Buckley, D.; St-Amour, G. 1984. formed on calcareous parent materials in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Can. 1. Soil Sci. Application of a microcomputer system for CO2 flux density measurements. Agric. Meteorol. 63:691-696. 32:257-265. Stewart, D.W.; Dwyer, L.M. 1983. Stomatal response to plant water deficits. 1. Theor. BioI. Dinel, H.; Larouche, A.; Levesque, M. 1983. Evalua- 104:655-666. tion de deux methodes de quantification des ma- crofossiles dans les materiaux tourbeux. Nat. Topp, G.c.; Davis, 1.L.; Bailey, WG.; Zebchuk, WD. Can. (Rev. Ecol. Syst.) 110:429-434. 1984. The measurement of soil water content using a portable TDR hand probe. Can. 1. Soil Dwyer, L. M.; Stewart, D. W. 1984. Indicators of water Sci. 64:313-321. stress in com (Zea mays L.). Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:537-546. Valentine, K.WG. 1983. Another way of doing things. 1. Soil Surv. Land Eval. 3(2):29-30. Fox, C.A. 1984. A morphometric system for describing the micromorphology of organic soils and Miscellaneous organic layers. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 64:495-503. Bootsma, A. 1984. Climatic zonation for forage crops Hayhoe, H.N.; Topp, G.c.; Edey, S.N. 1983. Analysis in the Atlantic region. LRRI No. 83-01. Agric. of measurement and numerical schemes to esti- Can. Res. Br. Tech. Bull. 1983-27E. 44 pp. mate frost and thaw penetration of a soil. Can. 1. Bootsma, A.; Blackburn, W.1.; Stewart, R.B.; Muma, Soil Sci. 63:67-77. R. W; Dumanski, 1. 1984. Possible effects of cli- Levesque, M.P.; Mathur, S.P. 1984. The effects of matic change on estimated crop yields in Canada. using copper for mitigating Histosol subsidence LRRI No. 83-64. Agric. Can. Res. Br. Tech. Bull. on III: The yield and nutrition of onions, minicar- 1984-9E. 26 pp. rots and carrots grown on Histosols, mineral sub- Bootsma, A.; Suzuki, M. 1984. Optimum dates of first layers and their mixtures. Soil Sci. 138:127-137. cut of forage crops in the Atlantic region. Agric. Mack, A.R.; Brach, E.J; Rao, VR. 1983. Appraisal of Can., Canadex 120.56. 2 pp. multi-spectral analyses of high resolution crop Bootsma, A.; Suzuki, M. 1984. Moisture zones for spectra. Int. J. Remote Sens. 5:279-288. forage production and hay making in the Atlantic Mathur, S.P.; Belanger, A.; Sanderson, R.B.; Valk, region. Agric. Can. Canadex 120.55. 2 pp. M.; Knibbe, E.N. 1984. The influence of varia- Coen, G.M.; Tajek, 1. 1984. Guidebook for a soils and tions in soil copper on the yield and nutrition of land use tour from Banff to the Columbia Ice- spinach grown in microplots on two organic soils. fields. Agric. Can. Soil Surv. 637,4465 Calgary Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15:695-706. Trail S. Edmonton, Alta. T6H 5R7.7.

Land Resource Research Institute 67 Coote, D. R. 1983. La recherche sur l'erosion au Canada planning with emphasis on digitizing soil maps (mais hors du Quebec). In L'erosion acceleree et and other natural resource inventories. Cornell anthropique: ses consequences sur l'environne- University, Ithaca, New York, 4-6 April. ment. Compte-rendu du colloque, Assoc. Cana- MacDonald, K.B.; Kloosterman, B. 1984. The Canada dienne-Franc;aise pour l'avancement des sciences soil information system (CanS IS) general user's (ACFAS), Trois Rivieres, Quebec, 26 maL manual. Land Resour. Res. Inst., Res. Br., Agric. pp.4-14. Can. LRRI No. 83-59-E. Coote, D.R.; Gibbons, 1.S.; Broughton, R.S. 1984. Nolin, M.; Wang, Caillier, M. 1984. Fichierinterac- Reducing erosion of open channel drains in prob- c.; tif de description des delimitations et unites car- lem soils of the Ottawa-Saint Lawrence Lowlands tographiques de sol. Agriculture Canada et of Canada. Transactions 12th International Con- Departement des Sols, Universite Laval. 52e Con- gress on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). Fort Col- gres. Association canadienne-franc;aise de l'avan- lins, Colorado, 31 May - 2 lune. Vol. I(B): 317-332. cement des sciences. Vol. 5 I. Rostad, H.P.W.; Kiss, 1.J.; Anderson, A.1. 1983. Sur- De long, R.; Hayhoe, H.N. 1984. Diffusion-based soil face pH of Saskatchewan soils. Sask. Inst. Pedol. water simulation for native grassland. Agric. Publ. M67. Water Manage. 9L47-60. Stonehouse, H.B.; Ellis, 1.G. 1983. The soils of the De long, R.; Loebel, K. 1984. Soil physical data: Hudson Bay and Saskatchewan portion of the Documentation of a computer file. Agric. Can. Swan Lake map areas 63D and 63C, Saskatche- Res. Br. Tech. Bull. 1984-7E. 22 pp. wan. Sask. Inst. Pedol. Publ. S5. Eilers, WD.; Anderson, D.W; McCann, B.L. 1983. Valentine, K. WG. 1984. Mapping: The Cinderella task Soils of the Wellington Municipality, RM 97. of inventory. Proceedings Conference on invento- Map and legend prepared for Prairie Farm rying forest and other vegetation of high latitude Rehabilitation Administration Soil and Water and high altitude regions. Soc. Am. Foresters. Conservation. Fairbanks, Alaska. 7 pp. Fraser, W. 1983. Soils of the Spruce Woods Provincial Van Vliet, L.1.P.; Brierley, A.; Austin, R.; Green, A.1. Park: Published soil map and legend. Cana- 1983. Saltspring Island (interim) soil survey. da-Manitoba Soil Survey, Winnipeg. North and south Saltspring Island. Maps and Levesque, P.E.M.; Mathur, S.P. 1984. Affaissement expanded legend. Part of resource folio for Gulf des terres noires et utilisation du cuivre comme Islands. Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ministry fertilisant et agent ralentissant Ie processus de of Environment, Victoria, B.C. degradation. Quebec Min. Agric. Alim. Inform. Van Vliet, L.1.P.; Henning, A.M.E; Carroll, K.M.; Agric. 4:4. Novak, M.D. 1983. Measuring soil erosion losses MacDonald, K.B. 1984. The cartographic subsystem of in the Peace River region. In Proceedings Second CanSIS (Canada Soil Information System) and its Annual Western Provincial Conference on application to land evaluation. In Proceedings of rationalization of water and soil research and the international symposium on geographic infor- management. 29 November-I December, Saska- mation systems for conservation and development toon, Sask.

68 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Program Service, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Administration E. Larmond, BSc Acting Director D.W Friel Administration and awards WL. Fettes Branch liaison

Graphics C.N. Halchuk Art and design WO. Wilson Photography

Scientific Editing 1.A. Perrin, 1 BSc Head of Section D.M. Archibald, BA Acting Head of Section S.Y. Balchin Editing N. Rousseau, BA, MA Editing S.M. Rudnitski, BSc Editing D.R. Sabourin, BA Editing F. Smith, BA Editing 1.M. Tomlinson, BA, MA Editing

Scientific Information Retrieval 1. Taky, BA, BSc Head of Section P. Beauchamp, BSc, MSc Herbicides 1.S. Kelleher, BSc, MSc, PhD Biocontrol H.S. Krehm, BA, MA, PhD Fungicides and insecticides C.D. Laing, BSc, MSc Inventory and systems R. McNeil, BSc Inventory and systems

Departures R. Makowski, BSc, MSc Scientific information Educational leave, September 1983 1. Whelan, BSc Systems Transferred to Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 27 June 1984

ISeconded to Branch Executive.

Research Program Service 69 INTRODUCTION

Research Program Service supports research and development in the branch by maintaining computerized scientific and technical information systems, providing publications services, and administering branch awards and international scientific exchange programs. The service is divided into four sections: Administration, which contains the awards, branch liaison, and word processing units; Graphics, which contains the art and design and the photography units; Scientific Editing, which comprises English and French editors; and Scientific Information Retrieval, which contains the biocontrol, inventory and systems, and pesticides units. The Scientific Information Retrieval Section has put into service two new components to the Pesticide Research Information System, namely, the pesticide use index and the pesticide residues. The Administration Section continued to administer the program for operating grants and visiting fellowships, and to coordinate international missions and visits and exchange programs with the USSR, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Research Branch staff was informed of the news, happenings, and accomplishments through the nine issues of Tableau published during 1984. Graphics, photography, and scientific editing combined their efforts to maintain and improve the high quality of production of publications and support material necessary for the transfer of knowledge and technology to the scientific community and the agri-food sector. Further information can be obtained from the Director, Research Program Service, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6.

Yves Belanger Acting Director

AWARDS AND BRANCH LIAISON Germany, Japan, and the USSR; and one mission each from Australia, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Research Program Service continued to Egypt, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, the Ivory administer the operating grants, visiting fel- Coast, Madagascar, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, and lowships, and scientific exchange programs dur- Senegal. The unit also made arrangements for 15 ing 1984. Operating grants are awarded to indi- scientists to visit France, three to the Federal vidual researchers at Canadian universities as Republic of Germany, and one to the United contributions toward the costs of proposed Kingdom. research projects that will be of value to the agricultural industry. The selection committee is made up of three representatives from Agri- GRAPHICS culture Canada and seven from faculties of agriculture and veterinary science. In 1984, the com- A wide variety of services in research pho- mittee received 320 applications. tography, art production, and illustrations were The visiting fellowship program gives promis- provided to the branch and other agencies within ing young scientists, from all over the world, the the department. A total of 2287 jobs were han- opportunity to work with distinguished re- dled, generating 52 867 pieces of work, repre- searchers in their respective fields before embark- senting an increase of 16% over the previous year. ing on careers in scientific research. The program The demand for services from the photography is administered by the Natural Sciences and unit had an overall increase of 5% over last year. Engineering Research Council on behalf of The areas where the most significant increases Canadian government departments and agencies. took place were in black-and-white contact prints Research Program Service acts as liaison between and color slides with 30% and 110%, respec- the council and Agriculture Canada. In 1984, tively. there were 286 applications for fellowships in this The addition of an automated color film pro- department. cessor has enabled the Photography Unit to dou- The branch liaison unit arranged for 57 scien- ble the production of color enlargements used for tists to visit branch establishments during the past exhibition purposes by the Research Branch year: ten missions from France; three missions across Canada. It has also, along with other tech- from the People's Republic of China; two mis- nology improvements made in previous years, sions each from Cuba, the Federal Republic of permitted the unit to lower its turnaround time to

70 Research Branch Report 1984 6 days when only photographic work was Twenty bulletins were published in the required. Research Branch technical bulletin series, which Forty-five seminar displays were produced by provides timely technology transfer to spe- the art and design unit, including five large panels cialized audiences. for the program for energy research and development in agriculture and food (ERDA F), requested by the Engineering and Statistical Research Insti- SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION tute. The overall turnaround time for jobs requir- RETRIEVAL ing graphics work only was reduced to 8 days. The inventory of Canadian agricultural research (ICAR) and the Research Branch project SCIENTIFIC EDITING outline system were updated in 1984. Access to both these systems continues to be provided A total of 35 departmental and 103 Research across Canada to the whole research community Branch publications were released during the and to Research Branch personnel. year. Of these, four were priced publications. All six components of the pesticide research Some ofthe publications issued were Alfalfa leaf information system (PRIS) became fully opera- cutter bee management in Western Canada/ tional in 1984, all in various stages of completion. L' elevage de la decoupeuse de la luzerne (mega- This completes development of phase IV. Interna- chile) dans l' ouest du Canada; Bean diseases tional access to the data base has been tested and and their control/Maladies des haricots et has proven both highly feasible and desirable. moyens de lutte; Compendium of licensed vari- Expertise of the service and the world lead- eties-potatoes/Compendium de varieres homo- ership role in data base development has been loguees-pommes de terre; Agriculture Canada exemplified by visits from Chinese, French, and recipients of merit awards for outstanding contri- English delegations. butions to agriculture/Prime au merite accordee Forty-nine sheets of a branch Compendium of aux employes d'Agriculture Canada pour leur licensed varieties/Compendium de varietes contribution exceptionelle en agriculture; The homologuees are now available for potatoes. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 12. The sheets were prepared in nine languages in cooper- families and subfamilies of Canadian chalcid ation with the Food Production and Inspection wasps; Cultivating red raspberries in Eastern and the Marketing and Economics branches. Canada/La culture du framboisier rouge dans The biocontrol unit continued to provide a ser- l' est du Canada; Smut diseases of wheat, barley, vice in the importation of parasites and predators oats, and rye/Les charbons du ble, de l' orge, de for the Research Branch and the Canadian For- l' avoine et du seigle; Recommended code of prac- estry Service. In 1984, 14 shipments were tice for care and handling of pigs/Regles de con- received from eight countries; these consisted of duites recommandees pour l' entretien et la ma- 250 000 individual specimens of parasites and nutention des pores; Herbaceous perennials for predators. Four agricultural and three forestry the Prairie Provinces/Herbacees vivaces pour les projects were involved. Sixteen shipments were provinces des Prairies; Pesticide research report; sent from Ottawa for liberation oflaboratory stud- long histories for the research stations at Char- ies in six provinces. There were 11 parasite and lottetown, Delhi, and Lacombe and short history predator species involved and a total of 2069 folders for Harrow and Kamloops; nine issues of individuals. Tableau; and four issues of the Pesticide Informa- tion/Information pesticides newsletter.

Research Program Service 71

Atlantic Region Region de l'Atlantique

E.E. Lister W.B. Collins S.c. Cassidy

Director General Directeur general E.E. Lister, BSc, MSc, PhD Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes W.B. Collins, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Acting Chief, Administrative Services Chef S.c. Cassidy interimaire des Services d' administration

Atlantic Region 73 PREFACE affecting the development and distribution of The Atlantic Region, with headquarters in Pyrenophora and Fusarium diseases. Halifax, consists of four research stations, two The forage crops research program aims to experimental farms, and two substations. These develop improved forage management practices research establishments serve the agricultural and methods of storage and utilization. Progress communities in New Brunswick, Prince Edward in forage management and nutrition in red clover Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. In addi- breeding and in the management of forages on tion, the regional establishments make major peatland soils is discussed. contributions to national programs on potatoes, The objectives of horticultural crops research food processing, livestock feeds and nutrition, are to improve crop production, with emphasis on postharvest storage and control of insects, dis- the potato, through approaches in breeding, man- eases, and weeds. In 1984, the region managed a agement, protection, nutrition, and physiology. budget of $23 million and employed 100 profes- Progress in potato research is reported on breed- sionals to carry out its programs. ing methodology, on improved disease diagnosis, on advances in control of insect and disease, and The soil management program emphasizes the on the development of superior crop-manage- development of practical management technolo- ment systems. Progress is also presented, in sev- gies to cope with problems of erosion and phys- eral fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops, on ical constraints related to impermeable subsoils new cultivar development, crop-management and with problems in developing the potential of refinements, and improved pest -management peatland resources in the region. The soil strategies, with emphasis on biological control resources of the New Brunswick research estab- and integrated pest management. lishments were characterized during the year, to Research in processing technology and storage provide a base for the extrapolation of research aims to improve the competitive advantage of results. Advances in drainage technology for peat regionally produced products in the marketplace. soils are also reported. Progress is detailed on improvements in process- The livestock and livestock feeds research pro- ing technology for berry crops and on advances in gram is directed toward developing improved storage technology for fruits and vegetables. feeding and management systems using locally Significant staff changes in 1984 included the produced feedstuffs, for beef and dairy cattle, appointment of Dr. Y. Martel as Director of the swine, and poultry. Nutritional studies in relation Fredericton Research Station, succeeding Dr. C. to growth and development of broiler chickens, Bernard who transferred to the Regional Devel- sheep, Holstein steers, and dairy cattle and calves opment Branch, and the retirement of Mr. Robert are among the items discussed. Research studies Chancey as Director of the St. John's West on swine management for induction of early Research Station. Dr. H.R. Davidson was puberty and on changes in the profiles of epi- appointed as the new Director at St. John's West thelial enzymes in the rumen of developing calves and Mrs. Susan Bowes resigned as Chief of are also promising. Administrative Services for the Atlantic Region Headquarters. The objectives of the cereal research program are to develop superior cultivars for the region, to Further information about our programs may develop improved crop-management systems, be obtained by writing to the research establish- and to elucidate the factors mediating hardiness ment concerned or by addressing inquiries to in winter cereals. Highlighted results include Atlantic Region Headquarters, Research Branch, reports on the breeding and evaluation of spring Agriculture Canada, 1888 Brunswick Street wheat, spring and winter triticale, and oats; on Halifax, N.S. B3J 3J8. ' management factors affecting floret fertility in winter wheat; on the effects of growth regulators E.E. Lister and fertility on crop management; and on factors Director General

74 Research Branch Report 1984 PREFACE l'apparition et la distribution des maladies qui affectent Pyrenophora et a Fusarium. La region de I'Atlantique, dont I'administration Le programme de recherches sur les cultures centrale est a Halifax, comprend quatre stations fourrageres vise a ameliorer les pratiques de recherches, deux fermes experimentales et d'exploitation, les methodes d'entreposage et deux stations satellites. Ces etablissements de l'utilisation. II est question des progres dans Ies recherches dispensent des services aux collec- domaines de la conduite et de la fertilisation des tivites agricoles du Nouveau-Brunswick, de I'Ile- cultures fourrageres, de I'amelioration du trefle du-Prince-Edouard, de la Nouvelle-Ecosse et de rouge et de l'exploitation des' cultures fourrageres Terre-Neuve. En outre, Ies etablissements sur les sols tourbeux. regionaux jouent un rOle important dans les pro- L'objectif des recherches portant sur Ies grammes nationaux sur la pomme de terre, la cultures horticoles est d'accroitre la productivite transformation des aliments, I'alimentation du de diverses cultures, notamment celie de la betail, I'entreposage des recoltes et la lutte contre pomme de terre, en etudiant divers aspects, soit les insectes, les maladies et les mauvaises herbes. l'amelioration de la plante, la conduite, la protec- En 1984, la region a administre un budget de 23 tion et Ia fertilisation de Ia culture, ainsi que la millions de dollars et employe 100 professionnels physiologie de la plante. Les recherches sur la pour mener a bien ses divers programmes. pomme de terre ont permis de realiser des progres Le programme de gestion des sols est axe sur la dans Ies domaines de l'ameIioration de la culture, mise au point de techniques pratiques permettant du diagnostic des maladies, de la lutte contre Ies de lutter contre I'erosion et de surmonter les con- insectes et les maladies et de la mise au point de traintes physiques posees par les sous-sols imper- systemes de conduite des cultures. Des etudes meables ainsi que les problemes de developpe- portant sur plusieurs fruits, legumes et cultures ment du potentiel des tourbieres de la region. On ornementales ont perm is de selectionner de a caracterise les ressources en sol des etablisse- nouveaux cultivars, de perfectionner les systemes ments de recherches du Nouveau-Brunswick, au de conduite des cultures et d'ameliorer les stra- cours de I'annee, car ces donnees peuvent servir a tegies de lutte antiparasitaire, surtout la lutte bio- extrapoler les resultats de recherches. Les cher- logique et la lutte integree. cheurs ont egalement ameliore les techniques de Les recherches axees sur les techniques de drainage des sols tourbeux. transformation et sur l'entreposage visent a ame- Le programme de recherches sur Ie betail et liorer la position concurrentielle des produits de son alimentation a pour objet d'ameliorer les sys- provenance regionale sur Ie marche. On expose temes d'alimentation et de conduite d'elevage en en detail les trouvailles dans Ie domaine de la utilisant de la nourriture produite localement transformation des petits fruits et les progres dans pour les bovins de boucherie, et les bovins Ie domaine des techniques d'entreposage des laitiers, les porcs et la volaille. II est notamment fruits et des legumes. question d'etudes visant a etablir des relations En 1984, il y a eu d'importants changements entre, d'une part, la nutrition et d'autre part, Ia dans Ia composition du personnel, dont la nomi- croissance et Ie developpement ds pouIets a nation d'Yvon Martel comme directeur de la sta- griller, des moutons, des bouvillons ainsi que des tion de recherches de Fredericton. II a succede a bovins laitiers et des veaux. Les recherches sur c. Bernard, qui a ete mute ala Direction generale l'induction precoce de la puberte chez Ie porc et du developpement regional. Robert Chancey, sur les modifications des profils des enzymes de directeur de la station de recherches de St-10hn's l'epithelium du rumen des veaux en croissance West, a pris sa retraite et a ete remplace par H.R. semblent egalement prometteuses. Davidson. Entin, Susan Bowes a demissionne de Le programme de recherches sur les cereales a son poste de chef des services administratifs de pour objet de mettre au point des cuItivars supe- l'administration centrale de la region de I'Atlanti- rieurs adaptes a la region, d'ameliorer les sys- que. temes de conduite des cultures et de preciser les Pour de plus am pies renseignements sur nos facteurs qui conditionnent la rusticite des cereales programmes, veuillez ecrire a un etablissement d'hiver. Voici quelques-uns des resultats mis en de recherches de la region ou vous adresser a lumiere: rapports reIatifs a l'obtention et a I'eval- l'administration centrale de la region de I'Atlanti- uation du ble de printemps, du triticale de que, Direction generale de la recherche, Agri- printemps et d'hiver, ainsi que de l'avoine; aux culture Canada, 1888, rue Brunswick, Halifax facteurs d'exploitation qui influent sur la fertilite (N .-E.), B31 318. des fleurs du ble d'hiver; aux effets des reg- ulateurs de croissance et de la fertilite sur la E.E. Lister conduite des cultures; et aux facteurs influant sur Directeur general

Atlantic Region 75

Research Station, St. John's West, Newfoundland

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

H.R. Davidson,l BSc, PhD, PAg Director

Horticulture B.G. Penney, BSc, MSc Vegetable crops

Plant Breeding and Pathology K.G. Proudfoot, BAgr, MAgr Program leader; Potato breeding M.e. Hampson, BSc, MSc, PhD Plant diseases

Agronomy A.F. Rayment, BSc, MSc Program leader; Soil fertility and drainage

Departures H.W.R. Chancey, BSA, MSA, FAIC Director Retired 3 August 1984 R.F. Morris, BSA, MSc, FESC Program Leader; Entomology Retired 28 December 1984

'New appointment effective 6 August 1984.

Research Station, St. John's West, Nfld. 77 INTRODUCTION

The research station located at St. John's West, 8 km from the city center, is responsible for agricultural research in Newfoundland and Labrador. Two additional research facilities are operated: a peat research substation at Coli net, 80 km southwest of St. John's, and a blueberry research substation near Avondale, 67 km west of St. John's. Research programs include the development of drainage techniques for peat soils and the designing and adaptation of equipment for cultivating, fertilizing, seeding, and harvesting peat soil crops. Potato breeding for resistance to wart disease and golden nematode, rutabaga breeding for resistance to clubroot disease, economic insect control, and vegetable nutrition and adaptation trials are also important research areas. This report provides brief summaries of some of the results obtained in 1984. Further information, reprints of listed publications, and copies of previous reports can be obtained from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 7098, St. John's West, Nfld. AlE 3Y3.

H.R. Davidson Director

ENTOMOLOGY bofuran (71.0%); at Wooddale, chlorofenvinphos (89.7%), isofenphos (81.1 %), and turbofos (72.4%) were most effective. Cabbage maggot Late cabbage. Nine insecticides, including Rutabagas. Field tests for tolerance of cabbage cypermethrin (Ripcord and cymbush), cyfluthrin maggot, Delia radicum (L.), to fensulfothion (BAY FCR 1272), and carbaryl (Sevin), were (Dasanit), chlorofenvinphos (Birlane), and car- tested at St. John's for control of imported cab- bofuran (Furadan) were continued at St. John's bageworm, purple-backed cabbageworm, and and Wooddale. Fensulfothion (Dasanit), both as diamondback moth on cabbage. In a heavy single and split applications, was completely infestation of imported cabbageworm, three ineffective at both locations; carbofuran applications of cyfluthrin gave complete control (Furadan) was effective at St. John's but less so at and were more effective than double and single Wooddale; and chlorofenvinphos (Birlane) was applications. Double applications of cyper- effective at Wooddale but ineffective at St. John's. methrin, carbaryl, and cyfluthrin were more Cabbage maggot pupae collected at St. John's effective than single applications, which pro- and Wooddale were screened for resistance to vided inadequate control. Yields of marketable fensulfothion, carbofuran, and diazinon as adult cabbage were significantly higher where double fly populations by the London Soil Pesticide Lab- and triple applications of insecticides were used. oratory. The St. John's strain displayed a similar susceptibility to fensulfothion, diazinon, and car- Blueberry leaf tier. In cooperation with Dr. W. bofuran as a susceptible strain from London. The Seabrook of the University of New Brunswick, Wooddale strain was slightly more tolerant of studies were initiated at Pouch Cove to determine fensulfothion, but because the strain was from the most effective nonsaturating trap type for leaf field-collected pupae, the difference was not con- tier and to develop a control method in which sidered significant. Carbofuran was considerably mating is suppressed by permeating the air with less toxic to the Wooddale strain and may indicate an attractant. Preliminary studies indicate that a development of a low level of resistance to this closed-pail-type trap with holes, baited with a insecticide. Since both strains of cabbage maggot low concentration of E/2 11-14 pheromone, plus flies were not resistant to organophosphate and vapona, plus a water-and-oil surface catcher, cap- carbamate insecticides, results from both loca- tured the greater number of moths. Impregnated tions support the theory that the widely used Hereon chips scattered over an area of 48 m2 to insecticide fensulfothion and carbofuran are bio- suppress mating by permeating the air with degraded by soil microorganisms-carbofuran to attractant suppressed mating by 55%, indicating a lesser extent at St. John's. Additional that male moths were unable to orient themselves insecticides evaluated for maggot control toward calling females. included turbofos (Counter) and isofenphos European earwig parasites. During late sum- (Amaze). The most effective insecticides, in mer and fall, 266 tachinid parasite pupae, terms of percentage of control, at St. John's were Bigonicheta setipennis (Fallen), were collected at turbofos (75.4%), isofenphos (71.1%), and car- St. John's and forwarded to the Biological Control

78 Research Branch Report 1984 Unit, Research Program Service, Research In 1983, research was initiated to determine Branch, Ottawa. The Biological Control Unit whether stands and yield of native lowbush blue- plans to introduce the parasite in Halifax, N.S., berry could be improved with fertilizer used in and in certain areas of Ottawa where the European conjunction with a weed control program. Blue- earwig has recently established itself as an impor- berry stem samples taken in November 1984 tant pest in vegetable gardens and in homes. The showed that stem density and total flower buds parasite was introduced into Newfoundland from were increased 19 and 47%, respectively, with an British Columbia in 1951-1953 and Switzerland application of N at 60 kg/ha. No response was in 1959-1963. observed to applications of P at 26.2 kg/ha or K at 49.8 kg/ha. Stem density and total flower buds were increased 51 and 151%, respectively, in plots HORTICULTURE where a chemical weed control program was used. Peat soil Carrot. An investigation into the effect of N SOIL SCIENCE source on carrots showed no significant differences in marketable or total yield, mean carrot Peat soils length, or plant stand among diammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate. Drainage. An experiment designed to evaluate However, N rate did affect production. An appli- supplemental slit drains and various drain liners cation of N at 150 kg/ha significantly increased has provided evidence that peat deposits have a marketable and total yields, but when N was significant effect on the hydrology of an area. increased to 300 kg/ha yields were reduced. Plant During the dry period of July and early August, stand was significantly reduced when N was less than half the water flowed from drains with increased from 150 to 300 kg/ha, which probably the supplemental drainage treatment compared accounted for the lower yield at the higher rate. with those without, whereas during normal wet weather the opposite was true. This is viewed as a Mineral soil function of run-off control, and though the differ- Rutabaga. In 1984, a preliminary trial was ences were small in the context of this experi- established to determine the effect of source and ment, when extrapolated to the contrast between rate of N on storage rot in rutabaga. Marketable a virgin peat bog and an open pond of water, the and total yield were significantly higher, and the differences would be expected to be much more percentage of diseased rutabaga at harvest time substantial. Corrugated pipe liners, both fiber- was significantly lower with ammonium nitrate or wrapped and sawdust-embedded, appear some- calcium nitrate than with diammonium phos- what better than the Norwegian type slab liners in phate. However, there was no significant differ- lowering water tables and in total water efflux, ence in yield or in the percentage of diseased and the fiber-wrapped pipe in particular appears rutabaga between plots treated with calcium to be causing changes in the drainability of the nitrate and those treated with ammonium nitrate. peat. Yields from timothy were not significantly Marketable and total yields were significantly affected by drainage treatments, and though higher and the percentage of diseased rutabaga incipient drought conditions were indicated by significantly lower at an N rate of 200 than at moisture tensiometers for a short period, yield 100 kg/ha. responses favored the better drained areas. Lowbush blueberry. Yield data were obtained Fertility. The first year of a study of timothy in 1984 from a weed control trial established in growth response curves to K on a mature peat soil May 1983, to evaluate factorial combinations of was completed. Potassium was of most benefit in three rates each of hexazinone (active ingredient combination with the highest levels of P (80 kg/ (a.i.) at 0, 1, 2 kg/ha) and atrazine (a.i. at 0,4, ha of the oxide) and N (150 kg/ha). The data show 8 kg/ha). Both herbicides increased yield, but that the growth response curves fit a Mitscherlich ripe fruit yields were higher in plots treated with equation having a C value of 0.0065. hexazinone. Compared with the untreated plot, Potato wart disease hexazinone increased ripe fruit yields 91 and 153% at the rates of 1 and 2 kg/ha, respectively. Pathogenesis. Long, etiolated potato sprouts Atrazine, on the other hand, increased yields 38 continued to be used as the primary assay mate- and 72% at the rates of 4 and 8 kg/ha, respec- rial for influence of microenvironments on potato tively. Herbicide combinations did not give better infection by Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) results than either product applied alone. Perc., the causal agent of wart disease of

Research Station, SI. John's West, Nfld. 79 potatoes. Immersion of the sprouts in suspen- highly satisfactory, and further seed increase and sions of wart tissue or in the fungus itself was grower acceptance trials are continuing. Thirty- found satisfactory at 10-20°C for 4 h or more. A three cultivars and advanced selections included large number of chemical adjuvants were tested at in the NE107 trials were screened for both wart various concentrations and pH values. It was con- and golden nematode at Avondale. Four firmed that best infection occurs at about pH 5.4 cultivars-Sunrise, Islander, Hampton, and ::t 3. Best concentration of sodium chloride was Chipbelle-remained free of infection by both 0.025 M. Concentration effect was very promi- organisms and will be retested in 1985. Of90 F81 nent using other chemicals. selections from the national potato breeding pro- Germination. In vitro cultivars of Synchytrium gram also tested at Avondale, 33 showed traces or endobioticum yielded much useful information zero infections of wart disease. Five selections out on germination characteristics. The spore was of nine from crosses of parents resistant to golden found to produce a vesicle within which a spo- nematode were resistant to nematode but were rangium was differentiated. The vesicle is susceptible to wart disease. released through a pore in the resting spore wall. Five selections included in replicated yield tri- The sporangium is released through an eroded als have remained resistant to both wart and area of the vesicle to release zoospores through a golden nematode after several years of tests. Of pair of small pores. A television camera was three blue-skinned selections, the yield and spe- mounted on the microscope to allow events to be cific gravity of only one, NI051-1, was satisfac- recorded on a video cassette recorder. It was also tory. None of the white-skinned selections found that vesicle formation is most active after included in the test significantly outyielded Mir- soaking spores in water for about 10 days. The ton Pearl or had a higher specific gravity. Yield of addition of glucose to the culture enhanced vesi- the red-skinned selection N961-9 was disappoint- cle production. ing. The low yields were probably a result of delayed planting, caused by wet spring weather, Viability. Lipid analysis of resting spore con- which was followed by below-average rainfall tents and walls revealed large levels of lipids as during the summer. glycerides and waxes, respectively. The wall contained branched chain lipids of unusual occurrence. Attempts were made to link these findings with viability and longevity of the fungus. Further RUTABAGA BREEDING work with nuclear magnetic resonance showed the feasibility of detecting chemical entities in Plants from three generations of a program for resting spores. selecting roots with reduced damage from root maggot attack were compared with resistant Biological control. A parasite of S. endo- cultivars, Vige and Chignecto, and a highly sus- bioticum was found in many cultures of the ceptible line, 3-80. Differences between genera- fungus, and tentatively identified as a Spizel- tions were small, but damage was much less than lomyces sp. Work was initiated to identify an in the susceptible control. Vige was more highly amendment sequence that will reduce levels of resistant to injury than either Chignecto or the infection in soils and that will lead the way to a selected lines. Seedlings were raised from crosses soil-cleansing technique. Urea has been identi- of Vige with the clubroot resistant selection RST fied as a promising chemical candidate for this and were transplanted to the field. At harvest, sequence. roots with the least damage from root maggot attack were retained for seed production. Crosses were made between RST and the POTATO BREEDING cultivars Scotia and American Purple Top. Trans- planted seedlings from these crosses were grown Dry weather during early stages of tuber initia- to maturity and evaluated for root maggot injury, tion resulted in greater development of common color, and shape. Scotia cross plants were much scab on potato tubers during 1984 than in pre- superior to those of American Purple Top. As part vious years. Severe scab was reported on one field of a cooperative program with the University of of Brigus, but others remained substantially free Guelph, seed was produced from crosses of a of the disease. Mirton Pearl appears to have above herbicide-resistant Laurentian breeding line and average resistance to scab, but N664-127, a selec- RST. Seedlings from this cross were grown in the tion resistant to wart and golden nematode, has field, and roots were free from clubroot but were below average resistance. However, yields and susceptible to growth cracks. Roots have been cooking quality of this selection were again retained for seed production, and seedlings will

80 Research Branch Report 1984 be screened for herbicide tolerance and clubroot Hampson, M.C. 1984. Pathogenesis of Synchytrium resistance. endobioticum: 4. Cyclical variation in disease Germination of seed and development of seed- intensity in potato wart disease. 1. Interdiscipl. lings at SoC has been investigated. A successful Cycle Res. 15:97-107. crop of roots was obtained from these seedlings Morris, Ray F. 1984. Forficula auricularia L. European and transplanted into the field, and selections earwig (Derrnaptera: Forficulidae). Pages 39-40 have been retained for seed production. in Biological control programs against insects Evaluation of RST was continued by commer- and weeds in Canada, 1969-1980. Tech. Com- cial growers, and excellent crops of well-shaped mun. Commonw. Inst. BioI. Control. 410 pp. roots free of clubroot were obtained. Multiplica- Patel, T.R.; Bal, A.K.; Hampson, M.e. 1984. Partial tion of seed to establish basic seed stocks of this characterization of the cell wall protein of the selection prior to release as a named cultivar is in resting sporangium of Synchytrium endobioti- progress. cum. Can. 1. Microbiol. 30:1295-1297. Miscellaneous Hampson, M.C. 1983-1984. Oedema. Can. Orchid 1. PUBLICATIONS 2(1):35-36. Morris, Ray F. 1984. Entomology-In days of yore Research (Atlantic Canada). Bull. Entomol. Soc. Can. Bal, A.K.; Dey, A.C.; Hampson, M.e. 1984. Resting 16(4):102-111. sporangium of Synchytrium endobioticum: Struc- Penney, B. G. 1984. Effect of seeding date on green- ture and composition of lipids and fatty acids. house tomato production. Canadex, March issue. Arch. Microbiol. 140:178-182. Rayment, A.F.; Gupta, V.e. 1984. Copper-molyb- Davidson, H.R.; Campbell, e.A. 1984. Growth rates, denum fertilizing of sheep pasture on New- harvest index and moisture use of Manitou spring foundland peat soils. Proceedings 7th Interna- wheat as influenced by nitrogen, temperature and tional Peat Congress, Dublin, Ireland. III: moisture. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:825-839. 511-521.

Research Station, St. John's West, Nfld. 81

Research Station, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

L.B. MacLeod, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Director FCSSS C.B. Willis, I BSc(Agr), PhD Assistant Director B. Stanfield,2 BSA, MSA, MLS Librarian M.B. Bourdon, DJoum Information Officer

Cereals lA. MacLeod, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Head of Section; Forage and cereal nutrition A.l Campbell, BEng, MPhil Agricultural engineering M.R. Carter, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Soil tillage L.M. Edwards, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil management D.C. Gupta, BSc(Agr), MSc(Agr), Soil and plant micronutrients PhD, FCSSS, FASA, FSSSA H. W. Johnston, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Cereal diseases H.G. Nass, BSA, MSc, PhD Wheat breeding, cereal physiology lD.E. Sterling, BSA, MSc Barley breeding

Forage and Livestock L.S. Thompson,3 BSc(Agr), PhD Head of Section; Forage, cereal, and potato insects R.G. Andrew, BSc(Agr) Agricultural economics T.M. Choo, BSc, PhD Red clover breeding H.T. Kunelius,4 BSc, MSc, PhD Forage physiology and management P.R. Narasimhalu, BSc, BVSc, MS, PhD Forage quality and utilization M. Suzuki, BSc, PhD Forage and cereal biochemistry and physiology C.B. Willis, I BSc(Agr), PhD Forage diseases K.A. Winter, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Cattle nutrition

Horticulture and Tobacco lA. Cutcliffe, BSc(Agr), MSc Head of Section; Vegetable nutrition and management W.l Arsenault, BSc(Agr) Tobacco management and nutrition lA. Ivany, BSc(Agr), MS, PhD Vegetable, potato, and cereal weed control 1 Kimpinski, BSA, MSc, PhD Nematology lG. McDonald, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Potato virus diseases H.W. Platt, BSc, PhD Potato diseases

Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 83 D.C. Read, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Pesticide bioactivity, vegetable insects lB. Sanderson, BSc(Agr), MSc Potato management and nutrition IG. Stewart,S BSc, MSc Entomologist in training R.P. White, BS(Ed), MS, PhD Corn and potato nutrition and management, soil chemistry

Departures lR. Enman, BSc(Agr) Productivity enhancement program, Transferred to Regional Development Biologist Branch, December 1984 D.A. Hutchinson Administration Officer Retired November 1984

ISeconded to Program Coordination Directorate, Research Branch Headquarters, Ottawa, September 1984. 2Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 3Acting Assistant Director, July 1984 to January 1985. 4Acting Head of Section, Forage and livestock, July 1984 to January 1985. 50n educational leave.

84 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The research station at Charlottetown has Atlantic region responsibility for research on the production and utilization of livestock feed crops (forages, cereals, protein), tobacco, and certain vegetable crops (cole, peas) grown for processing. Emphasis on potato research is in the areas of nutrition and management for processing and table potatoes, but especially for small whole-seed potato production. Research is also conducted on disease evaluation and control, and on postharvest testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for virus content of potatoes destined for the domestic and export seed markets. In September, Dr. Carl Willis, Assistant Director, was seconded to the Program Coordination Directorate, Research Branch Headquarters, in Ottawa, for a I-year period. In December, Allan Campbell, Research Engineer, completed his M.Phil. in Agricultural Engineering at Massey Univer- sity, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Dr. Michio Suzuki is on a 7-month transfer of work at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Aberystwyth, Wales. During the year the research station celebrated its 75th anniversary and published a history entitled Charlottetown Research Station 1909-1984. In addition, a new research area at Harrington, known as the Harrington Farm, was occupied. This property will accommodate most of the field plot research previously conducted on rented land. Finally, a potato storage research building for conducting tests on potato quality, storage, and disease evaluations was completed. This report includes brief summaries of some of the research completed in 1984. More detailed information may be obtained by referring to the station's research summary, which is published annually, or by contacting the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, P.E.I. CIA 7M8.

L.B. MacLeod Director

CEREAL CROPS given yields equal to or better than recommended Breeding and testing varieties, is earlier maturing, and has shown good Spring wheat and spring triticale. A license groat yield and straw strength in 3 yr of trials in will be requested for the sale of seed of the Char- the Maritime Provinces. Q.O. 191.70 is another lottetown spring wheat line AW62, which has Sainte-Foy line with the highest yields in trials in been the highest yielding spring wheat for 3 yr in the Maritime Provinces for the last 3 yr. It will trials in the Maritime Provinces. It matures 1-2 probably be recommended for licensing next days earlier than recommended varieties such as year. A license will be requested by the Ottawa Milton and is affected less by major diseases such Research Station for the hull-less oat OA SOl-I, as head blight and Septoria. A license will be which is a considerable improvement over Terra requested for the spring triticale Triticale 3, an and has shown superior yield, high test weight, introduction from Mexico. Triticale 3 has and good straw strength in 3 yr of trials in the exceeded all spring wheat varieties in yield for Maritime Provinces. 3 yr in trials in the Maritime Provinces and is the first spring triticale suitable for production in the Identifying resistance to Septoria nodorum in Maritimes. spring wheat. Yield loss in spring wheat was not necessarily related to the level of symptoms of Winter triticale. Laski, a Polish introduction, S. nodorum. Development of symptoms of exceeded the recommended variety Decade in Septoria leaf blotch, yield, and thousand kernel yield at most locations in the Maritime Provinces weight were good indicators of resistance to in 1984. It has a better test weight and kernel S. nodorum in field trials. Leaf blotch assessment weight than Decade. Two new winter triticale was a better criterion than glume blotch in identi- lines, GWT 5 and GWT 8, developed at Guelph fYing resistant wheats. Although inoculations of University have shown yield potential in eastern floating leaf sections and young plants under con- Canadian trials, showing superior winterhar- trolled conditions identified resistant cultivars, diness compared with Decade or Lasko. several cultivars responded differently than they did in field trials. Artificial screening tests for Oats. The Sainte-Foy Research Station will S. nodorum are useful in identifYing resistant request a license for Q.O. 186.10, which has cultivars but cannot entirely replace field tests.

Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 85 Management and nutrition net blotch on barley. Following treatment, disease Barley varieties under integrated cereal man- intensity was reduced by 40 to 50% on Voila and agement (ICM). The use of growth regulators Loyola barley at three seeding rates. In some tests (Cerone), fungicide (Tilt), and high N levels the control was equivalent to that obtained from a caused a dramatically different response under regular fungicide spray program with chlo- the drought conditions of 1984 compared with rathanlonil. 1983, when drought was not a factor. This was Airborne distribution of Pyrenophora teres. most noticeable with two-rowed varieties in gen- The airborne distribution pattern of conidia of eral and with the variety Birka in particular. P. teres indicates that net blotch of barley arises Under ICM in 1983 Birka improved its yield by mainly from inoculum sources within the field 519 kg/ha, whereas in 1984 its yields were re- rather than from more distant sources. Collection duced by 1178 kg/ha. In the same study the yields of airborne conidia in and around a barley field of the variety Micmac benefited by 714 kg/ha and indicated limited vertical or horizontal distribu- 414 kg/ha, respectively. tion of P. teres. More than 95% of total conidia Micronutrient status of cereals and forages trapped were below a l-m height within the field. grown in P.E.I.. With the exception of a few Of the total number of conidia collected, only forages, which might be considered low to defi- 4.3% were trapped 10 m from the edge of the cient in S, Mo, and Cu, most others would be field. sufficient in Zn, Mn, and B in terms of plant Fusarium. Species of Fusarium pathogenic to nutrition. In general the content of B, Mo, and Cu cereals were recovered primarily from organic in wheat, barley, and oats was found to be in the debris in the soil and in much higher numbers optimum range. A small percentage of cereal (l4-fold) from organic debris in soils under cere- samples would be classed as low or borderline in als than from fallowed soil. Fusarium diseases Zn, Mo, and S. were not reduced in severity by use of seed pro- Crop sequence studies. Yield performance of duced in areas of Canada noted for low frequency barley following soybeans was better than barley of occurrence of fusaria. Levels of crown infec- following barley. Yield advantage following soy- tion were related to soil cropping history but head beans was maintained even when a fungicide blight infections were unrelated to either crown progam was used for disease control and at high infection or soil history. F. graminearum, levels of N application. F. poae, F. avenaceum, and F. culmorum were the most frequently recovered species from cereal Winter cover crops. Shoot and dry weight heads. Fusarium poae was not commonly found (DW) of rapeseed in the late autumn and early in crowns, and F. oxysporum was the most fre- spring was far inferior to that of rye. In general, quently occurring Fusarium associated with later planting gave progressively lower faIl-estab- crown tissue. lishment DW and spring-recovery DW. All rye treatments surVived the winter, whereas only the earliest planting of rapeseed survived. Jet Neuf was the best variety of rapeseed and Horton and FORAGE AND LIVESTOCK Kodiak rye performed similarly. Sweetclover performed too poorly to be measured, having com- Red clover breeding pletely failed to survive the winter. Characteristics of growth types. Plants of Winter rye response to autumn-placed potas- Hungaropoli red clover were classified into two sium. The effect of autumn-placed K on ground types: nonflowering and flowering during the cover dry weight performance of winter rye was seedling year. It was found that in subsequent assessed during the cool season. There was no years, nonflowering plants were more persistent, treatment effect resulting from K on root or shoot grow more vigorously, and flowered earlier than dry weight measured in late autumn and early flowering plants, and they had the same seed spring. There was also no effect on content of Kin yield as flowering plants. These results confirmed the tissues. There were significant varietal differ- that flowering response in the seedling year can ences. be a useful selection criterion for persistent plants Diseases of red clover. Influence of nitrogen top dressing on intensity Anther culture of Trifolium species. Anthers of net blotch on barley. A top dressing of 50 kg from five genotypes of red clover, four of of N, as ammonium nitrate, at Zadoks Growth Trifolium rubens, and one of T. diffusum were Stage 30, significantly reduced the intensity of cultured on an L2 medium. Plants were regene-

86 Research Branch Report 1984 rated from two T. rubens genotypes, but no plants HORTICULTURE AND TOBACCO were regenerated from red clover and T. diffusum. Forage management and nutrition Vegetables and tobacco Timothy harvest systems reexamined. Clair, Effect of boron and molybdenum on pea yields. Champ, Itasca, and Bounty timothy representing Field experiments conducted at six locations over very early, early, mid-season, and late cultivars, a 4-yr period in Prince Edward Island showed that respectively, were cut at five dates and at primary yields of Rally peas were not affected by pre- growth stages ranging from vegetative to full planting soil applications of B or Mo at rates of heading. Regrowth was cut about 45 days after 2.0 and 0.25 kg/ha, respectively. Vine length, cut 1. Total dry matter yield and total N concen- vine weight, and maturity were also not affected tration for combined cuts 1 and 2 were generally by the application of these micronutrients. influenced by cutting schedules but not by Copper on vegetable crops in Prince Edward cultivars. The in vitro disappearance of dry matter Island. The addition of Cu at 2.0 and 4.0 kg/ha (IVDDM) was dependent on cutting schedule, did not increase the yields of carrots, beets, cultivar, and their interactive effects; the early onions, or rutabagas grown in soils normally maturing cultivar Clair reached its peak IVDDM used for these crops in Prince Edward Island. earlier than the later maturing Champ, Itasca, or Copper concentrations in leaf tissue were in the Bounty. At termination of the field study, there range of 6-14 mg/kg and were generally not were fewer timothy tillers, and ground cover by affected by the added Cu. timothy was slightly less for cuts during stem Effect of cover crop on raspberry yields. Early- elongation. The currently recommended timothy season cultivation followed by oats seeded cultivars in Atlantic Canada do not appear to between the rows immediately after harvest each provide sufficient range in maturity for the aver- year produced a 3-yr mean yield of 7.9 t/ha. Plots age growing season in certain parts of the region cultivated throughout the season produced to warrant multiple cultivars on individual farms. 7.5 t/ha and those where a grass sod was main- Composition, intake, and digestibility of tained to within 30 cm of the center of the row wilted silages. Timothy and Italian Westerwolds produced 5.8 t/ha. annual ryegrasses were harvested as first-cut Boron nutrition of cabbage and field beans. wilted silages during a 2-yr study. Chemical com- Boron application rates of 8 kg/ha reduced bean position and sheep feeding trial to measure intake seed yields at all locations, and 4 kg/ha reduced and digestibility were the basis of comparison for yields at two in four locations. Boron applied at these silages. Timothy silage had more cell-wall 8 kg/ha to a previous crop was not detrimental to a content and was less digestible than the annual crop of beans in the following year. Rates of B up ryegrass silage in both years. Less seeding-year to 8 kg/ha were not toxic to cabbage, even during timothy was consumed than Westerwolds the year of application. Levels of B in leaf tissue ryegrass. Postseeding-year timothy silage was that were greater than 109 mg/kg were clearly equal in intake to Westerwolds ryegrass but toxic for beans, but toxicity symptoms on the inferior to Italian ryegrass in digestible-protein foliage were evident at a B level of 60 mg/kg. content and dry-matter intake. More of the leafier Concentrations of B in leaf tissue that were as Italian ryegrass was consumed than the stemmy high as 71-132 mg/kg were not related to a B Westerwolds ryegrass. Prolonged field wilting in toxicity in cabbage. Levels of B in tissue that were humid weather appeared to be more detrimental as low as 16 and 26 mg/kg in cabbage and beans, to the stemmy Westerwolds ryegrass for intake respectively, were not related to a B deficiency. and feed value than to the leafier Italian ryegrass. Soil pesticides. After applying subsurface Livestock band treatments to soil in two different fields for 2 Fish meal for steers. Both feeding fish meal, a consecutive yr with aldicarb and several poorly degradable protein, and implanting with organophosphorus soil insecticides, strains of estradiol-17-beta (Compudose) improved returns microorganisms became adapted to rapidly over input costs with Holstein steers. Holstein breaking down aldicarb in soil from a field with a steers fed fish meal, at 250 g/day, as a supplement pH of 6.2 but not in a field with the more acidic to a ryegrass silage-barley diet increased live- soil (pH 5.6). Microorganisms did not become weight gains by 0.14 kg/day compared with steers adapted to rapidly degrade fonofos, chlorfen- fed a soybean meal supplement. The use of vinphos, terbufos, or phorate in either field. In estradiol-17-beta as an implant increased rate of laboratory selection tests, applications of gain by 0.13 kg/day compared with nonimplanted 100---750mg/kg of aldicarb could be broken down steers. by selected microorganisms in 1-3 wk, but con-

Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 87 centrations of 1000-4000 mg/kg were toxic to the quack grass control with sethoxydim as active microorganisms. With respect to health hazards ingredient (a.i.) at 0.6 kg/ha. Removal of treated and concerns about long-term persistence of resi- quack grass shoots at 6 or 24 h after treatment dues of 4-100 nUL of aldicarb found in a con- resulted in decreased control at application rates taminated groundwater laboratory, laboratory of a.i. at 0.6, 1.0, and 1.6 kg/ha, indicating that tests on microbe selection have produced strains more than 24 h was needed for complete trans- of microorganisms that will break down amounts location of sethoxydim to the rhizomes. In the of 500 000 nUL in water in less than a week. field, application of sethoxydim as a.i. at 1.2 or Slug control. Tests confirmed that night sprays 1.6 kg/ha gave excellent control when applied to of methiocarb were highly effective in destroying quack grass at the 3- or6-leaf stage. Cultivation 2 slugs in crops such as Brussels sprouts as well as days after treatment did not adversely affect level on lawns. Methomyl, oxamyl, aminocarb, and of control obtained. Sethoxydim did not cause mexacarbate were also effective but higher rates any adverse effect on potato yield, but delaying were required than for methiocarb. Daytime application until the quack grass was at the 6-leaf sprays were ineffective, and baits were of ques- stage resulted in yield loss due to quack grass tionable value. competition. Soil fumigants for Thielaviopsis basicola con- Potato flea beetles affect some tuber yields. trol in tobacco. A 3-yr study conducted at three Marketable yields of Russet Burbank and Supe- locations showed that Telone CI7, compared with riorpotatoes were reduced in 1983 and 1984 when Yapam and Yorlex CP, applied at 74 Uha pro- flea beetle populations were high, whereas Rus- vided the best control ofT. basicola. Telone CI7 set Burbank yields were not reduced in 1981 and increased yield by 7% and dollar return per hec- 1982 when flea beetle populations were consi- tare by 8% in comparison with the nonfumigated dered low. In another study in 1984, yields of treatment. Superior, Kennebec, Russet Burbank, and Red Pontiac were all reduced when high flea beetle populations were not controlled, whereas those of POTATO MANAGEMENT AND PEST Sebago and Shepody were not reduced. Early- CONTROL maturing varieties appear to be affected by flea beetles, but mid- to late-season varieties may not Potato diseases. The use of metalaxyl, a sys- be significantly affected, depending upon the temic fungicide, alone and in combination with population of flea beetles present in the field. mancozeb (a protectant fungicide) to eradicate Virus detection in the tuber after dormancy established infections of Phytophthora infestans breaking. Treatment with bromoethane was as (causal agent of potato late blight) was unsuc- effective as rindite as a means of artificially cessful. Similarly, oxadixyl, another systemic breaking tuber (Russet Burbank) dormancy, but fungicide, did not prevent continued development was less effective as a means of increasing the of disease when applied after levels of foliar dis- concentration of potato virus Y for postharvest ease had reached 15-25% defoliation. Spray pro- testing of tubers by ELISA. The concentration of grams for disease prevention provided a much potato virus S in the tuber did not change in better means of late blight control. In other stud- response to breaking tuber dormancy by either ies on fungicide treatment of seed before storage treatment. and before planting, no significant differences in Causes of mosaic in potato. Causes of mosaic treatment were found as a result of unfavorable disease in three potato cultivars were determined conditions for development of disease. However, by correlating symptoms of the disease with the thiophanate-methyl and imazalil were found to presence of mosaic-inducing viruses detected by reduce plant stand, plant vigor, and yield because ELISA. Potato viruses Y(PYY) and X(PYX) of a combination of poor disease control and were associated with mosaic disease in all three phytotoxicity to planted seed. cultivars, but to varying degrees; PYY was pres- Quack grass control in potatoes with sethox- ent in 89% of the samples of Shepody showing ydim. In greenhouse and field studies sethoxydim severe mosaic but only in 59% and 32%, respec- gave good control of quack grass in Russet Bur- tively, of the samples of Red Pontiac and Green bank potatoes. In the greenhouse, addition of oil Mountain. Potato virus A(PYA), however, was surfactant Canplus 411F at 1.0% vol/vol improved only found in the Green Mountain cultivar.

88 Research Branch Report J 984 PUBLICATIONS Ivany, 1.A.; Nass, H.G. 1984. Effect of herbicides on seedling growth, head deformation and grain Research yield of spring wheat cultivars. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:25-30. Campbell, B.D.; Kunelius, H.T. 1984. Performance of Kimpinski, 1.; Kunelius, H.T.; Willis, C.B. 1984. Plant overdrilled red clover with different sowing rates and initial grazing managements. N. Z. 1. Exp. parasitic nematodes in temperate forage grass and Agric. 12:71-81. legume species in Prince Edward Island. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:160-164. Carter, M.R. 1984. Effect of soil management on some Kunelius, H.T.; Campbell, A.1. 1984. Performance of chemical, physical and biological properties of a solonetzic soil. Soil Sci. 138:411-416. sod-seeded temperate legumes in grass dominant swards. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:643-650. Carter, M.R.; Rennie, D.A. 1984. Crop utilization of Kunelius, H.T.; McRae, K.B.; MacLeod, 1.A. 1984. placed and broadcast 15N-urea fertilizer under An assessment of long-term effects from spring zero and conventional tillage. Can. J. SoIl SCI. 64:563-570. and summer applications of ammonium nitrate on orchard grass. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:651-657. Carter, M.R.; Rennie, D.A. 1984. Dynamics of soil Martin, R.A.; Clough, K.S. 1984. Relationship of air- microbial biomass N under zero and shallow borne spore load of Pyrenophora teres and tillage for spring wheat in western Canada, using 15N urea. Plant Soil 76:157-164. weather variables to net blotch development on barley. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:105-110. Carter, M.R.; Rennie, D.A. 1984. Nitrogen transforma- Martin, R.A.; Clough, K.S.; Johnston, H.W 1984. tions under zero and shallow tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1. 48:1077-1081. Vertical and horizontal distribution of conidia of Pyrenophora teres in barley fields. Can. 1. Plant Choo, T.M. 1984. Association between growth habit Pathol. 6:280-282. and persistence in red clover. Euphytica 33:177-185. McDonald, 1.G. 1984. Viruses associated with mosaic symptoms in Russet Burbank potato. Can. 1. Plant Choo, T.M.; Langille, 1.E.; Rayment, A.E; Bubar, 1.S.; Pathol. 6:224-226. Walton, R.B.; Coulson, N.N. 1984. Cultivar- environment interactions in red clover. Can. 1. McDonald, 1.G.; Coleman, WK. 1984. Detection of Plant Sci. 64:139-144. potato viruses Y and S in tubers by ELISA after breaking dormancy with bromoethane or rindite. Cutcliffe, 1.A. 1984. Effects of added limestone and Am. Potato 1. 61:619-622. potassium on yield and storage losses of cabbage. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:395-399. McRae, K.B.; White, R.P. 1983. A multivariate approach for the selection of cultivars with antag- Cutcliffe, 1.A.; Blatt, C.R. 1984. Effects ofN, P, K, B, onostic traits. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 63:861-870. and lime on strawberry yields. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:945-949. Nass, H.G.; Walton, R.; Jones, R.; Langille, 1.E.; Bubar, 1.S. 1984. Borden winter wheat. Can. 1. EI Banna, A.A.; Scott, P.M.; Sukuma, T.; Platt, H.W; Plant Sci. 64:207-209. Campbell, V. 1984. Formation of trichothecenes Platt, H.W.; Tai, G.c.c. 1984. Assessment and analy- by Fusarium solani var. coeruleum and F. sam- ses for the interpretation of potato late blight bucinum in potato. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1169-1171. response in field studies. Am. Potato 1. 61:599-609. Gissel-Nielsen, G.; Gupta, V.c.; Lamand, M.; Wester- Sanderson, 1.B.; Ivany, 1.A.; White, R.P. 1984. Effect marck, T. 1984. Selenium in soils and plants and of time of desiccation on seed potato yield and its importance to livestock and human nutrition. size distribution. Am. Potato 1. 61:691-696. Pages 379-459 in Bradly, N.C., ed. Adv. Agron. Vol. 37. Academic Press, New York, N.Y. Sterling, 1.D.E.; Jones, R.W; Walton, R.; Langille, Gupta, V.c.; Cutcliffe, 1.A. 1984. Effects of applied 1.E.; Dupuis, B.; Bubar, 1.S. 1984. Micmac bar- and residual boron on the nutrition of cabbage and ley. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:1001-1003. field beans. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 64:571-576. White, EH.; Pandeya, R.S.; Arsenault, W1. 1983. Gupta, V.c.; MacLeod, 1.A. 1984. Effect of various Islangold: Flue-cured tobacco. Can. 1. Plant Sci. sources of sulfur on yield and sulfur concentra- 64:429-430. tion of cereals and forages. Can. 1. Soil Sci. White, EH.; Pandeya, R.S.; Arsenault, W.1. 1983. 64:403-409. Windel: Flue-cured tobacco. Can. 1. Plant Sci. Ivany, 1.A. 1984. Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) con- 64:427-428. trol in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) with White, R.P.; McRae, K.B. 1983. Assessment of yield BAS-99052-0H. Weed Sci. 32:194-197. improvement of short-season corn hybrids in Atlantic trials. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64: 197-201.

Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.1. 89 Wilson, R.K.; Winter, K.A. 1984. An evaluation of Cutcliffe, lA.; Sanderson, K.R. 1984. Effects of acid-insoluble ash as a predictor of digestibility in Velpar and fertilizer on yields of native lowbush ruminants. Ir. 1 Agric. Res. 23:97-98. blueberries in Prince Edward Island. Canadex 235.641. Miscellaneous Gupta, V.C.; MacLeod, lA. 1984. Sulfur nutrition of Bootsma, A.; Suzuki, M. 1984. Moisture zones for cereals and forage grown in Prince Edward Island. forage production and hay making in the Atlantic Canadex 100.54. region. Canadex 120.55. Ivany, lA.; Sadler, l; Kimball, E. 1983. Effect of Bootsma, A.; Suzuki, M. 1984. Optimum dates of first Sencor 50 wp residue on crops following cut of forage crops in the Atlantic region. Cana- potatoes. Canadex 649. dex 120.56. Ivany, lA.; Thomas, A. G. 1983. The 1979 weed survey Bourdon, M.B. 1984. Charlottetown Research Station of grain fields in Prince Edward Island. Weed 1909-1984. Historical Series No. 19. Agriculture Survey Series, Publ. 83.3. Agriculture Canada, Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Charlottetown, P.E.I. 60 pp. Campbell, A.l; Kunelius, H.T. 1983. Design and Kimpinski, J.; Arsenault, Wl 1983. Nematodes in installation of a band spray attachment for the tobacco in Prince Edward Island. The Lighter Midland Zip seeder. Forage Notes 27:11-15. 52(2):23-24. Carter, M.R.; Rennie, D.A. 1984. Dynamics of soil Kunelius, H.T.; Coulson, N.N. 1984. Seed production microbial biomass N under zero and shallow of Westerwolds ryegrass. Canadex 127.15. tillage for spring wheat, using 15N urea. Pages 157-164 in Tinsley, J; Darbyshire, IF., eds. Bio- Kunelius, H.T.; Coulson, N.N.; Veinot, R.L. 1984. logical processes and soil fertility: Developments Root mass of Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses. in plant and soil sciences, Vol. II. Nijhoff and Canadex 127.24. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands. McDonald, lG.; Coleman, WK. 1984. Effect of two Choo, T.M. 1983. Association between growth habit dormancy-breaking chemicals on the concentra- and winter survival in red clover. Forage Notes tion of PVY and PVS in the tuber. Am. Potato 1 27:20-21. 61:530-531. Choo, T.M. 1983. Effect of Alar on seed yield of red Rayment, A.F.; Gupta, V.C. 1984. Copper-molyb- clover. Forage Notes 27:22-23. denum fertilizing of sheep pasture on New- foundland peat soils. Proceedings 7th Interna- Choo, T.M.; Suzuki, M. 1983. Cold hardiness of six red tional Peat Congress. Irish National Pest clover varieties. Forage Notes 27:26.27. Committee, Dublin, Ireland, Vol. 3, pp. 511-521. Choo, T.M.; Suzuki, M. 1983. Effect of plant age on Read, D.C. 1983. Microorganisms rapidly break down cold hardiness in red clover. Forage Notes insecticide residues in some soils. Proceedings 27:28-29. 30th Annual Conference Canadian Pest Manage- Choo, T.M.; Thompson, L.S. 1983. The insect pol- ment Society, Truro, N.S., pp. 21-28. linators of red clover in Prince Edward Island. Winter, K.A.; Feltham, L.A.W 1983. Fish silage: The Forage Notes 27:24-25. protein solution. Agric. Can. Res. Br. Tech. Bull. Cutcliffe, lA. 1984. Plant spacing and nitrogen affect 1983-6E/F. incidence of hollow stem in broccoli. Canadex Winter, K.A.; Lechance, B. 1983. Management and 252.25. feeding of young dairy animals. Agric. Can. Publ. Cutcliffe, lA.; Blatt, C.R. 1984. Effects of nitrogen, 1432 ElF. phosphorus, and strawberry yields. Canadex 232.

90 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Administration G.M. Weaver, BSc, PhD Director R.G. Ross, DFC, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Assistant Director G.P. Shortt Administrative Officer

Scientific Support K.B. McRae,) BEd, MS, PhD Regional Statistician J.R. Miner,2 BA, MLS Librarian WD. Regan,3 BMath Computer Systems Manager H. Myer, BSc Computer Systems Programmer

Agronomy R.W Jones, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Cereal physiology and management

Berry Crops I. V. Hall, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Berry crops ecology and management C.R. Blatt, BSc, MSc, PhD Crop physiology and nutrition A.R. Jamieson,4 BSc, MSc Berry crops breeder N.L. Nickerson, BSc, MSc, PhD Berry crops diseases

Crop Protection R.G. Ross, DFC, BSc(Agr), MSc, Head of Section; Tree fruit diseases PhD M.G. Anderson, BSc, PhD Vegetable storage and cereal diseases S.O. Gaul,4 BSc, MSc Residue chemistry J.M. Hardman, BSc, MSc, DIC, PhD Insect ecology P.D. Hildebrand, BSc, PhD Berry crops and vegetable diseases K.I.N. Jensen, BSc, MSc, PhD Weed physiology E.R. Kimball, BSc Residue chemistry C.L. Lockhart, BSc(Agr), MSc Berry crops and vegetable diseases WT.A. Neilson, BSc, MSc Fruit maggots M.T.H. Ragab, BSc, MSc, PhD Residue chemistry K.H. Sanford, BSc(Agr), MSc Integrated control of orchard insects H.B. Specht, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Field crops and vegetable insects

Ornamentals P.R. Hicklenton, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Ornamental and greenhouse crops physiology

Research Station, KentvilIe, N.S. 91 Poultry EG. Proudfoot, BSc(Agr), MSc Head of Section; Poultry physiology and management H.W. Hulan, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Poultry nutrition and physiology

Food Processing R. Stark,5 BSc, PhD Head of Section; Food technology 1M. Burrows, BSc(Ag Eng) Food engineering E.D. Jackson, BTech, MSc, PhD Food microbiology R.A. Lawrence, BSc(Chem Eng), MSc Food engineering (Food Eng)

Fruit and Vegetable Storage P.D. Lidster, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Storage physiology P.A. Poapst, BSc(Agr) Storage physiology

Tree Fruits A.D. Crowe, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Head of Section; Tree fruit breeding and physiology e.G. Embree, BSc(Agr), MSc Tree fruit physiology and management D.H. Webster, BSc, MSc, PhD Soils and nutrition

Vegetables C.L. Ricketson, BSc(Agr), MS, PhD Head of Section; Vegetable physiology and management

Nappan Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S. EW. Calder, BSc(Agr), MS Superintendent; Forage crops and agronomy L.E Laflamme, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Ruminant nutrition IE. Langille, BSc(Agr) Agronomy, cereal and forage crops R. Troelstra,6 BSc(Agr) Beef management and nutrition T.A. Van Lunen, BSc(Agr) Swine management and nutrition N.R. Williams, BSc(Agr) Sheep management and nutrition

ITransfer of work-Rothamsted Experimental Station, England. 2Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 3Seconded from Systems and Consulting Directorate, Finance and Administration Branch. 4Educational leave to University of Guelph. 5Transfer of work-eampden Food Preservation Research Association, England. 6Seconded from Regional Development Branch.

92 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The Kentville Research Station conducts a comprehensive research and development program, which is focused on the horticultural, poultry, and winter cereal sectors of the agricultural industry in Atlantic Canada. The research is multidisciplinary and encompasses genetic improvement, nutrition, and management as well as the protection of economic crops from insects, diseases, and weeds. Increasing emphasis is being placed on the research and development needs of the food processing industry through development of new products as well as improvements in process technology. Extension of the effective marketing season for domestic fruit and vegetable produce is also being stressed through innovative storage research. The management of livestock and their related feed crop requirements are studied extensively at the Nappan Experimental Farm. Emphasis is on the beef cow-calf, sheep, and swine production systems, and the research program being conducted at this location has been significantly strengthened during the past year through increases in the professional staff. The research results reported herein are intended to provide an overview of current studies and progress achieved. More complete information may be obtained in the annual research reports of the two establishments as well as by writing to the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Kentville, N. S. B4N U5 or the Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S. BOL lCO.

G.M. Weaver Director

BREEDING, NUTRITION, AND hymenium. The shoots arose in clusters from CULTURE OF CROPS below ground or from axillary buds of vines covered with moss. After the fungus had sporulated, the shoots withered, but new diseased buds Cranberries emerged each spring from stumps of the previous Ecology, physiology, and economic impor- year's growth, indicating that the mycelium was tance. An account of the large, or American, perennial in the host. Although infected shoots cranberry has been accepted for the series The did not flower, losses in fruit production were Biological Flora of Canada. Vaccinium mac- minor, since fewer than 1% of the shoots were rocarpon Ait. is an evergreen trailing dwarf shrub diseased at each site examined. The fungus was native to eastern North America. It occurs around described as Exobasidium perenne sp. nov. on the the margins oflakes, on bogs, along the edges of basis of morphological characters. stream banks, and along the seacoast, par- Lingonberries ticularly in poorly drained areas behind sand dunes. In Canada, plants flower from the last Productivity of native stands. Production stud- week of June to the end of July, and the berries ies were conducted from 1980 to 1982 on natural mature in late fall, usually during the last 2 wk of strands of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. October. Named cultivars are grown commer- var. minus Lodd) at Little Catalina, Newmans cially in the United States, particularly in New Cove, Adams Cove, Pouch Cove, and Riverhead, Jersey, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Washington, St. Mary's Bay in eastern Newfoundland. Produc- and Oregon. In Canada the main commercial area tion varied with location and year, with highest is in British Columbia, with fewer plantings in average total yields from Little Catalina 2 Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario. The attractive (103 g/m ), Pouch Cove (101 g/m2), and Adams 2 dark red berries are used in the production of Cove (88 g/m ). Yield increased with maturity, sauce and jelly. Currently more than 50% of the but decreased after most of the crop was ripe. crop goes into the production of cranberry juice. Crop maturity was earliest at Pouch Cove, but there was little difference among the other sites. New disease caused by Exobasidium. A pre- The average mature berry weight (23 and 30 Sep- viously unreported shoot disease, caused by a tember harvest dates) was greater at Adams Cove species of the fungus Exobasidium, was found on (0.39 g) than at the other locations that had sim- cranberries (Vaccinium maerocarpon and V. oxy- ilar berry weights (0.32 g). coccos) in the Atlantic Provinces. Diseased shoots had elongated internodes and Lowbush blueberries bright red enlarged leaves, which eventually Progeny selection. Eight seedling progenies became covered beneath with the white fungal were tested for yield and all had satisfactory per-

Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 93 formance. Seedlings of the cross Chignecto x from 6 to 61% among various cultivars. Market- 895 had the highest mean yield (3900 kg/ha) able fruit yields in the year after planting were during the 3-yr period 1982-1984. numerically higher in MP plants of 10 of the II Plant spacing and cultivars. Augusta, Chig- cultivars and significantly higher in 6 of the 10. In necto, and 510 were harvested for the third con- most cultivars, berry size tended to be smaller in secutive season. A fourth cultivar, Brunswick, did MP than in CP plants, but these differences were not produce flowers or fruit in 1984. This year the significant for only four cultivars. No off-types yields in grams per plant did not increase signifi- were seen among the MP plants. cantly because of increasing plant density with any cultivar, but the 1984 yields of each cultivar were greater (33-148%) than their respective CEREALS 1983 yields on a grams-per-plant basis. Mean yield per hectare over all clones was 10, II, and Victoria field peas. The Swedish cultivar Vic- 12.9 t for the single-, double-, and triple-row toria was licensed in April 1984. This was a result spacings, respectively. of the evaluation work coordinated from Nappan and carried out at three other locations in the Sawdust mulch and trickle irrigation. The region. It is a small to medium yellow round pea clone Chignecto and the seedling Chignecto x with acceptable cooking quality and moderately 70-13 were harvested for the first time in a high in protein content. Four select plots were sawdust mulch-trickle irrigation experiment. established in 1984. Quantitites of seed should be The clone (Chignecto) outyielded the seedling by available in 1986. 42% over all treatments. The addition of sawdust increased yields by 50% (clone and seedling Intensive management of barley. Intensive combined) compared with no sawdust. Irrigation management (lCM) was used on one-half of the had no effect on yields this season. Clone and regional trial at Nappan in 1984, with only 8 of seedling plots receiving sawdust and no irrigation the 21 two-row barley entries and 3 of the 4 six- produced marketable yields that were 92% row entries showing a positive effect from the (clone) and 71% (seedling) higher than those treatments. The treatments include the growth from plots having no sawdust or irrigation regulator Cerone, the fungicide Tilt, and extra N applied. at 40 kg/ha. Fertilizer study. The clone Chignecto and Floret fertility in the winter wheat ear: An seedlings Augusta x 451 and Chignecto x important determinant of yield response to IeM 70-13 received treatments that included a control input. Floret fertility (measured as number of and three rates and ratios of N, P205, and K20. kernels per spikelet) in the winter wheat ear has First crop results indicate that highest yields of been partitioned into two components to assist in marketable fruit from Chignecto were obtained assessing the effects ofICM. These components with N at 50 kg/ha; this was 34% higher than the are floret fertility in the two spikelets at the mid- yield with N at 150 kg/ha and 24% higher than the point of the rachis and average floret fertility yield from the control. Marketable yields from distributed over all spikelets of the ear. Multiple the seedlings receiving N at 100 kg/ha were 34% fungicide applications effective in disease higher than seedlings receiving N at rates of 50 (mildew and Septoria) control achieved high and 150 kg/ha and 18% higher than the control. rates of midpoint but low rates of whole-ear floret For the seedlings, the fertilizer 21-7-14 (N-P205- fertility, indicating a sharp distal fall in fertility in K20) recorded an average (all rates combined) the ear. Single fungicides, applied either early to yield increase of 31% compared with the fertilizer control mildew or late to control ear-borne ratios of 19-19-19 and 12-24-24. Septaria, generated less midpoint fertility which, however, was preserved more uniformly Strawberries throughout the ear thereby generating more ker- A comparison of micropropagated and con- nels per ear than the pathogically effective split ventionally propagated strawberry cultivars. applications. Yields were closely associated with Field plots of micropropagated (MP) and con- whole-ear floret fertility in such a way that dis- ventionally propagated (CP) plants of II straw- ease-controlling methods generated yields in the berry cultivars currently in commercial produc- order mildew control > Septoria control > tion in eastern Canada were compared on the mildew + Septoria control. It is concluded that basis of their runner plant and fruit production. split fungicide applications lose their effec- MP plants of 10 cultivars produced more runners tiveness because in the Annapolis Valley environ- than CP plants by the fall of the planting year ment, they impose stresses exhibited in the ear's (1983). Increases in runner production varied inability to sustain adequate rates of floret fertility

94 Research Branch Report 1984 as anthesis progresses towards the distal spike- tosh, Red Delicious, Spartan, and Cortland aver- lets. A similar analysis applied to growth reg- aged less than 8% lower trunk damage. No injury ulators indicates that effects on floret fertility are could be found in the rootstock at or just below important here too. Furthermore, extension of this the soil line. The minimum temperature for analysis to fungicide-growth regulator interac- December 1980 was -23.0°C, on the 26th. tions explains why vegetative mildew control and Cycocel growth regulation appear to be mini- mally stressful while consistently generating the ORNAMENTALS highest yields. Effective growth regulation of winter wheat The influence of various levels and timing of with early Cycocel application. The time for supplemental irradiation on pot chrysanthemum effective Cycocel growth regulation of winter production. Previous studies have suggested that wheat has been presumed to be short, with rec- maximum economic benefits associated with ommendation to apply shortly after tillering, winter supplemental irradiation of pot chry- when pseudostems have elongated to 5-10 cm. santhemums will occur when treatments are Evidence from 1983 experiments indicated that applied during rooting and long day (LD) produc- Cycocel had long-lasting growth regulatory tion periods. Further studies with the cultivar effects capable of significantly shortening the Paragon have indicated that relative growth rate, peduncle. Applications of Cycocel extra (with final vegetative and flower dry weight, and active ingredient (a.i.) at 1.38 kg/ha) in 1984 on number of breaks of flowering stems are signifi- Ural, Monopol, and Borden at mid tillering cantly increased by supplemental irradiance of effected shortening equivalent to application at 77 fLmol s-lm-2 (400-700 nm) during either early stem extension. Moreover, the relative pat- rooting, LD, and 14 short days (SD). Increasing tern of internode and peduncle shortening was not the level of supplemental irradiation to 148 or 231 obviously different between early and con- fLmol s-lm-2 generally had no further effect on ventional applications. Growth regulation with harvest traits. Combined treatments of 77 fLmol Cycocel is therefore possible in principle, with s-lm-2 applied during rooting and LD resulted in application times 2-3 weeks earlier than current the most significant improvements in harvest recommendations, offering the grower an oppor- traits over the controls. Extension of the treatment tunity of extending application time. into SD, however, only resulted in further increases on stem length and vegetative dry Overwintering nitrate assimilation potential. weight. An in vivo assay indicated the presence of significant nitrate reductase activity in overwintering Gypsophila paniculata production during fall stands of Lennox, Vuka, Monopol, Absolvent, and winter. Gypsophila paniculata production in Ural, and Borden winter wheats in 1983-1984 northern greenhouses is generally limited to the and 1984-1985. Samples from stands approach- spring, with maximum flower production in June. ing winter differentially lost nitrate-reducing Since flowering is dependent upon both the dura- activity in the absence of exogenous substrate, tion and intensity of available photosynthetically indicating a decline in metabolically available active radiation (PAR), it has been difficult to nitrate but a preservation of enzymatic potential schedule production for other times of the year. for nitrate reduction. Application of N fertilizer in Vigorous vegetative growth necessitates wide the spring of 1984 was quickly reflected in high spacing of plants in the greenhouse, which has induced levels of enzyme activity and in high precluded the straightforward use of high inten- levels of metabolically available nitrate associ- sity discharge (HID) lamps to induce flowering. ated with the onset of spring regrowth. Ammo- An alternative approach using HID supplemental nium- or nitrate-based fertilizers were not dif- radiation on containerized plants prior to trans- ferentiated, and therefore the effectiveness of planting to ground beds was investigated as a ammonium in stimulating spring regrowth was means of promoting flowering under unfavorable related to its prior nitrification in the soil and its seasonal light conditions. Plants of the cultivar uptake and translocation as nitrate. Bristol Fairy were subjected to 3, 6, or 9 wk of supplemental PAR (80 fLmol s-lm-2) or to Apples ambient irradiance (16-h photoperiod maintained Of the nine cultivars grown commercially in with incandescent lamps) during October and Nova Scotia, Gravenstein, Wayne, and Northern November. Flowering did not occur in the Spy were the most sensitive to the low-tem- ambient irradiance group and occurred in only perature stresses of December 1980. King and 75% of plants in the 3-wk group. The most effec- Golden Delicious were less sensitive, and Mcln- tive treatments were either 6 or 9 wk of supple-

Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 95 mental PAR, both of which resulted in 100% use of two or three plants per treatment unit gave plants flowering with acceptable yields. Such pre- yields of terminal heads 38-60% higher than treatment of Gypsophila may be useful in extend- those of single plants at a plant x row spacing of ing the production season and scheduling flower 37.5 x 75 cm. At 45 x 90 cm, multiple plants data to match periods of highest demand. yielded 50-78% higher than single plants. At Tissue nutrient content and growth of Andorra both of these spacings, multiple plants gave juniper influenced by controlled-release fertil- yields that were at least as high as those of single izers. Andorra juniper grown in containers in a plants spaced 30 x 60 cm. The savings in 2: 1:1 bark-peat-sand medium produced most number of transplant units required at 37 x seasonal branch growth with Osmocote 18-6-12 75 cm and 45 x 90 cm compared with 30 x 60 or Osmocote 17-7-12 controlled release fertilizer are 47 and 67%, respectively. Results were sim- (CRF). Both formulations were effective in main- ilar for both Kord 809 cells, with a volume of 3 taining tissue nitrogen concentrations at approxi- 53 cm per cell, and smaller Plastomer 200 cells 3 mately 2.0% tissue dry weight throughout the with 29 cm per cell. season. Other fertilizers tested (Agriform Favorable results with the use of multiple 16-7-12; Sierrablen 18-7-10; IBDU 31-0-0; plants were also obtained with the cultivars SGI MagAmp 7-40-6; and SCU 36-0-0) were less Kayak, Septal, Southern Comet, Laser, and effective in maintaining growth rates, and in Green Hornet. At a spacing of 45 x 90 cm, many cases nutrient concentrations N, P, and K in multiple plants of these cultivars yielded 11-68% the tissues decreased markedly towards the late higher than single plants. season. The rate of application of CRF (N at 0.6, Plastic row covers advance maturity of car- 0.9, or 1.2 giL of medium) had relatively little rots. Plots with all types of covers gave higher effect on growth, although with Osmocote yields of marketable carrots than unprotected 18-6-12 or 17-7-12 growth rates were highest with plots on a 15 August harvest date with the culti- N at either 0.9 or 1.2 g. vars Klondike Nantes and Scarlet Nantes lrradiance and solution temperature effects on Touchon. Covers included the commercial mate- chrysanthemum production in nutrient film. rials Xiro, ASB, Agplast, and Reemay as unsup- Greenhouse chrysanthemums (cultivar Polaris) ported or "floating" covers; and ASB, Agplast, produced during the fall in flowing nutrient solu- Reemay, a slitted material, and a solid plastic as tion (Nfl) produced greatest stem height and covers for individual-row tunnels. Tunnels were number of flowers when subjected to supplemen- ventilated when inside temperatures exceeded 35°C, but to minimize the number of times they tal irradiation of 80 J..lmols-lm-2 (400-700 nm) during rooting, 14 LD, and 9 SD. Warming the were opened, tunnels were left open along one side much of the time. Tunnels showed no yield solution from 20° to 30°C decreased leaf area and the time to full flower development. Plants grown advantage over the unsupported covers and are at 30°C also produced slightly more flowers per more expensive to install and maintain. Plots with stem. Flower production is possible with this ASB, Agplast, and Reemay as unsupported cultivar under ambient light conditions in autumn covers tended to give the highest early yields, and their yields of 32-36 t/ha were 25-43% higher at 45°N latitude provided that root zone tem- than the 25-26 t/ha for uncovered check plots. perature is not permitted to drop below 20°e. Improved flower production and quality, however, Effects of various row covers in advancing will be achieved by short-term supplemental irra- maturity of rutabagas. Row covers included the diation and a solution temperature of 30°e. commercial materials Xiro, ASB, Agplast, and Reemay as unsupported or "floating" covers; and Agplast, Reemay, and a solid plastic as covers for individual-row tunnels. Tunnels were ventilated when inside temperatures exceeded 35°C, but VEGETABLES were left open along one side much of the time to minimize the frequency of opening and closing. Cultivar evaluation. Trials included 642 With the cultivar York, only Reemay tunnel plots cultivars of the following crops: asparagus, beans gave higher yields than uncovered plots on the (snap), broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, car- 9 August harvest date. Their yield of 52 t/ha was rots, cauliflower, corn, muskmelon, onions, par- 37% higher than the 38 tlha obtained for check snips, peas, tomatoes, and watermelon. Reports plots. With the cultivar Altasweet, Reemay, both for each crop are available. unsupported and with row tunnels, gave yields of Multiple plants per transplant unitfor broccoli 39-40 t/ha, which were 28% higher than the production. With the cultivar Premium Crop, the 31 t/ha of check plots.

96 Research Branch Report 1984 PROTECTION OF CROPS AGAINST Alternaria in shorter trials, was no longer effec- PESTS tive after 10 mo. Delaying fungicide application by 5 mo also Plant pathology was ineffective. All heads were badly decayed, and all treatments had decay in excess of 50%, Benomyl tolerance in apple scab. Tolerance of indicating that a storage of 10 mo is longer than the apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) practical unless lower storage temperatures are Wint. to the fungicide benomyl is very persistent used. in an individual apple orchard. In 1982 when benomyl tolerance was first evident by lack of Septoria nodorum (glume blotch) of winter scab control, 100% of the scab isolates were toler- wheat treated with Cycocel Extra (chlormequat ant. Benomyl was not used in 1983 and 1984 but chloride). At the recommended rate of chlorme- 92 and 80%, respectively, of the isolates were still quat chloride as a.i at 1380 g/ha applied at the tolerant of benomyl. second node growth stage reduced the height of the cultivar Absolvent at maturity by 7 cm but did Evaluation of fungicides on apples. Under not affect the percentage of glume blotch head extreme disease pressure, apple scab control with infection, which was 5%. Four times the recom- many of the experimental sterol inhibitor mended ratio applied at first node to the cultivar fungicides was unacceptable. The timing of the Monopol reduced its height by 4 cm but did not sprays in relation to apple scab infection periods affect the level of glume blotch, which was 10%. necessitated more persistence than they provided under the conditions they were applied. The stan- Sugar analogue inhibition of vegetable decay dard captan performed well in relation to most organisms. 3-0-Methyl-D-glucose at 0.4% in materials both alone and in combination with the agar gave 100% inhibition of mycelial growth of sterol inhibitor, bitertanol and R015-1297 Botrytis cinera and 50% inhibition of Alternaria (Maag). alternata. Dipping Brussels sprouts in 25% sugar analogue prevented decay incited by artificial Control of twig and blossom blight of lowbush inoculation of B. cinera. blueberries. Two applications of Funginex 190 EC with a.i. in a series of decreasing rates from Powdery mildew of winter wheat treated with 0.32 to 0.09 kg/ha resulted in a curvilinear Bayleton (triademefon) or Calixin (tridemorph). increase in the incidence of blighted leaf shoots Triadimefon as a.i. at a rate of 125 g/ha reduced and mummy berries and a linear increase in the Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritid (powdery mildew) incidence of blighted blossom clusters caused by to zero or trace levels on the flag leaves and whole Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey. plants of the cultivars Monopol and Absolvent. Quadratic equations describing the curvilinear Tridemorph also gave adequate control, but levels disease response indicated a marked decrease in were reduced only to 1-3% infection. disease control at rates of a.i. below 0.27 kg/ha. Evaluation of nuarimol winter wheat seed Tho additional applications of Ferbam 76 WP treatments. Five formulations were tested. All with a.i. at 2.25 kg/ha did not further reduce produced adequate autumn control but little or no incidence of mummy berries. In a separate trial, spring control of powdery mildew on the cultivar Funginex was superior to Difolatan, Rovral, and Absolvent. There were significant differences in Ronilan in controlling disease. yield among formulations, with a 7.5% flowable Mycocentrospora acerina associated with preparation having the highest yield and a 10% storage rot of carrot. Licorice rot (firm black drill box dust having the lowest yield. lesions of the crown, side, and tip) incited by M. acerina was found on Newfoundland carrots after 5-8 mo of storage at O-loC; no symptoms INSECT PESTS had been observed at harvest. Although the disease has been reported previously in Canada, this Blueberry maggot control. One spray of report is the first from the Atlantic Provinces. The dimethoate 480 EC, 500 mLlha, applied 7-12 incidence was as high as one-third of the crop. days after the first adult captures on Pherocon AM Efficacy of Rovral50 WP (iprodione) for con- traps provided good to excellent control of the trol of cabbage decay. The cabbage cultivar blueberry maggot in six fields in Nova Scotia and Houston Evergreen was left untreated or dipped five in New Brunswick. The spray was applied in a solution with iprodione as a.i. at 500 mg/L with a tractor-mounted automatic mist blower and stored 10 mo at 2°C. The treatment, which equipped with a micronair head, which was cali- reduces storage rot caused by Botrytis and brated to provide coverage for up to 30 m. The

Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 97 sprayer is ideal for use in fields that can be sprayed orchards, which has been in effect for years, even from the perimeters and access roads, and in with the advent and use of broadly toxic new those that cannot be sprayed from the air. chemicals such as the pyrethroids, organophos- Imported parasite release against apple leaf phates, and carbamates. These chemicals have curling midge in New Brunswick. The parasites been successfully introduced into the control pro- Platygaster marchali and Inastemma con- grams without disturbing the natural balance. tariniae have been imported from Italy and This is enhanced by the continued progress in the released for 4 yr in New Brunswick orchards- development of optimum timing, minimum dos- two releases in the Keswick Ridge area and two in ages, and the development and monitoring of the Gagetown area-in an attempt to biologically economic thresholds. No new pest species have control the apple leaf curling midge, Dasineura become numerous, and all pest species are at low mali. Successful recoveries were made in 1983 levels requiring minimal controls. Phytophagous from the 1981-1982 site indicating establishment. mite problems have increased slightly and may No recoveries were made in 1984 from either site require an annual treatment in some blocks. The mainly because of low host populations. In 1985 role and usefulness of the chitin-inhibiting releases will be made in the Moncton area of New growth regulators, e.g. Dimilin, have been deter- Brunswick. mined and their use in the program depends on registration. Pest management in apple orchards. Counts of 13 species of insects and mites, quantities and types of pesticides used, and levels of injury to HERBICIDES fruit and foliage were recorded from 175 orchard blocks in 1983. The apple maggot, sampled six Movement and persistence of Dinoseb in a silt times by yellow sticky boards, reached or loam potato soil. Movement and persistence of exceeded its economic threshold in 11-17% ofthe the preemergence herbicide Sinox PE and the orchard blocks (total 86% for all six samples). preharvest vine-killing Sinox Generol applied Other species frequently reaching the threshold either separately or in sequence to a silt loam soil were the winter moth (83% of the blocks), cod- revealed the highest residues in the upper 0- ling moth (70%), speckled green fruitworm 2.5-cm profile at all intervals after applications. (64%), and the European red mite (36%). On average, there were 2.74 insecticide applications A simple and rapid thin-layer chromato- and 0.34 miticide applications per block. Most graphic detection technique for phenolic com- insecticide applications were directed against the pounds. Microcrystalline cellulose chroma- winter moth (33%), the apple maggot (22.7%), tograms containing the developed phenols were the codling moth (17.6%), fruit-stinging mirids exposed to bromine vapor, and after evaporating (13.9%), and the rosy apple aphid (7.56%). Mean the excess they were sprayed with Congo red, insecticide costs (materials only) were $51. 39/ha, methyl yellow, or Rose Bengal reagents. Phenolic whereas miticide costs were $18.60/ha. Apple spots appear as blue, pink, or white against red, injury at harvest was assessed by examining, in yellow, or rose backgrounds, respectively. Phe- each orchard block, 50 fruits from each of 20 nol, p-nitrophenol, eugenol, vanillin, orcinol, trees. Insect injury was found on 2.00% of the arbutin, caffeic acid, DOPA, quercetin, quer- fruit and 3.74% of the apples showed scab injury. citrin, gallic acid, phloretin, and phloridzin were Counts of first- and second-generation tentiform among the compounds detected at submicrogram leafminer indicated a 4th continuous yr of quantities. decline. Miners exceeded the economic injury The fluorescence of some derivatives of level (ElL) of 1 viable mine per leaf in only 2 of picloram in concentrated sulfuric acid. The her- the 175 orchard blocks. Levels of bronzing by the bicide picloram (4-amino-3 ,5 ,6-trichloropic- European red mite reached injurious levels in 16 olinic acid) and its methyl, isoctyl, and 2-ethyl- blocks, and rust mite bronzing was economic in hexyl esters fluoresce yellow green, whereas only 3 blocks. Speckling by the white apple 4-aminoc3,5-dichloro-6-hydroxypicolinic acid leafhopper was sharply down from levels in fluoresces white in 36 N sulfuric acid. The test is 1980-1982. amenable to quantitative fluorometry and useful Pesticide evaluation background to the suc- in confirmatory tests and metabolism studies, cessful evolution of the integrated spray program thus minimizing the need for expensive radioac- for tree fruits. Continuous evaluation of new and tive compounds. old pesticides against pests, predators, and para- Thin-layer chromatographic separation and sites has maintained the integrated pest manage- identification of carbofuran and two carbamate ment for pest control in Nova Scotia apple metabolites and their dinitrophenyl ethers. Resi-

98 Research Branch Report 1984 dues of carbofuran and its hydroxy and keto car- ANIMAL SCIENCE bamate metabolites from soil and several plant extracts were identified using p-nitrobenzene One hundred kilograms the most profitable diazonium fluoroborate or 2,6-dibromobenzo- weight to ship hogs. Pigs were slaughtered at 70, quinone-4-chloroimine reagents. Further identi- 80,90, and 100 kg liveweight. Pigs slaughtered at fication was made by preparing the dinitrophenyl 100 kg consumed more feed at a poorer feed ethers of the three compounds and chromatogra- efficiency but gained equally well as compared phy on thin layers. with the other treatments. They also had the high- Separation and detection of the herbicide hex- est grade index and were the most profitable when azinone and five of its metabolites. Hexazinone cost of production and returns per pig were calcu- and five metabolites were separated using chlo- lated. roform-methanol, ethyl acetate-methanol, and Fish silage as a protein source for swine. ethyl acetate-dichloromethane-ethanol on thin- Incorporation of fish silage up to 10% dry matter layer chromatograms. The residues were detected (DM) of the diet provides a good source of pro- with silver nitrate and phosphomolybdic acid tein for growing pigs. Feeding 10% fish silage reagents. resulted in no palatability problems and good Effect of perforated plastic row covers on resi- growth performance of the pigs as compared with dues of DCPA (Dacthal) in soil and broccoli. 15%. Addition of liquid glucose to the fish silage Covers used to promote early growth signifi- diets had no effect on palatability or growth per- cantly increased persistence of DCPA in soils and formance. its residues in broccoli, although levels were far Pigs reared in an open1ront barn. The growth below allowable tolerances. Since the herbicide performance of growing pigs housed in an open- was shown to be subject to volatilization, and front barn was evaluated for 3 years. It appears perhaps photodecompositon, the covers affected that in summer, growth performance is equal to residues by "trapping" herbicide vapors and pos- that in conventional facilities. In winter, however, sibly screening UV light. a significant setback in growth rate and feed con- Controlling fall-germinating Poa 5pp. in sumption resulted in the open-front barn. winter cereals. Chlorsulfuron at 12 and 24 g/ha Level of nutrition may affect age at puberty of applied in early fall was found to be the most gilts. Gilts that were limit fed to 85% of appetite effective and safest of many graminicidol her- were slower growing and had poorer feed con- bicides tested, although linuron, Blagal, and versions. Limit feeding also resulted in a 26-day metribuzin were also effective. Regardless of her- delay in attaining puberty as compared with gilts bicide, either preemergence or early post- fed ad libitum. emergence applications were the most effective. Method of boar exposure may affect age at All spring treatments gave poor control of puberty of gilts. Moving the gilts to a boar for Poa spp. 30 min per day for 10 days or moving a boar in Using hexazinone in cranberries. When hex- with a group of gilts for 24 h per day for 10 days azinone was applied during frost protection irri- resulted in a higher percentage of gilts in heat by gation period, 1and 2 kg/ha gave selective control 270 days of age as compared with moving the of Spirea latifolia when it was applied adsorbed boar to the gilts for 30 min per day, exposing the to sand or applied as a spray but immediately gilts to a group of boars, or not exposing boars to followed by irrigation. In greenhouse trials, toler- gilts. ance of hexazinone was low, suggesting field tol- The effects of various sources of dietary fat on erance was related to hexazinone dilution in soil general performance and carcass fatty acid com- caused by irrigation, thereby limiting such treat- position of broiler chickens. Two experiments ments to areas where serious weed problems jus- were conducted to estimate the effects of adding tify risk of injury. poultry grease (PG), beef tallow (BT), and pork Selective control of alders in lowbush blueber- lard (PL) singly or in combination with rapeseed ries. In fruited fields scheduled for burning, oil (RSO) to starter and finisher diets fed to 3000 selective control of alders was obtained with foli- broiler chickens. Neither male nor female mor- arly applied 2,4-D, dicamba, or 2,4-D + tality was affected by the various dietary fat dicamba in mid October, when blueberries had sources. Diets supplemented with a combination defoliated but alders still retained their leaves. of BT and PL resulted in reduced female body Earlier treatments caused crop damage, but later weights compared with diets supplemented with treatments were not consistently effective. either BT or PL as a single fat source. These

Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 99 differences in body weight were significant was achieved with a starter-grower-finisher (P <0.05) at 28 but not at 48 days of age. A regimen with ME at 12.35, 13.19, and 13.60 comparison of animal fats revealed that a com- MJ/kg. bination of PG-BT -PL resulted in the best feed conversion but was not significantly (P < Some aspects of the composition of avian 0.05) different except when compared with diets ascitic fluid. Ascitic fluid from male Single supplemented with BT. Combining Tower RSO Comb White Leghorn chickens fed a diet con- with each of the animal fats resulted in increased taining 20% by weight of rapeseed oil rich final female body weights, improved feed con- (51.6 weight percentage) in erucic (22:lw9) acid version, and financial returns. Only small differ- contained 2.84 :i: 0.09 g/dL protein and 2.55 :i: ences were observed in the fatty acid composition 0.22 f,lg/mL DNA. A characteristic feature of of the neutral lipids among dietary treatments ascitic fluid as compared with liver and plasma (Experiment 2), and in each case the composition was its high polyunsaturates, low saturates, and of the diet reflected the composition of the fat low saturate-to-unsaturate ratio. In general, the making up the diet. Total carcass lipids were not fatty acid profile of ascitic fluid is more compara- significantly affected by dietary treatment, ble to the fatty acid profile of plasma lipids than to indicating that an array of fat sources and com- that of liver lipids. These data suggest that there is binations can be used in poultry feed formula- no direct absorption of fat and transfer to the tions without significantly affecting total carcass ascitic fluid. fat or its composition. Lipid class analysis of diet The effects of dietary micronutrient, fat, and and carcass lipids indicated primarily trig- protein components in pelleted feeds on the inci- Iycerides, with small amounts of polar lipids and dence of sudden death syndrome and other traits free fatty acids and only minor differences among among male broiler chickens. Three experiments dietary treatments. Carcass moisture content was involving II 600 male broiler chickens sought to found to have a high negative correlation determine if the pelleting process affects the die- (r = -0.86) with carcass lipids, suggesting that a tary micronutrient, fat, and protein components simple and rapid estimate of carcass fat of so that the incidence of sudden death syndrome is broilers might be made simply by determining increased. Processed dietary micronutrient and carcass moisture. fat components were not significantly associated Effect of various levels of dietary sorbic acid with an increase in sudden death syndrome on general performance and incidence of leg among broiler chickens. In one of the experi- abnormalities of commercial broilers reared to ments, the incidence of sudden death syndrome roaster weight. Two thousand male, day-old Hub- was reduced (P <0.01) when the dietry protein bard chicks were housed in 20 pens (13.5 m2) to supplements (soybean meal, canola meal, and evaluate the effects on performance and leg fishmeal) bypassed the pelleting process. abnormalities of feeding dietary sorbic acid at 0, Effects of photoperiod, light intensity, and feed 200, 400, and 600 g/t of feed during the starter, restriction on the performance of dwarf and nor- grower, and finisher periods. These levels of die- mal maternal poultry meat genotypes. Perfor- tary sorbic acid had no significant effect on live mance of female chickens from a dwarf maternal body weight, feed conversion, mortality, or the genotype was compared with that from a normal incidence of leg abnormalities of these chicken commercial maternal genotype in a factorial broilers reared to roaster weight. experiment designed to estimate the combined The effect of energy in starter-grower diets on effects of increasing photoperiod at Il2 and 140 the performance of turkey broilers. Two thousand days of age, increasing light intensity at Il2, 126, four hundred poults (1200 of each sex) of the and 140 days of age, and restricting adult nutrient Diamond White strain were housed in 48 pens to intake at conventional and 95% of conventional evaluate the effect on performance and financial levels. Dwarf layers matured 1 wk earlier and returns of six different levels of metabolizable exhibited better feed conversion than the normal energy (ME) in each of six starter (11.30-12.35 layers, but body weights were lighter at all ages. MJ/kg) and six grower (12. 14-13.19 MJ/kg) diets. Eggs produced by dwarf layers were smaller but Starter and grower diets were isonitrogenous at 29 had stronger shells as measured by specific grav- and 24% protein, respectively. The common ity. Genotype x feed restriction interactions finisher diet had 18% protein and ME of 13.60 revealed that productivity of the dwarf layer was MJ/kg ME. Feed conversion and financial returns adversely affected by the 95% feeding rate; at increased (P <0.05) with increased dietary conventional feeding rates the two genotypes energy. Optimum performance based on live- were similar in performance. Increasing light- weight, feed conversion, and financial returns intensity days had no significant effect on the

100 Research Branch Report 1984 measured traits. Increasing the photoperiod (140 of the viscosity or the thickness of the applied versus 112 days) resulted in fewer double-yolked solution. Increasing the concentration of a single eggs and delayed sexual maturity, particularly for formulation decreased the permeability of the the dwarf genotype. coating to oxygen. In a test on Idared apples using a single formulation, fruit firmness and retention Sheep of titratable acids were significantly enhanced by Monensin as an effective coccidiostat. An the addition of a 0.1% nonionic surfactant as experiment was conducted to determine the effect compared with results for the identical formula- of monensin on coccidiostat discharge on feeder tion without a surfactant. In either case, signifi- lambs. Four treatments were established: control; cantly greater quality retention was observed by monensin at 8 mg/kg offeed; monensin at 16 mg/ increasing the concentration of the active mate- kg offeed; and monensin at 24 mg/kg of feed. The rial in the dipping solution. Both the firmness and level monensin at 24 mg/kg of feed was the most retention of titratable acids observed in this study effective in controlling coccidia oocyst dis- for the CMCH-S5 formulation with surfactant charge. There was a slight improvement in feed added are considered to be commercially worth- efficiency as the levels of monensin fed increased. while. Work is now under way to test several It is difficult to determine whether the increase in promising formulations in quantities that are feed efficiency was due to an improvement in almost at a commercial scale. rumen fermentation or to monensin's effect on Specific inhibitors of 13-galactosidase isolated oocyst shedding. from apples identified as quercetin glycosides Complete pelleted diet versus the traditional and chlorogenic acid. Organic solvent extracts of diet of mash and hay. It has been reported that a Spartan apples, which inhibit l3-galactosidase of complete pelleted diet may increase the incidence apples and suppress apple softening in storage, of rumen parakeratosis and liver abscesses. To have been fractionated by chromatography on determine the effect of pelleted feeds, 30 Suffolk- silica gel and acrylic ester resin sheets and col- cross lambs were put on a feeding trial. Ten lambs umns. The major constituents of the extracts, received one of the following: a complete pelleted chlorogenic acid, catechins, and quercetin feed for 60 days; a traditional mash and hay diet glycosides, individually inhibit polyphenolox- for 60 days; or a complete, pelleted diet for 50 idase-free preparations of l3-galactosidase and days followed by the mash and hay diet for an suppress softening of Golden Delicious apples additional 30 days. There were no pathological held at 20°e. findings of rumen parakeratosis or liver abscesses Retention of apple quality in controlled in any of the lamb rumens on this trial. The atmosphere storage using sequential atmosphere number of lambs on the experiment was small regimens. Initial storage of McIntosh apples in and the conclusion of no effect should be 1.5% CO plus 02 (3°C) reduced the rate of loss accepted with caution. 2 of titratable acids and of apple softening in subse- Grazing comparison of lambs with kale, tyfon, quent 5.0% CO2 plus 3.0% 02 storage. The ini- and annual ryegrass in the fall. Lambs grazing tiallow-oxygen storage effects on loss of titrata- kale, tyfon, and annual ryegrass averaged 0.15, ble acids were observed in 2 of 3 yr studied, 0.18, and 0.06 average daily gains, respectively, whereas the effects on loss of firmness were con- over the fall grazing period from 21 September to sistent over 3 crop years. An initial low-oxygen 15 November. The annual ryegrass received no storage treatment of Golden Delicious and Spar- extra N and was at a disadvantage for its fall tan cultivars was not effective in suppressing sub- growth. sequent softening in conventional controlled atmosphere storage. Storage of McIntosh apples STORAGE AND PROCESSING initially in 1.0% 02 for 2-5 mo, followed by conventional controlled atmosphere storage, Apples reduced the risk of low-oxygen injury and retained up to 90% of the firmness retention Application of edible coatings for the modified imparted by continuous very low oxygen storage. atmosphere storage of apples. Several coatings (Nutri Save @) have been tested to investigate the Blueberries effects of various formulations and film vis- Design of flotation separation system for cosities on internal oxygen and carbon dioxide removing moss from lowbush blueberries. A sec- concentrations in McIntosh apples. Coating for- ond, higher efficiency flotation separation system mulation was found to directly influence the for removal of moss from lowbush blueberries reduction of internal oxygen levels, irrespective was developed based on a prototype built in the

Research Station, Kentville, N. S. \01 previous year. The system was designed to allow production of a blueberry beverage to be mar- for maximum operational flexibility to enable keted in early 1985. testing of process parameters and to determine Cabbage optimum process conditions. A berry submersion belt incorporated at the start of the tank improved Storage of prepackaged cabbage. Feasibility the separation of the moss from the blueberries by studies indicate that the requirement for costly utilizing both the buoyant and sinking forces of high humidity [95% relative humidity (RH)] in the berries and moss. The earlier prototype was cabbage storage can be circumvented by trim- strictly dependent on the ability of the moss to ming and wrapping the heads in plastic wrap sink. A unit processing 5500-7000 kg/hr con- before storage. After 8 wk at -o.25°C and ca. structed for a local food processor was operated in 82% RH, evaporative losses were 0.8 and 8.0%, the 1984 season with very positive results. and losses to wilt and mold combined ranged from I. 2 to 3.0% and 7.0 to 10% in wrapped and Quality evaluation of lowbush blueberry unwrapped heads respectively, for Ultra Green postharvest handling and processing proce- and April Green cultivars. Eighteen percent of all dures. Development of the methodology to assess wrapped heads and 72% of unwrapped heads processed lowbush blueberry quality, as well as to required retrimming. Better color in prepackaged determine the range of the chosen parameters, produce, as assessed by Hunterlab colorimeter was carried out using various grades of berries readings, was attributed to the appreciable from three local processors. Quality evaluation amounts of CO2 (0.6-1.5%) that accumulated included chemical parameters (percentage of sol- under plastic wrap in storage. uble solids, percentage of titratable acidity, and Rutabaga pH), physical parameters (texture by Kramer Shear cell, drained weight, percentage of fruit Preharvest defoliation. For economic reasons, crushed, weight loss), color evaluation (on whole there is a growing interest in preharvest defolia- and crushed berries, and juice), and sensory eval- tion. In a recent study of a suspected synergistic uation. Various aspects of existing postharvest effect between ethephon (E) and ammonium per- handling and processing technology were evalu- oxydisulfate (AP, ap) on the defoliation of Lau- ated to determine their effect on blueberry qual- rentian rutabaga, Eat 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm ity: field cleaning, precooling, time delay before and "persulfate" at 1.0% were applied in all com- processing, and processing (including dumping, binations. There were 3 plots per treatment, II washing, separating, freezing, and destemming). roots per plot, and 134 leaves per plot with a Results will be used to modify postharvest han- standard deviation of ::': 6.84. When leaf-drop dling and processing techniques in order to comparisons were made at each observation date, improve final berry quality and reduce losses due synergisms of 60-134% were evident within 3 to damage and shrinkage. days of spray applications; thereafter, drop rates tended towards additive proportions, with net Blueberry JUice product development. gains averaging 14-21 % across the 6-point 13-day Research on lowbush blueberry juice processing observation period. Because younger leaves are and preliminary product formulations was con- much more firmly attached in rutabaga, a better ducted in a project supported by the Wild Blue- assessment of synergism is made by comparing berry Association of North America. Based on the numbers of roots in each treatment that attain earlier work done at the Kentville Station in 1963, complete or near complete defoliation (Le. range, a number of juice extraction processes were 93-100%). The results were as follows: E 1250 + investigated to determine their effect on juice ap > E 5000 + AP, E 2500 + AP, E 5000, yield and quality, and to determine optimum con- E 2500 > E 1250 + AP, E 1250; E 2500 + ap ditions. The major parameters tested included > E 1250 + ap and that E 5000 + ap was much process temperature, enzyme treatment, grinding more powerful than any other treatment or treat- routine, mash predilution, and initial berry qual- ment pair. ity. Preliminary product formulation tests were Thus, inexpensive ammonium peroxydisulfate subsequently conducted to determine the effects can be used to replace ethephon with equivalent of sugar concentration, acid concentration, type and synergistic advantage. The fact that syn- of acid, and juice concentration on the beverage ergism develops quickly and greatly speeds ini- quality. A shelf-life study is being completed to tialleaf fall allows for early assessment of appli- evaluate the product stability under varying pro- cation suitability. Human toxicity problems are cess and storage regimes and initial product for- not anticipated. It is anticipated that considera- mulations. The results of this study have been tion may now be given to other crops heretofore used by a local food processor as a basis for the beyond the economic limits of ethephon.

102 Research Branch Report 1984 Strawberries Herbert, H.l; Smith, R.E; McRae, K.B. 1984. Evalua- tion of non-insecticidal methods to reduce Evaluation of a mechanical strawberry de- damage to chrysanthemums by the leafminer, clusterer and decapper. A strawberry declusterer Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Can. and decapper were evaluated during the 1984 Entomol. 116:1259-1266. strawberry season for seven varieties (including Hicklenton, P.R. 1984. Response of pot chry- Kent, K76-3, and Midway) and several harvest santhemum to supplemental irradiation during dates. The declusterer evaluation involved hand rooting, long day,and shortdayproduction stages. picking of berries in clusters; samples thus 1 Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109:468-472. included stalks, green and overripe fruit, and Hicklenton, P.R.; McRae, K.B. 1984. Vegetative some single berries. In all, 22 samples were run growth and flowering of pot chrysanthemums in over the machine and then evaluated by separat- response to supplemental HPS radiation and split ing the output into various categories. Over all night temperatures. 1 Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. runs, the breakdown of the output was as follows: 109:30-33. 28% total cluster (double, triple, and more than Hildebrand, P.D.; Sutton, le. 1984. Effects of weather triple clusters), 21% single berries, 4% cut or variables on spore survival and infection of onion damaged berries, and 47% debris (stalks, rotten leaves by Peronospora destructor. Can. 1 Plant berries). Pathol. 6:119-126. For the decapper evaluation, berries were Hildebrand, P.D.; Sutton, le. 1984. Relationships of handpicked in clusters and then hand declustered temperature, moisture and inoculum density to into single berries with stems. These berries the infection cycle of Peronospora destructor. (including those that were green or overripe) were Can. 1 Plant Pathol. 6:127-134. run over the machine and various categories were Holmberg, R.G.; Hardman, 1M. 1984. Relating feed- collected: roll overs , rollbacks, and sortouts ing rates to sex and size in size species of (green or rotten off the belt). grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Can. Ento- Efficiency was evaluated as finished fruit (per- mol. 116:597-606. centage by weight of decapped fruit, i. e. , fruit on Hulan, H.W. 1983. Nutritional requirements and man- the belt before sorting). Over 64 runs, finished agement of roaster chickens: A review. Indian fruit was 47%. Poult. Rev. 15:1-10. Hulan, H.W. 1984. Dwarf broiler breeders. Nutrition PUBLICATIONS and management: A review. Indian Poult. Rev. 16:21-31. Research Hulan, H.W.; Nash, D.M.; Comer, A.H.; Proudfoot, Abdel-Kader, M.H.K.; Stiles, D.A.; Ragab, M.TH. EG. 1984. Some aspects of the composition of 1984. Thin-layerchromatographic separation and avian ascitic fluid. Poult. Sci. 63:1357-1363. identification of carbofuran and two carbamate Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, EG. 1984. Effect of different metabolites and their dinitrophenyl ethers. Int. 1 levels of dietary sorbic acid on general perfor- Environ. Anal. Chem. 18:281-286. mance and incidence of leg abnormalities of com- Blatt, e.R. 1984. Irrigation, mulch and double row mercial broilers reared to roaster weight. Poult. planting related to fruit size and yield of 'Bounty' Sci. 63:1800-1802. strawberry. HortScience 19:826-827. Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, EG.; McRae, K.B. 1984. The Chong, C.; Poapst, P.A. 1984. Influence of ammonium effect of energy in starter-grower diets on the peroxydisulfate and ethephon on glucosinolates performance of turkeybroilers. Can. 1 Anim. Sci. in 'Laurentian' rutabaga. HortScience 19: 64:471-477 . 275-276. Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, EG.; Nash, D.M. 1984. The Choo,TM.; Langille, lE.; Rayment, A.E; Bubar, lS.; effects of different dietary fat sources on general Walton, R.B.; Coulson, N.N. 1984. Response of performance and carcass fattyacidcomposition of red clover varieties to environment in the Atlantic broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 63:324-332. Provinces. Can. 1 Plant Sci. 64:139-144. Kunelius, H.T; McRae, K.B.; MacLeod, lA. 1984. Cutcliffe, lA.; Blatt, C.R. 1984. Effects ofN, P, K, B An assessment of long-term effects from spring and lime on strawberry yields. Can. 1 Plant Sci. and summer applications of ammonium nitrate on 64:945-949. orchardgrass. Can. 1 Plant Sci. 64:651-657. Dick, A.l; Laskey,G; Lidster, P.D. 1984. Inhibition of Lidster, P.D.; Sanford, K.H.; McRae, K.B. 1984. f3-galactosidaseisolated from 'McIntosh' (Malus Effect of temperature and controlled atmosphere domestica Bockh.). HortScience 19:552-553. on the survival of overwintering populations of Embree, e.G. 1984. An assessment and illustration of European red mite eggs on stored 'McIntosh' winter injury to selected apple cultivars in Nova apples. HortScience 19:257-258. Scotia, 1980-81. Fruit Var. 1 38(1):8-13.

Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 103 Lidster, P.D.; Sanford, K.A.; McRae, K.B.; Stark, R. Sutton, 1.e.; Gillespie, T1.; Hildebrand, P.D. 1984. 1984. Apple juice quality and recovery from Monitoring weather factors in relation to plant Mclntosh apples stored in controlled atmospheres disease. Plant Dis. 68:78-84. and air. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Techno!. 1. 17:086- 091. Thompson, B.K.; Kramer, 1.K.G.; Farnsworth, E.R.; Corner, A.H.; Hulan, H.W. 1984. The rela- Nass, H.G.; Walton, R.B.; Jones, R.W; Langille, 1.E.; tionship of body weight with incidence and sever- Bubar, 1.S. 1984. Borden winter wheat. Can. 1. ity of myocardial necrosis in male albino rats. Plant Sci. 64:207-209. Nutr. Res. 4:681-689. Neilson, WTA.; Knowlton, A.D. 1984. Capture of Timbers, G.E.; Stark, R.; Cumming, D.B. 1984. A blueberry maggot adults, Rhago/etis mendax new blanching system for the food industry. I: (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Pherocon AM traps and Design, construction and testing of a pilot plant on tartar red dark sticky spheres in lowbush blue- prototype. 1. Food Process. Preserv. 2: 115-133. berry fields. Can. Entomo!. 116:113-118. Tung, M.S.; Ramaswamy, H.S.; McRae, K.B.; Stark, Nickerson, N.L. 1984. A previously unreported disease R. 1984. Surface heat transfer coefficients for of cranberries caused by Exobasidium perenne sp. steam/air mixtures in two pilot scale plants. 1. nov. Can. 1. Plant Patho!' 6:218-220. Food Sci. 49:939-943. Proudfoot, EG.; Hulan, H.W; McRae, K.B. 1984. White, R.P.; McRae, K.B. 1984. Assessment of yield Effects of photoperiod, light intensity and feed improvement of short-season corn hybrids in restriction on the performance of dwarf and nor- Atlantic trials. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:197-201. mal maternal poultry meat genotypes. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:759-768. Miscellaneous Proudfoot, EG.; Hulan, H.W; McRae, K.B. 1984. The effects of dietary micronutrient, fat and protein Cutcliffe, 1.A.; Blatt, e.R. 1984. Effects ofN, P and K components in pelleted feeds on the incidence of on strawberry yields. Canadex 232. sudden death syndrome and other traits among Hardman, 1.M.; Mukerji, M.K. 1984. Simulating male broiler chickens. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. grasshopper damage to rangeland. Can. Agric. 64:159-164. 30:28-32. Ross, R.G.;McRae, K.B.;Newbery, R.1. 1984. Growth Hicklenton, P.R.; Cairns, K. 1984. Capillary bed irri- of apple trees affected by replant disease after gation of woody ornamental nursery stock. Cana- lifting, site fumigation and replanting. Can. 1. dex 560.275. Plant Pathol. 6:257-258. Hulan, H.W; Proudfoot, EG. 1984. Feeding and man- Smith, 1.P.; Ooraikul, B.; Jackson, E.D. 1984. Linear agement of the dwarf (mini) broiler breeder. Pro- programming: A tool in reformulation studies to ceedings Maryland Nutrition Conference, extend the shelf-life of English-style crumpets. pp. 14-21. Food Technol. Aust. 36:454-457. Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, EG.; McRae, K.B. 1983. Specht, H.B.; McEnroe, WD. 1984. Early develop- Replacement of soybean meal by rapeseed meal ment of Dermacentor variabi/is (Acari: Ixodidae) in the diets of juvenile and adult meat breeder in Nova Scotia. Can. 1. Zoo!. 63:742-743. genotypes. Proceedings, 6th International Sterling, 1.D.E.; Jones, R.W.; Walton, R.; Langille, Rapeseed Conference Vol. II, pp. 1552-1561. 1.E.; Dupuis, B.; Bubar, 1.S. 1984. Micmac bar- Van Lunen, TA. 1984. Effect of slaughter weight on ley. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:1001-1003. profit potential of barrows. Canadex 440.844.

104 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Station, Fredericton, New Brunswick

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Y. Martel, I BA, BSc(Agr), PhD Director L.w. Garber, BA, MEd Administrative Officer D.B. Gammon,2 MA Library Area Coordinator R.C. Hurtubise, BSc Information Officer N. Taniguchi,2 BLS Librarian D.A. Young, BSc, MSc, PhD Officer in Charge, Benton Ridge

Potato Breeding D.A. Young, BSc, MSc, PhD Section Head; Breeding and genetics R.H. Coffin, BSc, MSc, PhD Breeding and evaluation H. De long, BA, MS, PhD Diploid breeding and genetics A.M. Murphy, BSc, MSc Disease screening l.E.A. Seabrook, BSc, MSc, PhD Propagation methods G.C.C. Tai, BSc, MSc, PhD Quantitative genetics T.R. Tarn, BSc, PhD Cytogenetics

Potato Pest Management R.P. Singh, BSc(Agr), MSc(Agr), PhD Section Head; Virus diseases, viroids R.H. Bagnall, BSc, MSc, PhD Virus epidemiology and resistance G.Boiteau, BSc, MSc, PhD Insect ecology M.C. Clark, BSc, PhD Biochemistry of disease resistance w.K. Coleman, BSc, PhD Physiology R.R. King, BSc, MSc, PhD Residue chemistry A.R. McKenzie, BSc, MSc, PhD Tuber-borne pathogens Y. Pelletier, BSc, MSc Insect-plant relationships

Livestock and Crops J.w.G. Nicholson, BSc, MSc, PhD Section Head; Meat animal nutrition G. Belanger,3 BSc, MSc Forage crops P.L. Burgess, BSc, MSc, PhD Dairy cattle nutrition R.S. Bush,4 BSA, MSc, PhD Calf nutrition R.E. McQueen, BSc, MSc, PhD Rumen microbiology

Engineering, Horticulture, Soils G.c. Misener, BSc, MSc, PhD Section Head; Harvesting and storage engineering T.L. Chow, BSc, PhD Soil hydrology E.N. Estabrooks, BSc, MSc Tree fruits and berry crops

Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 105 C.D. McLeod, BASe, MASc Agricultural mechanization engineering P.H. Milburn,s BSc, MSc Soils engineering IE. Richards,6 BSc, MSc Soil fertility G.R. Saini, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil physics G.w. Wood, BSc, MA, PhD Blueberry pests L. Woodrow,7 BSc, MSc Fruit crop winter hardiness

Senator Herve J. Michaud Experimental Farm, Buctouche, N.B. R. Rioux,8 BA, BSc(Agr), MSc Acting Superintendent; Forage and cereal crops P.V. LeBlanc,9 BSc, BSA Vegetables M. Luffman, BSc(Agr) Fruits

Departures C.S. Bernard, BSA, MSc, PhD Director Transferred to Regional Development Branch, Ottawa, ant. February 1984 G.R. Saini, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil physics Retired July 1984 N.Taniguchi, BLS Librarian Resigned September 1984 G.w. Wood, -BSc, MA, PhD Blueberry pests Retired January 1984

VISITING SCIENTISTS

National Research Council visiting fellow ID. Holley, BSc, MSc, PhD Fungal epidemiology

lAppointed June 1984. 2Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 3Appointed July 1984. 4Retumed from secondment to Management Accountability Directorate and Program Coordination April 1984. sAppointed March 1984. 6Appointed September 1983, scientist in training. 7Appointed May 1983, scientist in training. 8Seconded from La Pocatiere Experimental Farm. 90n education leave.

106 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The Fredericton Research Station conducts a comprehensive research program on potatoes, focusing a multidisciplinary effort on cultivar development and evaluation, tuber processing quality, disease control, pest management, rapid multiplication techniques, dormancy manipulation, harvesting and storage procedures, and soil utilization. Recently, emphasis has been placed on the seed potato sector of the industry, through the testing of Canadian genetic stocks in countries with import potential and related research in phytosanitary quality. The livestock and livestock feeds program has, as its main goal, the efficient utilization of locally produced feeds, particularly forages, by ruminant animals. Aspects of herd management are also investigated. This research is pursued in close collaboration with the Nappan Experimental Farm, in Nova Scotia. The horticultural program consists of research on blueberry crop management and pest control, and contributes to the program at the Kentville Research Station on apple orchard management and strawberry cultivar evaluation. To the horticultural program is added the research conducted at the Senator Herve 1. Michaud Experimental Farm in Buctouche, N. B., which is pertinent to requirements in that geographical area. The Michaud Farm's research summary appears in this report. Soil scientists at Fredericton contribute to the maintenance and improvement of the agricultural land base in New Brunswick, and the work of analytical chemists includes the monitoring of degradation and residue products of chemicals and pesticides used either on the soil or on crops. The results herein reported provide an overview of continuing research programs. More complete information can be obtained from the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, N.B. E3B 4Z7.

y. Martel Director

POTATO BREEDING uses, and some already occur in the pedigrees of Canadian cultivars. Many of these species were inadequately represented in world germ plasm Diploid potato breeding. One of the major collections, and living material of some of the advantages of a breeding project on the diploid species was unknown. Accordingly, a series of level is the genetic access to a large part of the vast germ plasm collecting expeditions was under- pool of diploid germ plasm as it exists in Central taken in 1982, 1983, and 1984 including the inter- and South America. A return to the tetraploid regional potato introduction project of the U. S. level (which is the ploidy level of North American Department of Agriculture, the potato program of and European cultivars) is possible through the Mexico's National Agricultural Research Insti- so-called tetraploid-diploid hybridization tute (INIA), the Copenhagen University Botani- (4 x -2 x) method, among others. Although this cal Garden, and Agriculture Canada's potato method has proved to be an effective means of breeding program. A total of 304 collections conferring heterozygosity and hybrid vigor from were made from a wide variety of habitats, the diploid parent to the (tetraploid) progeny of including xerophytic shrub vegetation, oak 4 x -2 x hybridizations, its wider implementa- woods, and pine-fir forests, at elevations from tion has thus far been limited by the lack of a large 1500 m to over 3000 m in 20 states. In many number of well-adapted diploid clones that pro- places, including remote areas, changing land duce a high proportion of 2n gametes. During use was threatening habitats of potato species. 1984,40 new diploid hybrids were identified that Two species were collected as living material for produce> 15% large (2n) pollen. From among the first time, and new collections of 24 species these, II clones have been selected and used very improved species representation and in some successfully in 4 x -2 x test crosses. cases extended known distributions. Of the six Potato species germ plasm collections. About species not collected, one was from an area not 32 species of potato (tuber-bearing Solanum) are visited, two were rare hybrids, and intensive currently recognized in Mexico. Some of these, searches for the remaining three produced no including Solanum demissum, S. stoloniferum, results. Studies of the new collections indicate at S. verrucosum, and S. bulbocastanum have been least two new species. Living material is depos- used in Canadian research on breeding for resis- ited with the Mexican and U.S. potato collec- tance to Phytophthora infestans and several vir- tions.

Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 107 Development of performance models for pota- Jemseg, Katahdin, Kennebec, Sebago, Shepody, to genotypes tested in international trials. A Red Pontiac, and Russet Burbank was examined. series of international trials were conducted over Tuberlets 3.5-0.2 g in weight were produced the past 2 yr. The purpose of the experiments was by leaf-bud cuttings exposed to both long (16 h) twofold: to develop a method for obtaining envi- and short (8 h) days. After refrigeration for 3 mo ronmental indices that measure productivity of in plastic bags to break dormancy, the tuberlets diverse potato-growing areas; and to construct were planted in the greenhouse in a loam- performance models for individual genotypes sand-peat-perlite mixture (6: 1:1:4). The height based on the environmental indices. Yield data of and survival of the shoots arising from the 29 genotypes obtained from a series of 12 experi- tuberlets were assessed. The percentage of tuber- ments conducted in 8 countries in 1983 and 1984 lets surviving was considerably (50%) reduced in were used in the study. The response pattern ofthe tuberlets of less than 0.5 g. There was a general genotypes was studied by a multivariate analysis. reduction in live tuberlets that sprouted as they Five genotypes were chosen as representatives for became smaller. The height of shoots from various response patterns to the environments, tuberlets at 4 wk after planting was directly pro- and their data were used for obtaining a series of portional to the tuberlet size. Thus, survival and independent indices for each of the experimental vigor are related to the size of greenhouse-grown sites based on principal component analysis. Per- leaf-bud tubers. formance models for each of the genotypes were Influence of leaf shape of cuttings on leafbud constructed by stepwise regression analysis of tubers. Potato plants produce simple leaves with yields of a genotype on the environmental indices few leaflets when they first emerge. Later, more based on 1983 data. Yield data of 1984 experi- complex, compound leaves are formed that are ments were used to verifY the models. Satisfac- usually larger than simple leaves. Leaf-bud cut- tory correspondence between observed and pre- tings prepared from simple and compound leaves dicted yields was obtained for most of the were subjected to suitable day lengths to promote genotypes. tuberization. Cuttings of the cultivars Caribe, A computer software systemfor registration of Jemseg, Katahdin, Sable, Shepody, and Russet pedigrees of potato cultivars and parental lines . Burbank, prepared from both simple and com- A software system has been developed for record- pound leaves, produced tubers. However, cuttings ing pedigrees of potato cultivars and parental of compound leaves formed considerably larger lines. A data base was developed to store names tubers than those composed of simple leaves. of cultivars and parental lines and their two Thus, leaf shape cannot be used as an indication immediate parents. Synonyms of all names are of a leaf-bud cutting's ability to tuberize, but can carefully checked and included in the data base. be used to provide tubers of optimum size. Information regarding breeding lines and High-performance liquid chromatography cultivars of uncertain parentage was also stored in determination of ascorbic acid in potato tubers. the data base. A FORTRAN computer program is Classically, a visual titration with 2,6-dichloro- used to construct pedigree charts for specified phenol has been the method of choice for the cultivars or parental lines based on information in determination of ascorbic acid in potato tubers. the data base. The system is valuable for con- However, this method is often complicated by the ducting in-depth searches of parentage of specific existence of interfering coextractives; it is non- breeding lines and for revealing the role of species specific for ascorbic acid, and end points are ill- and old parents in the pedigrees of current defined because problems with color develop- cultivars. It is also possible to calculate an index ment and fading are common. To alleviate these of inbreeding in a cultivar or parental line or the difficulties a high performance liquid chro- kinship between any two of them. This informa- matography (HPLC) procedure for the analysis tion assists the breeder to avoid crossing close was developed. The procedure involves isocratic relatives when planning the hybridization pro- separation of ascorbic acid from coextractives on grams. The data base is also useful for studying a 10 fLm Si-60 column using a 50:50 (vol/vol) the past utilization of wild potato species and methanol-trichloro-l, I ,2-trifluoroethane sol- primitive cultivars in breeding. vent. The separation was accomplished in 5 min Survival of potato tuberlets of various sizes. at a flow rate of I mUmin. Detection is based on The influence of tuber size on survival and subse- the distinctive absorbance properties of ascorbic quent shoot height of the cultivars Caribe, acid at Am ax 245 nm.

108 Research Branch Report 1984 POTATO PEST MANAGEMENT abies that affected the outcome of ELISA tests. Treatment of freshly harvested tubers with "rin- Solanum berthaultii: A necrotic host for vir- dite" did not improve the reliability ofPVY tuber aids from citrus, chrysanthemum, potato, and test either. tomato. A clone of Solanum berthaultii (USDA Successful management of the potato spindle P.I. 265857) developed necrotic symptoms when tuber viroid (PSTV). An analysis of field inspec- infected with either mild or severe strains of tion data over a period of 15 yr (1969-1983) of the potato spindle tuber viroid. It was sensitive New Brunswick seed potato crop showed that the enough to allow for the direct indexing of individ- incidence of PSTV had decreased to the point ual tubers using cut pieces or using nucleic acid where it could not be detected by visual observa- extract for composite samples. S. berthaultii also tion. This eradication of viroid in the seed potato developed necrotic symptoms when inoculated crop could be attributed to higher standards or with citrus exocortis, chrysanthemum stunt, and stricter regulations in seed certification pro- tomato apical stunt viroids. However, S. berthaul- grams, use of virus-free seed multiplied at Elite tii did not become infected and consequently it seed farms, enactment of provincial disease erad- did not develop any symptoms when inoculated ication acts, and strict plant requirements of pro- with chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid cessing companies in the region. either mechanically or by grafting. The symp- A survey of 100 fields of potatoes planted for toms in this clone for all viroids consisted of processing purposes was made for the viroid in necrotic spotting of petioles and stems, along 1984. From each field, 500 leaflets were col- with leaf collapse. The necrotic, rolled leaves lected, and the nucleic acid was extracted from eventually dry out but they remain attached to the batches of 50 samples and tested for the presence stem. Any new leaves were reduced in size and or absence of viroid by indicator plants or by dot- the entire plant was severely stunted. blot test. No viroid was found in any samples. Unsuitability of glycerol for the preservation This further indicates that PSTV has been suc- of potato virus Y (PVY) and virus A (PVA). cessfully controlled in potato seed production. Glycerol has been used for the long-term preser- Progress in late blight research. Potato late vation of purified stable plant viruses, but no blight research conducted for the past 10 yr at information was available on its effect on labile Fredericton was evaluated in relation to current viruses such as PYA and PVY. PVY was purified literature. A research publication was prepared by two cycles of differential centrifugation in describing the late blight forecasting program CsCI. The purified virus (2 mg/mL) was mixed developed here. with equal volumes of either glycerol or buffer A modern weather data collecting device, the and stored at 25, 4, -20, and -70°C. Samples CR21 micro logger, was programmed and placed were removed periodically from each tem- in the field for the first time in the summer of perature-storage regime and tested for infectivity 1984. Relative humidity, leaf wetness, and tem- based on local lesion and for serological reactions perature were measured and recorded every with the ELISA test. Both infectivity and ELISA 15 min from 28 June to 7 September. Observa- readings were reduced in virus samples con- tions were stored on cassette tapes and entered taining glycerol compared with buffer only sam- into the Agrinet system, without manual tran- ples. The diminished infectivity and ELISA read- scription, using a translating device. The CR21 ings occurred more readily at high temperature micrologger proved accurate and reliable and was than at low. Similar results were obtained with maintained with ease in the field. Data from the purified PYA, CR21 and newer X21 can be transmitted continu- Factors affecting tuber-indexing of PVY by ously from remote locations via telephone line to ELISA. Antiserum against PVY was shown to be an IBM PC or other similar desk-top computer. specific for indexing infected tubers in the Current technology makes the collection of real- ELISA. Assays with antiserum did not result in time data from many locations a reality. Avail- measurable reaction when tested against unin- ability of up-to-date data will be critical in fected tubers of 30 potato cultivars. Virus concen- improving the design and accuracy of the late tration did vary among the potato cultivars, blight forecasting program. depending upon whether the tuber samples A computer program prepared for calculating included or excluded eye tissue. Incubation,-of daily late blight forecasts with an IBM PC was tuber samples in microtiter plates at 37°C was tested for accuracy and ease of use. The program preferable to incubation at 4°C. Tuber storage that was prepared for use in Prince Edward Island temperature, status of tuber surface, and presence is expected to improve the forecast service offered or absence of sprouts were other important vari- in that province. This program will be used in

Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 109 future research at Fredericton and may eventually aphids but also from a reduced ability to probe be used with data transmitted by telephone from and fly from plant to plant. remote microloggers to calculate daily forecasts. Colorado potato beetle. A black-body mutant of the Colorado potato beetle has been isolated LIVESTOCK AND CROPS for the first time in North America. The recessive nature of the character and the lower viability of Barley and wheat head chop silages. Crops of the eggs have been confirmed. Reciprocal crosses barley and wheat were chopped with a modified between the black, the wild, and a previously forage harvester equipped with a direct-cut head described white morph have been used to study attachment and ensiled in upright concrete silos the inheritance of color for the adult, its hemo- at 42% dry matter. The cutting knife of the har- lymph, and the larvae and eggs. The presence of vester was raised so that only the grain heads plus white beetles in the progeny of white females and approximately 15-20 cm of straw were removed. black males is particularly interesting. The data Twenty-four cows were randomly divided into support the hypothesis of a transient maternal three groups and fed one of the following: grass influence in the first generation in this case. silage ad libitum (control), barley, or wheat head Cultural practices and potato arthropods. chop silage (22 kg per cow per day) plus ad Tests were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to deter- libitum grass silage for a 12-wk period. Concen- mine the effect of cultural practices such as plant- trate was fed to each group according to milk ing date, plant spacing, and weed control on ben- production and to balance energy and protein eficial and destructive insects of the potato crop. intake. Results showed that within the present range of Total dry-matter intake was similar for grass agronomic practices, the manipulation of seed and barley silages but lower (P < 0.01) for wheat spacing or changes in the acceptable degree of head chop silage. Forage dry-matter intake (head weed control will have little or no effect on potato chop silage plus grass silage) was highest for arthropods. There is a tendency for increased pop- barley, intermediate for wheat, and lowest for the ulations of carabids in early planted potatoes, but grass silage control group. Intake of both barley their potential as biological control agents is lim- and wheat head chop silages sharply reduced ited by their susceptibility to herbicides. Based on grass silage intake. Daily milk yields (4% fat our data, the suggestion that the advantages of corrected) were not different for the three treat- controlling weeds with herbicides can be offset ments (25.0 kg per day). Cows consuming the by the increased vulnerability of weed-free crops wheat silage had higher (P < 0.01) milk fat, to aphid vectors does not apply to the potato crop rumen ammonia, and butyrate levels, whereas in such regions as New Brunswick, where the ratios of rumen acetate-to-propionate were lower primary aphid flights occur early (before any (P < 0.01) for barley silage. Barley head chop significant weed cover can be established) and silage was rated superior to wheat in terms of where, because of the short season, the canopy performance for lactating dairy cows. closes relatively quickly. may be possible to It Nitrates in annual ryegrass. Annual ryegrass delay planting to control the negative effect of has received a lot of interest recently as a supple- aphid populations when producing small, whole mentary forage crop in the Atlantic Provinces. It seeds because they require a shorter growing sea- responds well to nitrogen fertilization in terms of son than cut seeds. This production is limited now yield and crude protein content when growing but could become important. conditions are optimal. However, when condi- Behavioral effects of Aldicarb on two potato tions are unfavorable, heavy nitrogen fertilization aphids. Previous statements regarding the lack of may lead to a high level of nitrate nitrogen in the immediate effect of systemic insecticides have forage. been substantiated under field conditions. Under Aubade ryegrass was grown with three levels of New Brunswick conditions it takes a minimum of nitrogen fertilization (168, 336, and 504 kg/ha) 30 h to reach 50% mortality of winged green each applied at three periods of time; mid June, peach aphids. Further, laboratory tests showed after first cut, and after second cut. The yields of that only 45% of the green peach aphids and 40% dry matter did not respond to the high nitrogen of the common potato aphids were able to fly fertilization except for cut 1. There was a gradual following a sublethal exposure to aldicarb. increase in total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, Aphids unable to fly became hyperactive but did true protein, and nitrate nitrogen from cut I to not probe. According to our data the effective cut 3 and from the control level to the high level control of leafroll spread within fields by aldicarb of nitrogen fertilization. The level of nitrate-nitro- results not only from a reduction in number of gen was potentially toxic for the later cuts of

110 Research Branch Report 1984 forage grown with the higher levels of nitrogen Digestibility by pigs of potato steam peel. fertilization. Values of nitrate nitrogen as high as Potato steam peel is a by-product of processing 0.4% of dry matter were recorded. Forages that potatoes for the production of frozen french fries. contain more than 0.15% nitrate nitrogen should It is partly cooked and should be a useful feed for not be fed to pregnant animals, and levels over pigs. If it can be used successfully, enough steam 0.4% are potentially toxic to all animals. peel is produced in New Brunswick to replace about 10% of all the grain fed to pigs in the Effect of ground annual ryegrass in calf province. rations. A calf starter ration was formulated containing 15% soybean meal (SBM) and 15% A digestibility trial carried out at this station ground timothy. This was compared to a ration showed that the dry matter was digested to the with 33% SBM and the timothy replaced by extent of 81% but that the digestibility of the ground annual ryegrass (RG). Both rations were protein was only 61% by pigs. However, the peel fed in mash and pelleted forms to calves from dry matter contains about 15% crude protein, and birth to 84 days of age. so it is still a good source of digestible crude Calves fed the RG ration grew as fast after protein. Feeding trials carried out on a cooper- weaning (28 days of age) as those fed the SBM ative farm showed pigs will readily consume liq- ration. Before weaning the RG groups grew uid diets containing up to 20% of the dry matter faster, but this cannot be attributed to the diet. from potato steam peel. Calves fed the pelleted diets had lower rumen pH Carbohydrate content and buffering capacity than those fed the mash diets. This decreased pH of silage crops. The water soluble carbohydrate also resulted in lower ratios of acetate to propio- and starch (WSS) content of four forages was nate in the rumen fluid due to increased propio- determined at various times during the day and in nate concentration. There was also a trend toward sunny and cloudy weather. The forages were lower total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the frozen with liquid nitrogen immediately after cut- rumen of the RG calves. These results suggest ting, then freeze-dried. The WSS content was that the RG protein was sufficiently digestible so measured as glucose in the aqueous extract fol- that annual ryegrass could replace at least one- lowing 6h reflux with water and 24 h digestion third of the soybean meal in calf starter rations with amyloglucosidase. The forages were cut at without hampering performance. 8:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m. Fish-meal gruel for calves. When calves drink on 5 July, which had 12.4 h of sunshine and on milk, the esophageal groove reflex ensures that 7 July, which had only 2.6 h sunshine. The two the milk passes directly into the true stomach and red clover cultivars (Hungarpoli and Ottawa) the milk proteins are not subjected to deamina- were past full bloom, with over half the blossoms tion in the rumen. On the other hand, when calves turning brown. Annual ryegrass was at the joint eat dry feed it goes directly to the rumen, and stage and Climax timothy was in full head but not some of the valuable protein is destroyed by the in bloom. Both red clover cultivars had a higher rumen bacteria. WSS content than did the grasses. The hours of As part of a larger study on use of over-quota sunlight had no effect on WSS, but on both sam- milk, we fed some calves a high-quality fish meal pling days WSS content at 11:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m. mixed with water to form a gruel. Starting at 28 and 4:00 p.m. was greater than at 8:00 a.m. in all days of age, the milk allowance was gradually forages. The WSS contents of leaves and stems of reduced and replaced with the fish-meal gruel. It the grasses were not different, but the stems of the was hoped that the esophageal groove reflex red clovers contained about twice the WSS con- would continue to function and the fish meal tent as did their leaves. Thus in preparing red would bypass the rumen. Considerable difficulty clover ensilage, the stems should be chopped and was encountered in getting the calves to consume crushed to ensure the availability of WSS for the fish-meal gruel when it replaced all the milk. fermentation. The levan content of forages was Calves fed whole milk to supply the same not determined. The buffering capacity of the amount of protein as fed in the fish meal grew forages was determined as the milliequivalent of significantly (P < 0.01) faster (148 versus 120 kg) H2S04 required to obtain a pH of 4.0 in an from 28 days to 6 mo of age. In fact, calves fed dry aqueous mixture of 100 g forage. Buffering fish-meal as well as their starter also grew faster capacity was not affected by the duration of sun- (P < 0.05, 128 kg), but the control calves fed shine or by cutting time during the day. Climax a 15% crude protein starter grew more slowly timothy had a lower buffering capacity (183.5 (P < 0.01, 97 kg) than all other groups. meq/IOO g) than annual ryegrass (463.4 meq/ There was no advantage to feeding the fish 100 g) or than either red clover cultivar (average meal as a gruel rather than the dry meal. 398.6 meq/IOO g). The high buffering capacity of

Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 111 the red clovers, even at advanced maturity, and of the first component studied in detail was the the immature annual ryegrass would tend to make potato digging share. Five vibrating sieving these crops more difficult to ensile. shares for lifting potatoes were designed, con- Changes in rumen epithelial enzyme profiles structed, and tested on a potato harvester. The with development. The specific activity (units of most successful model for smooth material flow activity per milligram of protein) was measured into the harvester caused unacceptable skinning for 11 enzymes in crude extracts of the rumen injury, whereas the model with the least injury epithelium from mature and newbom cows. The had unacceptable flow characteristics. All models activities from three different extracts were found were vibrated in the horizontal plane to avoid to be quite similar. When the average values for possible damage from motion in the gravitational the mature cow and the newborn preruminant direction. The objective of increasing soil sieving were expressed as a ratio, there were three distinct rates on the harvester was achieved. However, groups (0.2-0.8; 1.0-2.2; and 8-10). The low problems with material flow at the harvester inlet ratio group included the enzymes glucose-6- limits the application. phosphate dehydrogenase (0.2), pyruvate kinase Lowbush blueberry stripper. In the search for (0.3), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydro- alternative harvesting techniques, with particular genase (0.8). The high ratio group included the emphasis on the fresh fruit lowbush blueberry, enzymes glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (8.1) there was a need to evaluate the possibility of and alkaline phosphatase (9.3). These results harvesting the entire plant and separating the suggest that the enzymes of the low ratio group, plant and blueberry under less demanding cir- which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, cumstances. A stripper for lowbush blueberry are more important to the young calf. The removal was designed, constructed, and tested. It enzymes of the high ratio group are more impor- demonstrated the technical feasibility of remov- tant to the mature cow. The other enzymes exam- ing the berries from the plant after it was cut. ined are probably required for metabolism at all During a series of tests, up to 92% of the marketa- stages of epithelial development, and therefore ble berries were removed after nine sets of strip- activity does not change appreciably. ping fingers passed through the plants. The har- Chemical deoxygenation of the epoxide moiety vested berry quality was comparable to the hand- in deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Investigations raked product. To improve product quality, softer involving incubation of deoxynivalenol in vitro materials for the stripping fingers will be investi- with rumen microorganisms demonstrated that gated. the predominant biotransformation consisted of Effect of soil mixed with bulk potatoes on air deoxygenation of the 12,13-epoxide moiety to a flow resistance. Equations were developed for 12, 13-double bond. Since there is strong evidence predicting the pressure drop of air flowing to suggest that the toxicity of trichothecenes is through bulk potatoes. The pressure drop was a conferred by the 12, 13-epoxide group and that function of air flow rates and of various levels of elimination of it substantially detoxifies the subsoil-potato mixtures. Adding a small amount of stance, we undertook preparation of a sufficient loose dirt to the clean potatoes significantly quantity of the deoxygenated derivative in order increased the air flow resistance in the potato pile. to determine its relative toxicity. The preparation The study indicated that a soil-to-potato ratio involved initial reaction of triacetoxydeox- change from 0 to 2% doubled the air pressure ynivalenol with hydrobromic acid-acetic acid at drop. The results suggest that fan capacity may reflux temperatures. This treatment yielded a have to increase to ensure adequate air flow when 2-bromoapothrichothecene and a 13, l2-brom- soil adheres to the tubers during harvest. ohydrinthrichothecene as the major products. Dehalohydrination of the 13, l2-bromohydrin Cold resistance among apple cultivars during derivative with zinc-acetic acid, then deacetyla- deacclimation. One-year-old samples of vege- tion with sodium ethoxide gave the required com- tative twigs from mature, bearing trees of nine pound in quantities sufficient for toxicological apple cultivars were monitored over 2 yr for their testing. dormancy intensity and relative coldhardiness levels during the winter-spring deacclimination period. The apple cultivars exhibited a consistent response during the dehardening process, which ENGINEERING, HORTICULTURE, included increased percentage of moisture con- AND SOILS tent, a higher initiation temperature for the low temperature exotherm (LT2)' and the develop- Potato harvester shares. During the development of an intermediate freezing exotherm (LT]). ment of prototype potato harvesting equipment, Imperial Red Mac-Antonovka was the hardiest

Research Branch Report 1984 112 cultivar during the 2-yr period, and Imperial Red tion and field trials under a number of different Mac-M.1ll was the most tender. soil conditions. However, with such diversity of Cortland-Beautiful Aracade and Rogers Red soil materials, it becomes all the more important Mac-M.ll1 varied considerably in their relative to ensure that comparison trials are conducted on hardiness responses from year to year. Mid- the same type of soil. Soils information will play winter hardiness levels were significantly and an important role in the planning of future positively correlated with dormancy intensity in research, especially in the selection and location the nine cultivars. However, this relationship did of experimental fields and plots. not exist when the hardiness indices for late The detailed soil resource inventories now winter or early spring were compared with dor- available for these two research centers will allow mancy intensity. for the extrapolation and transfer of research find- Chemical modification of coldhardiness in ings to areas of similar soil types within the apple trees in eastern Canada. An examination region and will provide a basis for sound, rational of historical winter injury patterns in New Bruns- farm management. wick revealed that there was, on average, a severe Agricultural land base of New Brunswick. occurrence once every 6 yr. These events Based on the concept of the agriculturally appeared to be primarily associated with late win- blocked land, which is a grouping of lands ter-early spring shoot damage when the shoots according to their capability and socioeconomic are non dormant and deacclimating. characteristics, the existing and potential farm Alar-85@ and surfactant WK@ accelerated the lands consist of a total of approximately 1.7 mil- onset of cold hardening within 2 wk of chemical lion ha. On this land, more than 88% of the soil application during the fall period. However, nei- materials are developed from glacial tills, over ther chemical treatment was able to modify sub- 52% of which are derived from compact basal till. sequent spring bud break or to increase the cold- With the exception of coarse fluvio-glacial hardiness level relative to the untreated trees deposits (6%) and fine and medium marine sedi- during the late winter and early spring. Since the ments (2%), soils developed from other parent beneficial effects of these chemicals when used materials occupy a relatively small percentage of alone appear to be restricted to the late fall the land base. early-winter period, they should be useful in Soils developed from compact tills generally such areas as Nova Scotia, where most freezing have 20-65 em of friable, readily permeable may occur in the fall. material over the dense subsoil. The subsoils are Soil resources of Agriculture Canada research medium textured, firm to very firm, with bulk establishments in Buctouche and Fredericton.' densities of > 1.75 g/cm3, drainable porosity of The soils of the Senator Herve 1. Michaud Experi- < 5%, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of mental Farm were found to be typical of those in < 0.2 m/day. The productivity of these soils is the surrounding regions of the eastern coastal limited by problems associated with dense sub- plain of New Brunswick. Inherent soil factors soil and shallowness of top soil. The efficiency of significantly limit the potential for agricultural under-drainage is usually curtailed by the slow- productivity. Dense, compact (bulk den- ness of water movement. The use of well-timed sity 1.8-2.0 g/cm3), relatively impermeable secondary drainage treatments, together with (saturated hydraulic conductivity of less than under-drainage, is highly recommended to rectify 0.1 em/h) lodgment till subsoil is probably the the excessive wetness problems. Because of the most detrimental factor limiting soil agricultural undulating to rolling topography and limited ver- capability. Excess soil moisture is directly related tical water movement, soil erosion by water is a to this. Low natural fertility due to a lack of major problem. available nutrients, high acidity, and low Soils developed on loose till generally have exchange capacity are also problems. For more more than 100 em of friable materials. The sub- information the reader is referred to Soils of Sen- soils are largely single grained, loose to friable, ator Herve J. Michaud Experimental Farm, Agri- with bulk density of 1.3-1.7 g/cm3, drainable culture Canada, Buctouche, N.B. porosity of 5-25%, and saturated hydraulic con- Soil types found on the Fredericton Research ductivity of 0.5-5 m per day. Unlike the soils Station are representative of most of the major derived from dense basal till, wetness problems agricultural soils found in New Brunswick. This may be readily corrected by under-drainage sys- variety of soil materials allows for experimenta- tems. However, because of the unfavorable topo- graphic conditions, soil conservation measures 'Soil resource inventory conducted by the Land are needed for lands with slopes greater than 5%, Resource Research Institute. particularly if the lands are under row crops. It is

Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 113 estimated that over 46% of these lands have PUBLICATIONS slopes greater than 5%. Research Barnett, G.M.; Rioux, R.; Comeau, 1.E. 1984. Soil SENATOR HERVE J. MICHAUD preparation, herbicides, and seeding dates for bar- EXPERIMENTAL FARM ley production. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:1-10. BUCTOUCHE, NEW BRUNSWICK Belzile, L; Rioux, R. 1984. Influence des cultivars, des dates et des doses de semis sur Ie rendement et la Field beans. Over a 4-yr period, Pinto 114 (a qualite de la luzerne l'annee du semis. Can. 1. colored bean) and Fleetwood (a navy type) were Plant Sci. 64:309-317. the highest yielding cultivars (2952 and 2627 kg/ Boiteau, G. 1984. Effect of planting date, plant spacing, ha respectively), but maturity was somewhat late and weed cover on populations of insects, arach- (118 and 123 days). Emerson (a large white bean) nids, and entomophthoran fungi in potato fields. had good quality and yields (2477 kg/ha), as well Eviron. Entomo1. 13:751-756. as an early maturity (115 days). The cultivar Ken- Burgess, P.L.; Nicholson, 1.W.G. 1984. Comparison of early (a yellow-eye bean) matured earlier than male sterile com and regular com as silage for Emerson and had high quality but low yield dairy cows. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:427-434. (1850 kg/ha). Burgess, P.L.; Nicholson, 1.w.G. 1984. Protein levels Onions. Most onions in the Atlantic Provinces in grass silage-based total mixed rations for dairy are planted from sets. A 2-yr study showed that cows in midlactation. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:435-442. the optimum size of sets varies from 12 to 20 mm. With smaller bulbs, the yield is low because the Coleman, W. K. 1984. Large scale application of brom- onions do not mature. When bulbs larger than 20 oethane for breaking potato tuber dormancy. Am. mm are used, an excess of bolting is observed. Potato 1. 61:587-589. This results in a reduction of Canada No. I bulbs. Coleman, W.K.; King, R.R. 1984. Changes in endo- Rhubarb. A consumer preference test was con- genous abscisic acid, soluble sugars and proline levels during tuber dormancy in Solanum ducted on five samples of rhubarb prepared in tuberosum L. Am. Potato J. 61:437-449. compote from rhubarb that had been frozen for 2 mo. Consumers regard the cultivars Canada Greenhalgh, R.; Gilbert, 1.; King, R.R.; Blackwell, Red, Sunrise, and Valentine as interchangeable. B.A.; Startin, 1.R.; Shepherd, 1. 1984. The synthesis, characterization and occurrence in bread MacDonald and Ruby Red were less accepted and cereal products of an isomer of 4-deox- because of their sourness and color. On the basis ynivalenol (vomitoxin). 1. Agric. Food Chern. of a 3-yr study, the cultivar Valentine had the 32:1416-1420. highest yield and the best quality at harvest. King, R.R.; Greenhalgh, R; Blackwell, A.B. 1984. Raspberry. Red raspberry cultivars have been Oxidative transformation of deoxynivalenol cropped for a third consecutive year. Of these, (vomitoxin) for quantitative and chemical con- Festival has performed best, achieving cumu- firmatory purposes. 1. Agric. Food Chern. lative yields from 6.7 to 42% higher than other 32:72-75. cultivars. Festival produces excellent quality ber- King, R.R.; McQueen, R.E.; Levesque, D.; Green- ries on hardy canes. It is the first productive halgh, R. 1984. Transformation of deox- raspberry cultivar for the fresh market found to be ynivalenol (vomitoxin) by rumen micro- adaptable to this area. organisms. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32:1181-1183. Strawberry. Four consecutive years of straw- McDonald, 1.G.; Coleman, W.K. 1984. Detection of potato viruses Y and S in tubers by ELISA after berry cultivar evaluation have shown Kent to be breaking of dormancy with bromoethane or Rin- the highest yielding cultivar, with a mean mar- dite. Am. Potato 1. 61:619-622. ketable yield from 24.1 to 73.2% higher than the yields of other cultivars tested. A total of 23 Misener, G.c. 1984. Apparatus for measuring skinning resistance of potatoes. Can. 1. Plant Sci. cultivars were tested during the 4-yr period. Other 63:1115-1117. cultivars tested and found promising include Cornwallis and Annapolis, two red stele resistant Misener, G.C.; McLeod, C.D.; McMillan, L.P. 1984. Evaluation of a prototype potato harvester. Trans. varieties, and Blomidon, a late maturing variety. ASAE (Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.) 27(1):24-28.

114 Research Branch Report 1984 Nicholson, 1.W.G. 1984. Reducing feed costs: The Young, D.A.; De Jong, H. 1984. Caribe: A smooth, challenge in perspective. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. oblong, purple-skinned potato variety of early 64:501-503. maturity. Am. Potato 1. 61(5):281-286. Platt, H.W.; Tai, G.C.C. 1984. Assessment and analy- Miscellaneous ses for the interpretation of potato late blight response in field studies. Am. Potato 1. Coleman, W.K. 1984. Large-scale application ofbrom- 61:599-610. oethane for reducing potato dormancy. Canadex 161.23. Saini, G.R.; Chow, T.L.; Ghanem, 1. 1984. Compac- tibility indexes of some agricultural soils of New Johnston, G.; Coffin, R.; Rowberry, G. 1984. Growing Brunswick, Canada. Soil Sci. 137:33-38. potatoes from true potato seed. Ont. Min. Agric. Food Factsheet No. 84-034. Agdex 257/28. Santos Rojas, 1.; Singh, R.P. 1984. Detection of potato virus Y in primarily infected mature plants by LeBlanc, P.V. 1984. Nitrogen fertilization of carrots in ELISA and indicator host. Fitopatologia 19:13-I7. the sphagnum bogs of New Brunswick. Canadex 258.543. Singh, R. P. 1984. Solanum x berthaultii, a sensitive host for indexing potato spindle tuber viroid from Nicholson, 1.W. G. 1984. Calflosses depend upon man- dormant tubers. Potato Res. 27:163-172. agement. Canadex 402.10. Singh, R.P.; Boiteau, G. 1984. Necrotic lesion host for Nicholson, 1.w.G. 1984. Feeding programs for dairy potato virus Y useful in field epidemiological beef. Canadex 401.50. studies. Plant Dis. 68:779-781. Nicholson, 1.w.G. 1984. Use beef technology to Singh, R.P.; Slack, S.A. 1984. Reactions of tuber- increase profit. Canadex 400.49. bearing Solanum species to infection with potato Nicholson, 1.w.G. 1984. Winterfeeding of beef cows. spindle tuber viroid. Plant Dis. 68:784-787. Canadex 420.53. Tai, G.C.C.; Young, D.A. 1984. Early generation Rowberry, R.G.; Coffin, R. 1984. The production of selection for important agronomic characteristics potatoes for processing. Ont. Min. Agric. Food in a potato breeding population. Am. Potato 1. Factsheet No.84-035 Agdex 257121. 61:419-434. Singh, R.P. 1984. Bibliography of viroid reviews through 1983. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 64:15-16.

Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 115

Quebec Region Region du Quebec

1.-1. Jasmin P.P. Lukosevicius R. Boulanger

Director General Directeur gemiraL J.-J. Jasmin, BSc(Agr), MSc Program Specialist SpeciaListe en programmes P.P. Lukosevicius, MSc, PhD Chief, Administration Section Chef de LaSection R. Boulanger, L Sces Adm, de l' administration AdmA

Quebec Region 117 PREFACE superieur et resistant aux maladies les plus importantes. La region du Quebec, creee en 1978, com- Le programme de recherches- sur les cultures prend quatre stations de recherches, trois fermes fourrageres visait surtout I'amelioration de la experimenta1es et cinq sous-stations qui desser- luzerne par I'obtention de genotypes superieurs vent I'agriculture du Quebec. En 1984, la region resistant aux organismes qui causent la pourriture avait un budget de 49 millions de dollars qui ont racinaire et la fletrissure verticillienne. Nous ete employes pour realiser ses programmes en avons fait des progres dans la determination de la mobilisant quelque 400 personnes dont 96 cher- regie du dactyle et de la fleole des pres en associa- cheurs. tion avec la luzerne. Les activites reliees 11 I'inventaire et 11 I'evalua- Les objectifs de la recherche sur les cultures tion des sols visaient 11 approfondir les con- maraicheres portaient notamment sur I'ameliora- naissances en vue de rationaliser I'utilisation des tion des crucireres, notamment la resistance 11 la engrais azotes. On s'est aussi attache 11 determiner hernie. On peut noter des progres sur la lutte les besoins des plantes fourrageres et cerealieres integree de la mouche de la carotte et l'evaluation au niveau de la fertilisation minerale en fonction des cultivars de pois, de reyes verte et jaune, de du pH des sols et des regimes hydriques. On a mai's sucre, d'asperges et d'oignons jaunes et aussi evalue Ie niveau d'erosion qui affecte les blancs. differents types de sols de I'Estrie. La recherche sur les petits fruits est dirigee, Les objectifs du programme en energie vi- entre autres, vers la production de cultivars de saient 11 etablir une relation cout/benefice sur fraises aptes 11 la conservation et 11 la recolte l'usage de deux souches de Rhizobium meliloti, 11 mecanique; un projet de selection de fram- caracteriser les dommages physiologiques dus au boisiers remontants a debute. Les travaux de stress hydrique et Ie metabolisme d'assimilation recherches sur les fruits de vergers ont pour but de I'azote chez Rhizobium et 11 determiner les l'amelioration et la fertilisation des pommiers principales especes de champignons endo- ainsi que leur protection contre les principaux mycorhizateurs specifiques 11 la luzerne et au ble. ravageurs. Le projet d'amelioration des pommiers Le programme de recherches en industrie en vue de la resistance 11 la tavelure a ete aban- bovine a vise 11 ameliorer Ie taux de reproduction donne. Par ailleurs, on tente de rendre des plantes des vaches allaitantes, 11 determiner les meilleurs ornementales plus rustiques sur un reseau de neuf croisements genetiques pour la performance des sites 11 travers la province. Quant aux travaux sur vaches allaitantes et des veaux d'embouche dans les fines herbes, ils consistent essentiellement 11 les conditions du Quebec et 11 ameliorer I'alimen- evaluer des cultivars. tation des bouvillons de marche. Nous avons La recherche dans Ie domaine de la tech- continue 11 collaborer au projet national d'ame- nologie de transformation des aliments porte sur Iioration genetique de la vache laitiere. Les tra- les viandes et leurs modes de conservation. vaux de recherches sur Ie porc ont consiste 11 eva- Au niveau du personnel, en 1984, il faut sou- luer la capacite de reproduction des truies qui ont Iigner Ie depart d'Yvon Martel comme directeur des ovaires anatomiquement differents; nos trade la station de Lennoxville et son remplacement vaux sur Ie comportement des porcelets places par Jean-Claude Saint-Pierre. dans des conditions specifiques d'elevage se sont Quant aux realisations de construction, Ie per- continues. La performance de moutons DLS 11 la sonnel de la station de Saint-Jean est entre dans quatrieme generation a ete evaluee par certaines ses nouveaux locaux Ie 5 septembre 1984. etudes des carcasses et des toisons. On peut obtenir de plus amples renseigne- Le programme de recherches appliquees aux ments sur nos programmes en s'adressant au cereales visait entre autres 11 determiner Ie seuil bureau regional du Quebec, Direction generale de rentabilite economique d'une seule pulverisa- de la Recherche, Agriculture Canada, Complexe tion contre la pyrale du mai's et 11 evaluer la Guy Favreau, 200 boul. Dorchester ouest, Tour sensibilite au complexe Pyrale-Fusarium- Est-Suite 1002-R, Montreal, (Qc), H2Z IY3. Kabatiella d'hybrides de mai's commerciaux homologues. La diversification de nos efforts de recherches s'est poursuivie avec l'amelioration du ble et du triticale, en plus de I'orge et de I'avoine et J.-J. Jasmin avec la mise au point de cultivars 11 rendement Directeur general

118 Research Branch Report 1984 PREFACE complex. The diversification of our research efforts continued with breeding work on wheat, The Quebec Region, created in 1978, consists triticale, barley, and oats and the development of of four research stations, three experimental higher-yielding cultivars resistant to major dis- farms, and five substations, which serve Quebec eases. agriculture. In 1984 the region had a budget of The forage crop research program centered $49 million and a staff of some 400 people mainly on alfalfa breeding. Superior genotypes (including 96 research scientists), which enabled resistant to organisms that cause root rot and it to carry out its programs. verticillium wilt were obtained. Progress was The purpose of soil inventory and evaluation realized in the management of orchard grass and was to obtain additional information with a view timothy mixed with alfalfa. to rationalizing the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The vegetable crop research program focused Efforts were also made to determine the mineral primarily on the breeding of cole crops, espe- fertilization requirements of forage and cereal cially for resistance to clubroot. Progress was crops, based on the pH and moisture status of the made in the integrated control ofthe carrot weevil soil. The amount of erosion affecting the various and the evaluation of cultivars of peas, green types of soils in the Eastern Townships was also beans, wax beans, sweet corn, asparagus, and evaluated. yellow and white onions. Small fruit research is centered, among other The objectives of the energy program were to things, on the production of strawberry cultivars establish a cost-benefit ratio for the use of two suitable for storage and mechanical harvesting. A strains of Rhizobium meliloti, to characterize project for the selection of remontant raspberries physiological injury due to moisture stress and was initiated. Tree fruit research work focused on the metabolism of nitrogen assimilation in tree breeding, fertilization, and protection against Rhizobium, and to determine the main species of major pests. The breeding of a»ples for scab resis- endomycorrhizal fungi specific to alfalfa and tance was abandoned. In nine sites throughout the wheat. province, efforts were made to produce hardier The beef industry research program was geared ornamentals. Herb research centered on the eval- to improving the reproductive rate of nursing uation of cultivars. cows, determining the breeding crosses that pro- Research on food storage technology was con- duce the best performance in nursing cows and cerned with meats and their methods of storage. slaughter calves under Quebec's conditions, and Jean-Claude Saint-Pierre took over from Yvon improving the nutrition of market steers. We con- Martel in 1984 as Director of the Lennoxville tinued to participate in the national dairy cattle Research Station. The employees of the Saint- breeding program. The reproductive potential of Jean Research Station began working at their new sows with anatomically different ovaries was the premises on 5 September 1984. focus of research work on swine. Our research on Additional information on our programs may the behavior of piglets placed in specific produc- be obtained by contacting the Quebec Regional tion conditions continued. The performance of Office, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, fourth-generation DLS sheep was evaluated in Guy Favreau Complex, East Tower, 200 Dor- studies of carcasses and fleece. chester Blvd. West, Suite 1002-R, Montreal, The objectives of the cereal research program Quebec H2Z IY3. were to determine the economic profitability of a single spraying for the European corn borer and evaluate susceptibility of licensed commercial 1.-1. Jasmin corn hybrids to the borer-Fusarium-Kabatiella Director General

Quebec Region 119

Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSIONNELS

R.R. Riel, BScA, MSc, PhD Directeur

Biotechnologie F. Cormier, BSc, MSc, PhD Culture de tis sus B. Lee, BSc, MSc, PhD Genie genetique A. Morin,l BSc, MSc, PhD Enzymologie

Produits laitiers

1. Rolland, I BScA, MSc, PhD Chef de section D. Roy,2 BSc(Vivres), MSc D. St-Gelais,l,2 BSc, MSc

Produits carnes P, Delaquis,l,2 BSc, MSc C. Zarkadas, BSc, MSc, PhD Biochimie musculaire

Genie alimentaire C. Passey, 1 BE, ME, DSc, MBA Chef de section C. Toupin,2 BSc(Vivres) Transferts thermiques

Fruits et legumes A. Begin,I,2 BSc(Vivres), MSc G, Doyon,1,2 BSc(Vivres), MSc K, Lapsley, 1,2 BSc, MSc

Extraction S, Gauthier, BSc, MSc, PhD Proteines vetegales

lRecrute en 1984. 2En conge de formation au doctoral.

Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 121 INTRODUCTION

Le Centre de recherches alimentaires de Saint-Hyacinthe est encore au stade d'etablissement et l'achevement des travaux est prevu pour 1986. Au cours de l'annee, Ie nombre de cadres est passe de 7 a 15, mais 9 d'entre eux sont en conge de formation et 3 sont affectes au projet de construction. Seulement trois chercheurs dont Ie lieu de travail est soit l'universite Laval, soit McGill (college MacDonald) soit du Quebec (Cresala) effectuent presentement des travaux scientifiques. L'un d'eux a donne une serie de huit conferences sur la technologie alimentaire a l'invitation de l'Institut superieur de la science et de la technologie de la Coree. De plus, six autres communications furent presentees a des congres annuels de societes scientifiques au Canada et aux Etats-Unis.

R.R. Riel Directeur

VIANDES PUBLICATIONS

Ayant deja demontre que les lactobacilles sont Recherches des agents qui produisent des composes sulfures Hartman, C.; Drouet, A.; Cormier, E; Nivet, C.; volatils comme I'hydrogene sulfure, on a pour- Rigault, C. 1984. Aging of cylinders excised from suivi la recherche des facteurs responsables de pulp tissues of the «Golden Delicious» apple. cette production, soit Ie pH, l'oxygene et la cys- Plant Physiology 74:380-384. teine. Les principaux constituants identifies Laleye, L.C.; Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Carmichael, furent Ie dimethylsulfure et Ie propanethiol. On L.; Holley, R.A. 1984. Shelf life of vacuum-or s'applique maintenant a verifier l'hypothese de la nitrogen-packed pastrami: effects of packaging relation de cause a effet de ces substances avec la atmospheres, temperature and duration of storage decoloration verdatre et les odeurs sulfurees des on microlora changes. 1. Food Sci. 49:827-831. viandes giitees sous condition anaerobie ainsi Laleye, L.C.; Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Carmichael, qu'avec les odeurs d'ail et les mauvais gouts pro- L.; Holley, R.A. 1984. Shelflife of vacuum nitro- duits par les lactobaciIles au cours de la matura- gen-packed pastrami: effects of packaging tion des fromages. La methodologie acceleree qui atmospheres, temperature and duration of storage fut developpee pour determiner les acides amines on the physicochemical and sensory changes. 1. basiques dans Ies viandes a ete completee pour Food Sci. 49:832-837. inclure egalement un certain nombre de com- Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, L.C.; Holley, R.A. poses associes et elle a ete appliquee a l'analyse 1984. Shelf life of meat loaves packaged in vac- de proteines et d'hydrolysats de tissus mus- uum-or nitrogen gas. i) Effect of storage tem- culaires. On a demontre que cette methode est perature and time on the microflora change. 1. sure et efficace. Dans Ie but d'etudier la pos- Food Prot. 47:128-133. sibilite d'etablir des normes legales sur la teneur Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, L.c.; Holley, R.A. des produits carnes en proteines musculaires, une 1984. Shelf life of meat loaves packaged in vac- etude est en cours sur la teneur des tis sus en uum-or nitrogen gas. ii) Effect of storage tem- acides amines basiques. perature and time on the physicochemical and sensory changes. 1. Food Prot. 47: 134-139. Une autre methode a ete developpee pour la mesure du tryptophane, de la Iysinoalanine et des Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, L.C.; Holley, R.A. arginines. Cette methode a ete appliquee a l'eva- 1984. Effects of temperature, light and storage luation de divers tissus animaux et de proteines time on the sensory and exudate loss charac- musculaires. teristics of vacuum-or nitrogen-packed ground beef. Sciences des Aliments 4:177-186. Etant donne que la Iysinoalanine est un cons- tituant toxique qui peut se developper au cours de Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E.; Laleye, L.C.; Holley, R.A. traitements trop alcalins, son depistage dans les 1984. Effects of temperature, light and storage time on the microflora of vacuum-or nitrogen- aliments revet un interet particulier. packed ground beef. Sciences des Aliments 4:187-199.

122 Research Branch Report 1984 Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E. 1984. Growth of Lee, B.H. 1984. The significance of lactobacilli in Saccharomycopis jibuligera on enzyme hydro- vacuum-or nitrogen gas-preserved meats. 1. In!. lyzed potato starch. Dev. Industrial Microbiol, Kor. Scientists & Eng. Assoc., 2:350-354. 25:459-466. Lee, B.H.; Simard, R.E. 1984. Evaluation of methods for detecting the production of H2S, volatile sul- fides and greening by lactobacilli. 1. Food Sci. 49:981-983.

Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 123

Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSIONNELS

Administration 1.C. St-Pierre, BSe(Agr), MSe, PhD Direeteur 1. de Useleue Services administratifs D. Savage,1 BSe(Agr) Gerant de ferme

Soutien scientifique A. Belleau Informatique S. Gagne-Giguere,2 BA, MA, Bibliotheque MBibl

Production de viande M.H. Fahmy, BSe(Agr), MSe, PhD Chef d'objeetif genetique-moutons A.M.B. de Passille, BSe, MSe Ethologie-pores 1. Bernier,3 BSe(Agr), MSe Regie-boeufs C. Farrner,4 BSe(Agr), MSe Regie-pores P.M. Flipot, BSe(Agr), MSe, PhD Nutrition-bovins de boueherie 1.G. Lussier,s BSe, DMV, MSe Sante et reproduction animales J.J. Matte,6 BSe(Agr), MSe, PhD Nutrition-pores S. Pommier, BSe, MSe, PhD Qualite des viandes-bovins, pores, moutons Production laitiere G.L. Roy, BSA, MSe, PhD Chef d'objeetif; genetique-bovins 1. Chiquette,7 BSe(Agr), MSe Microbiologie du rumen C.L. Girard,8 BSe(Agr), MSe, PhD Nutrition-jeunes ruminants L.A. Guilbault, BSe, MSe, DEA Physiologie de la reproduetion- (Nutr), PhD bovins B. Lachance, BSe(Agr), MSe Nutrition-jeunes ruminants H. Lapierre,9 BA, MSe Physiologie et nutrition G. Pelletier, BSe,(Agr), MSe, PhD Physiologie de la digestion-bovins D. Petitclere, BSe, BSe(Agr), MSe, PhD Physiologie de la laetation-bovins N. St-Pierre,1O BSe(Agr), MSe Analyse de systemes C. Vinet, 1 I BSe(Agr), MSe Nutrition-bovins laitiers

Production fourragere et sols 1.-L. Dionne, BA, BSe(Agr), PhD Chef d'objeetif; fertilite des sols G.M. Barnett, BSe(Agr), MSe Regie et environnement C. Fernet, BSe Amelioration des plantes W.N. Mason, BSe(Agr), MSe, PhD Regie et qualite des piantes fourrageres A.R. Pesant, BSe(Agr), MSe Physique des sols R. Simard,12 BSe(Agr), MSe Fertilite des sols

Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 125 Departs J.J. Dufour, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Physiologie de la reproduction- porcs Y. Martel, BA, BSc(Agr), PhD Directeur Promu directeur it la station de recherches de Fredericton, N. B.

ISe joint au personnel, avril 1984. 2Detachee de la Direction generale des affaires financieres et administratives, Division des bibliotheques. 3En conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de la Californie, Davis, juin 1983-. 4En conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de la Pennsylvanie, septembre 1981-. 5En conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de Saskatoon, septembre 1984-. Se joint au personnel, juin 1984. 6En conge d'etudes de Ph.D., National Institute for Research in Dairying, Universite de Reading, Angleterre, mai 1984-. 7En conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de l'Alberta, mai 1982-. sEn conge d'etudes de Ph.D., National Institute for Research in Dairying, Universite de Reading, Angleterre, mai 1984-. 9En conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de Sherbrooke, avril 1984-. Se joint au personnel, avril 1984. IOEn conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de rOhio, aoilt 1981-. liEn conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de rOhio, aoilt 1981-. 12En conge d'etudes de Ph.D., Universite de Guelph, juin 1983-.

126 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

Les travaux de la station de recherches de Lennoxville visent en partie la solution des prob)(:mes importants dans les productions laitiere, bovine, porcine et ovine, les plantes fourrageres et les sols. Des recherches de base et appliquees veulent egalement augmenter I'efficacite des productions animales et partant, leur rentabilite. Pour augmenter les possibilites de recherche de la station, un nouvel edifice de bureaux et laboratoires, offrant Ie triple de I'espace de I'ancien, a ete mis en chantier au cours de I'annee 1984. On prevoit qu'on pourra y amenager au debut de I'annee 1986. On peut obtenir des renseignements plus complets en ecrivant directement aux chercheurs a I'adresse suivante: Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, C.P. 90, Lennoxville (Quebec), JIM IZ3.

Jean-Claude St-Pierre Directeur

PRODUCTION ANIMALE En hiver, les valeurs de I'hemoglobine et de I'hematocrite ont ete plus faibles chez les vaches Bovins laitiers recevant de I'ensilage de mai's a volonte (systemes 3 et 4). L'uremie a ete nettement superieure chez Influence du systeme fourrager, de la saison et les vaches au paturage (systemes 1 et 4) par rap- du stade de lactation sur certains parametres port a celles en stabulation (systemes 5 et 6). En sanguins chez les vaches laitieres. L'objectif du hiver, les vaches alimentees avec de I'ensilage de cette etude etait de determiner I'inftuence du sys- mai's ont presente une valeur moyenne d'uree san- teme fourrager, de la saison et du stade de lacta- guine nettement plus faible que les vaches assi- tion sur les valeurs des parametres du profil meta- gnees aux autres traitements. Des correlations bolique chez des groupes homogenes de vaches. significatives ont ete observees entre la con- Quarante vaches laitieres Holstein de seconde sommation de proteines brutes et I'hemoglobine, lactation ou plus ont ete reparties dans six I'hematocrite et I'uree sanguine. Les systemes groupes uniformes et tenant compte de leur ren- d'alimentation n'ont pas eu d'inf1uence sur dement en lait, de leur poids corporel et de leur I'albumine serique en ete, tandis qu'en hiver, les stade de lactation. vaches alimentees selon Ie systeme 5 ont presente Les vaches ont ete alimentees selon six sys- une albuminemie moyenne plus elevee. Une temes differents: les quatre premiers comportent diminution des valeurs de I'hemoglobine, de une saison de paturage de 130 jours combinee a I'hematocrite et de I'albumine peut etre un reftet une saison d'hivernement de 235 jours avec les d'une deficience prolongee en proteines. Les regimes alimentaires suivants: (I) piiturage de autres fractions proteiniques du serum de ces fteole des pres et foin de fteole des pres + trefte vaches n'ont pas vane selon les systemes d'ali- rouge; (2) paturage de ladino-fteole des pres et mentation et les saisons, a I'exception des beta- foin de fleole des pres + trefle rouge; (3) globulines. paturage de fteole des pres et ensilage de mai's + Les systemes fourragers, au cours de I'hiver- 3kg foin/tete/jour; (4) piiturage de ladino-fteole nage, n'ont pas eu d'inftuence sur la glycemie des et ensilage de mai's + 3 kg foinitete/jour. Les vaches. Par ailleurs, Ie glucose serique des vaches deux derniers systemes comportent une peri ode au paturage a ete superieur par rapport a celui des de stabulation de 365 jours avec les regimes ali- vaches gardees en stabulation a I'annee. La mentaires suivants: (5) ensilage de mai's + 3 kg glycemie des vaches recevant la ration totale foin/tete/jour; (6) ensilage de mai's + ensilage de melangee a ete plus elevee en hiver qu'en ete. Une luzerne et fteole: rapport I: I. glycemie plus elevee serait Ie resultat d'une plus Les aliments offerts et refuses ainsi que la grande consommation et/ou d'une utilisation production laitiere ont ete peses quotidiennement d'energie de la ration. Les niveaux seriques de pour chaque vache. Des echantillons de sang ont calcium, de phosphore inorganique, de sodium et ete preleves en juin, aout, septembre et octobre de potassium n'ont pas ete inftuences par Ie sys- durant la paissance et en novembre, decembre, teme fourrager ou la saison malgre des variations mars et mai de la periode d'hivernage. considerables dans les consommations de cal- Les valeurs de I'hemoglobine et de I'hema- cium et de phosphore. Les systemes de controle tocrite ont ete plus elevees chez les vaches au metabolique de I'animal semblent efficaces pour paturage que chez celles gardees en stabulation. maintenir des niveaux sanguins constants de ces

Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 127 mineraux. Par ailleurs, Ie magnesium serique est rieur, groupes D et E. La consommation de plus faible chez les vaches recevant de l'ensilage matiere seche par jour en incluant les concentres de mai"s. etait de 5,49, 5,06, 6,93,4,76 et 6,28 pour les Les parametres sanguins chez les vaches traitements respectifs C, A, B, D et E. laitieres peuvent assez bien refleter l'etat nutri- L'efficacite alimentaire (kilogramme de nour- tionnel en proteines et en energie, mais sont de riture par kilogramme de gain) etait de 5,49, pauvres indicateurs de la nutrition minerale des 5,06,6,93,4,76 et 6,28 pour les traitements C, animaux. A, B, D et E. Le gain de poids quotidien n'etait Population de follicules chez la vache laitiere pas significativement different entre les animaux tot en phase post-partum. Douze vaches laitieres du groupe C et ceux du groupe D. Le taux optimal Holstein ont ete abattues a 15, 25 ou 35 jours de concentre a utiliser pour les taurillons au apres leur quatrieme velage. Leurs ovaires ont ete paturage se situe a environ 2 kg par jour, et ce, en immediatement recoltes et fixes pour des etudes fonction des paturages utilises dans notre experi- rnicroscopiques. Les follicules antraux sains et ence. D'apres nos resultats, il est donc possible atretiques ont ete mesures et separes en six d'elever des jeunes taurillons de race Holstein au classes d'apres leur diametre. Le nombre de fol- paturage. licules dans chacune des classes a ete exprime en Pore pourcentage du total de chaque ovaire. Les fol- Croissance, efficacite alimentaire, para- licules sains de diametre 0,16 0,28 mm sont a metres sanguins et evaluation des carcasses de passes de 27,5 % au jour 15 a 1,5 % au jour 35 cochettes de races Hampshire et Yorkshire abat- tandis que ceux de 0,28 a 0,67 mm et de 0,68 a tues trois ages differents et alimentees sous 1,57 mm de diametre augmentaient respective- a deux regimes. On a mene une experience sur 48 ment de 37,4 a 47,2 % et de 11,2 a 17,3 %. On n'a cochettes, dont 24 de race Hampshire et 24 de observe aucun changement dans Ie pourcentage race Yorkshire, dans Ie but d'etudier l'effet de de follicules mesurant 1,58 a 3,68,3,69 a 8,56 et l'age et des regimes sur differents parametres plus de 8,56 mm. Les follicules atretiques de zootechniques. La moitie des cochettes de 0,29 3,68 mm variaient significativement en a chacune des races a ete alimentee volonte avec nombre selon l'intervalle post-partum et/ou s'ils a une ration contenant 16 % de proteines (HE) et provenaient de l'ovaire qui avait ete Ie porteur du l'autre moitie recevait 70 % de la consommation corpus luteum de la gestation. Les follicules de du groupe HE (ME). La ration du groupe ME taille moyenne sont les plus sensibles a tout contenait 30 % plus de proteines, de mineraux et changement tandis que les gros follicules ne sont de vitamines que la ration du groupe HE. Les pas aptes subir des changements. Le corpus a animaux ont ete abattus 105, 1400u 175 jours luteum de la gestation et/ou Ie conceptus ont donc a d'age. Les echantillons de sang ont ete preleves un effet residuel sur Ie taux de croissance des a l'abattage. Selon nos resultats, les cochettes du follicules antraux, meme apres Ie velage. groupe ME ont eu une croissance inferieure a Bovins de boueherie celie du groupe HE. Le taux de diminution de Utilisation des paturages par le jeune tauril- croissance correspondait au taux de diminution lon de race Holstein. Cette experience visait a va- de la consommation. L'efficacite alimentaire n'a loriser l'utilisation des fourrages via les patu- pas ete influencee par les niveaux de con- rages. Nous avons donc utilise 184 taurillons de sommation. Le facteur race n'a pas altere les ra~e Holstein d'un poids vif moyen de 140 kg. Les coefficients de digestibilite apparente de la ammaux ont ete repartis en cing groupes corres- matiere seche et de l'energie. Par contre, ces pond ants a cinq regimes alimentaires. Trois coefficients ont ete plus eleves pour les cochettes groupes (A, B et C) ont ete envoyes au paturage. du groupe HE que pour celles du groupe ME. En plus de l'herbe, les taurillons de chacun des L'age a aussi influence ces coefficients. L'azote groupes recevaient respectivement et quotidien- ureique ainsi que Ie magnesium sanguin ont ete nement 2 (A), 3 (B) ou I (C) kg de concentre influences par les races. L'azote ureique a ete commercial debut croissance. Deux autres aussi influence par Ie regime alimentaire. L'age groupes (D et E) etaient confines a l'interieur et des animaux a eu un effet sur les taux d'albumine, recevaient en plus de l'ensilage d'herbe I kg de de magnesium et de lacto-deshydrogenase et concentre par jour (D) ou Ie concentre a volonte aussi sur la composition des carcasses. Les pour- (E). L'experience a dure 134 jours. Les gains de centages de rendement, de muscle et d'os ont poids quotidiens des taurillons au paturage augmente avec l'age. II en a ete de meme pour etaient de 600, 775 et 830 g pour les animaux l'epaisseur du gras dorsal. recevant respectivement I, 2 et 3 kg de concentre Presence de trois types morphologiques et de 435 et I 210 g pour ceux confines a l'inte- d' ovaires avec differentes populations de fol-

128 Research Branch Report 1984 licules chez des cochettes de races Hampshire ries et chaque follicule qualifie non-atretique ou et Yorkshire. L'observation macroscopique de atretique (cinq picnoses et plus par coupe). Cha- coupes transversales d'ovaires montes en serie que categorie de follicules a ete exprimee en nous a permis de mettre en evidence trois types pourcentage du nombre total de follicules pre- morphologiques en peri ode prepubertaire. Le sents sur l'ovaire. Le pourcentage de follicules premier se caracterise par un nombre moyen de non-atretiques appartenant a la premiere classe follicules de grande taille qui, en formant chacun (diametre 0,19 - 0,36 mm) etait plus eleve chez une protuberance en surface de l'ovaire, lui donne les cochettes de race Hampshire que chez les une forme dite «grappe de raisin». Dans ce cas, Ie cochettes de race Yorkshire a 105 jours d'age nombre de follicules de petite taille est peu eleve. (65,4 vs 47,6 %; P<0,05). Les follicules non- Le deuxieme se caracterise par un nombre tres atretiques de la troisieme (0,63 - 1,12 mm), grand de follicules de petite taille et un nombre quatrieme (1,13 - 2,00 mm) et cinquieme (2,01- moyen de follicules de grande taille qui, en etant 3,56 mm) classes ont augmente chez les deux enfouis dans Ie stroma de l'ovaire, lui donne une races entre lesjours 105 et 140 de4,6 a 14,9 %, de forme dite <

Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 129 desoxyribonucleique (ADN) et I'acide ribonu- jumeaux des agneaux les plus performants avec la cleique (ARN) du pancreas, de I'estomac et du ration cerealiere sont aussi les plus performants duodenum ainsi que les activites des enzymes avec la ration fourragere. La correlation de rang digestives telles I'amylase, la chymotrypsine, la de Spearman a ete calculee entre les paires de pep sine et la maltase. jumeaux de tous les groupes genetiques et puis Les resultats ont demontre un manque d'interet les jumeaux regroupes pour chacun des groupes marque pour la moulee de la part de tous les d'abattage. Les correlations etaient de 0,49 pour porcelets. Le pancreas, I'estomac et Ie duodenum Ie pourcentage d'epaule par rapport 11 la carcasse des plus gros porcelets etaient plus lourds que totale, de 0, 14 pour Ie pourcentage de rendement, ceux des plus petits porcelets. Les cellules du de 0,29 pour Ie taux de gain, du sevrage 1132 kg pancreas des plus gros porcelets etaient plus de poids vif. Les correlations etaient plus ou grosses (P

130 Research Branch Report 1984 leupeptine) dans Ie milieu de culture ne modifie loam Greensboro et Ie loam sableux Dandy dans pas la reponse des ceIIules SV au milieu de lesquels nous avions cultive de la luzerne dans un culture conditionne. De plus on demontre que la environnement de serre. Nous avons ajuste ces presence des antibiotiques, plus precisement la sols aux pH de 5,0, 6,5 et 7,5 et nous les avons tylosine, peut diminuer Ie developpement des cel- soumis a trois regimes hydriques, sec, optimum lules en adipocytes. II existe donc une relation et sature. etroite entre les adipocytes matures et leurs pre- L'apport de molybdene n'a pas augmente les curseurs (cellules SV). La possibilite d'un con- rendements de luzerne quels que soient Ie sol, la trole local du developpement adipeux via des dose appliquee, Ie pH ou Ie regime hydrique. hormones peptidiques reste a demontrer. Cependant, la teneur en molybdene de la luzerne a augmente lineairement avec les doses de molybdene appliquees au sol. Elle a vane de 0,13 a 23,91 ppm pour I'ensemble des six coupes. A la PRODUCTION VEGltTALE ET SOLS premiere coupe de luzerne, elle a meme atteint 79,80 ppm pour la luzerne cultivee dans Ie loam Preparation du sol et traitements aux her- Greensboro soumis a un regime hydrique bicides en vue de la production d' orge. On a optimum, chaule a pH 7,5 et recevant du molyb- evalue pendant 2 ans des methodes de prepara- dene a raison de 0,3 ppm. Un fourrage dont la tion de sol et de controle de mauvaises herbes a teneur depasse 20 ppm de molybdene peut feuiIIes larges pour une culture d'orge (Hordeum devenir toxique pour les bestiaux qui Ie con- vulgare L. cv Champlain). Cette evaluation s'est sommeraient. La teneur en molybdene de la faite sur I'argile Kamouraska et Ie loam graveleux luzerne s'est accrue lineairement avec Ie pH du Saint-Andre a La Pocatiere. Le semis direct sol. L'humidite du sol I'a aussi augmentee. La donne un plus faible rendement d'orge que la teneur en molybdene echangeable du sol, apres preparation habituelle (labour d'automne avec I'experience, s'est accrue avec les doses de hersage au printemps). Les sols prepares en au- molybdene appliquees et avec I'humidite du sol. tomne ont produit des rendements equivalents a Effets de la lumiere et de l'obscurite sur les ceux prepares de fa<;on habitueIIe lorsque Ie dijferentesformes de manganese dans les' sols. semis a ete hatif. Les rendements ont cependant Sur dix types de sol de la region de I'Estrie, on a diminue plus rapidement avec Ie retard des semis. etudie I'effet de la lumiere et de I'obscurite sur la Le hers age au printemps des sols prepares a teneur en manganese echangeable, reductible et I'automne est necessaire pour produire des rende- disponible des sols. Dans des fioles coniques, les ments equivalents a ceux obtenus dans les sols sols ont ete humidifies a 90 % de leur capacite prepares de fa<;onhabitue lIe. Ceci est attribuable optimale de retention en eau et ensuite transferes la forte augmentation des mauvaises herbes a dans des cabinets de croissance. Un premier causee par Ie retard des semis sans hersage au groupe d'echantillons a ete garde continueIIe- printemps ou par la preparation des sols a I'au- ment a la lumiere puis un deuxieme groupe a tomne. Les methodes de preparation du sol ont I'obscurite totale tandis qu'un troisieme groupe a controle plus efficacement la population de subi des intervalles de lumiere et d'obscurite mauvaises herbes que les traitements aux her- (moiM lumiere/moitie obscurite) et ce pour des bicides. Le rendement, la grosseur et la densite periodes s'echelonnant sur un jour, une semaine, des grains d'orge ont diminue avec Ie retard du deux semaines et trois semaines. Apres chaque semis. Les sols semes sans hersage au printemps peri ode, on a dose les trois formes de manganese etaient plus humides et plus froids en surface que dans Ie sol. les sols prepares de fa<;on habituelle. Les sols L'effet de la lumiere a fait passer Ie manganese prepares en automne avaient tendance a etre plus de la forme echangeable a la forme reductible. humides en profondeur que les sols semes direc- Generalement, la concentration en manganese tement ou les sols herses au printemps. echangeable des sols a diminue et celIe du man- Molybdene pour la luzerne. Plusieurs cher- ganese reductible a augmqlte'proportionnelIe- cheurs ont cons tate un accroissement conside- ment a la prolongationdela periode d'ecIaire- rable des rendements de luzerne suite a un apport ment. On n'a note aucune difference significative de molybdene au sol, I'assimilabilite ,?e cet ele- entre I'obscurite et la lumiere pour les concentra- ment s'accroissant avec les pH du sol. A la station tions des trois formes de manganese. Par contre, de recherches de LennoxviIIe, nous avons deter- I'alternance de ces deux facteurs a eu pour effet de mine I'effet du molybdene applique a raison de diminuer Ie manganese reductible et disponible 0,0,0,1 et 0,3 ppm sur I'argile Sainte-Rosalie, Ie des sols.

Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 131 PUBLICATIONS Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.1.; Batra, T.R.; Lee, A.1.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, 1.A.; Wauthy, 1.M.; Winter, K.A. Recherche 1984. Reproductive performance of cross line and pureline dairy heifers. 1. Dairy Sci. 67: Barnett, G.M.; Rioux, R.; Comeau, 1.E. 1984. Soil 2420-2428. preparation, herbicides, and seeding dates for barley production. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:1-8. Matte, J.J.; Girard, c.L.; Brisson, G.1. 1984. Folio acid and reproductive performance of sows. 1. Anim. Bernier, 1.F.; Fillion, F.1.; Brisson, G.1. 1984. Dietary Sci. 59:1020-1025. fibers and supplementary iron in a milk replacer for veal calves. 1. Dairy Sci. 67:2369-2379. Matte, J.J.; Girard, c.L.; Brisson, G.1. 1984. Serum folates during the reproductive cycle of sows. 1. Chevalier, R.; Pelletier, G.; Gagnon, M. 1984. Sam- Anim. Sci. 59:158-163. pling technique for collection of expired CO2 in studies using naturally labelled 13C in calves. Pelletier, G.; Tyrrell, H.F.; Chevalier, R.; Hillaire-Mar- Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:495-498. cel, c.; Gagnon, M. 1984. Stable isotope carbon content of various tissues in calves. Can. 1. Anim. Chiquette, 1.; Minvielle, F.; Dufour, 1.1. 1984. Prepuber- Sci. 64 (Suppl.):124-126. tal plasma LH concentration, ovulation rate and prolificacy in Finn, Suffolk and Finn-Suffolk Petitclerc, D.; Chapin, L.T.; Tucker, H.A. 1984. Car- ewes. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:67-72. cass composition and mammary development responses to photoperiod and plane of nutrition in Culley, 1.L.B.; Barnett, G.M. 1984. Land disposal of Holstein heifers. 1. Anim. Sci. 58:913-919. manure in the Province of Quebec. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 64:75-86. Rony, D.D.; Dupuis, G.; Pelletier, G. 1984. Digestibility by sheep and performance of steers Dufour, U.; Guilbault, L.A. 1984. Ovarian follicular fed silages stored in tower silos and silo press population changes with the advance of the breed- bags. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:357-364. ing season in intact and unilaterally ovariec- tomized ewes. 1. Reprod. Fert. 70:363-368. Thoker, H.A.; Petitclerc, D.; Zinn, S.A. 1984. The influence of photoperiod on body weight gain, Dufour, U.; Fahmy, M.H.; Minvielle, F. 1984. Sea- body composition, nutrient intake and hormone sonal changes in breeding activity, testicular size, secretion. 1. Anim. Sci. 59:1610-1620. testosterone concentration and seminal characteristics in rams with long and short breeding Tyrrell, H.F.; Pelletier, G.; Chevalier, R.; Hillaire-Mar- season. 1. Anim. Sci. 58: 416-422. cel, c.; Gagnon, M. 1984. Use of carbon 13 as tracer in metabolism studies. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. Flipot, P.M.; Mason, W; Genest, 1. 1984. Effect of 64 (Suppl.):127-129. nitrogen fertilization and plant population on the value of com silage fed to beef steers. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:453-458. Divers Flipot, P.; Mason, W; Lalande, G. 1984. Chemical Barnett, G.M.; Comeau, 1.E. 1984. L'avion, nouvelle composition and animal performance of grass for- methode d'ensemencement? Agriculture Canada, age of varying maturity stored as hay or silage. Direction generale de la recherche. Bull. tech. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 11:35-44. 1984-2F. 58 pp. Giroux, M.; Dube, A.; Barnett, G.M. 1984. Effet de la Dupont, 1.; Dionne, 1.-L.; Gagne, R. 1984. Le fumier fertilisation phosphatee sur la pomme de terre en dans Ie bassin de la riviere St-Franc;ois: composi- relation avec l'analyse du sol et la source de phos- tion chimique, quantites produites, utilisation. phore utilisee. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 64:369-381. Agriculture Canada, Direction generale de la Guilbault, L.A.; Thatcher, W.W.; Drost, M.; Hopkins, recherche. Bull. tech. 1984-5F. 85 pp. S.M. 1984. Source of F series prostaglandins Fahmy, M.H. 1983. Maternal performance of DLS during the early postpartum period in cattle. BioI. sheep and its crosses with the Finn Landrace Reprad. 31:879-887. breed. Pages 55-56 dans New strategies for Guilbault, L.A.; Thatcher, WW; Foster, D.B.; Caton, improving animal production for human welfare: D. 1984. Relationship of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro- Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Animal Production, August 14-19, 1983, Vol. 2. prostaglandin F2 concentrations in peripheral plasma with local uterine production of F series Free Communication Papers. Japanese Society of prostaglandins and changes in uterine blood flow Zootechnical Science. 936 pp. during the early postpartum period of cattle. BioI. Jubinville, 1. Rentabilite de systemes fourragers (selon Reprod. 31:870-878. la grosseur du troupeau). Pages 11-137 dans Kung, L., Jr.; Huber, 1.T.; Bergen, W.G.; Petitclerc, D. Recolte, conservation et utilization des herbages. 1984. Amino acids in plasma and duodenal II Colloque de genie rural, Universite Laval, digesta and plasma growth hormone in cows fed 25 janvier 1984. varying amounts of protein of differing degradability. 1. Dairy Sci. 67:2519-2524.

132 Research Branch Report 1984 Martel, Y., ed. 1984. Faits saillants des travaux de la dangers of growing com on hilly terrain. Can. Station de recherches de Lennoxville 1984. Agri. Agric. 30(2): 34-37. culture Canada, Direction generale de la Rony, D.O.; Dupuis, G.; Pelletier, G. 1984. Effet du recherche. Bulletin 7. 48 pp. silo-pre sse versus silo-tour sur la digestabilite des Pesant, A.R. 1984. Les dangers de la culture du mais ensilages. Page HI-HI8 dans Recolte, conserva- dans les regions a topographie accidentee. / The tion et utilization des herbages. II Colloque de genie rural, Universite Laval, 25 janvier 1984.

Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 133

Station de recherches, Sainte- Foy, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSIONNNELS

Administration S.1. Bourget, BSc(Agr), MS, PhD Directeur C. Gagnon, BS, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Directeur adjoint T. Nadeau Services administratifs par interim

Soutien scientifique P. Venne,l BBibl, MLS Bibliotheque

Amelioration des plantes R. Michaud, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Chef de la section, genetique des legumineuses M. Bernier-Cardou, BSc, MSc Statistiques M.R. Bullen, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Genetique des plantes fourrageres 1.M. Deschenes,2 BSc(Agr), MSc, Ecologie PhD 1.P. Dubuc, BSc(Agr), PhD Genetique des cereales M. Germain, BSc(Agr), MSc Physiologie des graminees fourrageres P. Boutet, BSc Informatique A. Legere, BSc, MSc Malherbologie 1. Surprenant, BSc, MSc, PhD Genetique des graminees fourrageres

Physiologie des plantes R. Paquin, BS, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Chef de la section, survie it l'hiver R. Bolduc, BS, BSc(Agr), PhD Resistance au froid, cytologie Y. Castonguay, BSc(Agr), MSc Agrometeorologie H.1. Hope, BSc, MSc, PhD Resistance au froid, mecanisme P. Nadeau, BSc, DSc Resistance au froid, mecanisme

Phytoprotection C. Gagnon, BS, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Chef de la section, maladie des legumineuses N. Bissonnette, BSc(Agr), MSc Microbiologie L. Bordeleau, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Microbiologie A. Comeau, BSc, PhD Entomologie L. Couture, BA, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Maladies des cereales V. Furlan, BSc, DSc Endomycorhizes R. Lalande, BSc(Agr), MSc Microbiologie D. Prevost, BSc(Agr), MSc Microbiologie C. Richard, BSc,MSc, DSc Maladies des legumineuses

Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 135 J. Santerre, BA, BSc, MSc Nematologie P. Savoie, BSc (Agr), MSc, PhD Genie des plantes fourrageres

Sols D. Isfan, BSc, PhD Chef de la section, chimie, fertilite C. De Kimpe, BA, IngChim et IndAgr Genese DScAgr M. Laverdiere, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Pedogenese et mineralogie J. Zizka, BA, BSc(Agr), MSc Fertilite

Ferme experimentale, La Pocatiere J.E. Comeau, BSc(Agr), MS Surintendant L. Belzile, BSc(Agr), MSc Plantes fourrageres A. Freve, BSc(Agr), MSc Pommes de terre R. Rioux,3 BA, BSc(Agr), MSc Herbicides et malherbologie

Ferme experimentale, Normandin J.M. Wauthy, BSc(Agr) Surintendant, bovins laitiers, fertilite des sols Y. Dion, BSc(Agr), MSc Cereales, fines herbes R. Drapeau, BSc(Agr), MSc PIantes fourrageres, horticulture

Depart R. Labelle Services des finances, Ottawa, Services administratifs septembre 1984

CHERCHEURS INVITES Suzanne Caudry, PhD Genetique bacterienne La Trobe University, Australia Post-doctorat, CRSNG Katherine S. Clough, PhD Endomycorhizes Les Tourbieres Premier Riviere-du-Loup, Quebec Jean Dejou, Maitre de recherches Geochimie INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France

Edudiants a la maitrise G. Allard Amelioration et genetique patron R. Michaud F. Belanger Physiologie du developpement patron J.P. Dubuc A. Bertrand Phytotechnie patron R. Paquin Y. Blais Genie rural patron P. Savoie G. Bourgeois Biologie vegetale patron P. Savoie Y. Dion Phytopathologie patron A. Comeau A. Marcoux Genie rural patron P. Savoie E. Pattey Biologie vegetale patron P. Savoie

136 Research Branch Report 1984 G. Saindon Amelioration et genetique patron R. Michaud B. Tipping Microbiologie patron L. Bordeleau F. Voisine Biochimie patron P. Nadeau

Etudiants au doctorat F. Bigras Phytotechnie patron R. Paquin 1. Collin Amelioration des cereales patron A. Comeau S. Laberge Genetique bacterienne patron L. Bordeleau C. Lemieux Ecologie des mauvaises herbes patron 1.M. Deschenes L.P. Vezina Phytotechnie patron H.1. Hope

IDetache de la Direction generale des affaires financieres et administratives, Division des bibliotheques. 2Prete, Bureau du Sous-ministre adjoint a la Recherche. 3Prete, Region de I'Atiantique, Surintendant interimaire, Buctouche, N.-B.

Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 137 INTRODUCTION

La station et ses trois fermes experimentales consacrent leurs efforts a la solution des problemes inherents aux productions fourrageres, cerealieres, ovines, bovines, horticoles telles la pommme de terre et les arbres fruitiers, ainsi qu'a l'etude des sols. Des efforts sont faits pourreaffecter les ressources humaines et financieres dans des domaines prioritaires et productifs. La construction d'un edifice principal et de biitiments secondaires a La Pocatiere, ainsi que les allocations de fonds speciaux de capital et d'annees/personnes additionnelles pour des emplois temporaires nous ont beau coup aides. Pour de plus amples renseignements, veuillez vous adresser a: Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, 2560 boulevard Hochelaga, Sainte-Foy, Quebec. GlY 213.

S.l Bourget Directeur

LES PLANTES (plants espaces) et pour ceux soumis a la fois a une competition intra et inter-familiale. La vari- Les plantes fourrageres abilite genetique etait toutefois limitee pour les individus soumis a une competition uniquement Legumineuses. Sous les conditions de l'est du intra-familiale. L'etude permet de recommander Canada, la pourriture de la racine et de la cou- l'utilisation de plants espaces pour la selection ronne causee par les Fusarium spp. est probable- d'individus a valeur alimentaire elevee. ment la maladie la plus severe de la luzerne. Une Toutefois, aucun dispositif ne semble souhaitable correlation negative (r = - 0,87) a ete obtenue pour ce qui est de la selection d'individus a haut entre Ie rendement et Ie pourcentage d'infection rendement. racinaire chez 12 cultivars. II existe des diffe- Un cycle de selection pour Ie rendement et la rences entre les cultivars pour Ie degre de tole- teneur en fibres (NDF), en utilisant l'analyse de rance a cette maladie. L'evaluation au champ de reflection dans Ie proche infrarouge, a permis de populations issues de deux cycles de selection reduire Ie NDF de 565 g kg-1 a 547 g kg-1 tout en chez quatre cultivars pour la resistance a cette n'affectant pas Ie rendement chez I'alpiste roseau maladie a revele qu'un certain progres peut etre lorsque selectionne et evalue en plants espaces. accompli par la selection. En moyenne, une Cette experience a permis d'evaluer l'analyse de diminution de 10 % dans Ie degre d'infection a ete reflection dans Ie proche infrarouge sous des con- obtenue par cycle de selection. ditions de selection reelles. Cette technologie Une nouvelle lignee de luzerne et une de tretle, s'est averee fort prometteuse pour Ie developpe- issues de croisements des meilleurs individus de ment de cultivars a valeur alimentaire superieure. plusieurs populations selectionnees en labora- La selection de fleole des pres pour une meilleure toire puis au champ pour la resistance a la pour- valeur alimentaire s'est poursuivie. Sur la base de riture, ont ete formees et leur evaluation en par- tests de descendance, trois populations Syn-O ont celles permettra de connaitre leur potentiel reel ete formees. Ces dernieres ont ete implantees en dans les conditions rigoureuses du Quebec. plein champ pour la production de semences On en connait maintenant un peu plus sur la Syn-l. flore bacterienne des racines de la luzerne: la Une etude sur Ie comportement de la t1eole des proportion relative des genres, leur evolution pres durant sa phase reproductive a ete effectuee dans Ie temps et leur distribution dans la racine. en 1982 et en 1983 a La Pocatiere. Cette etude qui Chose surprenante, leur nombre est considerable consistait a recolter periodiquement les epis de dans les racines d'apparence saine: jusqu'a 104 trois cultivars de fleole de precocite differente a cellules par g de racine. demontre que Ie rendement en semence a aug- Graminees. Une etude entreprise en 1981 sur mente progressivement jusqu'a l'obtention d'un les effets de la competition intraspecifique a rendement optimal (au-deja de 400 kg/ha) qui a l'interieur de families demi-freres d'alpiste roseau ete note 19, 27 et 32 jours apres la floraison pour a ete completee en 1984. La variabilite genetique les cultivars hiitif (Champ), intermediaire (Cli- associee avec Ie rendement, la teneur en fibres, max) et tardif (Bounty) respectivement. L'aug- mesuree par les techniques ADF et NDF ainsi mentation du rendement en semence a ete suivie qu'avec la concentration en proteines, etait elevee par une diminution rapide due a l'egrenage; une pour les individus soumis a aucune competition perte d'au-dela de 50 % de la semence a ete notee

138 Research Branch Report 1984 2 a 4 jours apres l'obtention du rendement Malherbologie. Les etudes portant sur la bio- optimal chez les trois cultivars. Le pourcentage logie de la spargoute des champs, mauvaise de germination des caryopses a augmente avec herbe importante dans l'est du Canada, montrent l'avancement de la maturite de la fieole et a atteint qu'elle est tres competitive en presence d'autres un niveau maximal (90 % et plus) quelques jours mauvaises herbes et de luzerne. Sa levee hative, avant l'obtention du rendement optimal en son abondante production de graines et ses fai- semence. Les epis de moins de 4 cm de longueur bles exigences en elements nutritifs lui ont, entre representaient, dans l'ensemble, 38 % de tous les autres, permis de do miner une population de se- epis recoItes, mais ceux-ci ne contribuaient que taire glauque. tres peu (moins de 10 %) au rendement total en Les densites de population de la spargoute semence. Le rendement en semence des cultivars dans une luzerniere en implantation variant de 30 a augmente avec chaque dose croissante d'azote a 2 000 plantes par metre carre peuvent causer (de 0 a 72 kglha de N2). La densite des epis de des diminutions de rendement variant de 20 a plus de 4 cm de longueur avait tendance a 90 % a la premiere coupe de luzerne. Ces dimi- accroitre avec chaque augmentation de la dose nutions sont cependant beaucoup moins impor- d'azote, mais Ie nombre total d'epis ne variait que tantes a la deuxieme coupe. tres peu en fonction des doses d'azote. La plus grande partie de la biomasse annuelle On a reussi a reproduire la coulure des grami- du chenopode blanc provient des plantes qui ont nees en laboratoire par une methode qui simule germe tot au cours de la saison; les plantes qui les agissements d'un insecte piqueur. Lors- germent apres la fin juin ne constituent que 10 % qu'inocule a l'aide de cette methode, Ie Fusarium de la biomasse totale et ces plantes sont generale- poae a infecte Ie col de I'epi et provoque les ment plus sensibles a la mortalite. Le seuil de memes symptomes qu'on observe au champ. Un nuisibilite du chenopode dans la luzerne essai de lutte avec des pesticides devrait nous nouvellement implantee varie de 200 a 800 permettre de maitriser cette maladie importante pIantes par metre carre, dependant des conditions pour la production de semences et de demontrer de croissance qui affectent les deux especes. Ie role preponderant des insectes comme vecteur Des etudes entreprises avec la fieole des pres du F. poae. Iaissent supposer que les mauvaises herbes peu- Huit cultivars de ray-grass annuels ont ete eva- vent causer des pertes substantielles lors de lues a six stations en 1983 et 1984 pour deux I'implantation de cette espece fourragere. Par regimes d'exploitation soit pour Ie foin et Ie ailleurs, ces pertes ne seraient pas Iimitees a la paturage. Les cultivars Aubade et Maris Ledger premiere recolte de fourrage (annee d'implanta- se sont reveles les meilleurs sous les deux tion) mais s'echelonneraient au moins jusqu'a la regimes d'exploitation. fin de la premiere annee de production. Les pertes Melanges jourragers. Un essai a ete entrepris a reliees a la presence de mauvaises herbes annuelles a feuilles larges, au cours de la pre- cinq stations agronomiques reparties dans la province afin d'etudier l'effet des doses de semis miere annee, seraient plus elevees que celles sur Ie rendement, la composition botanique et la reliees a la presence de graminees annuelles au cours de la meme peri ode. qualite nutritive de divers cultivars de fleole semes en melanges avec Ie trefle rouge. Les Recolte et conservation. Des experiences sur Ie resultats de l'annee de l'etablissement indiquent sechage de la fieole et de la luzerne se sont que, dans l'ensemble, la proportion de fleole poursuivies pour une deuxieme annee a la station (10 % en moyenne) et Ie rendement des melanges de recherches de Deschambault ainsi qu'au (4498 kg/ha en moyenne) recoltes en aout ne departement de genie rural de l'Universite. On a varient que tres peu en fonction des doses de compare plusieurs modeles mathematiques pour semis de la fleole lorsque celles-ci varient de 3 a predire Ie sechage. Au laboratoire, on a fabrique 9 kg/ha. Toutefois, Ie rendement des melanges un simulateur de gyrofanage pour estimer les trefie rouge-fieole varie de 4232 a 4730 kg/ha et pertes materielles. la proportion de trefie rouge passe de 80 % a 92 % On a fait des observations au champ sur la avec un accroissement de la dose de semis du croissance de la luzerne en fonction du temps. trefie rouge de 3 a 9 kg/ha, mais les resultats ne Ces donnees serviront a valider un modele de sont pas, dans l'ensemble, statistiquement dif- croissance. Le travail de modelisation des ferents d'une dose de semis du trefie rouge super- chaines fourrageres s'est poursuivi; on estime que ieure a 6 kg/ha. Quelles que soient Ies doses de les systemes de foin sont encore satisfaisants sur semis, les cultivars de fieole Salvo et Climax se les petites fermes laitieres (40 vaches ou moins) sont comportes de fa<;on similaire l'annee de tandis que l'ensilage devient interessant pour de I'etablissement. plus grosses fermes.

Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 139 Une nouvelle experience sur Ies silos-meules a glace a empeche la temperature du sol de commence enjuin 1984 a Normandin. On a fabri- descendre sous Ies - 2°C, augmentant la survie a que trois meules: la premiere humide et sans l'hiver des legumineuses de 70 a 85 % et celie des traitement, la deuxieme humide avec I'ajout cereales de 25 a 50 %. Le gel serait donc la cause d'acide formique et la troisieme pretanee au premiere de la mortalite hivernale et non champ pendant environ 6 h sans autre traitement. l'asphyxie des racines sous la glace. Plusieurs Ces trois ensilages ainsi que du foin seront servis cycles de gel-degel poursuivis en cabinets de a des vaches laitieres et a des moutons entre croissance et en serres de plastique avec des cere- novembre 1984 et mars 1985 pour evaluer la per- ales d'hiver augmentent la mortalite de ces formance. especes. Des cultivars de pommiers ont ete egalement affectes par Ie gel-degel et apres quatre La survivance a I'hiver cycles, deux cultivars avaient peri et un troisieme Influence du climat. Les legumineuses, Ies n'a survecu qu'a 60 %. L'emploi de cycles de graminees fourrageres et les cereales se sont gel-degel aurait cependant l'avantage de permet- moins bien acclimatees a Saint-Hyacinthe qu'a tre une meilleure selection de cultivars resistants La Pocatiere durant I'automne et l'hiver 1983-84; au gel dans un programme d'amelioration. la tolerance au gel (TLso) a ete en general Mecanismes de la resistance au froid. La inferieure de 2 a 3 °c a Saint-Hyacinthe, sauf pour putrescine et la spermidine, deux polyamines, les cultivars du seigle, Puma et Cougar. Ces deux augmentent dans les feuilles et les collets du ble cultivars ont atteint respectivement un minimum d'hiver soumis a un endurcissement a 2 °C et cette de -42,5 et -39,8 °c a Saint-Hyacinthe et augmentation est plus importante chez Ie ble rus- - 35,5 et - 32,5 °c a La Pocatiere. Apres Ie tique Kharkov que chez Ie ble sensible Cham- seigle, Ies cultivars de la fleole, Engmo et Cli- plain. Apres 2 ou 3 jours, la teneur de ces deux max, ont montre la meilleure tolerance au gel a polyamines dans les tissus n'augmente plus et La Pocatiere avec une TLso de - 35,5 °c, suivis demeure stable jusqu'a la fin de l'endurcissement. du brome Beacon et Saratoga, - 33,1 et - 30,9 Apres 2 semaines a 2°C, on observe une diminu- respectivement, du ble Kharkov et Frederic, tion tres rapide (de 5 a 10 fois) de la putrescine et - 30,0 et - 25,0, du triticale Wintri et GWT-3, de la spermidine chez les plantes remises dans -25,5 et -21,6 °c, du trefle Altaswede et des conditions de croissance a 22°C. D'autres Lakeland, -18,9 et -17,3, et de la luzerne polyamines telles que la spermine et la cadaverine Saranac et Vernal, -18,7 et -17,3 °c. Les ce- sont aussi presentes, mais en faible quantite, ala reales se sont endurcies beaucoup plus rapide- limite de la detection, et leur teneur en fonction ment que les legumineuses et les graminees four- des variations de la temperature ne change pas. rageres aux deux endroits et ont atteint un maxi- Des resultats semblables obtenus avec deux mum de tolerance au gel entre la mi-novembre et cultivars de luzerne, Vernal et Saranac, soumise a la mi-decembre. Le maximum de tolerance au gel un endurcissement au froid, indiquent que la pour les cultivars de legumineuses et de gra- putrescine et la spermidine pourraient avoir un minees fourrageres a ete atteint pour la plupart au role important dans I'acclimatation des plantes au cours de janvier et de fevrier 84. Ces resultats froid et eventuellement servir de marqueurs de la favorisent l'hypothese d'une levee de dormance rusticite. plus rapide chez les cereales que chez les Durant l'acclimatation au froid des legumi- legumineuses ou les graminees fourrageres, d'ou neuses, des graminees fourrageres et des ce- une perte de la tolerance au gel plus rapide egale- reales, a La Pocatiere et Saint-Hyacinthe, l'augment. mentation de la proline dans les collets a COIncide Malgre la tolerance au gel moins elevee a avec celie de la matiere sec he, Ie maximum etant Saint-Hyacinthe, toutes les especes ont survecu a atteint entre la mi-novembre et la mi-decembre. l'hiver grace a une bonne couche de neige qui La teneur en sucrose des collets augmente au maintient la temperature du sol pres du point de debut de l'hiver chez la plupart des especes alors congelation au niveau des collets. A La Pocatiere, que les sucres reducteurs augmentent plutot a la Ie ble, Ie seigle et Ie triticale de me me que Ie trefle fin de l'hiver en mars, surtout chez les cereales. et la luzerne n'ont pas survecu a la formation de Quant aux sucres totaux, l'augmentation varie glace artificielle au debut de decembre 83. Dans beaucoup avec les especes et la teneur maximale les memes conditions, Ie brome a resiste a 70 et ne COIncide pas toujours avec Ie maximum de 80 %, et la fleole des pres a 90 et 95 %. Dans ces tolerance au gel. Des resultats a peu pres identi- conditions, la temperature du sol est descendue ques ont ete observes chez deux cultivars de jusqu'a - HOC. La presence d'une couche de fraisier, Bounty et Red Coats, cultives a la ferme polyurethane de 2,5 cm d'epaisseur par-dessus la Chapais de Saint-David.

140 Research Branch Report 1984 L'energie: fixation d'azote et cytoplasme et les proplastides. Les enzymes endomycorhizes provenant des deux sources ont des caracteristiques catalytiques differentes. Fixation d' azote a basse temperature. La caracterisation morphologique et physiologique Inoculants commerciaux. En collaboration des 48 souches de Rhizobium isolees de legumi- avec la Direction de la production et de l'inspec- neuses arctiques est maintenant terminee. L'ana- tion des aliments dans Ie cadre de son Programme lyse numerique des 74 facteurs mesures demontre inoculants des legumineuses, des echantillons d'une part que cette population de Rhizobium d'inoculants commerciaux Ii base de Rhizobium difrere des autres especes connues de Rhizobium. ont ete analyses par la methode officielle d'infec- D'autre part, la similarite obtenue par cette talW- tion de la plante, et il a ete demontre que 78 % des nomie numerique divise la population en II echantillons soumis satisfont aux normes legales. groupes, demontrant ainsi une grande diversite La production d'inoculants concentres de Rhi- dans les isolats. Cette observation est confirmee zobium (> 1010 cellu!es par mL) sur lactoserum par les etudes de l'homologie de I'ADN par chro- est au stade de transfert de cette technologie vers matographie sur hydroxylapatite qui revele une une firme industrielle. En utilisant une methode etroite association avec des souches types de standardisee et repetitive pour la dessiccation des l'astragale. Le profil des plasmides et des essais cellules et l'evaluation des dommages, nous de conjugaison avec R. trifolii, R. meliloti et avons montre que les Rhizobium survivent mieux R. leguminosarum indique la possibilite de cons- lorsqu'ils ont ete produits sur un milieu contenant truction genetique de nouvelles souches en com- du lactoserum plutot que sur Ie milieu habituel au binant des souches arctiques avec des souches mannitol. temperees. Toutes les souches arctiques dans Banque de Rhizobium. Nous avons isole 56 cette etude nodulent Ie sainfoin, legumineuse souches de Rhizobium phaseoli Ii partir de temperee cultivee dans l'Ouest mais aucunement haricots (Phaseolus vulgaris) adaptes aux condi- reliee aux legumineuses-hotes d'ou proviennent tions tropic ales (Rwanda, Afrique). La carac- nos isolats. Les mesures d'efficacite Ii fixer sym- terisation en serres de l'efficacite symbiotique de biotiquement l'azote avec Ie sainfoin demontrent 30 souches de R. leguminosarum avec la feverole que plusieurs souches arctiques sont egales ou (Vicia jaba var. minor, cultivars Ackerperle et superieures Iicelles commercialement utili sees et Herzfreya) et la gourgane (Viviajava var. major, de sources temperees. Nous avons aussi trouve cultivar Baie St-Paul) revele que chez la feverole que 40 isolats montrent une activite nitrogenasi- 23,3 % des souches sont tres efficaces (TE), 10 % que ex-planta, caracteristique quelquefois obser- efficaces (E) et 16,7 % inefficaces (I), tandis que vee chez les souches tropic ales. chez la gourgane 18,5 % sont TE, 74,1 % E et Mhabolisme. Une methode d'iso!ement de 7,4 % 1. Aucune correlation significative n'a ete bacteroides de Rhizobium meliloti par sedimenta- observee entre les rendements de la gourgane et tion sur gradients de densite de Ficoll permet de la feverole inoculees avec les memes souches, d'obtenir des bacteroides debarrasses de bacteries indiquant une specificite differente des souches libres et des composantes de la plante-hate. Le avec ces plantes. Des essais au champ nous indi- materiel de depart est un extrait de racines et de quent que les souches autochtones sont aussi nodules de luzerne. Les activites specifiques de la competitives et efficaces que les souches intro- glutamate deshydrogenase (GDH) et de la gluta- duites. mate synthase (GOGAT) sont environ les memes Chez Ie pois (Pisum sativum 'Targett'), l'eva- chez les bacteroides et dans Ie cytosol du nodule, luation en serres de 41 souches de R. legu- mais dans ce dernier l'activite specifique de la minosarum indique des differences dans l'effi- glutamine synthetase (GS) est 50 fois plus elevee cacite symbiotique. L'evaluation en serres de l'ef- que chez les bacteroides. II est clair que ficacite symbiotique de fixation de N chez 65 l'ammoniac produit lors de la fixation symbioti- souches deR. phaseoli avec Ie haricot (Phaseolus que de l'azote chez la luzerne est assimile via la vulgaris, cultivar Goldie) montre que 4 souches GS de la plante et la GDH des deux partenaires sont TE, 56 sont E et 5 sont 1. II existe cependant symbiotiques. Des analyses de la seve par HPLC une regression lineaire entre l'efficacite symbioti- ont demontre que la fertilisation Ii l'ammonium que de fixation de N et les rendements en matiere (3 mM) provoque une augmentation importante sec he. Les essais au champ avec les souches tres de la concentration en Asp, Asn, Glu et GIn, en efficaces indiquent une tres forte competition des comparaison avec des plantes fertilisees au souches autochtones. nitrate. Parallelement, en utilisant des pro- toplastes isolees Iipartir de jeunes racines, il a ete Endomycorhizes. Des tests d'efficacite de deux demontre que l'activite GS est distribuee entre Ie especes de champignons endomycorhiziens VA

Station de recherches, Sainte-Fay, Quebec 141 ont ete effectues sur la luzerne. L'une des deux en essais. Pour diminuer la perte due aux mala- souches, indigene du Quebec, s'avere tres pro- dies, plus de 1 000 000 de plants d'avoine ont ete metteuse. Des spores de champignons endomy- inocules au charbon nu et 60 000 plants de ble, ii corhiziens, provenant de luzernieres ou de la fusariose de l'epi. Un contrat de recherche pour plantes sauvages du Quebec, ont ete mises en transferer la resistance ii la fusariose ii des bles culture monosporale afin de les multiplier pour quebecois par culture d'antheres a ete accorde ii obtenir de l'inoculum pur. Des cages speciales l'Universite Laval pour une deuxieme annee. ont ete mises au point pour la culture semi-asepti- Jusqu'ii maintenant, il est permis de penser que que d'especes pures de champignons endomy- les milieux identifies pour partir et regenerer des corhiziens. Cinq especes (Glomus ciarum, G. in- cals en plantules vertes sont 10fois superieurs aux traradiees, G. monosporum, G. versiforme, G. resultats mentionnes dans les publications. vesieulifer) ainsi protegees sont utili sees pour la L'amelioration des methodes d'hybridation production massive d'inoculum endomyco- interspecifique permet la production d'hybrides rhizien destine ii tous nos besoins. Au cours qu'il etait impossible d'obtenir auparavant. Ainsi, d'essais preliminaires, la technique de mesure de Ie ble a ete croise avec trois especes d'Elymus et l'ATP pour l'evaluation de la biomasse active du trois especes d'Agropyron pour transferer la resis- mycelium extra- et intraracinaire nous a donne tance au VJNO, ii la pourriture niveale et ii la des resultats satisfaisants. glace. Le programme de croisements interspecifi- Les cereales ques a produit jusqu'ici 5 kg de segregants pour diverses selections telles Ie VJNO et la glace. Amelioration. En 1984, la diversification de Dans l'orge, la resistance au VJNO de 700 lignees nos efforts de recherche s'est poursuivie avec a ete confirmee ce qui prouve l'excellence de l'amelioration du ble et du triticale en plus de . l'inoculation artificielle et de la selection en F4 l'orge et de l'avoine. Nous visons un partage egal L'evaluation des bles et triticales extraits d'essais de nos efforts entre ces quatre especes d'ici 1986. internationaux a des retombees positives pour Ie Cette annee, 43 % des efforts portaient sur l'orge, Quebec, certains de ces genotypes ont un rende- 35 % sur l'avoine, 12 % sur Ie triticale et 11 % sur ment egal ou superieur aux temoins quebecois Ie ble. Nos objectifs de recherche sur Ie ble sont avec une maturite relativement hiitive. relies ii la realite quebecoise, car nous ne pro- duisons que 2 % de notre ble d'alimentation Regie. Des etudes preliminaires de competi- humaine. Nous visons donc un ble panifiable ii tion entre la spargoute des champs et l'avoine ont haut rendement, adapte aux conditions climati- revele une tres forte capacite de competition de la ques du Quebec et aux regions peripheriques de cereale, car avec 1 500 plantes par metre carre, Ie la province par sa hiitivite. Quant au triticale, rendement de l'avoine n'a pas ete affecte signi- aucun type printemps n'est recommande pour ficativement. Par contre, les memes etudes sur Ie culture au Quebec; notre objectif est donc un chenopode blanc et l'avoine ont revele que 800 ii triticale ayant Ie rendement et la maturite du ble et 1 000 plantes de chenopode au metre carre cau- un poids ii l'hectolitre de 70 kg pour en faire une sent des pertes significatives de rendement. culture attrayante pour l'agriculteur. L'amelioration de l'avoine continue ii produire des genotypes interessants. Une lignee hiitive ii LES SOLS tres haut rendement, Q.O. 186.10, fera J'objet d'une demande d'homologation pour remplacer La fertilite Cabot et Fundy dans les Maritimes. Ce nouveau Effieacite physiologique de l' azote. L'indice cultivar est tres attendu pour culture en rotation de I'efficacite physiologique de l'azote (IEP), avec la pomme de terre. La hiitivite est tres impor- considere comme etant Ie rapport gramme- tante pour permettre la recolte des grains avant la grains (gramme d'azote exporte par la plante, recolte principale des pommes de terre. Deux grains plus paille) a ete etudie en serre sur sept autres lignees d'avoine, egalement en essais cultivars d'avoine, en fonction des differentes d'homologation, sont tres prometteuses par leur doses d'azote. Le comportement des cultivars a rendement et leur resistance au virus de la jau- ete tres different. Les cultivars ii haut rendement, nisse nanisante de l'orge (VJNO). Plusieurs li- Cascade, Lamar et Laurent, ont eu une teneur (%) gnees d'orge ii paille naine et forte continuent ii en azote beaucoup plus faible que les cultivars ii produire des rendements interessants. bas rendement, Manic et surtout Elgin. Le IEP a Pathologie. Les etudes pathologiques sur les ere par contre plus eleve chez les cultivars plus essais d'homologation et de tam isage ont ete productifs. Ainsi, il a ete de 54,9,50,2 et de 48,6 poursuivies en 1984 pour etudier l'evolution des chez les cultivars Cascade, Laurent et Lamar et de maladies et la resistance des nouveaux cultivars seulement 43,7 et 35,1 chez Manic et Elgin. Mal-

142 Research Branch Report 1984 gre Ie fait que les cultivars Elgin et Cascade ont tions de rendements de l'ordre de 34 g/pot. En exporte sensiblement la meme quantite d'azote moyenne, pour tous les traitements, Thor a donne par plante, ce demier, dfi a son IEP plus eleve, a les rendements les plus eleves (69, I g/pot) tandis produit un rendement en grain de 55 % superieur que Iroquois a donne les rendements les plus a celui de Elgin. faibles (58,7 g/pot). Les resultats obtenus demontrent que plus La physique et la productivite. Des echan- l'efficacite physiologique de l'azote est elevee tillons proven ant de quatre horizons de surface et chez un cultivar, plus ses rendements sont eleves d'un horizon B des sols Kamouraska, de l'Anse, pour la meme quantite d'azote assimilable. Les Sainte-Rosalie et Saint-Urbain ont ete seches rendements moyens des cultivars ont ete ainsi peu a l'air et par la methode du point critique. Avec lies aux quantites totales d'azote exportees, mais cette derniere methode, Ie volume poreux total significativement correles a I'IEP (r = 0,94). etait de 19 84 % superieur celui mesure dans Chez tous les cultivars et surtout chez les cultivars a a les echantillons seches l'air. L'effet du sechage productifs, Ie IEP a ete plus eleve dans les traite- a sur les pores grossiers (>8,8 f-lm, moyens et ments a faible quantite d'azote assimilable et a petits «0,19 f-lm) a ete analyse par mesures de diminue avec l'augmentation des doses d'azote porosite au mercure et de densite. Les pores administrees. Etant donne que l'efficacite physio- moyens sont les plus sensibles la methode de logique de l'azote est un caractere genetique du a sechage, suivis des pores grossiers et des petits cultivar, elle peut etre utili see comme critere pores. Ces differences ne s'expliquent pas con- important dans Ie processus de l'amelioration des venablement par un simple retrait. II apparait cereales. aussi que la matiere organique exerce un «effet Fertilisation economique. Les recommanda- tampon» sur la reorganisation des particules. tions des doses d'engrais sont habituellement Des echantillons de l'horizon Ap du sol basees sur la dose optimum economique de cha- Kamouraska ont ete incubes en presence de que culture, dose qui assure Ie profit Ie plus eleve divers amendements organiques, tourbe, paille, par unite de surface. Quand les quantites compost et engrais vert, appliques a un taux de d'engrais sont limitees, des doses moindres que 7,5 t de Clha. Le taux d'humidite etait de 80 % de l'optimum economique doivent, evidemment, la capacite au champ. L'incubation a ete faite a etre appliquees. Une methode a ete proposee pour 37°C pour des periodes de 4, 8, 16, 32 et calculer les doses d'engrais pour deux cultures 64 semaines. Des tests de tassement ainsi que des (SI et S2) quand les doses optimum economiques mesures de densite apparente et de conductivite ne peuvent pas etre appliquees. Les equations a hydraulique ont ensuite ete effectues. Par rapport utiliser dans ce cas sont les suivantes. au sol non amende (densite I, I g/cm3, K sat = SI = P2b2 - Plbl + 2P2c2kJ2(Plcl + P2C2) 265 cm/h), on a mesure des densites variant de S2 = k - SI 1,02 a 1,12 g/cm3 etdes valeurs de K sat generale- ou SI et S2: les doses d'engrais partagees pour ment inferieures a 150 cm/h. La decomposition laculture 1et 2 respectivement, enkg/ha; PI et P2: des amendements organiques pouvait donc prix des deux cultures a la vente, en $/kg; bp cp provoquer des agregats plus stables, puis que la b2 et c2: coefficients de regression du modele densite etait plus faible, mais avec sans doute une quadratique (Y = a + bx + cx2) utilise au structure differente et un systeme de pores moins prealable pour la prediction des rendements des organise que dans Ie sol de depart. deux cultures; k: la dose totale d'engrais disponi- La chimie et la mise en culture. L'emploi de ble, moyenne pour 2 ha, a partager chez les deux diagrammes de solubilite construits pour des cultures, en kg/2 ha. horizons de surface de sols sableux a argileux Phosphore et potassium chez la luzerne. Une presentant des pH de 4,4 a 7, I et des teneurs en experience portant sur l'effet de cinq doses de 6 3 H2P04- variant de 10- a 10- Mont permis de phosphore et de cinq doses de potassium sur les montrer que ces conditions favorisaient la forma- rendements de cinq cultivars de luzerne a ete faite tion d'hydroxyapatite dans la plupart des echan- en serre. Le cultivar Apica a Ie mieux repondu tillons. Cependant, des niveaux de P suffisam- aux apports de phosphore, Ie rendement de huit ment eleves associes a des conditions de pH coupes passant de 45,6 g/pot pour les temoins a superieur a 6,5 provoquaient la formation de 73,4 g/pot a la dose de 80 ppm de phosphore. Le phosphate dicalcique ou octocalcique moins so- meilleur rendement a ete obtenu avec Ie cultivar lubles et donc moins assimilables par la plante. Thor (78,6 g/pot) suite a une fertilisation de Ce phenomene d'immobilisation de P s'accroit de 40 ppm de phosphore. Les cultivars Thor et Api- plus en plus avec les applications massives de ca ont Ie mieux repondu aux apports de potas- fertilisants phosphates associes au chaulage sium, la meilleure dose entrainant des augmenta- excessif dans plusieurs exploitations agricoles.

Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy,Quebec 143 Les horizons LH, Ae, Bhf et Bf de deux ticularites sont un peu plus accentuees sur Ie loam Podzols echantillonnes sous couvert forestier et St-Andre que sur l'argile Kamouraska. utilises pour des essais de mise en culture presen- Regie du semis. On a cons tate que les semis de taient generalement la sequence suivante pour plantes fourrageres dans un tapis vegetal, realises leur contenu en elements totaux: Fe Ca K > > tardivement au printemps, eprouvent de serieuses > > Mg > > Na. Les contenus en K, Ca, Mg et P difficultes a s'etablir. Comme ils sont encore plus solubles et echangeables sont de 3 12 fois supe- a sensibles aux conditions climatiques que les rieurs dans l'horizon LH comparativement a semis habituels, ces semis realises tardivement l'horizon Ae sous-jacent et cette proportion risquent donc beaucoup de subir les effets nega- s'accroit avec la profondeur meme si les teneurs tifs d'un manque de precipitation. Le glyphosate, en elements totaux demeurent relativement cons- principal herbicide utilise pour controler la vege- tantes dans toute la sequence d'horizons d'un tation adventice et qui pour etre efficace doit etre profil. applique a un stade avance des plantules, ne per- La pedogenese. On a caracterise un saprolite, met pas de semer a la date ideale. Les semis ainsi ainsi que Ie sol qui Ie surmonte, dans la region retardes ne permettent pas aux plantules en deve- d'Orford. Les deux materiaux se distinguaient par loppement de profiter de l'eau qui se trouve en la nature des mineraux presents, l'illite et la chlo- plus grande quantite dans Ie sol tot au printemps. rite dans Ie till, la muscovite et la kaolinite dans Ie C'est surement un facteur important d'echec avec saprolite. La presence de quantites abondantes de cette methode de semis. II faudra verifier la valeur kaolinite dans quelques depots est un indice inte- de nouveaux herbicides pour contourner ce pro- ressant pour caracteriser les conditions d'aitera- bleme de semis tardifs au printemps. tion qui ont prevalu au Quebec. Essais de cultivars. Comme a chaque annee, plusieurs lignees et cultivars de differentes especes fourrageres sont evaluees. Leur evalua- FERME EXPERIMENTALE, tion a permis d'eliminer des essais les lignees et LA POCATIERE les cultivars suivants:

Les piantes fourrageres Luzerne: CW 62 et CW 6.9 Fleole: CM 8, FY 10, FS 23 et SS 9 Semence du trefle rouge. Le rendement en Brome: S-7414, S-9044 et Regar semence du trefle rouge depend beaucoup de Dactyle: Orbit, Dart, Hallmark, Kay, Juno OK- l'efficacite des pollinisateurs naturels. Sous nos WH, OX-I, MLM-14912 et OK-SF-19 conditions, l'utilisation d'abeilles caucassiennes Neuf cultivars de ray-grass italien et Wester- pour augmenter ou suppleer davantage au travail wold ont ete evalues sous des regies de foin et de des bourdons ne semble pas tellement efficace. paturage. Sous regie de foin en 1983, les cuitivars Cet insecte quand il a Ie choix visite de preference ont rendu 16 % plus d'herbage que les autres d'autres plantes que Ie trefle rouge. Au cours de la graminees. Les cultivars Aubade (Westerwold) et periode intense de floraison, la presence de cette Maris Leds (Italien) ont ete en general les abeille est faible. Elle visite Ie trefle rouge prin- meilleurs. cipalement en fin de saison apres que ses plantes preferees ont termine leur floraison. La presence La pomme de terre tardive de l'abeille dans les populations de trefle Amelioration. L'amelioration genetique de la rouge presque passees fleurs et son interet pour pomme de terre s'est continuee en 1984, a La Ies fleurs plus petites ne contribuent probable- Pocatiere. Deux cents croisements ont ete rea- ment pas tellement a augmenter la quantite de lises. Des lignees produites en 1983 (10 500) ont graines viables produites. ete evaluees au champ et 9,4 % ont ete selection- Besoins en azote. L'association legumi- nees. Les lignees selectionnees a La Pocatiere en neuse-graminee montre generalement un avan- 1983 (l 264) et celles selectionnees a la station de tage reciproque a leur production vegetative. On Fredericton la meme annee (991) ont ete evaluees pense que Ie transfert possible d'azote de la legu- sur deux sols (St-Andre et L'Anse) au stade mineuse a la graminee en soit une des causes 4-buttes. La selection au champ a permis de con- principales. En plus d'une production vegetative server 29 et 26 % de ces lignees pour les evalua- augmentee, il semble que cette association favo- tions de rendement, densite relative, cuisson a rise egalement une augmentation de la matiere l'eau ~t croustille en laboratoire (LP85 en 1985). organique et du contenu en azote du sol. L'aug- Les 120 lignees selectionnees en 1983 (LP84) ont mentation de la matiere organique semble plus ete evaluees pour la premiere annee en parcelles importante que celle de I'azote. Ces deux par- aleatoires sur trois sols differents. L'epuration de

144 Research Branch Report 1984 ces lignees et actuellement en cours. Elles ont Un essai de fertilisation azotee des bles de toutes ete verifiees pour la presence du viroi'de de printemps, Glenlea et Opal, mene pendant quatre la filosite et de la bacterie du fletrissement bac- annees montre la reponse favorable du cultivar terien. Toutes ces lignees ainsi que les autres Opal a une augmentation de la dose d'azote. La selections LP du programme repondaient nega- reponse du rendement a I'augmentation d'azote tivement a ces deux tests. Pour la premiere fois, chez Ie cultivar Glenlea est trop inconsistante un essai de tamisage a eu lieu sur trois stations: d'une annee a I'autre pour permettre d'identifier Ie Lennoxville, Normandin et La Pocatiere. Cet meilleur traitement. Le fractionnement de l'appli- essai etait compose de deux lignees LP81 qui cation de la fumure azotee est sans effet par n'avaient pas encore ete evaluees dans Ie reseau rapport a une application unique en pre-semis. d'essai provincial et de 10 LP82 et 21 LP83. La selection de ces lignees d'apres les tests de labo- La gourgane ratoire et les analyses statistiques permettront Le comportement d'un des meilleurs cultivars d'inc!ure les meilleures lignees dans Ie reseau de gourgane (Viciajaba var. major), Baie Saint- d'evaluation provincial en 1985. Ces lignees ont Paul, a ete decrit et les resultats demontrent que ete epurees en collaboration avec Ie centre de ce cultivar a produit un rendement potentiel certification et d'epuration de la pomme de terre moyen de 14 417 kg/ha de gousses vertes foumis- et elles sont multipliees en serre pour les essais sant un rendement moyen de 5 818 kg/ha de grain regionaux de 1985. vert contenant un pourcentage moyen de 82,3 % Dans Ie reseau d'essais regionaux 5 LP80 et 11 d'humidite. Le grain vert a la recolte a occupe en LP81 ont ete evaluees. Le nombre de lignees moyenne 39,7 % du poids total de la gousse. evaluees en essais regionaux etait de 237. Les plantes fourrageres Parcelles de demonstration. Des parcelles de Une grosse fourragere a ete construite pour Ie demonstration ont ete faites en collaboration avec Ie centre de certification et d'epuration de la nettoyage des parcelles experimentales en plantes fourrageres apres que les echantillons servant pomme de terre avec tous les cultivars homolo- a determiner les rendements et/ou d'autres carac- gues au Canada et ailleurs, et certaines lignees teres agronomiques ont ete preleves. Cette four- adaptees aux conditions du Quebec. Les parcelles servaient a l'entrainement des elagueurs et ragere compacte, agreable d'operation, qui permet une plus grande efficacite de la main- de professionnels a reconnaitre les cultivars. d'oeuvre et une economie de temps, peut etre Les arbres jruitiers. Toutes les varietes ou li- utilisee pour la prise d'echantillons lorsque de gnees de pruniers ont produit en 1985 dont plu- grandes parcelles sont requises pour atteindre les sieurs pour la premiere fois depuis la plantation objectifs experimentaux. en 1977. La variete Veeblue (V33028) a produit 25,4 kg/arbre de prunes de bonne qualite. Cette meme variete plante en 1975 a produit actuellement 52 kg/arbre. Elle se c!asse la troisieme apres Bradshaw bleu et la Reine-Claude. Par contre, les PUBLICATIONS poiriers ont produit moins qu'en 1983 (Clapp's Favorite 5,9 minot en 1983 vs 4,6 en 84). Recherche Antoun, H.; Couture, L.; Guillemete, H. 1984. Effect of some systemic and protectant fungicides on FERME EXPERIMENTALE growth of Verticillium albo-atrum. Rhizobium NORMANDIN meliloti and lucerne seedlings in the laboratory. Protection Ecology 6:279-286. Les cereales Antoun, H.; Bordeleau, L.M.; Sauvageau, R. 1984. Utilization of the tricarboxylic acid cycle inter- Vne analyse menee chez I'orge sur la resis- mediates and symbiotic effectiveness in tance et la tolerance au virus de la jaunisse nani- Rhizobium meliloti. Plant and Soil 77:29-38. sante (VJNO) et au virus de la mosai'que strillee Barnett, G.M.; Rioux, R.; Comeau, 1.E. 1984. Soil de I'orge (VSMO) montre la tolerance moyenne preparation, herbicides and seeding dates for bar- du cultivar Moreval au VMSO. L'etude montre ley production. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:1-10. aussi une forte heterose chez I'hybride de deux Belzile, L. 1984. Influence des cultivars, des dates et parents resistants au VJNO, ce qui pose I'hypo- des doses de semis sur Ie rendement et la qualite these de genes differents de resistance chez ces de la luzerne semee en fin d'ete. Can. 1. Plant Sci. deux cultivars. 64:667-675.

Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 145 Belzile, L.; Rioux, R. 1984. Influence des cultivars, des De Kimpe, C.R.; Laverdiere, M.R.; Dejou, J.; LaSalle, dates et des doses de semis sur Ie rendement et la P. 1984. Effects of acidic and basic parent mate- qualite de la luzerne l'annee du semis. Can. J. rials on formation of some soils in Quebec Plant Sci. 64:309-317. (Canada). Geoderma 33:101-118. Bolduc, R.; Dupuis, G. 1983. Notes sur les dommages Gagne, S.; Richard, C.; Gagnon, C. 1984. La coulure aux bourgeons perennants de la luzerne au cours des graminees: etat des connaissances. Phyto- de l'hiver dans la region de Quebec. Phytoprotec- protection 65:45-52. tion 64:69-75. Giroux, M.; Bordeleau, L.M. 1984. Effet du potassium Caldwell, C.D.; Fenson, D.S.; Bordeleau, L.M.; et du magnesium sur la croissance etla nodulation Thompson, R.G.; Drouin, R.; Didsburry, R. de plantules de luzerne (Medicago sativa L.). 1984. Translocation of 13Nand IIC between nod- Nat. Can. 1ll:167-173. ulated roots and leaves in alfalfa seedlings. J. Exp. Hope, H.J.; Comeau, A.; Hasty, P. 1984. Ice encase- Bot. 35:436-443. menttolerance of Prairieland wild ryegrass, Orbit Castonguay, Y.; Couture, L. 1983. Epidemiologie de la tall wheatgrasss and Puma rye grown under con- contamination des graines de cereales par les trolled environments. Cereal Res. Comm. 12: Fusarium ssp. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 5:222-228. 101-103. Chesworth, W.; Dejou, J.; De Kimpe, C.R.; Macias Isfan, D. 1984. Com yield variation as related to soil Vasquez, E; Cantagrel, J.M.; Larroque, P.; Gar- water fluctuation and nitrogen fertilizer. I. Soil cia-Paz, C.; Garcia Rodeja, E.; Quantin, P. 1983. Water-yield relationships. Comm. in Soil Sci. Etude de paleosols rouges developpes sur les Plant Anal. 15(10):1147-1161. basaltes mioc(:nes du massif central fran<;ais. Isfan, D. 1984. Com yield variation as related to soil Principales caracteristiques physico-chimiques water fluctuation and nitrogen fertilizer. II. Soil de ces pedogeneses. Cah. O.R.S.T.o.M., Ser. water-nitrogen-yield relationships. Commun. in Pedol. 20(3):189-208. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15(10):1163-1174. Chesworth, w.; Dejou, J.; De Kimpe, C.R.; Macias Kabore, K.B.; Couture, L. 1983. Mycoflore des Vasquez, E; Cantagrel, J.M.; Larroque, P.; Garcia semences du sorgho cultive en Haute-Volta. Nat. Paz, c.; Garcia Rodeja, E. 1983. Importance de la Can. 110:453-457. fertilisation sur les basaltes miocenes du Massif Central. Principales caracteristiques de celle pe- Jutier, J.J.; Savoie, R.; Pigeon-Gosselin, M.; Nadeau, dogenese. Sci. Geol., Strasbourg, Mem. 53-62. P.; Lewis, P.N. 1984. Laser raman spectra of calf thymus histone complexes. J.Raman Spectrosc. Comeau, A. 1984. Barley yellow dwarf virus resistance 15:29-33. in the genus Avena. Euphytica 33:49-55. Lafreniere, C.; Bordeleau, L.M.; Amarger, N.; Comeau, A.; Dubuc, J.P.; St-Pierre, C.A. 1983. Antoun, H. 1984. Effect of heterologous bacteria Genetic variability for resistance to barley yellow and combined nitrogen on the adsorption of dwarf virus in spring triticale. Cer. Res. Comm. Rhizobium meliloti to lucerne seeding roots. Plant 11:259-262. and Soil 82:223-229. Dejou, J.; De Kimpe, C.R.; Larroque, P.; Mayenobe, Laliberte, G.; Paquin, R. 1984. Effets des basses tem- C. ; Moynac, P. 1983. Caracterisation et evolution peratures, avec ou sans apport d'acide glutamique geochimique superficielle d'un massif granitique et de saccharose, sur la teneur en proline libre etla fossilise par des formations volcaniques pres du tolerance au gel du ble d'hiver. Physiol. Veg. Falgoux (Cantal). Rev. Sc. Nat. d'Auvergne 22:305-313. 49:19-29. Landry, B.; Comeau, A.; Minvielle, E; St-Pierre, C.A. De Kimpe, C.R. 1984. Effect of air-drying and critical 1984. Genetic analysis of resistance to barley point drying on the porosity of clay soils. Can. yellow dwarf virus in hybrids between Avena Geotech. J. 21:181-185. sativa cultivar «Lamar» and virus-resistant lines De Kimpe, C.R. 1984. Change of dry bulk density and of Avena sterilis. Crop Sci. 24:337-340. K sat after incubation of a soil in the presence of Laverdiere, M.R.; De Kimpe, C.R. 1984. Agronomic organic amendments. Commun. in Soil Sci. Plant use of clay soils from Abitibi, Quebec: 1. Soil Anal. 15(7):787-798. Properties. Soil Sci. 137(1):39-46. De Kimpe, C.R.; Kodam, H. 1984. Transformation of Laverdiere, M.R.; De Kimpe, C.R. 1984. Agronomic an aluminosilicate gel into pre-kaolinite and pre- use of clay soils from Abitibi, Quebec:2. Effects zeolite structures: effects of the solution media. of organic amendments and cultivation on crop Clay minerals 19:237-242. production. Soil Sci. 137(2):128-134. De Kimpe, C.R.; LaSalle, P.; Laverdiere, M.R. 1984. A Laverdiere, M.R.; Karam, A. 1984. Sorption of phos- sub-till saprolite and the overlying soil profile phorus by some surface soils from Quebec in near Mount Orford, Southern Quebec. Can. J. relation to their properties. Commun. in Soil Sci. Soil Sci. 64:577-585. Plant Anal. 15(10):1215-1230.

146 Research Branch Report 1984 Lemieux, C.; Deschenes, 1.M.; Morisset, P. 1984. Belzile, L.; Rioux, R. 1983. Etablissement des plantes Competition entre la spargoute des champs fourrageres par semis direct. I. Effet des types de (Spergula arvensis) et la setaire glauque (Setaria sol et des especes. Notes sur les fourrages glauca). I. Production de matiere seche. Can. 1. 27:32-39. Bot. 62:1852-1857. Belzile, L. 1983. Etablissement des pIantes fourrageres Lemieux, C.; Deschenes, 1.M.; Morisset, P. 1984. par semis direct. 11. Comparaison de trois Competition entre la spargoute des champs legumineuses ensemencees it deux periodes de (Spergula arvensis) et la setaire glauque (Setaria I'annee sur deux types de sol. Notes sur les four- glauca). II. Production de graines. Can. 1. Bot. rages 27:40-44. 62: 1858-1863. Belzile, L.; Desjardins, R.; Pelletier, H.; Gaudette, A.; Lemieux, C.; Deschenes, 1.M. 1984. Effets de la den- Gendron, D. 1984. Incidence de la teneur en eau site de la spargoute des champs (Spergula arven- du sol sur Ie pH. Canadex 550. Agric. Can. sis) sur Ie rendement de la luzerne au cours de Belzile, L.; Rioux, R. 1983. Etablissement des plantes I'annee d'etablissement. Phytoprotection 65: fourrageres par semis direct. I. Effet des types de 53-60. sol et des especes. Notes sur les fourrages Lin, e.Y.; McAllister, A.1.; Batra, T.R.; Lee, A.J.; Roy, 27:32-39. G.L.; Veseley, 1.A.; Wauthy, 1.M.; Winter, K.A. Bouhired, L.; Fortin, 1.A.; Furlan, Y. 1984. Production 1984. Reproductive performance of crossline and experimentale d'endomycorhizes it vesicules et pureline dairy heifers. 1. Dairy Sci. 67: arbuscules sur Ie bigaradier (Citrus aurantium). 2420-2428. Fruits 39:277-282. Michaud, R.; Richard, e.; Surprenant, 1. 1984. Selec- Dejou J.; De Kimpe, e.R. 1984. La compacite des sols tion for resistance to Leptosphaerulina leaf spot in et ses consequences agronomiques. Aper<;u bi- alfalfa. Phytopathol. Z. 110:69-77. bliographique. Bull. Tech. Inform., Paris, 386. Mcloughlin, T.1.; Bordeleau, L.M.; Dunican, L.K. L1-Agro-122:3-15. 1984. Competition studies with Rhizobium De Kimpe, e.R. 1983. Compactage et tassement des meliloti in a field experiment. 1. Appl. Microbiol. sols. Canada Agriculture, 29(3-4):28-30. 56:131-135. Drapeau, R. 1984. Gourgane Baie St-Paul. Fiche Cana- Paquin, R. 1984. Influence of the environment on cold dex, fevrier. hardening of winter survival of forage and cereal species with consideration of proline as a meta- Drapeau, R.; Dallaire, U. 1984. Details de construction bolic marker of hardening. In Being alive on land, d'une grosse fourragere pour Ie nettoyage et la ed. by N.S. Margaris, M. Arianoustou-Farag- recolte de parcelles. Agric. Can. Res. Br. Bull. gitaki and w.e. Oechel. 137-154. Dr W. Junk, Tech. 1984-3F. 19 pp. publisher, Boston, USA 322 pp. Furlan, Y.; Fortin, 1.A. 1984. Annuaire international Poulin, R.; Larochelle, 1.; Nadeau, P. 1984. Polyamines des mycorhizologues. Agriculture Canada - Uni- e in Acanthamoeba castellanii: presence of an versite Laval, 2 edition, 162 pp. unusually high, osmotically sensitive pool of 1,3- Laverdiere, M.R. 1984. L'amendement des sols ar- diaminopropane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. gileux de I'Abitibi peut-il favoriser la culture des Comm. 122:388-393. cereales? Can. Agric. 30(2):16-19. Rioux, R. 1984. Influence de la fumure azotee sur la Paliwal, Y.C.; Comeau, A. 1984. Epidemiology of bar- competition entre Ie chiendent et I'orge. Phyto- ley yellow dwarf virus in Ontario and Quebec in protection 65:61-64. 1982 and 1983. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 64:21-23. Rioux, R.; Belzile, L. 1983. Etablissement des plantes Divers fourrageres par semis direct. 111. Valeur relative sur les sols humides. Notes sur les fourrages Allard, G.; Michaud, R. 1984. Selection pour la teneur 27:45-51. en proteine brute et la digestibilite chez la fleole des pres (Phleum pratense L.). Annales de I'Asso- Savoie, P.; Marcoux, A. 1984. Technological choices in ciation Canadienne-Fran<;aise pour I'avancement forage harvest and conservation. Proc. Am. Soc. des sciences 51:285. Agric. Eng. ASAE paper no. 84-1525. 19 pp.

Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 147

Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSIONNELS

Administration C.B. Aube, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Directeur R. Crete, LSA, MSc Directeur adjoint Y. Bonneau Services administratifs A. Conti, Doctorat d'Etat (Italie) Chimiste T. Otis, BSc(Agr) Agent d'information

Soutien scientifique R. Messier! Informatique I. Wallace,2 BA, MLS Bibliotheque

Fruits M.1. Lareau, BSc(Agr), MSc Chef de section; gestion des cultures D. Bagnara, DSc(Agr), PhD Genetique N.1. Bostanian, BSc, MSc, PhD Acarologie-entomologie L.1. Coulombe, BA, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Phytopathologie R.L. Granger, BA, LSA, MSc, PhD Physiologie 1.R. Pelletier, BSc, MSc Phytopathologie G.L. Rousselle, BA, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Genetique C. Vincent, BSc, MSc, PhD Entomologie

Legumes 1. Belcourt, BSc, MSc, DSc Chef de section; entomologie G. Belair, BSc, MSc Nematologie D. Benoit,3 BSc, MSc Malherbologie L. Berard, BSc, MSc, PhD Physiologie de la senescence G. Boivin, BSc, MSc, PhD Entomologie M.S. Chiang, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Biotechnologie 1.C. Cote,3 BSc, MSc Biotechnologie M. Hudon, LSc(Agr), MSc Entomologie B. Landry,3 BSc, MSc Genetique P. Martel, BA, BSc, PhD Toxicologie B. Vigier, BSc(Agr) Gestion des cultures

Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 149 Genie et sols A. Belanger, BSc, PhD Chef de section; chimie des pesticides R. Chagnon, BSc(AgrEng) Energie lA. Millette, BSc(AgrEng), MSc, PhD Hydrologie B. Panneton,3 BSc, MSc Arrosages aeriens R. Theriault, BSc(AgrEng), DocIng Mecanisation M. Trudelle,3 BSc(AgrEng) Specialiste des sols

Ferme experimentale, L' Assomption F. Darisse, BA, BSc Surintendant N. Arnold, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Physiologie M. Caron,3 BSc, MSc Phytopathologie M. Dupre, BA, BSc(Agr) Protection M. Lamarre, BSc(Agr), MSc Phytotechnie I.S. Ogilvie, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Genetique (mai's et tabac) C. Richer-Leclerc, BSc(Agr), MSc Gestion des plantes omementales

Depart L.E. Parent, BSA, MSc, PhD Physique des sols

GOUVERNEMENT DE LA PROVINCE DE QUEBEC

M. Mailloux, BSA, MSc Entomologie

IDetache de la Direction generale des affaires financieres et administratives, Division des systemes et services consultatifs. 2Detache de la Direction generale des affaires financieres et administratives, Division des bibliotheques. 3Presentement aux etudes pour I'obtention d'un doctorat (Ph.D.).

150 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

La station de recherches de Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu et sa ferme experimentale de I'Assomption travaillent aresoudre les problemes relies a la production des plantes horticoles, du maIs, du tabae, des plantes ornementales et des fines herbes. Les programmes de recherche sont orientes vers la regie, la fertilite, l'amelioration et la protection de ces plantes. Tel que prevu, cette annee, Ie personnel de la station de Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu a amenage dans un nouvel immeuble, Ie 5 septembre. Ce rapport offre un bref apen;u des resultats obtenus en 1983. Pour de plus amples renseignements, veuillez vous adresser a: Station de recherches, Direction generale de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, c.P. 457, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, 13B 6Z8.

Claude B. Aube Directeur

LEGUMES (CIPC), I'allidochlor (Randox) et l'ioxynil (Toctril) sont presentement homologues pour Sensibilite de la carotte au charan~on I'oignon en sol organique. Le charan\

Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 151 Nouveau cultivar de chou resistant a la potentiel de ce parasite comme agent de lutte hernie biologique contre Ie charan<;on de la carotte. Le Le cultivar de chou Acadie, nomme en 1984, DD-136 est I'espece qui a tue Ie plus rapidement est resistant aux races I et 6 du pathogene I'insecte-hote en provoquant des taux de mortalite Plasmodiophora brassicae qui cause la hernie superieurs aux deux autres especes, 24 h apres des crucireres, maladie consideree comme la plus inoculation. importante dans les cultures de crucireres. Plu- Le nematode des nodosites chez la carotte sieurs races de I'organisme pathogene ont ete Le nematode des nodosites, Meloidogyne identifiees a travers Ie monde. Acadie a ete evalue hapla, occasionne d'importantes pertes de rende- pour sa resistance a la hernie au Canada (Quebec, ment dans les cultures maraicheres du Quebec, C.-B.), aux USA (Wisconsin) et en Nouvelle- notamment dans les cultures de carotte. Dans les zelande (Lincoln) et les essais se sont reveles champs fortement infestes, iI peut y avoir perte concluant pour ce qui est de la race I et 6 de totale, surtout la ou la rotation des cultures n'est P. brassicae. Le nouveau cultivar s'adapte bien, a pas pratiquee. Le prix ascendant des fumigants et une excellente apparence et est de tres bonne la menace de voir disparaitre du marc he des bio- qualite. cides de plus en plus contestes accentue la neces- De plus, six lignees resistantes consistant en site d'evaluer d'autres methodes de lutte, notam- une lignee male sterile et une Iignee male fertile ment les fa<;ons culturales. Des etudes en sol pour chacune des especes de choux, brocoli et organique sur I'incidence de la date et de la den- chou-fleur ont egalement ete cedees aux multi- site de semis de carotte sur les pertes causees par plicateurs. Les trois Iignees males steriles sont ce nematode ont demontre que la date de semis tolerantes a la chlorose hypothermique. demeure un facteur determinant dans les pertes La fusariose chez I'asperge causees par Ie nematode. Pour Ie semis Ie plus Un inventaire a ete effectue en 1982-1983 sur hatif (Ier mai), les carottes vendables s'elevaient a des semences, griffes et plants d'asperge en pro- 73 % et pour Ie semis Ie plus tardif (16 juin), a duction dans Ie but de verifier si certains cham- 21 %. La densite de semis n'a pas influence Ie pignons, notamment Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pourcentage de carottes endommagees. II y a eu asparagi et F. moniliforme sont responsables du 53 % de carottes vendables avec I'hybride Spar- declin des aspergeraies observe recemment au tan Classic et 40 % pour la variete Gold Pak 28. Quebec. Ces deux especes de Fusarium ont ete retrouvees respectivement sur 93 % et 61 % de plants examines dans les aspergeraies. Meme si PETITS FRUITS les tests de pathogenicite menes avec F. oxysporum et F. moniliforme ont ete positifs, les Pollinisation dans une fraisiere symptomes du champ ne permettent pas de con- Les insectes, en plus de la gravite ou Ie vent, c1ure que la fusariose soit a I'origine d'un contribuent generalement Ie plus a la pollinisa- quelconque deperissement. tion des plants de fraisier. On a cherche a identi- Nematodes entomophages contre Ie fier parmi neuf cultivars ceux qui furent les plus charaDl,on de la carotte visites par les insectes pollinisateurs, les meilleurs pouvant servir comme parents dans un Afin d'etablir une lutte integree contre Ie programme d'amelioration genetique. La fre- charan<;on de la carotte Listronatus oregonensis, quence des visites de I'abeille domestique et on a verifie la sensibilite de cet insecte a I'infec- autres pollinisateurs pendant la floraison des tion de trois especes de nematodes des parasites plants ont servi a determiner les cultivars les plus Neoaplectana carpocapsae (DD-136), N. attirants. II y a eu trois fois plus de visites bibionis (T335) et Heterorhabditis heliothidis. d'abeilles et deux fois plus de visites d'autres Le taux de mortalite des larves du charan<;on a ete insectes pollinisateurs chez Ie cultivar Elvira que de 100 % pour les trois especes de nematodes, 4 chez Catskill. Des essais anterieurs ont demontre jours apres Ie debut de I'essai. Les pupes et que les cultivars varient dans Ie spectre de reflec- adultes se sont montres moins sensibles a ce type tivite des petales, a savoir que pour I'abeille, les d'infection avec une mortalite de 79 % et 75 % fleurs n'ont pas toutes la me me dimension, forme respectivement apres 6 jours. Bien que ces essais et couleur. furent faits en plaques de Petri, a temperature con stante de 27°C, il devient interessant d'eva- Amelioration genetique du fraisier Iuer Ie nematode DD-136 incorpore au sol, en La valeur economique de la production cana- serre et en plein champ, afin de connaitre Ie die nne de fraises et son potentiel d'expansion

152 Research Branch Report 1984 necessitent l'obtention de cultivars ameliores, Repartition d'un pesticide sur pommiers adaptes ala recolte mecanique et a la transforma- La repartition spatiale des pesticides sur pom- tion industrielle. L'amelioration genetique du miers apres arrosage devient importante, notam- fraisier est axee sur un programme d'hybridation ment pour la mise au point de plans et de selection de nouveaux cultivars et sur l'eva- d'echantillonnage. On a donc determine quan- luation des meilleurs cultivars americains et eu- titativement a Frelighsburg, la repartition d'un ropeens deja existants. Aucun a date ne presente produit en se servant d'un marqueur fluorescent, une synthese satisfaisante de caracteres, surtout la fluoresceine (Anachemia Co.), chaque arbre pour ce qui conceme la fermete des fruits. Les evalue ayant re<;u environ 4,5 L de bouillie, soit buts du programme de Saint-Jean, outre la fer- I g de fluoresceine. Des differences significatives mete des fruits, sont une plus haute concentration demontrent que la fluoresceine n'a pas ete repartie de maturation pour fin de recolte surtout mecani- egalement dans un pommier. Ainsi, au niveau des que, la resistance a la stele rouge, un rendement points cardinaux, les cotes est et ouest d'un arbre eleve, les caracteres morphogenetiques et les fac- peuvent recevoir Ie double des concentrations, teurs importants de l'attraction des fleurs de ces demiers donnant dans l'allee de passage de fraisier sur les agents pollinisateurs. Des diffe- l'arroseuse, sont donc directement dans Ie jet de rences marquees ont ete observees chez les geno- l'appareil. Aussi, Ie bas et l'exterieur d'un pom- types et laissent esperer des chances de reussite mier re<;oivent pres de deux fois plus de produit. du programme d'amelioration. Si l'on desire connaitre la distribution d'un pesticide present sur un arbre, on devra recourir a l'echantillonnage stratifie, mais si l'on veut ARBRES FRUITIERS detecter la presence de residus, on aura avantage a se concentrer dans Ie bas de l'arbre, a l'exterieur Depistage du charan.;on de la prune en et dans les quadrants donnant sur l'allee. vergers de pommiers Afin de connaltre davantage Ie comportement du charan<;on de la prune Conotrachelus nenuphar en champ, une methode de marquage TABAC ET PLANTES des adultes a ete mise au point pour permettre sa ORNEMENTALES detection a distance. II s'agit d'incorporer du zinc radioactif (65 Zn) a de la peinture et d'appliquer Methodes culturales chez Ie tabac a cigare celle-ci sur Ie dos de l'insecte. En utilisant dif- Pendant 3 ans, on a etudie les variations des ferentes couleurs, on peut connaitre et suivre caracteres agronomiques et morphologiques de la l'evolution dans Ie champ de chaque specimen composition chimique du tabac a cigare en rela- marque. La detection en champ s'effectue en par- tion avec la distance de plantation, Ie stade et la courant Ie site experimental avec un compteur a hauteur d'ecimage. Le stade d'ecimage a modifie scintillations. La technique permet jusqu'a 62 % significativement Ie rendement, Ie revenu brut, Ie de recaptures d'insectes marques et de car- pourcentage de filasse de tete et la composition tographier leurs deplacements. II est maintenant chimique du tabac a cigare. Par contre, la hauteur etabli que la majorite des charan<;ons pas sent d'ecimage n'a pas influence les donnees agro- l'hiver en dehors des vergers et cette information nomiques, bien que la composition chimique ait s'avere importante pour la mise en place de pro- ete modifiee. La distance de plantation a eu grammes de lutte plus efficace. cependant un effet tres marque sur tous les Deux nouveaux eradicants contre la tavelure parametres, sauf Ie contenu de la filasse. Les de la pomme resultats ont indique qu'un espacement de 30 cm entre les plants et l'ecimage normal au stade de Deux nouveaux fongicides systemiques non 50 % de floraison donnent les meilleurs rende- homologues DPX-H6573 (Dupont) et RH-3866 ments et revenus. Sous ces conditions, on retrou- (Rohm & Haas), appliques en post-infection, se ve la plus forte teneur en alcaloi'des totaux et en sont averes tres efficaces comme eradicants de la nicotine, et les feuilles sont aussi plus larges et tavelure de la pomme Venturia inaequalis. lIs longues. offrent une protection d'eradication de 96 h et leur action systemique residuelle agit a des doses Enracinement de deux types de coniferes beaucoup plus faibles que les autres produits mis La duree de la photoperiode au cours de a l'essai. Dans des periodes difficiles d'infection l'enracinement des boutures modifie leur rhi- comme celles connues en 1984, ces fongicides zogenese. Les solutions hormonales preparees a sont efficaces mais n'alterent pas Ie fini et la base de tiges Iyophilisees de saule pleureur (Salix coloration des fruits. alba) etde peuplierde lombardie (Populus nigra)

Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 153 possedent certaines proprietes favorables a Aussi, deux techniques pour la collection des l'enracinement des boutures. Des boutures termi- papillons pendant les elevages furent utili sees , nales de Juniperus sabina et Thuya occidentalis soit la technique avec aspirateur electrique, ainsi ont donc ete soumises a deux photoperiodes que la methode qui consiste a deposer directe- (l'une de 16 h et l'autre entre 9 h et 9 h 30 de ment les rondelles de carton ondule contenant les lumiere par jour) et a 12 traitements hormonaux chrysalides dans les cages de pontes. Cette prepares a base d'extraits de saule et de peuplier, derniere methode a permis de doubler la fecon- combines ou non avec l'acide indolebutyrique dite des papillons femelle d'une fal{on statistique- (IBA). Un meilleur enracinement a ete observe ment significative. Avec une production annuelle pour les boutures soumises a une photoperiode de de pres de 300 000 pontes a Saint-Jean, il devient 16 h produite a l'aide de lampes au sodium a haute economiquement rentable d'utiliser cette tech- pression chez les deux types de conireres et ce, nique. pour la plupart des traitements hormonaux evalues, notamment les combines (extraits + IBA). Reseau d'essais des plantes Iigneuses ornementales PUBLICATIONS Un reseau d'essais des vegetaux ligneux orne- Recherche mentaux a ere etabli en 1984 et permettra d'obtenir des renseignements sur Ie comporte- Boivin, G.; Sauriol, P. 1984. Dispersion statistics and ment et la rusticite des arbres et arbustes orne- sequential sampling for leaf blight caused by Botrytis squamosa in onions. Phytopthology mentaux dans diverses regions du Quebec. 74: 1385- 1387. L'introduction de 30 especes ornementales a debute au printemps dans neuf sites d'evaluation Boivin, G.; Stewart, R.K. 1984. Spatial dispersion of et des donnees phenologiques ont ete prises au phytophagous mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) of apple trees. 1. Econ. Entomo!. 76:1242-1247. cours de l'ete, Ie taux de rusticite sera observe au printemps 1985. Les trois centres de multiplica- Boivin, G.; Stewart, R.K. 1983. Distribution of phy- tion du reseau ont produit les 50 especes qui tophagous mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) on apple doivent etre introduites au printemps 1983. II Ya trees in relation to habitat availability. Environ. Entomo!. 12:1641-1645. des arbres feuillus (20), des conireres (10), des rampants (5), des Ericacees (5) et des arbustes Boivin, G.; Stewart, R.K. 1984. Effect of height and (10). La liste des 50 vegetaux pour 1986 est orientation of flight traps for monitoring phy- etablie et leur multiplication commencee. tophagous mirids. Rev. Soc. Entomo!. Quebec 29: 17-21. Bostanian, N.1.; Boivin, G.; Goulet, H. 1983. The ramp MAIS GRAIN pitfall trap. 1. Econ. Entomo!. 76:1473-1475. Bostanian, N.J.; Dondale, C.D.; Binns, M.R.; Pitre, D. Reproduction massive de la pyrale du mai"s 1984. Effects of pesticide use on spiders in Quebec apple orchards. Can. Entomo!. Afin de reproduire massivement la Pyrale du 116:663-675. mais (Ostrinia nubilalis) en chambre de crois- Buckley, 0.1.; Rousselle, G.L.; Theriault, R.; St- sance pour l'obtention d'oeufs utilises dans des Amour, G.; Nicholls, c.F. 1983. A microcom- programmes d'amelioration genetique du maIs, puter-based system for automatically counting deux dietes synthetiques a base d'agar et de and weighing pre-sorted apples. Trans. Am. Soc. germe de ble ont ete comparees. La diete dite Agric. Eng. 26(2):1849-1853. «Mason» s'est averee plus facile et rapide pre- a Caron, M.; Copeman, R.1. 1984. Effect of the plate parer que la diete dite «Ankeny», bien que la washing procedure on the detection of Erwinia fecondite des papillons (nombre de masses carotovora subsp. atroseptica by a enzyme d'oeufs/femelle) ne soit pas significativement dif- immuno-assay (EIA). Phytoprotection 65:17-25. ferente selon que les specimens provenaient de Granger, R.L. 1984. The response of two apple l'une ou l'autre des dietes. Cependant, la diete cultivars to different combinations of dwarfing «Mason» offre l'avantage aussi d'obtenir plus de rootstocks, tree densities and training systems. chenilles qui se chrysalident dans Ie carton Acta Hortic. 146:215-222. ondule place dans Ie haut des plats de plastique Hajji, S.; Beliveau, 1.; Simon, Z.D.; Salvador, R.; contenant la diete de l'ordre de 20 a 30 % de plus, Aube, C.B.; Conti, A. 1984. A rapid method for et les plats sont relativement exempts de the prefactionation of essential oils. Application moisissures. Le coilt de fabrication de deux dietes to the essential oil of black sprua (Picea mariana demeure a peu pres Ie meme. (Mil!.) spp.). 1. Liq. Chromatogr. 7:2671-2677.

154 Research Branch Report 1984 Lamarre, M. 1983. Reponse du tabac 11 cigare aux Craig, D.L.; Coulombe, L.J.; Rivard, 1. 1984. La differentes methodes culturales. Can. J. Plant Sci. culture du framboisier dans l'est du Canada. 63:1047-1052. Agric. Can. Publ. 1762F, 34 pp. Raghavan, G.S.Y.; Gariepy, Y.; Theriault, R.; Phan, Gameda, S.; Raghavan, G.S.V.; McKyes, E.; C.T.; Lanson, A. 1984. System for controlled Theriault, R. 1983. Single and dual probes for soil atmosphere long term cabbage storage. Int. J. density measurement. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. Refrig. 7(1):66-71. (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper No. 83-1550, Richer-Leclerc, C.; Chong, C. 1983. Influence of 9 pp. willow and poplar extracts on rooting cuttings. Hudon, M. 1984. EI barrenador del maiz. 1984. Cien- Comb. Proc. Int. Plant Propag. Soc. 33:528-536. tificos de 14 paises cooperan desde 1969 en un Vigier, B.; Cutcliffe, J.A. 1984. Effects of boron and singular program a de investigaciones. Agric. nitrogen on the incidence of hollow stem in broc- Am. 33(10):18-21. coli. Acta Hortic. 157:303-308. Hudon, M. 1984. Response of maize inbred lines from Vigier, B.; Theriault, R. 1984. Classeur portatif pour 16 countries to the European com borer infesta- pois de conserverie. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67: tion, tested in the countries 1969-1980: 12-years 769-772. summary (1969-80) of results obtained in Divers Quebec, Canada. Probl. Prot. Plant. (1981) 9(2):73-81, 136-137. Arnold, N. 1983. Grey flue-cured tobacco in Quebec. Canadex 181:532. Hudon, M.; Chiang, M.S.; Ogilvie, 1.; Chez, D. 1984. Inbred maize lines resistant to ECB .ILignees de Arnold, N.; Chong, C. 1984. Controlling the grey disor- mals resistantes 11 la Pyrale du mals ... 15 annees der in flue-cured tobacco. Can. Agric. (Fall edi- d'amelioration genetique. Can. Agric. 30(2):4-9. tion). Hudon, M.; Chiang, M.S.; Ogilvie, 1.; Chez, D. 1984. Boivin, G.; Martel, P.; Hudon, M.; Ritchot, C. 1983. Trois nouvelles lignees precoces de mals grain Les ravageurs des cultures cerealieres, Quebec CSJ-I, CSJ-2 et CSJ-3 resistantes 11 la Pyrale du Can. Agric. Insect Pest Rev. 61:1-2. mals (Ostrinia nubilalis) et 11 la fusariose Boivin, G.; Martel, P.; Hudon, M.; Ritchot, C. 1983. (Gibberella zeae). Phytoprotection 64:93. Les ravageurs des legumes. Can. Agric. Insect Hudon, M.; Ogilvie, 1. 1984. Com pest management Pest Rev. 61:14-15, 54-57. (Canada) in G. Allen andA. Rada (coordinators). Boivin, G.; Vincent, C. 1983. Sequential sampling for Proceedings of International Symposium: The pest control programs. Agric. Can. Tech. Bull. role of biological control in pest management. Int. 14E, 29 pp. Org. BioI. Control-Western Hemisphere Reg. Sect., Santiago (Chile), pp. 98-102. Chiang, M.S. 1984. Male sterility and restoration of male fertility in backcross progenies derived from Lareau, M.J. 1984. La culture du bleuetier au Quebec. interspecific hybridization between Brassica Station de recherches, Agric. Canada, Saint- napus and B. oleracea ssp. capitata. Genetics Jean-sur-Richelieu (revision). Bull. tech. 14:26. 107:19-20. Richer-Leclerc, C. 1984. Un nouveau substrat en hor- Chiang, M.S.; Chong, c.; Crete, R. 1984. Breeding ticulture ornementale: Ie sylvagrest. Can. Agric. low glucosinolate clubroot resistant cabbage. 30(2):33. Can. Agric. 30:8-9. Vincent, C.; Boivin, G. 1984. Le depistage des Chiang, M.S.; Hudon, M.; Chez, D.; Ogilvie, I.S. mouches anthomyiides/Detection of anthomyiid 1984. European com borer and stalk root resistant flies. Can. Agric. 30(2):20-23. early maize synthetic varieties. Annu. Plant Vincent, c.; Mailloux, M.; Belair, G. 1983. Les rava- Resist. Insects Newsl. 10:52-54. geurs des fruits 11 pepins (Quebec). Can. Agric. Chiang, M.S.; Hudon, M.; Chez, D.; Ogilvie, 1. 1984. Insect Pest Rev. 61:63-64. ECB and stalk rot resistant early maize synthetic Vincent, c.; Sharkey, M.J.; Bostanian, N.J.; Boivin, G. varieties. Annu. Plant Resist. Insects Newsl. 1983. Insectes utiles (Quebec). Can. Agric. Insect 10:52-54. Pest Rev. 61:91-92. Cournoyer, M.S.; Ferland, D.; Chagnon, R. 1984. A mixed plug-flow anaerobic digester for dairy manure. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper No. 84-45642.

Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 155

Ontario Region Region de I' Ontario

1.1. Cartier H. Baenziger D.G. Proctor

Director General Directeur general J.J. Cartier, BA, BSc, PhD Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes H. Baenziger, lng Agr, MSc, PhD Chief, Administration Chef de ['administration o.G. Proctor

Ontario Region 157 PREFACE breeding research in apples and tomatoes and crop management work in orchard and vegetable The Ontario Region, with headquarters in crops. Pest monitoring in orchards is essential to Ottawa, includes nine research establishments, the integrated pest management approach. In four research stations, two research centers, and support of local industries Smithfield also fea- three experimental farms. A staff of 870, of tures some produce-processing research. which about 175 are professionals, operates with The Delhi Research Station is the center for a budget of about $35-40 million. research on flue-cured tobacco in Canada, serv- The Animal Research Centre in Ottawa con- ing the industry in Ontario, Quebec, and the Mar- ducts research on beef and dairy cattle, swine, itimes. Growers are implementing the improved poultry, and sheep; animal waste management; cultivars and production technologies being and food safety and nutrition. Up-to-date bio- developed. The use of improved Delhi cultivars in technology methods are being emphasized in ani- Ontario has increased recently from about 50% to mal research today. They focus on genetic manip- well over 90%. ulation of rumen bacteria and on embryo The London Research Centre concentrates on manipulation. During 1984 the Animal Research research in integrated pest management and envi- Centre reached a milestone when the government ronmental quality. The management of insects, approved construction of a new office-laboratory diseases, and weeds is studied for ways to reduce on the Greenbelt Farm. An official sod-turning the reliance of the agri-food industry on chemical ceremony was held in December. pesticides. Biological pest control methods are At the Ottawa Research Station plant-breeding assessed, while the search continues for new, programs are conducted in cereals, forages, soy- environmentally safer control strategies. The beans, and some ornamentals. Improved cultivars London Research Centre is slated to have its facil- or hybrids have resulted, for example Leger bar- ities upgraded in the next 2 or 3 yr. Agriculture ley and Maple Arrow soybean. In forage legumes Canada is purchasing a property near London on the capability for nitrogen fixation in alfalfa and which a new building will be constructed to red clover is also being improved. house the staff now located in the "annex". The In ornamentals numerous flowering shrubs, site will also serve as a station for all field experi- particularly roses, have been introduced, with mentation. better adaptation to our harsh climate. A bio- The Harrow Research Station serves the cli- technology center of excellence is being devel- matically most-favored area of Ontario. South- oped according to plan, and some practical western Ontario produces a great variety of crops results are emerging. The Kapuskasing Experi- and consequently Harrow has the most diverse mental Farm cooperates with the Ottawa research program in the region. Research is being Research Station and the Animal Research Cen- conducted on field crops, on several tree fruit and tre on developing improved beef production sys- vegetable species, and on greenhouse crops. tems based on adapted, locally produced feeds. These programs aim to develop improved The Thunder Bay Experimental Farm evaluates cultivars and superior production technologies. adaptation of forage, grain, and horticultural The development of efficient integrated pest man- crops to the area. At the end of 1984 the Director agement techniques is also a high priority. During of the Ottawa Research Station, Dr. Tibor Rajha- 1984 the Harrow Research Station celebrated its thy, retired after a distinguished career with Agri- 75th anniversary. At the time of the celebrations culture Canada. the Woodsley Substation was renamed The Hon. Research at the Vineland Research Station Eugene F. Whelan Experimental Farm. focuses on integrated pest management for Information on the various programs may be orchard and vegetable crops, grapes, ornamen- obtained by writing to the establishments con- tals, some forage crops, and mushroom produc- cerned or to Ontario Region Headquarters, tion. These programs aim to reduce the use of Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Central chemical pesticides while maintaining crop pro- Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. ductivity and produce quality. The station also maintains a virus-free nuclear stock repository of strawberries, raspberries, and tree fruits. The 1.1. Cartier Smithfield Experimental Farm conducts plant- Director General

158 Research Branch Report 1984 PREFACE coles, les cultures ornementales, quelques cultures fourrageres et les champignonnieres. La region de l'Ontario, dont l'administration Ces programmes ont pour objet de reduire centrale est a Ottawa, comprend neuf etablisse- l'emploi des pesticides chimiques tout en mainte- ments, quatre stations et deux centres de nant la productivite des cultures et la qualite des recherches, ainsi que trois fermes experimen- produits. La station exploite en outre une banque tales. L'effectif de 870 employes, dont environ de materiel-souche de fraisiers, de framboisiers 175 sont des professionnels, utilisent un budget et d'arbres fruitiers exempts de virus. A la ferme de l'ordre de 35 a 40 millions de dollars. experimentale de Smithfield, les chercheurs se Au centre de recherches zootechniques penchent sur l'amelioration des pommiers et des d'Ottawa, on effectue des etudes sur les bovins plants de tomates et effectuent des travaux sur Ia laitiers et de boucherie, sur Ie porc, la volaille et conduite des cultures fruitieres et legumieres. Le les moutons; sur l'utilisation des dechets ani- contr61e des populations de ravageurs dans les maux; ainsi que sur la valeur nutritive et la vergers est I'un des aspects essentiels de la lutte salubrite des aliments. Aujourd'hui, on met integree. Pour appuyer les industries locales, les l'accent sur l'utilisation des methodes bio- chercheurs de Smithfield font egalement des technologiques les plus recentes dans la etudes sur la transformation des produits. recherche. Ces methodes sont axees sur la mani- La station de Delhi est Ie centre national de pulation genetique des bacteries du rumen et la recherches sur Ie tabac jaune. Elle prete son con- transplantation d'embryons. Au cours de 1984, Ie cours au secteur du tabac en Ontario, au Quebec Centre de recherches zootechniques a franc hi une et dans les Maritimes. Les producteurs de tabac etape importante lorsque Ie gouvernement a utili sent les cultivars ameliores et les techniques approuve la construction d'un nouveau complexe de production qui y sont mises au point. En bureaux-laboratoires a la Ferrne de Ia Ceinture Ontario, l'utilisation des cultivars ameliores de verte. La levee de la premiere pelletee de terre a eu Delhi est pas see recemment d'environ 50% a au- lieu en decembre. dela de 90%. A la station de recherches d'Ottawa, les cher- Le Centre de recherches de London concentre cheurs executent des programmes de selection ses travaux sur la lutte integree contre les rava- des plantes visant les cereales, les cultures four- geurs des cultures et sur la qualite de l'environne- rageres, Ie soja et quelques plantes ornementales. ment. Les etudes sur l'enraiement des insectes, Parmi les cultivars ou hybrides ameliores issus de des maladies et des mauvaises herbes ont pour ces activites, figurent I'orge Leger et Ie soja objet de reduire la dependance du secteur agro- Maple Arrow. Chez les legumineuses four- alimentaire a l'egard des pesticides chimiques. rageres, notamment la luzerne et Ie trHle rouge, On evalue les methodes de lutte biologique et l'on on ameli ore progressivement la capacite de fixa- continue a chercher de nouvelles strategies de tion de l'azote. lutte moins nuisibles a l'environnement. On pre- Pour ce qui concerne les plantes ornementales, voit renover les installations du Centre de on a reussi a implanter de nombreux arbustes a recherches de London d'ici a 2 ou 3 ans. Agri- fleurs, en particulier des rosiers, qui sont mieux culture Canada est en voie d'acheter un terrain adaptes a la rigueur de notre climat. La mise sur pres de London, OU il fera construire un nouvel pied d'un centre d'excellence biotechnologique edifice pour heberger Ie personnel qui travaille progresse selon les previsions, et on adeja obtenu actuellement dans l'''annexe''. Le site servira divers resultats pratiques de ce programme. La aussi de station pour la conduite de toutes les Ferme experimentale de Kapuskasing coopere experiences au champ. avec la station de recherches d'Ottawa et Ie Centre La station de recherches de Harrow dessert la de recherches zootechniques a la mise au point de region de l'Ontario OU Ies temperatures sont Ies systemes ameliores de production de bovins de plus clementes. Le sud-ouest de l'Ontario produit boucherie utilisant des aliments du betail adaptes une grande diversite de cultures, ce qui fait que la aux conditions locales et produits sur place. La station de Harrow affiche Ie programme de Ferme experimentale de Thunder Bay evalue recherches Ie plus diversifie de la region. Des l'adaptation locale de certaines plantes four- recherches sont actuellement en cours sur les rageres, cerealieres et horticoles. A la fin de 1984, grandes cultures, sur plusieurs especes arbus- Ie directeur de la station de recherches d'Ottawa, tives, fruitieres et legumieres et sur les cultures de Tibor Rajhathy, a pris sa retraite apres une bril- serre. lante carriere a Agriculture Canada. Ces programmes visent a mettre au point des Les recherches a la station de Vineland portent cultivars ameliores et des techniques de produc- principalement sur la lutte integree dans les tion superieures. L'elaboration de techniques cultures fruitieres et legumieres, les cultures vini- efficaces de lutte integree occupe aussi un rang Ontario Region 159 privilegie. La station a fete son 75e anniversaire tion centrale de la region de I'Ontario, Direction en 1984 et, a cette occasion, la station satellite de generale de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, Woods ley a ete rebaptisee la ferme experimentale Ferme experimentale centrale, Ottawa (Ont.), Honorable Eugene F. Whelan. KIA OC6. Pour de plus ampies renseignements sur les divers programmes, veuiIIez ecrire aux etablisse- J.J. Cartier ments concemes ou vous adresser a l'administra- Directeur general

160 Research Branch Report 1984 Animal Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Administration R.S. Gowe, BSA, MS, PhD, FPSA Director 1.1. Elliot,! BSA, MSc, PhD Deputy Director D.A. Leger, BSc Assistant to the Director D.A. Schmid,2 BA Chief, Administration and resources G.R. Ford3 Administrative Officer, Personnel

Scientific Support K.G. Hilson,4 BSc, MSc Project Manager; Computer services D.L. Brewin4 Programmer-Analyst D. Campbe1l4 Programmer-Analyst B.1. McKelvey Programmer-Analyst H.M. Mucha4 Programmer-Analyst T.D. Osterhout Programmer K.E. Hartin, DVM Veterinarian 1.P. Miska,5 BA, BLS Library services

Animal Waste Utilization Program N.K. Patni, BChE, MSc, PhD Program Chairman; Livestock waste utilization, farm pollution abatement

Biotechnology 1.S. Gavora, lng, CSc Program Chairman; Disease resistance genetics D.E. Bemon,6 BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Cellular, molecular, and quantitative genetics A.1. Hackett, DVM, MSc, PhD Embryo transfer, female reproductive physiology G.1. Marcus, BA, PhD Matemal--embryonic physiological interactions 1. Nagai,? BSc, DAgr Embryo manipulation---quantitative genetics M.P. Sabour,8 BSc, PhD Molecular and cellular genetics R.M. Teather, BSc, PhD Genetic manipulation of rumen bacteria Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production Program A.1. Lee, BSc(Agr), PhD Program Chairman; Dairy cattle breeding and production-applied quantitative genetics T.R. Batra, BVSc, MVSc, PhD Dairy cattle breeding-applied quantitative genetics C.Y. Lin, BS, MS, PhD Dairy cattle breeding-applied quantitative genetics A.1. McAllister, BS, MS, PhD Dairy cattle breeding and production-applied quantitative genetics

Animal Research Centre 161 Dairy and Beef Cattle Nutrition Program M. Ivan, lng, MSc, PhD Program Chairman; Nutrition and metabolism of trace minerals A.S. Atwal, BSc, MSc, PhD Forage evaluation and nutrition J.D. Ertle, BSA, MSc, PhD Rumen metabolism and nutrition M. Hidiroglou, DVM, Dip Nutr Vitamin D nutrition K.J. Jenkins, BSA, MSc, PhD Calf nutrition J.R. Lessard,9 BA, BSA, MS, PhD Forage conservation and nutrition S. Mahadevan, BSc, MSc, PhD Rumen metabolism and nutrition ED. Sauer, DVM, MS, PhD Rumen metabolism and nutrition D.M. Veira, BSc, MSc, PhD Ruminant nutrition

Swine Production Program D.W. Friend, BSc, MSc, PhD Program Chairman; Sow and piglet nutrition J.1. Elliot,1 BSA, MSc, PhD Sow nutrition, artificial rearing A. Fortin,1O BSc(Agr), PhD Carcass evaluation-swine, poultry, sheep, cattle D.G. Fraser, BA, PhD Animal behavior-swine, sheep, cattle

Poultry Breeding Program A.A. Grunder, BSA, MSc, PhD Program Chairman; Eggshell quality genetics, broiler breeding, goose breeding, and management J.R. Chambers, BSc, MSc, PhD Broiler breeding and management R.W. Fairfull, BSc, MSc, PhD Egg stock breeding and management R.S. Gowe, BSA, MS, PhD Egg stock breeding and management c.P.w. Tsang, BSc, MSc, PhD Physiology-eggshell quality and egg production

Poultry Nutrition Program I.R. Sibbald, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD, DSc Program Chairman; Avian energetics and feedingstuff evaluation N.A.G. Cave,11 BSc, MSc, PhD Amino acids and proteins, broiler breeder nutrition and management R.M.G. Hamilton, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Nutrition and physiology, eggshell quality, mycotoxins

Sheep Production Program L. Ainsworth, BSc, MSc, PhD Program Chairman; Female reproductive physiology P.S. Fiser, BSc, MSc, PhD Male reproductive physiology D.P. Heaney, BS, MS, PhD Nutrition and intensive management G.A. Langford, BSc, MSc, PhD Male reproductive physiology J.N.B. Shrestha, BVScAH, MS, PhD Breeding and intensive production- applied quantitative genetics

Animal Feed Safety and Nutrition Program H.L. Trenholm, BSc, PhD Program Chairman; Mycotoxins, toxicology M.H. Akhtar, BSc, MSc, PhD Pesticide metabolism and residues L.M. Cote, 12 BSc, MSc Biochemical toxicology, mycotoxins

162 Research Branch Report 1984 E.R. Farnworth,I3 BSc, MSc, PhD Lipid nutrition and metabolism J.K.G. Kramer, BSc, MSc, PhD Lipid chemistry and biochemistry D.B. Prelusky, BSc(Pharm), PhD Mycotoxin metabolism, toxicology

Departures J.R. Harrison, BSc Administrative Officer, Finance Transferred to Department of National Defense, 27 November 1984 N.K. Sarkar, BSc, MSc, DSc Protein biochemistry Retired, 2 February 1984 G.1. Smith, BMath Programmer-Analyst On leave as of I January 1984 for an indefinite period

VISITING SCIENTISTS

W. Guenter, PhD Eggshell quality Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Y. Lu, MD Laboratory animal breeding Laboratory Animal Centre, Beijing, China 1. Okada, DAgr Avian immunogenetics Faculty of Applied and Biological Sciences, Hiroshima University, Fukuyama, Japan D. Perotto, MSc Dairy cattle breeding and Parana State Agricultural Research management Institute, Londrina, Parana, Brazil F. Strudsholm, BSc Calf nutrition National Institute of Animal Science Research (Cattle and Sheep), Orum Sonderlyng, Denmark; Government of Denmark training fellowship C. Lac6te, BSc Lipid research National Institute of Agronomy, Paris-Grignon, France; Government of France training fellowship T. Michelin, MSc Poultry breeding management National Centre for Swine and Poultry Research, Concordia, Brazil; United Nations Development Programme-Food and Agriculture Organization training fellowship B.C. Foster, BSc, PhD Toxicology of mycotoxin- Natural Sciences and Engineering contaminated grains Research Council postdoctorate fellow, 1984-1985 R. Gopinath, BSc, MSc, PhD Urea metabolism in ruminants 1984-1985

Animal Research Centre 163 C.A. Kelleher, BSc, PhD Mineral metabolism 1983-1985 T. Tennessen, BA, BSc, MSc, PhD Swine production 1983-1984 K.H. Ponzilius, BSc, MSc, PhD Embryo splitting and manipulation 1984-1985

Graduate student I.e. Segura, Clng Poultry genetics

IActing Deputy Director, I January 1984-31 March 1984. Appointed I April 1984. 2Appointed 13 February 1984. 3Acting Chief, Administration and Resources, I January 1984-10 February 1984; Acting Administrative Officer, Finance, from IS November 1984. 4Seconded from Systems and Consulting Directorate, Finance and Administrative Branch. 5Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 60n transfer of work at the Cellular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Agriculture (INRA), Toulouse, France. 29 November 1984-1 December 1985. 70n transfer of work at Tohoku University, Sendai City, Japan. II April 1983-13 February 1984. 8Appointed 3 December 1984. 9Seconded to Research Branch, Program Coordination Directorate, I November 1981-31 December 1984. lOOn transfer of work at Meat Research Institute, Agriculture Research Council, Langford, Bristol, England, 17 October 1983-1 November 1984. IIOn transfer of work at the Small Animal Breeding Institute, Belgium Ministry of Agriculture, Merelbeke, Belgium. I August 1984-1 August 1985. 120n education leave at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl., as of 21 June 1982 for an indefinite period. 130n transfer of work at the Pig Husbandry Department, National Institute for Research in Agriculture (INRA), Saint Gilles, France. 15 August 1984-15 August 1985.

164 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The Animal Research Centre (ARC) is the main Canadian location for breeding and genetics research with dairy cattle, sheep, and poultry; it also has major research programs in the nutrition of dairy and beef cattle, poultry, swine, and sheep. In addition, research is under way in animal waste utilization and management, dietary utilization of fats and oils, reproductive physiology of all species, trace mineral requirements of sheep and cattle, animal behavior, carcass evaluation of all species, ruminant digestive physiology, pesticide metabolism, and effects and metabolism of other contaminants in animal feeds. The nine research program teams are multidisciplinary and are composed of scientists with a broad range of scientific knowledge. Both applied and basic studies, directly related to the solution of the problem, are carried out within these teams. The major research goal of the center is the resolution of the numerous problems associated with improving the productive efficiency of intensively housed and managed livestock and poultry. In 1984, the program structure was thoroughly reviewed and modifications were made. Several program chairpersons were rotated. The dairy and beef cattle nutrition groups were combined with the scientists working in the areas of trace minerals and vitamin utilization to form a comprehensive dairy and beef cattle nutrition program. This amalgamated program will better represent the total ARC contribution in the major program area of ruminant nutrition. The use of genetic engineering techniques and research on molecular genetics and embryo manipulation hold great potential as valuable tools for improvement of Canadian livestock and poultry production. Research in a number of these areas has been under way at ARC for several years in the separate areas of animal and poultry breeding and genetics, reproductive physiology, and rumen microbiology. To recognize the center's increasing research in biotechnology, a new biotechnology program was created consisting of scientific staff previously assigned to other program teams. This broadly based, multidisciplinary team was further strengthened by the addition of a new scientist with specialized knowledge of cellular and molecular genetics. This new biotechnology program has work in progress in the genetic engineering of rumen bacteria and embryo manipulation, and on the development of early prediction of milk production potential in dairy cattle using hormones and tissue culture. Other projects will focus on tissue culture, cell manipulation, and DNA manipulation for application to research on genetic resistance to disease. This annual report highlights research progress in 1984. Some advances that are particularly noteworthy: it was found that selenium pellets are effective intraruminally to control nutritional muscular dystrophy; ammonia was shown to reduce deterioration in large round bales of alfalfa hay; a two-tier pen improves the environment for intensively housed swine; a number of grass silages result in good performance for beef and a fish-meal supplement gives a large improvement in silage utilization; vomitoxin residues in contaminated feedstuffs are not transmitted to edible animal products such as eggs or milk; further progress was made in understanding the role of heterosis in poultry egg production; the heritability of various traits was established in the national cattle breeding experiment; a stable enzyme preparation was developed to assess feed proteins for ruminants; the puncture test is a practical, direct method for measuring the material strength of eggshells; the use of vaginal smears increases the accuracy of prediction of pregnancy in sheep; the metabolism and breakdown of the pesticide deltamethrin were established in poultry; and extensive data have been analyzed to evaluate the selection and crossbreeding program for intensive sheep production. The transfer of research results from the laboratory to the farmer-user remains a high priority. Efforts in this regard were exemplified by the quantity of high-quality research data that are published in over 80 scientific articles and in more than 75 technical and popular-press articles. An increasing number of the scientific staff are invited to international symposia and conferences. Representative of this was the visit by Ian Sibbald to Southeast Asia to teach the true metabolizable energy (TME) assay for feedstuff evaluation at a number of research and commercial centers. Among over 200 visitors to the Central Experimental Farm, ARC was especially honored with a tour by the President of Portugal. The center continued extensive involvement in intenlational cooperative research and development programs in Venezuela, Brazil, the Philippines, and Cuba in the areas of dairy cattle and poultry breeding and dairy cattle production research. Under these and other programs, an increasing number of scientists from developing and developed countries are chosing ARC as a location for professional development and training.

Animal Research Centre 165 Members of the research staff continue to be recognized for their scientific excellence. In July 1984, Michel Hidiroglou was presented with the American Feed Manufacturers Award by the American Veterinary Medical Association for his mineral and vitamin research. Later, he joined Ken Jenkins, as both received the Canada Packers Medal for excellence in animal nutrition. The research of John Kramer and Frank Sauer continues to receive acclaim. These ARC scientists were presented with the CSP Foods Canol a Research Award by the Canol a Council of Canada. The election of Robb Gowe as a fellow of the Poultry Science Association is an honor that has been given to few Canadians. Further recognition of his accomplishments as a Canadian and an interna- tionally recognized research scientist and manager occurred at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Animal Science, where he received the Certificate of Merit. For the third time in 6 years, an ARC researcher received the prestigious Merit Award of the Government of Canada. Jan Gavora was honored for his outstanding research on breeding for resistance to disease in poultry. Recognition was also given to several members of the support staff for their contributions to the efficient operations of the center. A major step in the development program for the Central Experimental Farm was the official sod- turning and start of construction of the office-laboratory building. This structure will provide modern laboratory and office facilities and will house all the scientific, technical, administrative, and executive staff. Detailed information on the research accomplishments, methodology, and results can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of this report. Reprints of these publications and copies of this report are available on request from the Animal Research Centre, Headquarters Building, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OC6.

R.S. Gowe Director

ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION Effect of alternative manure-cropped systems on soil, crop, and water quality Changes in composition of animal wastes The study to determine the long-term effects of during storage manure application by dis king, injection, side- Changes in the total solids (TS), carbon, and dressing, and plow down on soil, crop, and water mineral content of dairy cattle manure slurry dur- quality continued in cooperation with the Land ing undisturbed storage in farm-size, covered Resource Research Institute. Initial results indi- concrete tanks, 12.3 x 7.2 x 3.0 m deep were cate little difference in the quality of shallow determined. The initial slurry TS concentration groundwater resulting from the various manure was 9-10% by weight. At the end of 146 and 285 application techniques. days of storage, TS concentration decreased significantly, by 13 and 25%, respectively. This Production of Canadian duckweed from decrease was mainly due to a loss of carbon, liquid manure mostly from the top I-m depth. Lack of a substan- The feasibility of producing Canadian duck- tial increase in TS concentration near the bottom weed, Lemnaceae, as a livestock feed supplement of the tanks indicated that settling of solids was using lagoon-stored swine and dairy cattle relatively small. Dry-basis concentrations of ash, manure as a substrate was investigated in a con- phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magne- tract research project. Studies on greenhouses sium at the end of the storage period were signifi- and pilot-scale plastic-lined ponds indicated that cantly greater than the initial concentrations effective growth of duckweed required about because of the decrease in TS content. A wide 20-fold dilution of lagoon slurry, that is, slurry spatial and temporal variation in TS and in dry- with a dry-matter concentration of 0.1-0.2% by basis ash and mineral concentrations was noted to weight. Nutrient analysis indicated that duck- a depth of about I m. These results showed the weed would provide a good supplementary need for caution when using dry-basis concentra- source of protein and major minerals. Limited tions to compare mineral content of manure slur- microbiological analysis indicated that in gen- ries. eral, the presence of disease-causing organisms

166 Research Branch Report 1984 in duckweed is not a cause for concern. However, in the third lactation it is somewhat lower. The because of the high dilution of manure that is higher yields of the third lactation of the second- required for reasonable growth rates, it was con- generation C line compared with the H line (236 cluded that production of duckweed as a feed versus 230 kg, respectively) indicates some supplement using liquid manure was not practical advantage in butterfat percentage because milk under farm conditions in eastern Ontario. yield for the two groups is nearly equivalent. Effects of breeding age DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING An experiment was superimposed on the PRODUCTION NCDCBP to study effects of age at first breeding on subsequent growth, production, and reproduc- National cooperative dairy cattle breeding tion. A total of 253 heifers were bred at first heat project (NCDCBP) after 350 days of age and 248 contemporary heifers were bred at first heat after 462 days of Preliminary comparisons of the purelines and age. Average age at first calving was 23 and 26 cross lines for lactation yields over multiple lacta- mo for the 350-day and the 462-day groups, tions have commenced. All first-generation respectively. The 462-day group tended to have crosslines (HA, AH) have completed two lacta- higher first-service conception rate than the 350- tions and almost all second-generation crosslines day group (47 versus 38%, respectively). The (C) have completed one lactation. Later lactation 462-day group lost an average of 42 kg from data are being accumulated for these groups and calving to 56 days postpartum compared with for contemporary pureline cows. Preliminary 23 kg for the 350-day group. Differences between analyses of milk, butterfat, and protein yield have the H, A, and C lines were not significant for been completed. reproduction traits except for gestation length and In first lactation, the Holstein H line is superior age at first heat. Station effects were significant to all other groups. The F1 groups (HA, AH) for most reproduction traits. show some hybrid vigor for milk yield whereas that for the second-generation C line is below the Growth, reproduction, and lactation average of the two F) groups. There is some Heritability estimates, and phenotypic and evidence to support the theory that hybrid vigor is genetic correlations among first-lactation yields reduced in subsequent generations of crossbreed- and prepartum and postpartum weight changes ing. Different patterns are seen in the second- were calculated with a multitrait restricted max- lactation results where the H line retains a small imum likelihood procedure using canonical advantage but it is reduced significantly over transformation of the variables. Holstein heifers either the first- or second-generation crossbred. in the NCDCBP calve at an average age of 22.2 Hybrid vigor for second-lactation milk yield is mo compared with about 28 mo in the dairy maintained. The greatest increase in milk yield industry. Heritability estimates for first-lactation from first to second lactation is demonstrated by milk, protein, and fat yields were 0.26 :t: 0.09, the second-generation crossbreds. 0.31 :t: 0.10, and 0.41 :t: 0.11, respectively. Another pattern is seen in third-lactation milk Heritability estimates for prepartum and postpar- yields. Although the difference between the tum weights and weight changes are generally Ayrshire-based A and the Holstein-based H pure- high, ranging from 0.33 :t: 0.10 to 0.43 :t: 0.11. lines is nearly the same as for the first two lacta- This suggests that weight changes during first tions, there is no hybrid vigor shown for the two lactation can be altered through selection. The F) groups. For the limited number of completed genetic and phenotypic correlations between third lactations, the second-generation cross- milk yield and prepartum weights at 350, 462, breds are equivalent in milk yield to the H line and 574 days of age ranged from 0.20 to 0.49 and (6341 versus 6099 kg, respectively). The incon- indicated that heavier heifers prior to calving tend sistent pattern of performance of the different to have higher first-lactation milk yield. Genetic groups from lactation to lactation indicates that and phenotypic correlations between first-lacta- no conclusions on lifetime milk yield potential tion yields and postpartum weight changes were can be made until complete lifetime yields of at all negative, suggesting that heifers with higher least five lactations are available. The results also first-lactation yields had greater postpartum suggest genetic differences in rate of maturity for weight loss. performance. Heritability estimates, and phenotypic and In the first lactation, the HA group has the genetic correlations among reproduction traits, highest butterfat yield whereas in the second lac- gestation length, body weight at calving, and tation it is only equivalent to the H line yield and milk yield were estimated from the data of H line

Animal Research Centre 167 and A line heifers and cows. Heritability esti- heats by testosterone treatment. For comparison mates for reproduction traits of the heifers (ages oftreated and untreated females, 37% ofthe heats at first observed heat, first breeding, last breed- were detected by intact females, whereas 49% ing, days from first to last breeding, number of were detected by testosterone-treated females and services per conception, first service conception 35% by estradiol-treated females. Herders rate, ease of calving, and placental condition) and observed 92% of all heats. Freemartins may be cows (days to first breeding, days to last breeding, useful to help in heat detection, but they should days from first to last breeding, number of ser- be aggressive and free of leg problems. Testoster- vices per conception, first service conception one may be the hormone of choice because rate, ease of calving and placental condition) estradiol can cause udder development. were generally low, ranging from 0 to 26%. Esti- mates for gestation length, body weight at calving, and milk yield were moderate, ranging from DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE 16 to 43%. Phenotypic correlations between NUTRITION heifer reproduction traits and milk yield during first lactation were generally small at -0.10 to Beef production in the Great Claybelt of 0.06. Phenotypic correlations between cow northern Ontario reproduction traits and milk yield were slightly positive at 0.03 to 0.19. Phenotypic correlations At the Kapuskasing Experimental Farm in between heifer and cow reproduction traits were northern Ontario, Charolais-sired bull calves small ranging from -0.16 to 0.14. These results were used to compare direct-cut, formic-acid- suggest that there is some antagonism between treated grass silage made from either timothy, reproduction traits and milk yield of the cows, bromegrass, or an old mixed-grass sward com- although the genetic basis for this was not evi- posed mostly of red fescue and Canada bluegrass. dent. The silages were offered ad libitum as the sole feed for 112 days following weaning at 6--7 mo of Mastitis age. The three silages were made from the pri- The relationship between somatic cell count mary growth of the grasses at a comparable stage and daily milk yield was studied using 2181 com- of maturity (boot) and were ensiled in horizontal posite milk samples from 665 cows of the Ottawa silos. Feed intake of dry matter (DM) at 6.24 kg/ herd of NCDCBP. The average somatic cell count day, gain at 0.73 kg/day and feed efficiency of for cows at first lactation and at all later lactations DM at 8.78 kg/kg gain were the same for all was 305 x 103 and 522 x 103 cel1lmL, respec- silages and indicated that agronomic rather than tively. The decrease in daily milk yield was 0.4 nutritional factors should be the principal crite- and 0.7 kg for cows at first lactation and at all rion for selecting grass species for the Great later lactations, respectively, when the somatic Clay belt area. cell count increased from 200 x 103 to 400 X 103 Further studies have examined the effect of cell/mL. supplementing direct-cut, formic-acid-treated grass silage (AGS) with a high rumen bypass Breeding studies using record of protein such as fish meal. The AGS had a high performance (ROP) data protein content of 19.8%, but high organic acid Canada is divided into 21 geographic zones on and low soluble sugar content gave poor fermen- the ROP program, with each averaging 230-250 tation characteristics. Following weaning at 6--7 dairy herds. The importance of zone on the mo of age, 36 beef steers were fed the AGS ad accuracy of extension factors that are used to libitum for 98 days either alone or supplemented estimate complete lactation performance from with fish meal or barley at 0.5 kg/day. Both sup- part records was evaluated. Zones did not have plements increased total DM intake by an amount significant effects on deviations for milk or fat in equivalent to the quantity offered but had no cows either at first or later lactations. The results effect on silage intake. The fish-meal-supple- suggest that different extension factors are not mented steers gained 0.9 kg/day, which was sub- required for the various geographic areas. stantially faster than gains for the barley or unsup- Heat detection in large dairy cattle herds plemented groups (0.53 and 0.54 kg/day, respectively). Fish-meal supplementation result- Freemartins treated with either estradiol or tes- ed in a large improvement in silage utilization. tosterone were used to detect heat. For 1027 heats only 23% were detected by the freemartins. Of Vitamin D these, 20% of 509 heats were detected by Levels of vitamin D3 were determined for cows estradiol-treated freemartins and 25% of 518 housed indoors and exposed to ultraviolet irradia-

168 Research Branch Report 1984 tion (UVR) during the winter. It was found that Cu in the liver in spite of the fact that Cu concen- exposure to UVR was associated with marked trations in the CuS04-supplemented diets were rises in plasma vitamin 03, The response of twice those in the unsupplemented diets. These plasma vitamin 03 to UVR exposure in sheep that tissue concentrations were accompanied by Cu were raised in total confinement was also investi- solubilities in the rumen that decreased almost gated, and it was observed that exposure to sun proportionally to the increased dietary Cu in the lamps produced a significant increase in plasma CuS04-supplemented sheep. These results, vitamin 03 concentrations. together with a dramatic decrease in the ruminal Prevention of muscular dystrophy in cattle solubility of Mo, suggest an interaction between Cu, Mo, and S in the rumen, which produces Intraruminal selenium pellets (ISP), developed insoluble complexes. It is apparent that although in Australia, were evaluated as a means of con- CuS04 could be used as a supplement to control trolling nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMO) Mo toxicity, it probably would be less effective as in northern Ontario, where numerous calf losses a supplement in Cu-deficient diets. occur from this disorder. Pregnant cows were winter fed grass silage from second-cut material, Forage evaluation and in the spring the cows and calves were put on Studies examined the effects of moisture con- pasture. Eighty crossbred cows in the last tri- tent (MC) and the application of anhydrous mester of pregnancy were given the ISP, and an ammonia (AA) on heating, chemical composi- equal number were used as controls. The efficacy tion, and palatability of high-moisture alfalfa hay of ISP was measured over a 3-yr period by deter- stored covered with plastic sheets in hard-core mining the selenium (Se) status of the cows and large round bales (LRB). Control LRB (I. 7 x calves as well as by the incidence of NMO. 1.7 m diameter) were heated to 66 and 82°C when Plasma Se as well as glutathione perioxidase lev- initial MC was 26 and 33%, respectively. Slow els in whole blood in ISP cows were significantly application over 48 h of about 0.9% AA to a stock higher than in controls. Ten mo after ISP adminis- of LRB reduced the maximum temperatures to 53 tration, Se levels in tissues were considerably and 47°C for hay baled at 29 and 39% MC, higher than in untreated cows, but were within respectively. Excessive heating resulted in normal ranges. Before the cows were turned out oxidative losses of 4.3 and 8.3% dry matter (OM) to pasture, milk Se levels of ISP cows were higher in LRB stored at 26 and 33% MC, respectively. than in controls. This technique of dosing with Se For AA-treated LRB, oxidative losses were was also highly effective in raising the Se status undetectable. of the progeny. There was no clinical or post- Almost all of the AA was retained in the LRB, mortem evidence of NMO disorders in calves which were then used for winter feeding. Crude born from ISP cows. Fifteen control calves protein content increased from 22.8 and 24% OM showed clinical symptoms of NMO in the first 2 for control LRB baled at 26 and 33% MC, respec- yr. tively, to 28.6% for AA-treated LRB. For AA- Molybdenum (Mo) toxicity and copper (Cu) treated LRB, acid detergent lignin content mea- deficiency sured during the winter feeding was similar to that at the time of storage (5.6% OM), whereas In ruminants fed diets high in Mo, toxicity for control LRB baled at 26 and 33% MC, it from Mo and physiological Cu deficiency are increased to 6.6 and 17.3%, respectively. serious production problems. Physiological Cu It was also noted that LRB stored in a stack and deficiency arises from a complex interaction preserved with AA must be used in winter in between Cu, Mo, and sulfur (S); the last converts order to prevent mold growth and heating after part of the dietary Cu into insoluble, biologically removal of the plastic cover. The solubilization of unavailable complexes in the gastrointestinal AA is an exothermic reaction, and so AA should tract and possibly in blood and tissues. In an be applied slowly and. not exceed I%. An applica- experiment, four groups of six wethers were fed tion of 3% AA to 25% MC LRB resulted in a corn-silage-based diets with either low Mo temperature of 86°C at some spots and caused (0.4 ppm), high Mo (8.4 ppm), low Mo and protein heat damage. CuS04, or high Mo and CuS04. Average daily gains and feed-to-gain ratios Calf nutrition were depressed for the high-Mo diet as compared In a study on the influence of triglycerides and with the low-Mo diet, suggesting Mo toxicity in free fatty acids in milk replacers on lipids in blood sheep fed the high-Mo diet. This toxicity was plasma and adipose tissue, calves were fed milk alleviated partly by the CuS04 supplement. The replacers containing either tallow, corn oil, supplement did not elevate the concentration of coconut oil, or the free fatty acids (FFA) derived

Animal Research Centre 169 from these fats. It was found that all calves had groups. The failure of protected SBM to support similar relative amounts of each plasma lipid superior lactation when fed with UCS lies in the class. Cholesteryl esters and phosphatidylcholine selective destruction of some essential amino were the main lipid classes, accounting for acids caused by the cross-linking reactions of 50-57%, and 25-33%, respectively, of the total formaldehyde. Amino acid analysis of protected lipids. Smaller fractions were sphingomyelin SBM showed that the content of lysine and (3-5%), cholesterol (5-8%), and triglycerides tyrosine was reduced by as much as 23 and 66%, and FFA (2-5%). There were small but signifi- respectively. cant increases in both cholesterol and sphingomyelin when FFA were fed instead of the Feed protein degradation using rumen fat from which the FFA were derived. The cho- protease lesteryl esters contained high levels of linoleic acid (56-69%) even when dietary concentrations Currently, the amount of bypass protein is of linoleic acid were only 3-4% of the fat (e.g., detemined either by in vivo or in vitro methods. tallow and coconut groups). Feeding com oil con- In in vitro methods, either whole rumen fluid or taining high levels of linoleic acid raised this fatty commercially available purified protease en- acid in cholesteryl esters to between 84 and 87%. zymes from nonrumen sources are used. Both Concentration of saturated fatty acids in plasma methods have many disadvantages. Therefore, a cholesteryl esters was low both for the com and standard in vitro method, using a stable prepara- coconut oil groups, even though their dietary tion of proteolytic enzymes from mixed rumen concentrations were markedly different, at 17 and organisms, was developed for the routine deter- 90%, respectively. mination of rumen degradability of feed proteins. This study showed that the classes of blood The enzyme preparation has been used to test lipids in the neonatal calf are not changed mark- various feed proteins including soybean, linseed, edly by wide difference in dietary fat. In the main and rapeseed meals, fish meal, blood meal, com lipid classes are cholesteryl esters and phos- gluten meal and formaldehyde-treated soybean phatidylcholine and these are a circulating store- meal. For rates of degradation measured, the feed house of essential fatty acids. It was also deter- proteins ranked in the same order as reported in mined that a high dietary intake of linoleic acid the literature for the other in vivo methods. can reduce arachidonic acid synthesis, and, in The new enzyme preparation eliminates the general, adipose fatty acid composition reflected need to use freshly collected rumen fluid from dietary intake. donor animals with the resulting variability of microbial activity. The cell-free soluble enzyme avoids complications in the other assays because Urea treated corn silage (UeS) and of reutilization of the products of feed protein protected feed protein hydrolysis for microbial protein synthesis. The availability of the stable enzyme preparation also Bypass protein fed with UCS is an excellent makes results from different laboratories com- dairy cattle feed. A concentrate containing fish parable. meal and fed with UCS gave 6453 kg of milk in a 305-day lactation compared with 6185 kg when untreated com silage (CS) and fish meal were fed. Dietary effects on microbial protein When soybean meal (SBM) was the chief protein production source, milk yield with UCS and CS was 6000 Attempts to estimate dietary effects on rumen and 5799 kg, respectively. All rations contained bacterial or protozoal populations have been frus- 15.5% crude protein (CP). Although fish meal is a trated by the large apparent variation in microbial good source of bypass protein, it is relatively numbers between animals. Animal-to-animal costly and difficult to obtain in uniform quality. variation can be minimized by determining both Attention has focused on SBM treated with 0.3% bacterial and protozoal populations, calculating formaldehyde as a source of bypass protein to be the regression between these two values, and fed in conjunction with UCS. Unprotected SBM using the regression equation to estimate a total gave better lactation yields when fed with DCS microbial population at a standard bacteria-to- than did the protected SBM-32 versus 30 kg/ protozoa ratio. This estimation of microbial pro- day, respectively. Ration CP was 13.4% for both tein content in the liquid-small-particle phase of treatments. A negative control group at 12% CP the rumen, combined with measurement of gave 28.4 kg/day less milk. The group fed pro- rumen volume and turnover rate, is a convenient tected SBM, however, had greater weight gains means of determining microbial protein produc- over the IO-wk trial period than the other two tion in the rumen.

170 Research Branch Report 1984 Distribution of l3-glucanases in rumen pig industry as a means of inducing farrowing in bacteria sows. Because of concerns about high body tem- The cellulolytic rumen bacteria Bacteroides perature of sows after induced parturition, an succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens experiment was conducted with 161 sows. The contain l3-glucanases that are specific for 13-1,4 farrowings were induced by the recommended and 13-1,3 glucoside linkages. These activities single 175-lLg dose of c1oprostenol or a lower 125- have been shown to reside in separate enzymes. ILgdose, and saline-injected sows served as con- Studies compared the cellular distribution of trols. There was no evidence of higher body tem- these two enzyme activities and showed that the perature of induced sows as opposed to spon- 13-1,4 and the 13-1,3 glucanases are located in taneous farrowing. Both c1oprostenol dosages different areas in these two bacteria and that they gave successful synchronization of parturition, serve grossly different functions. with most farrowings occurring within 29 h of injection. SWINE PRODUCTION A two-level, free-access pen has been designed for fattening pigs. The pen has an upper floor of solid concrete and a lower slotted floor, connected Effects of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on by a short ramp. The design allows efficient use of production bam space, encourages good pen hygiene, and An experiment with 64 gilts and barrows from provides confined pigs with exercise. In experi- weaning to market weight determined the long- ments with 374 pigs being fattened, the perfor- term effect of feeding vomitoxin-contaminated mance and health of animals in two-tiered pens diets to pigs. When the diet contained vomitoxin were compared with those of pigs housed in con- at approximately 4.5 mg/kg, feed intake and conventional pens offering the same total floor space sequently weight gain were reduced compared all on one level. When the pigs were first moved with a control diet containing no detectable into the two-tiered pens, they showed a small vomitoxin. These differences in performance check in growth as they adapted to the new type of continued throughout the growing-finishing housing. Thereafter, weight gains, feed con- period and gave no indication that the pigs version, and physical condition were at least as became accustomed to the contaminated diet. favorable in the two-tiered pens as in the con- Metabolism trials with 35-kg barrows are cur- ventional ones. rently determining nitrogen balance. Carcass evaluation Differences between boars and gilts in their response to vomitoxin-contaminated diets are Research is being conducted to improve both being examined. Preliminary results indicate lit- the methodology and technology of hog carcass tle difference between the sexes, but both barrows grading procedures. Two electronic measuring and gilts eat less contaminated diet (with probes, the Danish Fat-O-Meater and the New vomitoxin at approximately 3.5 mg/kg) than non- Zealand Hennessy Grading Probe, were shown to contaminated (control) diet and consequently be equally precise in predicting the cutability of weigh less at any age. pig carcasses. Further research is under way to Other results are reported in the section entitled determine the operational efficiency of these "Animal feed safety and nutrition." probes under abattoir c('nditions and to study the impact on the Canadian grading system of intro- Behavior and welfare of pigs ducing an electronic probe into the abattoir. Some farrowing crates are designed with a A cooperative study with the Meat Research lower horizontal bar, which seems to hamper the Institute (UK) investigated the growth and dis- piglet's access to the udder. In other designs, this tribution of muscle, fat, and bone in the carcass of bar is replaced by a series of angled, vertical bars, entire males and females of Large White, which permit freer access to the teats. Two experi- Pietrain, and Iron Age (European Wild Boar x ments, involving 87 litters, compared the perfor- Tamworth) breeding. The Iron Age pig repre- mance of pigs in farrowing crates of each type. In sented the type of swine common to western both experiments, litters reared with vertical-bar Europe 2000 yr ago, which has been thought to be crates had more uniform 14-day weights than ultra lean. When compared at 90 kg, the percen- those reared with horizontal bars. This finding tages of muscle and fat for the Iron Age, Large suggested that unequal access to the udder associ- White, and Pietrain breeds were 40.9 and48.8%, ated with horizontal bars caused uneven distribu- 57.0 and 25.6%, and 61.1 and 22.6%, respec- tion of milk intake. tively. Back-fat measurement was 33.5 mm for Cloprostenol, an analogue of prostaglandin the Iron Age compared with 10.2 mm for the F2a, has gained substantial acceptance within the Large White and 8.6 mm for the Pietrain.

Animal Research Centre 171 POULTRY BREEDING reproduced by selecting the highest indexing 32 sires and 128 dams surviving at 42 wk from Selection and flock management studies in approximately 300 male and 300 female progeny egg-laying chickens hatched per line. The control line was maintained by selecting 60 sires and 180 dams based on one Part record selection for hen-housed egg pro- son per sire and one daughter per dam. Progeny duction was compared with similar selection for of the four lines selected for low percentage of hen-day rate of egg production from age at first abdominal fat were slightly heavier and had less egg using two Leghorn strains derived from a abdominal fat than corresponding controls. No common stock and selected for a similar complex consistent change in feed efficiency could be of economic traits. In addition to egg production, detected in progeny of lines selected for this trait. selected traits included fertility, hatchability, Methods of adjusting age-constant (from 28 to viability, egg size, egg specific gravity, Haugh 42 days) feed consumption and efficiency test units, blood spots, and more recently, body data for differences in body weight were exam- weight. Over 10 generations, both strains ined. The pedigree broilers tested represented improved in part-record egg production, but the broiler sire and broiler dam populations. Feed rate-selected strain improved much more in full- efficiency adjusted for differences in mainte- year egg production. There was little evidence of nance requirements caused by variation in body change in heritabilities or genetic correlations, weights during testing, and feed consumption although there were real differences between the adjusted for differences in body weights, had two strains. A study of heterosis using two-way, three-way, heritability estimates that were similar to those derived from unadjusted traits. Correlations of four- way, and F2 strain crosses as well as commercial and control strains revealed that heterosis for the two adjusted traits with other traits differed in hen-housed egg production declined in three- sign, as expected, but were otherwise similar. Selection for low feed consumption after adjust- way, four-way, and F2 crosses as compared with two-way crosses. Expressed as a percentage of ment for body weight during test may yield better that of two-way crosses, heterosis for hen-housed response than selection for adjusted feed efficiency because of more consistent heritabilities egg production for three-way, four-way, and F2 crosses was 84%, 54%, and 44%, respectively. of 0.4-0.5 for consumption versus 0.1-0.6 for Explanation for heterosis on the basis of domi- efficiency in four different groups. nance was rejected because under such a hypoth- Prediction of broiler abdominal fatness by esis heterosis of two-way, three-way, and four-way measuring the thickness of the abdominal wall crosses would be expected to be the same. was compared in two strains of broilers. One was Two flocks of Leghorns were used to compare a modem, synthetic broiler dam strain that grows the effects of comb removal (dubbing) at hatch, rapidly and the other was the Ottawa Meat Con- removal of both comb and wattles (dubbing and trol strain that grows half as quickly. Correlations dewattling), and not dubbing or dewattling. Birds between percentage of abdominal fat and thick- of several genotypes were assigned randomly to ness of the abdominal wall in the modern and the the three treatment groups and upon housing were slow-growing strains were 0.02 and 0.16, respec- assigned randomly to three caging formats; three tively. Although the correlation for the slow- hens per 31 x 41 cm cage, two hens per 25 x 41 growing strain was larger than that for the fast- cm cage, and two hens per 20 x 41 cm cage. growing strain, it was still much smaller than the Similar to earlier work, the effects of dubbing on value reported in the literature (0.16 versus 0.8), performance were small and not influenced by which was also based on a slow-growing strain. genotype, but may be modified by caging format. Carcass fatness Dubbing at hatch was superior to dubbing and dewattling at the later age of 130 days. Techniques for determining carcass fatness were studied in slow- and rapid-growing strains of Genetics of poultry meat production broiler chickens to 17 wk of age. Very low density A synthetic broiler sire population was used for plasma lipoproteins (VLDL), lipase activity of three generations to compare selection programs. abdominal fat, and fatness were measured. Using two lines per program, the traits selected Broilers of the rapid-growing strain had greater were high 28-day body weight and either low abdominal fat and percentage of carcass fat and abdominal fat percentage at 47 days or high less lipase activity of fat than those of the slow- 28-42 day feed efficiency, or both of these traits. growing strain but had the same amount of Indices were used to combine individual and full- plasma VLDL. Compared with males, females and half-sib information for the two or three traits were fatter and had more plasma VLDL than involved. For each generation, selected lines were males with about the same amount of lipase

172 Research Branch Report 1984 activity of fat. Abdominal fat, percentage of car- exposed to 1OL:140 came into production later cass fat, and plasma VLOL increased with age, and laid fewer eggs than geese given 12L: 120 by whereas lipase activities of fat decreased with the time of market 3 mo later. age. Lipase activity of fat because of its negative Eggshell quality association with fatness during growth may be useful, as is plasma VLOL, as an indirect mea- The main circulating estrogen conjugates in sure of fatness at a given age. laying hens are estradiol-1713-3-sulfate, estradiol-1713-17-sulfate, and estrone sulfate. Two Disease resistance genetics thin-layer chromatographic systems were devel- Laying hens of six two-way crosses of selected oped that markedly improved separation of these strains and two control strains were used to exam- metabolites to allow investigation of their role in ine horizontal (infected by contemporaries) and eggshell formation. congenital lymphoid leukosis virus (LLV) infection. Albumen samples were tested for the group- specific antigen of LLV, and yolk samples were POULTRY NUTRITION tested for LLV using the phenotypic mixing test. Albumen-positive, yolk-negative hens were Direct measurement of the shell strength of assumed to be horizontally infected, and those hatching eggs that were positive in both were assumed to be congenitally infected. The control strains and The puncture test is a practical direct method strain crosses had a similar incidence of horizon- for measuring the material strength of eggshell. tal infection (7.5 versus 8.8%, respectively), but The test causes no apparent damage to the mem- the control strain had a greater incidence of con- branes under the puncture site. A study to deter- genital infection (13.3% versus 5.2%, respec- mine the effects of the puncture test on egg hatch- tively). ability indicated that one or two puncture Egg production to 497 days of age in both measurements increased the hatchability of eggs horizontally and congenitally infected shedders from White Leghorn and broiler hens compared was lower by 15 and 18 eggs, respectively, than with eggs from these genotypes that were not that of non-shedders. In addition, egg quality was punctured. An improvement of approximately reduced and sexual maturity delayed. Congeni- 12% occurred when eggs from Leghorn hens tally infected shedders laid fewer and smaller were punctured once and 9% when those from eggs and matured earlier than horizontally broiler hens were punctured twice. Placing four infected shedders. punctures in broiler eggshells caused a decrease of approximately II % in hatchability but had only Management and genetics geese a small effect (= 1%) on the hatchability of Investigations of lighting regimens have shown Leghorn eggs. The number of punctures per egg that geese exposed to 10 h of light and 14 h of had little effect on egg weight loss during the first darkness (lOL: 140) produce more eggs with 18days of incubation or on body weight gains and greater fertility than those given 13L: lID and mortality between I and 21 days posthatching. about the same number of eggs and fertility as Covering the puncture site with a small drop of those under 11L:130. In a further study of light- beeswax decreased hatchability by 4.5% com- ing regimens, animals from a Chinese and a Syn- pared with nonpunctured control eggs. The addi- thetic (developed from Chinese, Pilgrim, and tion, however, of one, two, or four drops of Hungarian breeds) strain of pullet geese were beeswax to nonpunctured eggs also reduced housed in December under 7L: 170. At the end of hatchability by 1.4%. January, half the animals of each strain were exposed to 1OL:140 and the rest were exposed to The use of naked oats in poultry nutrition 12L:120. After a spring laying season of 24 wk, Studies on the use of naked oats were extended Chinese geese given 1OL:140 laid about the same by an experiment in which the oats were included number of eggs as those under 12L: 120 (53 ver- in broiler starter and grower diets at levels of up to sus 51 eggs, respectively), whereas Synthetic 600 and 750 g/kg, respectively. The oats replaced geese exposed to 1OL:140 laid considerably more corn, soybean meal, and tallow in a com-soy diet, eggs than those given 12L: 120 (44 versus 24 providing diets of equal true metabolizable eggs, respectively). Fertility was about the same energy (TME) and lysine content. Naked oats for the Chinese geese but considerably greater for had an adverse effect on weight gain and feed the Synthetic strain when exposed to 1OL:140 intake during the starter period, the effect being compared with geese under 12L: 120. However, greater for males than females. During the grower after a summer molt of8 wk, geese of both strains period (28-47 day of age) the oat diets performed

Animal Research Centre 173 satisfactorily as previously reported and the encouraging to note the uniformly high quality inhibitory effect was diminished or absent. At among all 15 samples assayed. slaughter the oat-fed birds contained less abdom- Adoption of the TME system of feed evalua- inal fat. It is concluded that in nutritional terms, tion has been rapid and widespread. However, a naked oats are a suitable replacement for com and failure to understand the fundamental rela- soybean meal in broiler grower diets. tionships between estimates of bioavailable Feedstuff evaluation energy in feedings tuffs is the cause of some reluc- tance to change. A detailed theoretical explana- Retained nitrogen (RN) is a useful estimate of tion of the relationships, supported by extensive protein synthesis or catabolism and plays a crit- experimental data, was published. Of particular ical role in the evaluation of feedingstuffs. There importance is the observation that TMEn values are two widely used methods for estimating RN. are only slightly greater than AMEn values mea- The first is nitrogen balance, which is the differ- sured at high levels of feed intake. Consequently, ence between intake and excretion, and the sec- energy requirements expressed in terms of AMEn ond is comparative slaughter, whereby the car- may be used in the TMEn system, and recogni- cass nitrogen gain is measured by comparing the tion of this should enable greater use of the sys- carcasses of birds killed at the beginning and end tem with the associated economic gains. of an experiment. Experiments showed that nitrogen balance usually gave larger values than comparative slaughter, but it was not possible to determine which estimate more closely estimated RN. SHEEP PRODUCTION Variation in carcass nitrogen concentration was greater in adult birds than in chicks, and con- Development of specialized, synthetic sire sequently the precision of comparative slaughter and dam strains data tended to decrease with age. Improved meth- A study of growing rams of the synthetic and ods for estimating RN are required to monitor control strains showed that breed, birth date, age changes in the carcass compositions of living of ram, and body weight had important effects on birds during growth and fattening. the linear body measurements of heart girth Classical theory teaches that the efficiency of (HG), body length (BL), leg length (LL), meta- energy utilization varies with intake, so that the carpal circumference (MC), wither height (WH), relationship between retained energy and intake and hook width (HW), whereas age of dam energy is described by a curve. A simplification effects were absent. Significant effects of litter uses two straight lines intercepting at the point of size on HG and BL were observed at 6 and 8 mo zero energy retention. In a series of experiments of age, respectively. Rams of the synthetic sire with chicks and adult cockerels, there was no strain, with a large proportion of Suffolk back- evidence of curvilinearity, and a single straight ground, were generally similar to Suffolk rams in line adequately described the relationship. The all body measurements except for HG, which was work also confirmed that birds often gain protein significantly larger. Rams of the two synthetic and lose fat when retained energy is zero. Recog- dam strains, with 50% Finnsheep background, nition of these relationships facilitates the estima- were similar in body measurements. The syn- tion of energy requirements for various levels of thetic dam strains did not differ from either the productivity, which is critical because many synthetic sire strain or the Suffolk with respect to nutrients are included in diets at specified ratios HG, BL, WH, and HW. However, Suffolk rams to energy. had larger MC and shorter LL compared with Detailed analyses of incoming feed ingredients those of the two synthetic dam strains. are usually too expensive and time consuming, The Finnsheep rams had smaller HG, BL, MC, and consequently, feed manufacturers rely on and HW than the synthetic and Suffolk rams, data banks for much of the information describ- whereas LL and WH of the Finnsheep and Suf- ing ingredient composition. For several years the folk rams were similar. Linear body measure- Animal Research Centre has been publishing pre- ments were positively correlated with each other cise, accurate data for inclusion in such data and with body weights; however, the relationship banks. During 1984, extensive data describing varied as rams matured. The importance of breed, Menhaden fish meal were distributed. The bio- birth date, age of ram, and body weight on body available amino acid values are of particular measurements and the requirements for appropri- importance because fish meal is a major source of ate adjustments were emphasized. potentially high-quality protein. The quality is Further serological monitoring of 200 original, susceptible to processing variables, and so it was hysterectomy-derived ewes and 100 first-genera-

174 Research Branch Report 1984 tion progeny for Maedi- Visna showed no positive repopulation of the minimum-disease flock. reactors, providing additional evidence of the Ewes were exposed to rams at the synchronized effectiveness of the hysterectomy procedure in and subsequent estrus. Overall, there was no eliminating specific diseases. effect of dose level of PMSG on the reproductive Intensive rearing of lambs performance of adult ewes. Reproductive performance of ewe lambs was lower and there was a Lambs fed a high-energy postweaning diet strain treatment interaction, suggesting greater with a calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca-to-P) ratio of variability in response. The results indicate no 2.9: 1had significantly higher gains than those fed advantage to using the higher dosage of PMSG in the same diet with a ratio of 0.8:1. The results also ewes with a litter size that was naturally relatively indicated that high levels of vitamin D, adminis- high, which in this study was 1.7-1. 8 in the sire tered intramuscularly, were not beneficial when strain and Suffolk breed and 2.4---3.0 in the dam dietary levels were adequate to meet require- strains and Finnish Landrace breed. Birth weight ments. Serum Ca, P, or alkaline phosphatase were of lambs, lamb survival, and distribution of of little value as indices of nutritional status. lambs according to litter size among adult ewes With the present artificial rearing system, and ewe lambs were similar at both doses of many lambs do not readily accept the artificial PMSG. However, the average birth weight of teats, and they require training for 1-2 days before lambs born as twins or triplets to ewe lambs was nursing independently. Behavioral research has generally lower than that of those born to adult shown that lambs are very sensitive to the ewes. firmness of the teat. Preliminary results indicated A comparison was made between raddle mark- that soft rubber teats were accepted readily, ings and the presence of spermatozoa in vaginal whereas firm ones were initially rejected. When smears as a method of predicting which ewe will the texture was appropriate, the surface tem- lamb. The presence of spermatozoa in vaginal perature of the teat had little influence on sucking smears 48 and 72 h after introduction of rams behavior. following induction of a synchronized estrus Carcass quality improved the accuracy of predicting ewes that subsequently would lamb over predictions based Ultrasonic measurements of fat thickness and on ewes raddled during 12-h intervals from 0 to m. longissimus depth, 2.5 and 5.0 cm lateral to 72 h after sponge removal. This improvement the midline at the last rib and 10 cm posterior to resulted from a reduction in the number of ewe the last rib, were made prior to slaughter on 273 lambs predicted to be bred that failed to lamb and growing ram lambs using a Scanogram machine a substantial reduction in the number of mature (Model 722, Ithaco Inc., Ithaca, N. Y.). Fat thick- ewes not predicted to be pregnant that subse- ness measurements had no predictive value, quently lambed. whereas m. longissimus measurements increased the precision of carcass lean prediction above that Follicular growth and ovulation. Studies on obtained from weight at scanning alone. The factors controlling preovulatory follicular growth residual standard error for the prediction of car- and ovulation continued, using the prepubertal cass lean from weight at scanning was 0.29 kg, gilt treated with hormones to induce preovulatory whereas the addition of the muscle measurement follicular growth and ovulation, as an experimen- reduced, at best, the residual standard error by tal model. Isolated and dispersed granulosa and 0.02 kg. It was concluded that ultrasonic mea- theca interna cells from maturing follicles, incu- surements on the live ram lamb at 37 kg body bated for up to 6 h in a chemically defined weight are of questionable value for accurate pre- medium, have the capacity to produce pros- diction of carcass quality. taglandin Ez (PGE) and prostaglandin FZa (PGF) as measured by radioimmunoassay. The produc- Reproductive physiology tion of PGE and PGF by both cell types increased Ewe productivity. A study evaluated the fol- markedly with follicular maturation. This lowing: the effect of dose of pregnant mares' increase parallels the pronounced rise in fol- serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on the reproduc- licular fluid levels of prostaglandins associated tive performance of adult ewes and ewe lambs; with follicular rupture and ovulation and provides and lamb survival at birth following treatment convincing evidence that the prostaglandins in with intravaginal sponges impregnated with fluo- follicular fluid are of intrafollicular origin. rogestone acetate (FGA) and treatment with a Artificial insemination. A study with ewe PMSG injection of 250 or 500 IU when the lambs 6.5-7 mo old, inseminated once with sponges were removed. The treatments were 450 x 106 spermatozoa at 55 h or twice at 55 and applied over three successive matings during 60 h, after synchronization of estrus with fluo-

Animal Research Centre 175 rogestone-acetate-impregnated sponges and ANIMAL FEED SAFETY AND PMSG, showed no effect of number of insemina- NUTRITION tions on fertility. However, body weight at breeding had an important influence on reproductive Pesticide metabolism performance. Ewe lambs that were at least 67% of adult weight had better fertility and produced Deltamethrin. Studies on the metabolic fate of more lambs. Fertility, litter size, and fecundity for deltamethrin (decamethrin, Decis, NRDC-161, the heavier lambs were 48%, 2.0, and 1.0, RU22974) in Leghorn hens were completed. respectively compared with 68%,2.4, and 1.6 for Each hen received 7.5 mg of 14C-labeled (gem- similarly treated adult ewes. Embryonic mortality dimethyl or benzyl) deltamethrin, which was contributed to the reduced fertility of ewe lambs. equivalent to approximately 50 mg/kg of daily ration for 3 days followed by a no-treatment Studies on the optimum conditions for preser- period of 5 days. Postdosing excreta and eggs vation of ram spermatozoa continued with an were collected on a 24-h basis. The hens were examination of the three-way interaction of killed at 6, 18, 48, and 120 h after the last dose diluent osmolality, freezing rate, and glycerol and samples of liver, kidney, heart, subcutaneous concentration. Diluents with osmolalities of 450 abdominal fat, breast, and leg muscles were col- and 600 mas/kg provided the optimum environ- lected. About 83% of the aministered 14C was ment for spermatozoa protected with 4-6% eliminated during the first 24 h after dosing, glycerol and frozen at rates of 100100°Clmin in while approximately 92% of the total adminis- 0.5-mL plastic straws. Although the 450 mOs/kg tered radioactivity was eliminated within 18-24 h diluent was superior to that at 600 mOs/kg at slow after the last dose. Tissue residues were generally cooling rates, even the best survival at this rate very low (-10 f.Lg/kg),with the exception of those was low and therefore of no practical value. for liver, kidney, and ovarian yolk. Hens killed The effect of thawing rates on survival of sper- 18 h after the last dose had the highest levels of matozoa in semen frozen in straws at the residues, which for kidney, liver, and ovarian yolk optimum rate of 20°Clmin or at a suboptimum were 4.54,2.54, and 2.32 mg/kg, respectively. In rate of 2°C/min was studied. For semen frozen at laid eggs, the yolk contained considerably higher 20°C/min, the best spermatozoa survival was residues than albumen (0.58 versus 0.19 mg/kg, obtained with fast-thawing rates produced by respectively). Residue levels in all tissues, submerging the straws into a 60°C or 80°C water organs, and eggs decreased quickly after dosing bath for 8 or 5 sec, respectively. Similarly, for was discontinued. In general, residues derived semen frozen slowly at 2°Clmin the spermatozoa from the gem-dimethyl portion of the molecule tolerated the fast thawing rates and a slow-thaw- tended to be higher than the benzyl moiety. Large ing rate produced by exposing straws to room numbers of metabolites were isolated from temperature (-20°C), but survival was always excreta and identified by a combination of chro- lower than when semen was frozen at the matography and spectroscopy techniques. Meta- optimum rate. Moreover, the thawing velocity bolites were presented in both free and conju- produced by immersion of straws in a 20°C water gated forms. The nature of metabolites identified bath was lethal to spermatozoa in semen frozen indicated that the metabolic pathways of slowly. deltamethrin in laying hens are complex.

Manipulation of photoperiod. Studies on the Cypermethrin. Studies were initiated in laying long-term effects of various artificial pho- hens on the fate of cypermethrin and its meta- toperiods on maintaining year-round, high-qual- bolites cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichloro-vinyl)-2,2- ity semen in rams have continued. Weekly mea- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids with the surements of testis size, semen quality, and blood aid of 14C-labeled materials. About 90% of the hormone levels indicate that during short-day administered 14C from each preparation was photoperiod treatment, scrotal size, sperm eliminated in excreta within 24 h. Only small motility and concentration, seminal plasma fruct- quantities of 14C were retained in various tissue 0se and citric acid levels, and blood testosterone organs and eggs. increased. During periods of long days, these Mycotoxins parameters decreased. When photoperiod treatment comprised brief periods or no exposure to The persistence of fungi-produced toxins long days, changes in scrotal size and semen (mycotoxin) in animal feedstuffs and the pos- quality were minimized. sibility for the introduction of these mycotoxins

176 Research Branch Report 1984 into the human food chain continue to raise heart were heavier by 15.4 g than those with one serious concerns in terms of animal and human or two lesions. The differences applied to all food safety. Recent levels of vomitoxin (deox- diets, irrespective of the level and type of fat. ynivalenol, DON) in eastern Canadian grains As part of fats and oils research, new and have not been as high as reported earlier. How- improved methods of fatty acid analysis are being ever, trace concentrations of Fusarium meta- developed. The new crosslinked or bonded (or bolites such as T-2 and HT-2 previously not iden- both) fused silica capillary columns were exam- tified in these grains were found in isolated areas. ined to determine whether stabilization affected The presence of other toxins in contaminated the chromatographic behavior of polyunsaturated grains may indicate that many of the problems fatty acids. Bonding and crosslinking poly- with livestock, especially swine, are not caused ethylene glycol phases increase the column polar- by vomitoxin alone, but are due to synergism of ity, which improved separation of a number of two or more mycotoxins or other contaminants polyunsaturated fatty acids. that may be more toxic than DON at low concen- Two major documents were prepared in sup- trations in the milligrams-per-kilogram range. port of Agriculture Canada's petition to the US Results of feeding trials using contaminated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to permit feeds and dose-response studies using purified the use oflow erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil in DON indicated that swine were very sensitive to infant formulas. All the scientific data pertaining DON-contaminated feeds. Results indicate that to the energy and essential fatty acid require- swine eat less of a feedstuff containing low levels ments of infants were reviewed. Based on the of DON than clean feed. Reduced feed intake as limited information on the fat requirements of an initial response was observed in pigs fed DON- infants, it was recommended to the FDA and to contaminated diets with levels of 0.3-0.5 mg/kg. Health and Welfare Canada that all vegetable No serious adverse effects such as toxic symp- oils, including LEAR oils, be re-evaluated as to toms or organ damage were seen at DON levels of their nutritional efficacy in infants. < 2 mg/kg in diets for growing-finishing hogs and sows or gilts during pregnancy and lactation. Poultry and ruminants such as dairy cattle showed no major adverse effects when their diets con- BIOTECHNOLOGY tained DON levels up to 5 mg/kg, other than a small decrease in egg and shell weight and some Embryo manipulation other measures of shell strength. Residue studies indicate that DON is not transmitted to edible Embryos are a logical target for research to animal products such as eggs or milk when dosed improve livestock performance. By embryo trans- with toxin levels considerably higher than nor- fer, multiple calves can be obtained from a single mally occurs in contaminated feedstuffs. cow, allowing evaluation of genetic potential and Studies with sheep to establish the metabolic estimation of nonadditive genetic effects on per- fate of DON showed that only 7.5% of the formance. If bisected or split embryos are trans- mycotoxin is absorbed into the blood following ferred, identical twins or multiplets can be pro- oral ingestion. This was partly the result of the duced, permitting an assessment of the effect of rapid and efficient metabolism of the toxin by uterine environments and minimizing genetic rumen microorganisms. Systemic DON was variation. The techniques for embryo manipula- found to undergo extensive hepatic metabolism tion in laboratory animals are being acquired and and was rapidly eliminated. will be applied to research on cattle and sheep.

Rapid and sensitive methods for the quantita- Rat embryos of the Wistar strain and its F1 tion of DON and other Fusarium mycotoxins cross (Wistar females mated with Brown Norway have now been developed for animal feeding tri- males) were transferred non surgically to 48 als. Wistar, 17 F I cross and 20 Wistar- Imamichi recipients. Embryos of each type were transferred Fats and oils together to each recipient to compare embryo A retrospective statistical analysis of data from viability. The pregnancy rate for both types was over 2800 albino male rats fed semisynthetic 78.8%. The survival rate of fetuses to term was diets containing various vegetable oils, examined 11.5% and 25.1% for the Wistar and F1 embryos, the relationship between body weights and inci- respectively. Placental weight differed signifi- dence and number of myocardial lesions. The cantly between embryo types and among recipi- results showed that for a given diet, rats with ent types, whereas fetus weight differed only lesions were heavier by 15.6 g than those without among recipient types. There was a significant lesions. Those with three or more lesions in the interaction between recipient and embryo types.

Animal Research Centre 177 It was concluded that the F I cross embryos were cedures satisfactorily detected the presence of the twice as viable as Wistar embryos. exogenous and endogenous viruses as well as the Embryos were collected from donor mice that presence of a group-specific viral antigen. This were killed about 70 h after copulation. The antigen normally forms a part of both the number of embryos collected per donor averaged exogenous and endogenous virus particle. It 6.8 from 259 mice. Embryos at the early, morula could also be produced from the endogenous stage of development were bisected and cultured provirus, even though the complete endogenous overnight in Bigger's medium mixed with bovine virus is not produced. In the ARC strains tested, fetal serum. It was found that 40% of the bisected the incidence of production of a complete endo- embryos developed to blastocysts that were ready genous virus was low, but an endogenous group- for transfer to recipients; when they were trans- specific antigen was produced by a much higher ferred, 54% grew in the uteri. Production of twins proportion of birds in the populations. is under way to examine their growth and perfor- Eggs were imported from the U .S. Department mance. All mouse embryo transfers were accom- of Agriculture research laboratory for a Leghorn plished nonsurgically. line of chickens that does not possess any endo- Genetic manipulation of rumen bacteria genous provirus DNA and is also genetically resistant to infection with the endogenous sub- Genetic engineering techniques are being used group E virus. The line is now housed in an ARC to increase the level of the limiting essential quarantine facility and will be maintained for amino acids, lysine, methionine, and threonine, further disease-resistance studies. in the bacterial protein produced in the bovine To determine the relationship of immune rumen. The first synthetic gene produced and potential to disease resistance, adult chickens of transferred, designed to direct the synthesis of a 23 genetic groups were injected intradermally polypeptide containing equal amounts of lysine, with a small dose of phytohemaglutinin (PHA) in methionine, threonine, and leucine, was lethal to phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The swelling of the host bacterium. Five new synthetic genes, the injection site is an indication of cell-mediated designed to determine the cause of this lethality, immune response. Correlations were estimated have been assembled in vitro. If transfer of these between the swelling index expressed as the dif- genes to rumen bacteria is successful, it should ference between the swelling of the PHA- and the result in new strains capable of providing the PBS-injected wing webs on one hand and resis- ruminants with the limiting amino acids. tance to Marek's disease, a viral disease of chick- The control of gene expression in rumen ens, on the other. The correlations were mostly microorganisms is being investigated by cloning negative. This indicated that high cell-mediated rumen bacterial genes in Escherichia coli. Six fj- response relating to high proliferation of T-cells gluconase genes from the fiber-degrading rumen is associated with susceptibility to Marek's dis- bacterium Bacteroides succinogenes were cloned ease. in E. coli. In a clone examined in detail, the regulation of expression of the rumen bacterial gene in E. coli is the sarrie as in B. succinogenes, PUBLICATIONS showing that gene transfer between these two organisms is feasible. However, differences in the Research posttranslational modification of the protein indi- Ainsworth, L.; Tsang, B.K.; Marcus, G.1.; Downey, cate that not all genes would be expressed equally B.R. 1984. Prostaglandin production by dis- well in the two organisms. persed granulose and theca intern a cells from porcine preovulatory follicles. BioI. Reprod. Disease resistance genetics 31:115-121. Lymphoid leukosis is a lymphoproliferative Akhtar, M.H. 1984. Metabolism of deltamethrin by disease of chickens caused by retroviruses. There cow and chicken liver enzyme preparation. 1. are several exogenous virus subgroups and one Agric. Food Chern. 32:258-262. subgroup is endogenous. The proviral DNA that Akhtar, M.H. 1984. The fate of insecticide in economic codes for the production of the endogenous virus animals. Pages 219-260 in Hutson, D.H.; forms a permanent part of the genome of most Roberts, T.R., eds., Progress in pesticide bio- chickens. Cooperative research with the U.S. chemistry and toxicology (Vol. 4). John Wiley Department of Agriculture laboratory in East and Sons, Chichester, England. Lansing, Mich., and the Animal Diseases Akbar, M.H.; Lin, c.y.; Gyles, N.R.; Gavora, 1.S.; Research Institute of Agriculture Canada investi- Brown, c.1. 1984. Some aspects of selection gated production of the complete endogenous indices with constraints. Poult. Sci. 63: virus in three strains of chickens. The assay pro- 1899-1905.

178 Research Branch Report 1984 Atwal, A.S.; Sauer, ED.; Erfle, 1.D. 1984. Effects of Fiser, P.S.; Batra, T.R. 1984. Effect of equilibration storage conditions for large round bales on recov- time at 5°C and photoperiod on survival of ram ery and quality of alfalfa hay. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. spermatozoa frozen in straws. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:487-490. 64:777-780. Batra, T.R.; McAllister, A.1. 1984. A comparison of Fiser, P.S.; Fairfull, R.W. 1984. The effect of glycerol mastitis detection methods in dairy cattle. Can. 1. concentration and cooling velocity on cryosur- Anim. Sci. 64:305-312. vival of ram spermatozoa frozen in straws. Cryobiology 21:542-551. Batra, T.R.; McAllister, A.1. 1984. Relationships among udder measurements, milking speed, milk Fortin, A.; Jones, S.D.M.; Haworth, CR. 1984. A note yield and CMT score in young dairy cows. Can. 1. on t~e accuracy of the New Zealand Hennessy Anim. Sci. 64:807-815. Grading Probe and the Danish Fat-O-Meter in Bemon, D.E.; .Shrestha, 1.N.B. 1984. Sexual activity measuring fat and muscle thickness in pig car- patterns In pure and crossbred rams. Can. 1. casses. Anim. Prod. 38:507-510. Compo Med. 48:42-46. Fortin, A.; Jones, S.D.M.; Haworth, CR. 1984. Pork Cave, N.A.G. 1984. Effect of a high protein diet fed carcass grading: A comparison of the New Zea- prior to the onset of lay on performance of broiler land Hennessy Grading Probe and the Danish Fat- breeder pullets. Poult. Sci. 63:1823-1827. O-Meter. Meat Sci. 10:131-144. Fraser, D. 1984. Some factors influencing availability of Cave, N.A.G. 1984. Effect of dietary propionic and colostrum to piglets. Anim. Prod. 39:115-123. lactic acids on feed intake by chicks. Poult. Sci. 63:131-134. Fraser, D. 1984. The role of behavior in swine production: A review of research. Appl. Anim. Ethol. Cave, N.A.G. 1984. Stimulation of lighting of meat- 11:317-339. type pullets. Poult. Sci. 63:1101-1104. Fraser, D.; Connor, M.L. 1984. Effect of dosage of Chambers, 1.R.; Bernon, D.E.; Gavora, 1.S. 1984. Syn- cloprostenol on induction of farrowing and body thesis and parameters of new populations of meat- temperature of sows. Can. Vet. 1. 25:421-423. type chickens. Theor. Appl. Genet. 69:23-30. Fraser, D.; Lin, C. S. 1984. An attempt to estimate teat Chambers, 1.R.; Fortin, A. 1984. Live body and carcass quality of sows by hand milking during farrowing. ~easurements as predictors of chemical composi- Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:165-170. tIOn of carcasses of male broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 63:2187-2196. Friend, D.W.; Trenholm, H.L.; Young, 1.C.; Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1984. Effect of Cohen, H.; Hidiroglou, M.; Keough, M. 1984. Liquid adding potential vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) chromatographic cleanup and determination of detoxicants or an F. graminearum inoculated com low levels of vitamin D3 in sheep plasma. 1. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 67:271-274. supplement to wheat diets fed to pigs. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:733-741. Crober, D. C ; Fairfull, R. w.; Gowe, R. S.; Gavora, 1.S. Gavora, 1.S. 1984. Importance of genetic aspects of 1984. Effect of comb dubbing and caging health in poultry production. Pages 31-35 in arrangement on the performance of laying hens. Proceedings and Abstracts, XVII World's Poultry Pages 502-504 in Proceedings and Abstracts, Congress and Exhibition. World's Poultry Science XVII World's Poultry Congress and Exhibition. Association, Helsinki, Finland. World's Poultry Science Association, Helsinki, Finland. Grunder, A.A. 1984. Effect of different photoperiods Elliot, 1.1.; Senft, B.; Erhardt, G.; Fraser, D. 1984. on egg production and fertility of geese. Pages 482.484 in Proceedings and Abstracts, XVII Isolation of lactoferrin and its concentration in World's Poultry Congress and Exhibition. World's s.ow's colo~trum and milk during a 21-day lactation. 1. Amm. Sci. 59:1080-1084. Poultry Science Association, Helsinki, Finland. Grunder, A.A.; Hollands, K.G.; Gavora, 1.S.; Cham- Fairfull, R.W.; Chambers, 1.R. 1984. Breeding for feed bers, 1.R.; Cave, N.A.G. 1984. Degenerative efficiency: Poultry Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:513- 527. myopathy of the M. supracoracoideus and production traits in strains of meat-type chickens. Fairfull, R.W.; Spencer, 1.L.; Gavora, 1.S.; Gowe, R.S. Poult. Sci. 63:781-785. 1984. Performance of laying hens positive for Grunder, A.A.; Tsang, c.P. W. 1984. Effect of vitamin group specific viral antigen or for lymphoid leu- D deficiency on adenosine triphosphatase kosis virus in egg albumen and egg yolk. Arch. 3 Gefluegelkd.48:187-192. activity of jejunums from White Leghorn hens. Poult. Sci. 63:1073-1075. Farnworth, E.R.; Kramer, 1.K.G.; Corner, A.H.; Hackett, A.1.; Batra, T.R.; McAllister, A.1. 1984. Thompson, B.K. 1984. The methionine and cho- Estrus detection and subsequent reproduction in line status of rat diets and their effect on nutrition dairy cows continuously housed indoors. 1. Dairy and myocardial lesions. 1. Nutr. 113:2442-2454. Sci. 67:2446-2451.

Animal Research Centre 179 Hackett, A.1.; McAllister, A.1. 1984. Onset of estrus in hour of slaughter. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Techno!. 1. dairy cows maintained indoors year-round. 1. 17:143-146. Dairy Sci. 67:1793-1797. Khan, S.U.; Zhang, L.-Z.; Akhtar, M.H. 1984. Bound Hackett, A.1.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. Fertility of ewe residues of deltamethrin in bean plants. 1. Agric. lambs maintained indoors year-round on an accel- Food Chem. 32:1141-1144. erated breeding program. 1. Anim. Sci. Kramer, 1.K.G.; Fouchard, R.C.; Farnworth, E.R. 59:1129-1134. 1984. A complete separation of lipids by three- Hamilton, R.M.G.; Thompson, B.K. 1984. Observa- directional thin layer chromatography. Lipids tions on daily variation in feed intake and shell 18:896-899. strength of eggs from White Leghorn pullets and Langford, G.A.; Shrestha, 1.N.B.; Fiser, P.S.; force molted hens. Poult. Sci. 63:2335-2344. Ainsworth, L.; Heaney, D.P.; Marcus, G.1. 1984. Hamilton, R.M.G.; Trenholm, H.L. 1984. Observa- Improved diagnostic accuracy by repetitive ultra- tions on the chemical and nutritive content of sonic pregnancy testing in sheep. Theriogenology white winter and spring wheats contaminated 21:691-698. with deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Anim. Feed Lee, A.1.; Wardrop, 1. 1984. Predicting daily milk yield, Sci. Techno!. 11:293-300. fat percent, and protein percent from morning or Harris, D.L.; Gavora, 1.S.; Spencer, 1.L. 1984. Genetic afternoon observations. 1. Dairy Sci. 67:351-360. selection in presence of pathogens such as the Liljedahl, L.E.; Gavora, 1.S.; Fairfull, R.W.; Gowe, lymphoid leukosis virus: Computer simulation. R.S. 1983. Age changes in genetic and environ- Theor. App!. Genet. 68:397-413. mental variation in laying hens. Theor. App!. Heaney, D.P.; Shrestha, 1.N.B.; Peters, H.F 1984. Genet. 67:391-401. Postweaning performance of artificially reared Lin, c.Y.; McAllister, A.1. 1984. Monte Carlo com- lambs weaned at 21 vs 26 days of age under two parison of four methods for estimation of genetic postweaning housing regimens. Can. 1. Anim. parameters in the univariate case. 1. Dairy SCI. Sci. 64:667-674. 67:2389-2398. Hidiroglou, M. 1984. Fate of tritium-labeled vitamin Lin, c.Y.; McAllister, A.1.; Batra, T.R.; Lee, A.1.; Roy, D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in rabbit does and 3 3 G.L.; Vesely, 1.A.; Winter, K.A. 1984. Reproduc- their pups. J. Dairy Sci. 67:76-81. tive performance of crossline and pureline dairy Hidiroglou, M.; Heaney, D.P.; Hartin, K.E. 1984. Cop- heifers. 1. Dairy Sci. 67:2420-2428. per poisoning in a flock of sheep. Copper excre- Marcus, G.1.; Connor, L.; Domingo, M.T.; Tsang, tion patterns after treatment with molybdenum B.K.; Downey, B.R.; Ainsworth, L. 1984. and sulfur or penicillamine. Can. Vet. 1. Enzymatic dissociation of ovarian and uterine 25:377-382. tissues. Endocrine Res. 10:151-162. Hidiroglou, M.; Knipfel, 1.E. 1984. Plasma and milk Nagai, 1.; McAllister, A.1.; Chesnais, 1.P. 1984. Male concentrations of vitamin D and 25-hydrox- 3 and female contributions to heterosis in lifetime yvitamin D following intravenous injection of 3 performance of mice. Theor. App!. Genet. vitamin D or 25-hydroxyvitamin D . Can. 1. 3 3 67:479-484. Compo Med. 48:78-80. Patni, N.K.; Toxopeus, R.; Tennant, A.D.; Hore, FR. Hidiroglou, M.; Knipfel, 1.E. 1984. Zinc in mammalian 1984. Bacterial quality of tile drainage water from sperm: A review. 1. Dairy Sci. 67:1147-1156. manured and fertilized cropland. Water Res. Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, c.1. 1984. Vitamin D3levels 18:127-132. in certain sheep tissues at various times after the Ponce!, C.; Ivan, M. 1984. Effect of duodenal cannula- intramuscular administration of vitamin D . Int. 3 tion in sheep on the pattern of gastroduodenal 1. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 53:17-23. electrical activity and digestive flow. Repro. Nutr. Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, C.1.; Shorrock, C. 1984. Develop. 24:887-902. Vitamin D response in sheep to oral versus par- 3 Prelusky, D.B.; Trenholm, H.L.; Lawrence, G.A.; enteral administration and to intramuscular dose Scott, P.M. 1984. Non-transmission of deox- levels of vitamin D . Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 3 ynivalenol (vomitoxin) to milk following oral 64:697-707. administration to dairy cows. 1. Environ. Sci. Jenkins, K.1. 1984. Distribution of free fatty acids in Health B 19:593-609. ultracentrifugation fractions of reconstituted skim Reid, W.S.; Chambers, 1.R.; Nicholls, C.F 1984. Four milk powder. 1. Dairy Sci. 67:2590-2593. instruments for measuring poultry body dimen- Jenkins, K.J.; Emmons, D.B. 1984. Tolerance of sions. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:769-772. calves to fat peroxides in milk replacer. 1. Dairy Reinhart, B.S.; Fiser, P.S. 1983. Evaluation of artificial Sci. 67:592-597. insemination techniques on fertility in laying Jones, S.D.M.; Fortin, A.; Atin, M. 1984. A com- hens. Poult. Sci. 62:2285-2287. parison of methods to detect pork quality 24 hours Saio, K.; Nagai, 1. 1984. Evaluation of actual selection post mortem from measurements made within one indices. Jpn. J. Breed. 34:36-42.

180 Research Branch Report 1984 Sauer, ED.; Mahadevan, S.; Erfle, 1.0. 1984. Methane Tsang, c.P.W.; Grunder, A.A. 1984. Production, clear- synthesis by membrane vesicles and a cyto- ance rates and metabolic fate of estradiol-1713 in plasmic cofactor isolated from methanobacterium the plasma of the laying hen. Steroids 43:71-84. thermoautotrophicum. Biochem. 1. 221:61-69. Veira, D.M.; Butler, G.; Ivan, M.; Proulx, 1.G. 1984. Shrestha, 1.N.B.; Fiser, P.S.; Ainsworth, L. 1984. Rad- The effect on the growth of beef heifers of avopar- dIe markings and presence of spermatozoa in cin in a free choice mineral mixture. Can. 1. vaginal smears as predictors of ewes lambing to Anim. Sci. 64:187-189. matings at the synchronized estrus. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:563-568. Wolynetz, M.S.; Sibbald, I.R. 1984. Relationships between apparent and true metabolizable energy Shrestha, 1.N.B.; Heaney, D.P.; Fiser, P.S.; Langford, and the effects of a nitrogen correction. Poult. Sci. G. A. 1984. Influence of breed, birth date, age and 63:1386-1399. body weight on linear body measurements of growing rams maintained in a controlled environ- Zhang, L.-Z.; Khan, S.U.; Akhtar, M.H.; Ivarson, ment. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:279-291. K.C. 1984. Persistence, degradation and distribution of deltamethrin in an organic soil under labo- Sibbald, I.R.; Morse, PM. 1984. A preliminary inves- ratory conditions. 1. Agric. Food Chem. tigation of the utilization of true metabolizable 32:1207-1211. energy by chicks. Poult. Sci. 63:954-971. Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. A longitudinal study of energy and nitrogen excretion by fasted Miscellaneous cockerels. Poult. Sci. 63 :691-702. Akhtar, M.H.; Foster, T.S. 1984. Excretion and reten- Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. The nutrient con- tion of fen valerate by laying hens. Canadex tent of menhaden fish meal. Poult. Sci. 450.60. 63:1987-1993. Buckley, 0.1.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; St. Amour, G.; Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1984. Variation among Fagan, W. 1983. A microcomputer-based distrib- aliquots of entire-chicken homogenates. Poult. uted event monitoring system. Proceedings Sci. 63:1446-1448. IECON'83 Meeting, Industrial Application of Mini and Microcomputers, Institute Electrical Spencer, 1.L.; Gilka, E; Gavora, 1.S.; Wright, P.E 1984. and Electronic Engineers, San Francisco, Calif., Distribution of lymphoid leukosis virus and p27 pp. 49-51. group-specific antigen in tissues from laying hens. Avian Dis. 28:358-373. Crawford, R.D.; Nagai, 1.; Percy, D.; Thibert, P.; Rowsell, H.C.; Flowers, EH. 1984. Research Teather, R.M.; Mahadevan, S.; Erfle, J.D.; Sauer, ED. Animals in Canada 1984. Canadian Council Ani- 1984. Negative correlation between protozoal and mal Care, Ottawa, Ont., 86 pp. bacterial levels in rumen samples and its relation to the determination of dietary effects in the Erfle, 1.0.; Sauer, ED.; Mahadevan, S. 1984. Energy rumen microbial population. Appl. Environ. metabolism in rumen microbes. Proceedings 6th Microbiol. 47:566-570. International Symposium Ruminant Physiology, Banff, Alta., 40 pp. Thompson, B.K.; Kramer, 1.K.G.; Farnworth, E.R.; Corner, A.H.; Hulan, H.W. 1984. The rela- Faris, M.A.; Atwal, A.S. 1984. Effects of cutting tionship of body weights with incidence and schedules on yield, forage quality and stand vigor severity of myocardial necrosis in male albino of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars. Forage rats. Nutr. Res. 4:681-689. Notes 27:71-76.

Trenholm, H.L.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; Friend, D.W.; Farnworth, E.R.; Kramer, 1.K.G.; Corner, A.H.; Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1984. Feeding Thompson, B.K. 1983. The methionine and cho- trials with vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-con- line status of diets used in rapeseed oil feeding taminated wheat: effects on swine, poultry and trials. Proceedings 6th International Rapeseed. dairy cattle. 1. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 185: Congress, Paris, pp. 1710-1714. 527-531. Fortin, A.; Chambers, 1.R. 1984. A comparative study Trenholm, H.L.; Warner, R.M.; Fitzpatrick, D.W. of rates of fat deposition in two strains of broiler 1984. A rapid, sensitive high performance liquid cockerels. Proceedings 30th European Meeting chromatographic method using an internal stan- Meat Research Workers, Bristol, England, dard for the analysis of zearalenone and Ci- and 13- pp. 29-30. zearalenone in wheat. 1. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 67:968-972. Gavora, 1.S. 1984. Genetic aspects of selection for disease resistance. Proceedings 2nd World Con- Tsang, c.P. W. 1984. Thin-layer chromatographic sepa- gress Sheep and Beef Cattle Breeding, Pretoria, ration of oestrogen sulfates. 1. Chromatogr. South Africa, II pp. 294:517-518. Grunder, A.A. 1983. The green muscle disease in Tsang, c.P. W.; Grunder, A.A. 1984. Effects of vitamin chickens and turkeys. Proceedings 32nd Annual 03 deficiency on estradiol-1713 metabolism in the Meeting National Breeders' Roundtable, SI. laying hen. Endocrinology 115:2170-2175. Louis, Mo. pp. 85-102. Animal Research Centre 181 Hamilton, R.M.G.; Trenholm, H.L.; Thompson, B.K. Patni, N.K.; Jui, P.Y. 1984. Changes in mineral content 1983. Effects of feeding chicks and laying hens of dairy cattle liquid manure during anaerobic diets that contained vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)- storage. Canadian Society Agricultural Engineers contaminated wheat. Proceedings 19th Annual Paper No. 84-413, 17 pp. Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturing, Patni, N.K.; Jui, P. 1983. Changes in nitrogen content Toronto, Ont. pp. 48-55. of dairy cattle liquid manure during anaerobic Jenkins, K.J.; Kramer, J.K.G.; Sauer, ED.; Emmons, storage. Proceedings Annual Meeting Canadian D. B. 1984. Influence on calf performance of free Society Agricultural Engineers, Truro, N.S., fatty acids in milk replacers. Canadex 402.55. Paper No. 83-409, 23 pp. Jones, S.D.M.; Fortin, A.; Haworth, C.R. 1983. Pork Sibbald, I.R. 1984. A bioassay for true metabolizable carcass grading using electronic probes. Informa- energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention tion for industry personnel. Agdex 444/844. I p. (TMEn). Canadex 450.55. Kramer, J.K.G.; Farnworth, E.R.; Thompson, B.K.; Sibbald, I.R. 1984. Proximate composition and true Comer, A.H. 1983. Cardiac lipid changes in rats metabolizable energy values of poultry feed- and how these correlate to myocardial necrosis. ingstuffs. Canadex 450.55. Proceedings 6th International Rapeseed Con- Sibbald,I.R.; Wolynetx, M.S. 1984. Energy in poultry gress, Paris, pp. 1672-1677. nutrition: Terminology and definitions. Canadex Langford, G.A. 1984. Reproductive performance of 450.55. confined ewe lambs bred by artificial insemina- Spencer, J.L.; Gavora, J.S.; Chen, S.S. 1984. Factors tion. Proceedings 10th International Congress influencing resistance and distribution of lesions Animal Reproduction, Artificial Insemination, in chickens exposed to BC-l and RB-lB isolants Urbana-Champaign, Ill. 3:371-373. of Marek's disease virus. Proceedings Interna- Langford G.A. 1984. Ultrasonic pregnancy testing in tional Symposium Marek's Disease, Ithaca, N. Y., sheep bred at synchronized estrus. Canadex 22 pp. 430.39. Trenholm, H.L.; Friend, D.W.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; Langford, G.A.; Hackett, A.J.; Marcus, G.J. 1984. Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1983. Incidence Studies on ram sperm penetration in bovine cer- and toxicology of deoxynivalenol as an emerging vical mucus. Proceedings 10th International Con- mycotoxin problem. Proceedings 6th Pan Amer- gress Animal Reproduction, Artificial Insemina- ican Conference on Mycoses, Symposium tion, Urbana-Champaign, Ill. 2:58-60. Mycotoxins as a Public Health Problem, Car- tagena, Colombia, 20 pp. Nagai, J. 1983. What is desired in laboratory animal science-from the standpoint of animal science (in Japanese). Lab. Animal (Jpn.) 1:14-18.

182 Research Branch Report 1984 London Research Centre, London, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

H. V. Morley, BSc, PhD Director lA. Coleman Administrative Officer D.E.H. Drew,! BSc, MLS Librarian

Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Insect Control Agents W. Chefurka,2 BSc, MSc, PhD Section Head; Biochemistry E.l Bond, BSA, MSc, PhD, DIC Fumigation-toxicology C.l Bolter, BSc, MSc Fumigation-toxicology T. Dumas, DCE, MSc Analytical chemistry R.M. Krupka, BA, MA, PhD Biochemistry T.T. Lee, BSc, PhD Plant biochemistry and tissue culture T. Nagai, ME, MSc, DSc Neurophysiology E.B. Roslycky, BSc, MSc, PhD Microbiology A.N. Starratt, BSc, PhD, FCIC Chemistry-attractants and repellents R.W. Steele, BSc, PhD Neurochemistry A. Vardanis, BSc, MSc, PhD Biochemistry

Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Plant-Pathogen Control Agents E.W.B. Ward, BSc, MSc, PhD Section Head; Pathology- phytoalexins D.A. Cuppels, BA, MS, PhD Phytobacteriology-microbial physiology G. Lazarovits,3 BSc, MSc, PhD Plant pathology-fungicides C. Madhosingh, BSA, MA, PhD Microbial biochemistry and pathology D.M. Miller, BSc, MSc, PhD Biophysics-fungicide selectivity A. Stoessl, BSc, PhD, FCIC Chemistry-phytoalexins and mycotoxins G.A. White, BA, MSc, PhD Biochemistry-fungicides

Soil Pesticides C.R. Harris, BA, MA, PhD Section Head; Insect toxicology B.T. Bowman, BSA, MSc, PhD Soil physical chemistry R.A. Chapman, BSc, MSc, PhD Analytical organic chemistry D.G.R. McLeod, BSA, MS, PhD Physiology lR. Robinson, BSA, MSA, PhD, FCIC Photodynamic insecticides lH. Tolman, BSc, MSc, PhD Applied entomology A.D. Tomlin, BA, MSc, PhD Pesticide ecology C.M. Tu, BSc, MSc, PhD Microbiology S.A. Turnbull, BSc, MSc Toxicology

Research Centre, London, Ont. 183 VISITING SCIENTISTS

National Research Council of Canada visiting fellows H. Gousseau, BSc(Hon), PhD Plant pathology R. Parekh,4 BSc, MSc, PhD Microbiology F. Rutherford, BSc, PhD Plant pathology

Graduate students M.K. Bhattacharyya,5 MSc Plant pathology D. Classen, MSc Plant pathology

ISeconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch 2Transferofwork October 1984-March 1985, Russel Grimwade School of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Australia. 3Transfer of work September 1984-September 1985, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel. 4Seconded from Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. 5Commonwealth Scholar.

184 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

This report summarizes highlights of research carried out during 1984 at the London Research Centre in support of departmental objectives in environmental quality and crop protection. The center was established in 1951 to investigate the problems created by the introduction of synthetic organic pesticides. Present research programs reflect the current health and environmental concerns regarding the agricultural use of pesticides by concentrating research efforts in integrated pest management (IPM) and environmental toxicology. The IPM objective comprises four research activities. The pest management activity is aimed at developing IPM procedures, including biological control, for agriculturally and economically important insect pests. Research on stored products is directed toward the investigation of environmental and insect resistance problems and the development of more efficient fumigation procedures leading to a minimum of pesticide residues. The third activity concerns research on alternative pest control strategies. Studies on insects are aimed at identifYing specific areas for attack, so that pest control in the future will not rely upon the use of broad-spectrum toxicants. Research on natural plant defense mechanisms in disease-resistant and susceptible agriculturally important crops has the objective of using natural defense mechanisms by biotechnology, chemical manipulation, or the breeding of resistant varieties. The last activity under the IPM objective concerns research on systemic fungicides. Studies are carried out on the efficacy of systemic fungicides and on the plant pathological, biochemical, biophysical, and structural parameters of fungicide activity and resistance. Research on environmental toxicology has three areas of activity. The first deals with the effect of pesticides on nontarget soil invertebrates and agriculturally important soil microorganisms. The second is concerned with the determination of the behavior, persistence, and environmental fate of pesticides and their movement through the environment. The third is concerned with establishing the mode of action of growth regulators and toxicants by carrying out studies on insects and plants related to vital processes of growth and development. In December, at a news conference at the center, the Hon. John Wise, Minister of Agriculture, announced that spending authority had been obtained for the federal purchase of the 26.97-hectare parcel of land selected from over three dozen possible sites examined. This land is urgently required for expanded field research and for relocation of the downtown rented office-laboratory complex housing the Soils Pesticides Unit. This report records only the highlights of our accomplishments for 1984; more detailed information can be obtained from the publication titles listed at the end of this report. Copies of this report, reprints of publications, and further information are available on request from the Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, University Sub Post Office, London, Ont. N6A 5B7.

H.Y. Morley Director

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT gress was made on the feasibility field studies aimed at incorporating biological control using Biological control of the onion maggot parasites and predators in an integrated control program. The planned release of 0.5 million lab- Laboratory studies on the biology of the sta- oratory-reared AB in the field had to be severely phylinid beetle Aleochara bilineata (AB) contin- curtailed because of adverse weather. Microplot ued. Long-term studies of diapause induction in field experiments indicated that AB populations AB were completed. Other studies were carried of 1-32 beetles per square metre were as effective out on developmental threshold temperatures for as chlorfenvinphos 5G in reducing onion maggot several life stages, the effect of temperature on damage to onions early in the season. Although egg development, and the effect of age and den- crop protection specialists have long recognized sity of host onion maggot pupae on parasitism by the fact that chemical efficacy is influenced by AB. environmental conditions, it is becoming appar- As a result of windstorms and torrential rain- ent that biological control methods will be even storms early in the growing season, limited pro- more susceptible to unpredictable natural phe-

Research Centre, London, Ont. 185 nomena. A successful mass-rearing technique for Evaluation of pesticides the anthomyiid predator Coenosia tigrina (CT) has been developed, permitting the initiation of a In the screening program, the spectrum of comprehensive toxicological assessment of this activity of three experimental insecticides was beneficial insect. Three field cultures of CT were determined. SD208304 and TF5290 showed obtained and successfully reared for screening promise as soil insecticides. Insecticides cur- tests. Laboratory studies on the biology of CT rently registered or proposed for com rootworm were initiated. control were tested in primary and secondary Work continued on the entomogenous fungi bioassays against the black cutworm (a secondary Entomophthora sp. with the acquisition of pest of com); several were effective, including numerous cultures from outside Canada to com- Dowco 429X, SD208304, and TF5290. A soil pare with the pure culture of E. muscae obtained bioassay procedure to determine the effect of from diseased onion maggot flies by laboratory insecticides on first-instar onion maggot was culturing on an artificial medium. Studies con- developed to complement the existing battery of tinue on the investigation of the factors governing tests in the screening program. the invasiveness of infective conidia. In the second year of the study on the persistence and degradation of insecticides recommended in Ontario for com rootworm control, the Monitoring persistence of 14 treatment-material combina- Extensive tests of com borer pheromones were tions was evaluated under field conditions. carried out, in cooperation with Lethbridge Chlorfenvinphos, chloethocarb, and Research Station, and tests of common army- CGA73102, which had shown limited per- worm and fall armyworm pheromones were con- sistence in 1983 were not included in 1984. Fen- ducted in cooperation with Laval University. Var- sulfothion, trimethacarb, and two experimental iegated cutworms were monitored with sticky insecticides were added to the list of seven traps as opposed to funnel traps. insecticides carried over from 1983. Comparison Populations of cabbage maggot flies in of persistence data for those insecticides tested rutabagas, under grower field conditions, were showed that all materials were less persistent in found to be very low, but larvae caused significant 1984. Climatic conditions appear to be a factor, losses. Yellow water-pan traps baited with and microbial adaptation also is being examined. allylisothiocyanate (ASCN) were effective for The re-treated carbofuran soil was known to be monitoring second- and third-generation cab- adapted to degrade carbofuran, but carbofuran bage maggot flies. Cone traps with ASCN were degradation in previously untreated soil was ineffective. equally quick. Isofenphos, the most persistent insecticide tested in 1983, was the least persistent Studies on toxicity resistance of the insecticides tested in 1984, and further examination revealed that soil adaptation had In studies on insecticide resistance, tests done occurred. on cabbage maggot submitted from New- Insect rearing foundland gave no evidence of resistance to fensulfothion or carbofuran, even though efficacy A vigorous insect-rearing program is a vital data indicate that control programs with these component of integrated pest management insecticides are failing. The first reported case of research. Development of successful techniques pyrethroid resistance by the Colorado potato bee- for rearing potential biological control agents is a tle in Ontario was confirmed on a strain submitted prerequisite for inundative field release. Many from the Thedford Marsh. Baseline data obtained insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible on the pyrethroid-resistant potato beetle strain strains are maintained and made available to from Quebec indicated 23- to 38-fold resistance other laboratories. levels as compared with the susceptible London Forty-seven separate strains of insects repre- strain. senting 22 individual species were processed A study was carried out to determine the effect through the 1984 rearing program. Amass-rear- of dilution of a pyrethroid-resistant strain of ing technique for the predator Coenosia tigrina house fly with a single introduction of susceptible was developed. flies. Results indicated that there was a rapid Thirty-three separate shipments of insects were decline in resistance levels in the F1 and subse- made to a variety of government, university, and quent generations. commercial laboratories across the country.

186 Research Branch Report 1984 STORED PRODUCTS grown to maturity and the seed collected. In current methods only one race can be evaluated per Concern over the impact of the banning of plant, and plants are destroyed. ethylene dibromide on the status of the remaining A reliable chemotactic assay system for fumigants led to an increased emphasis on methyl Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (bacterial bromide (MeBr) in 1983 with regard to levels speck) was developed. This assay system will remaining after fumigation and the nature of the allow studies to be carried out on the response of terminal residues. the bacterial speck pathogen to chemotactic stim- Desorption studies showed that 93% of the uli and hence is expected to lead to a better applied MeBr desorbed from treated wheat and understanding of the role of chemotaxis in plant rapeseed after the first 30 h; 95% was lost from pathogenesis. treated corn after 5 h. Grinding the sample dou- Of particular interest was the successful trans- bled the desorption losses. The MeBr residue position Tn5 mutation (through scattered inser- levels 14 days after treatment were less than tion) of the P. syringae pv. tomato chromosome. 0.43 x 1O-6g in all cases. Analytical meth- This powerful and direct biotechnological odology, using a newly purchased photoioniza- approach to explaining gene function should tion detector, proved to be 3000 times more sen- facilitate genetic analyses of virulence factors in sitive than the technique previously used. Levels this important plant pathogen. down to 10 x 1O-9g could be measured. The study of metabolites produced on syn- Other experiments were carried out on yellow thetic media by the peanut pathogen Cercospora seed corn to determine residue levels after multi- arachidicola was completed. It was demonstrated ple fumigations with MeBr and the nature of the that under laboratory conditions large quantities terminal products using 14C-labeled MeBr. A of dothistromin, a known mutagen, were pro- large proportion of the residue was found in the duced together with small amounts of seven other germ portion of the seed; on a weight-to-weight anthraquinonoid pigments. These products have basis, residues in germ tissue were seven times been identified and are either known to be zoo- those found in the endosperm. Work still con- toxic or are presumed to be so because of their tinues on developing analytical methodology for structures. The study also led, quite seren- the various end-products. Most of the nonvolatile dipitously, to the isolation of a mixture of 12 long- residue from 14C-MeBr treated corn has been chain fatty aldehydes. This is the first report of the found to be associated with the protein fractions. production of long-chain aldehydes by any fungus. One unusual feature of this mixture of fatty aldehydes was the predominance of odd- ALTERNATIVE PEST CONTROL numbered carbon chains. STRATEGIES A collaborative study with Oklahoma State University has led to the discovery that at least Plant diseases one of the cadimane metabolites of cotton is biosynthesized by a mechanism other than that Research in this area is directed toward an long accepted for the important toxin gossypol. appreciation of the basic processes occurring in Fusarium pathogens are responsible for a large plant-pathogen interactions in resistant and sus- component of the annual losses due to diseases in ceptible crops. The potential benefits of these tomato. In an attempt to obtain an understanding studies would be the ability to activate the plants' of the field behavior of the pathogen, auxotrophic natural defense mechanisms and to provide mutants of the pathogenic and virulent isolates of guidelines for breeding for genetic resistance. Fusarium oxysporum lycopersicae and F. oxy- It was demonstrated that soybean leaves dis- sporum radicislycopersicae were obtained. play the same type of genetically controlled resis- These will be used to characterize the behavior of tance responses to infection with Phytophthora genetic factors responsible for pathogenicity and megasperma f. sp. glycinea. The relative ease of virulence. observation and access to host-pathogen interaction through the leaf intercellular spaces suggests Insect pests. Research in this area is directed that the use of leaves will have many advantages toward gaining an understanding of basic life in the study of the biochemistry of the disease and processes peculiar to the insect so that methods of its manipulation. An additional potential advan- selective, specific control can be developed that tage is that leaves may provide a screening do not rely upon broad-spectrum toxicants. method of great value to the plant breeder. The Research continued on the biochemical control reaction to several races of the pathogen could be mechanisms associated with the insect molt-in- assayed at one time, and the plant could still be termolt cycle. Work in 1984 was highlighted by

Research Centre, London, Ont. 187 the finding that a cyclic-AMP binding protein in peared rapidly from sand and muck soils, indicat- an extract of newly molted adult grasshoppers ing that there would be little chance of its leach- had protein kinase activity. This activity had ing to ground water. Residues in radishes were escaped detection previously because of its below 0.005 mg/kg. Dowco 429X disappeared extreme lability. This enzyme is the fourth species more slowly; after 16 wk in a sandy soilless than of cyclic nucleotide-activated protein kinase iso- 1% remainded; in a muck soil after the same lated in this laboratory. This recently isolated period of time approximately 10% remained. enzyme has an interesting property that dis- Residue levels in radishes and carrots were all less tinguishes it from the other three species. than 10 S84g/kg. Another experimental material, A more complete understanding of the inac- PP993, was also found to be moderately per- tivation of proctolin by enzymes in cockroach sistent. After 8 wk 10% of the applied level hemolymph has been obtained. Insect hemo- remained in a sandy soil and 23% in a muck soil. lymph was shown to contain a very wide spec- Residues in crops were at the 10 S84g/kg level or trum of peptidases including aminopeptidase(s), less. two dipeptidases, and an atypical postproline car- Extensive research was carried out on a variety boxypeptidase. It is now clear that three primary of pesticides and experimental conditions to hydrolytic pathways, varying in importance with examine the phenomenon of enhanced microbial pH, account for the in vitro metabolism of proc- degradation in adapted soils. In connection with tolin in cockroach hemolymph. Several second- the enhanced carbofuran degradation described ary and tertiary degradation pathways were also in last year's report, it was felt that the whole identified. question of soil activation to carbofuran, par- Studies have shown that a proprietary product ticularly in the area of corn rootworm control, sold for the preparation of HLPC-grade water is could be better assessed if field workers had a useful for the isolation of proctolin and other reliable, easily performed test available. A simple physiologically active materials from cockroach colorimetric procedure was developed to test for tissues. It is anticipated that the use of this resin adaptation of soil microorganisms to the degra- will facilitate the isolation of sufficient quantities dation of carbofuran. One hundred and sixty-two of the novel myotropic peptides in the cockroach pure isolates were screened for carbofuran nervous system for structural studies. The newly degrading activity. Results obtained by HPLC discovered inhibitory neuropeptide, neutrolin, analysis of the water soluble metabolite indicated isolated from cockroach tissues in this laboratory that only one isolate, a Streptomyces sp., was has also been identified in locusts. active in degradation of carbofuran in activated soil. Pesticide toxicity and mode of action ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Investigations on the mode of action of pho- Environmental fate of pesticides todynamic insecticides continued. One generally accepted theory ascribes toxicity to the formation Work directed toward determining the move- in vivo of a highly activated form of oxygen ment and persistence of pesticides in the environ- (singlet oxygen) that disrupts vital biochemical ment continued. Some newly designed field processes. Experimental proof of this theory of in leaching units for studying pesticide mobility in vivo action is lacking. soil cores were in operation in 1984. The appara- With the use of housefly larvae in vivo and a tus allowed the quantitative collection of effluent new improved experimental approach, it was from soil cores following rainfall. Results demon- found that dietary fj-carotene affords partial pro- strated that approximately two-thirds of incident tection from the photodynamic action of rainfall on bare soil cores was lost by evaporation. erythrosine. As the carotenoids are quenchers of Less that 6% of applied granular aldicarb was known singlet oxygen processes, this result sug- leached (as its sulfoxide or sulfone metabolites) gested that at least part of the phototoxicity is due through 38 em in soil cores and by 36 em of to singlet oxygen. The situation is complicated by rainfall over a 14-wk period. No aldie arb or its the unexpected finding that other dietary antioxi- sulfoxide or sulfone remained in the soil after 14 dants not only failed to protect but actually wk. Applied granular chlorpyrifos was totally resulted in enhanced phototoxicity. Apparently immobile in the soil cores, and its persistence was more than one mechanism contributes to the inversely proportional to soil moisture content. complex mode of action of the photodynamic Work on the persistent crop uptake and potential insecticide erythrosine. for groundwater pollution of selected soil A basic requirement of the effective use of insecticides continued. Methamidophos disap- pheromones in IPM is to develop an understand-

188 Research Branch Report 1984 ing of pheromone reception systems in insects. tions of thermodynamic equilibrium. Such con- Electrophysiological studies on antennal re- ditions are seldom attained by compounds pass- sponses (EAG) of the European com borer to ing through either plants and animals, or indeed pheromones continued. In order to determine the the environment. A quantity much more useful to ionic basis of EAG responses, a totally new per- pharmacodynamics is the rate constant for the fusion technique was devised that allowed modi- transfer of the compound between the phases-a fied saline perfusion through the haemolymph quantity that has seldom been measured because space in the antenna. It was clearly demonstrated of the complexity of the experimental methods. A that the bioelectrical potential has its origin in the fairly rapid and reproducible rate-measuring epithelial layer, where all receptor units are technique has been developed that requires rela- located. The results also demonstrated the unique tively small amounts of materials, and its use has pattern of the local response summation of stim- been demonstrated in the measurement of the uli. Direct evidence was obtained that the sum- rates of transfer of tritiated water and the lower mation of the locally elicited EAGs contributed to alcohols in both directions across the water- the overall response. Studies on mode of action of octanol interaction. fungicides, especially in relation to resistance Research continued on the mode of action of problems, continued. A previous structure- the herbicide glyphosate. An effective HPLC activity study with a variety of Thiophene carbox- method was developed for the isolation and quan- amides and the succinate dehydrogenase com- tification of the major conjugates and oxidation plex or complexes (SDCs) from wild-type and products of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic mutant carboxin-resistant strains of Ustilago acid (IAA). The 1983 finding of significant differ- maydis revealed a number of molecular structures ences in the rate of IAA metabolism between that showed specificity for mutated SDCs from glyphosate-tolerant and glyphosate-susceptible highly and moderately carboxin-resistant SDCs. plant species led to kinetic studies of IAA metab- Molecular selectivity for mutated, carboxin- olism. It was shown that the rate of conjugation of resistant SDCs can be influenced by replacement IAA affected by glyphosate was correlated with of an oxathiin (carboxin) by a thiophene hetero- the inhibition of growth. cyclic ring and by the substitutive group on the The involvement of IAA in glyphosate action amide nitrogen, allowing various categories of was also demonstrated by the glyphosate-induced mutant types and mutants within a single cate- release of lateral buds from apical dominance and gory to be differentiated from one another. the decrease of ethylene production. Current work with thiophene carboxamides, and wild-type and carboxin-resistant mutated PUBLICATIONS SDCs from Aspergillus nidulans, showed that a wide variety of structures showed negative Research activity correlation to the parent anilide, particularly with the SDC from a moderately car- Bolter, C.J.; Laing, J.E. 1983. Competition between boxin-resistant strain of A. nidulans. On the Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneu- monidae) and Microplitis plutella (Hymenoptera: other hand, no oxathiin carboxamides showed Braconidae) for the larvae of the diamondback such negative activity correlation as they do with moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plu- the SDCs of carboxin-resistant mutant strains of tellidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 114:1-10. Ustilago maydis. Bond, EJ. 1984. Manual of fumigation for insect con- Data were obtained on the identification of trol. 3rd ed. Page 432 in Plant Prod. Prot. Pap. No. thiophene carboxamide structures fungicidally 54, .Food Agriculture Organization, Rome. active against several non-basidiomycete plant pathogenic fungi. A few thiophene carboxamides Bond, E.J.; Dumas, T.; Hobbs, S. 1984. Corrosion of metals by the fumigant phosphine. J. Stored Prod. may be of practical significance against Res. 20(2):57-63. Phytophthora infestans. Greenhouse experiments have revealed that compounds such as the Bond, E.J.; Heme, D.H.C. 1983. The potential of car- 3' n-butyl analogue of 3-methylthiophene-2-carbon dioxide and low oxygen atmospheres for control of winter eggs of the European red mite, boxanilide provided satisfactory protection Panonychus ulmi, on harvested apples. Proc. against late blight of tomatoes. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 114:11-14. Many measurements of the partition coefficients of biologically active compounds between Bowman, B.T. 1984. Numerical technique for estimating equilibrium concentrations from initial con- aqueous and lipoid phases have been reported. centrations when using the Freundlich adsorption These coefficients describe the distribution of the equation. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part BI9(3): compound between the two phases under condi- 313-321.

Research Centre, London, Ont. 189 Chapman, R.A.; Harris, C. 1984. The chemical sta- Jennings, K.R.; Steele, R.W; Starratt, A.N. 1984. The bility of formulations of some hydrolyzable effects of diltiazem on Periplaneta americana. insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis Experientia (Basel) 40:456-458. catalysts. 1. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 19(4 and Lee, T.T. 1984. Release of lateral buds from apical 5):397 -407. dominance by glyphosate in soybean and pea Chapman, R.A.; Harris, C.R.; Svec, H.J.; Robinson, seedlings. 1. Plant Growth Regul. 3:227-235. 1.R. 1984. Persistence and mobility of granular Madhosingh, c.; Orr, W 1984. Biodegradation of fatty insecticides in an organic soil following furrow acylamino acids. 1. Environ. Sci. Health Part application for onion maggot control. 1. Environ. B19(4 and 5):491-499. Science Health Part BI9(3): 259-270. Miles, 1.R.W.; Harris, C.R.; Tu, C.M. 1983. Influence Chapman, R.A.; Tolman, 1.H.; Harris, C.R.; Cole, C. of temperature on the persistence of chlorpyrifos 1983. Fenvalerate concentrations in a mineral and and chlorfenvinphos in sterile and natural mineral an organic soil receiving multiple applications and organic soils. 1. Environ. Sci. Health Part during the growing season. 1. Environ. Sci. Health BI8(6):705-712. Part BI8(6):685-690. Miles, 1.R.W; Harris, C.R.; Tu, C.M. 1984. Influence Cuppels, D.A. 1984. The use of pathovar-indicative of moisture on the persistence of chlorpyrifos and bacteriophages for rapidly detecting Pseudo- chlorfenvinphos in sterile and natural mineral and monas syringae pv. tomato in tomato leaf and organic soils. 1. Environ. Sci. Health Part fruit lesions. Phytopathology 74:891-894. BI9(2):237-243. Deves, R.; Krupka, R.M. 1984. The comparative spe- Miller, D. M. 1985. Studies of root function in Zea mal'S cificity of the inner and outer substrate transfer IV. Effects of applied pressure on the hydrauiic sites in the choline carrier of human erythrocytes. conductivity and volume flow through the excised 1. Membr. BioI. 80:71-80. root. Plant Physiol. 77:168-174. Deves, R.; Krupka, R.M. 1984. The relationship Miller, D.M. 1985. Studies of root function inZea mal'S between substrate dissociation constants derived 111. Xylem sap concentration at maximum ra"ot from transport experiments and equilibrium bind- pressure provides evidence of active transport into ing assays. Implications of the conventional car- the xylem and a measure of the reflection coeffi- rier model. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 769:455- cient of the root. Plant Physiol. 77:162-167. 460. Starratt, A.N.; Steele, R.W. 1984. In vivo inactivation Dumas, T. 1984. Determination of carbon dioxide at of the insect neuropeptide proctolin in Peri- the ppm level: A statistical comparison of a sin- planeta americana. Insect Biochem. 14(1): gle-filament and a four-filament thermal con- 97-102. ductivity detector. 1. Chromatogr. 299:432-435. Stoessl, A. 1984. Dothistromin as a metabolite of Gnanamanickam, S.S.; Starratt, A.N.; Ward, E.W.B. Cercospora arachidicola. Mycopathologia 86: 1983. Evidence for the production of similar tox- 165-168. ins by Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Can. J. Stoessl, A.; Arditti, 1. 1984. Orchid phytoalexins. Bot. 61(12):3271-3278. Pages 153-175 in Arditti, 1., ed. Orchid biology. Reviews and perspectives, 111.Cornell University Harris, C.R.; Chapman, R.A.; Harris, c.; Tu, C.M. Press, Ithaca, N. Y. 1984. Biodegradation of pesticides in soil: Rapid induction of carbamate degrading factors after Stoessl, A.; Stothers, 1.B. 1984. Alternaric acid. Proof carbofuran treatment. 1. Environ. Sci. Health Part of biosynthesis via condensation of two poly- B 19(1): I-II. ketide chains. Complete assignment of the IH and BC magnetic resonance spectra by 2D tech- Harris, C.R.; Whistlecraft, 1.W.; Svec, H.1.; Tolman, niques. Can. 1. Chern. 62(3):549-553. 1.H.; Tomlin, A.D. 1984. Outdoor rearing technique for mass production of onion maggots (Dip- Tolman, 1.H.; Whistlecraft, 1.W; Harris, C.R. 1985. tera: Anthomyiidae). 1. Econ. Entomol. 77: Delia antiqua. Pages 49-57 in Singh, P.; Moore, 824-827. R.E, eds. Handbook of insect rearing, II. Elsevier Scientific. Hills, K.A.; Stoessl, A.; Oliva, A.P.; Arditti, 1. 1984. Effects of orchinol, loroglossol, dehydroorchinol, Whistlecraft, 1.W; Harris, C.R.; Tomlin, A.D.; Batatasin Ill, and 3,4' -dihydroxy-5-methoxy- Tolman, 1.H. 1984. Mass rearing technique for a dihydrostilbene on orchid seedlings. Bot. Gaz. Braconid parasite, Aphaereta pa/lipes (Say) 145(3):298-301. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), 1. Econ. Entomol. 77:814-816. Holenstein, 1.E.; Stoessl, A.; Kern, H.; Stothers, 1.B. 1984. The rnarticins: Confirmation of structure, Whistlecraft, 1.W; Tolman, 1.H.; Harris, C.R. 1985. elucidation of biosynthetic origin by I3Cmr stud- Delia radicum. Pages 67-73 in Singh, P.; Moore, ies, and revision of stereochemical assignments. R.E, eds. Handbook of insect rearing, 11.Elsevier Can. 1. Chern. 62(10):1971-1976. Scientific.

190 Research Branch Report 1984 Whistlecraft, J.W; Tolman, J.H.; Harris, C.R. 1985. Cuppels, D.A. 1984. Phages useful in detecting and Delia platura. Pages 59-65 in Singh, P.; Moore, identifying Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. R.E, eds. Handbook of insect rearing, II. Elsevier Proceedings 2nd Working Group on Scientific. Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars. Hellenic Phy- Zhou, M.D.; Lee, TT 1984. Selectivity of auxin for topathological Society, Sounion, Greece, pp. 50-52. induction and growth of callus from excised embryo of spring and winter wheat. Can. J. Bot. Harris, C.R., ed. 1984. An assessment of research 62: 1393-1397. projects funded by the Ministry of the Environ- ment through the Ontario Pesticides Advisory Miscellaneous Committee, 1983-1984. 43 pp. Bhattacharyya, M.K.; Ward, E.WB. 1984. Differential Lee, TT 1984. Promotion of indole-3-acetic acid production of glyceollin isomers in the soybean- metabolism by glyphosate in plants. Proceedings Phytophthora magasperma f. sp. glycinea Plant Growth Regulator Society of America, interaction. Phytopathology 74:849-850. pp. 201-205. Bond, E.J. 1984. Fumigation as part of an integrated Rutherford, ES.; Singh, B.; Ward, E.WB. 1984. Lack pest management program. Pages 723-738 in of evidence for virus-like particles in races in Ripp, B.E., et aI., eds. Proceedings International Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Phy- Symposium on Controlled Atmospheres and tophthora Newsletter 12:31. Fumigation, Perth, Australia. Elsevier, Amster- dam, Netherlands. Starratt, A.N. 1984. The investigation of insect neuropeptide structure-activity relationships. Pages Bond, E.J. 1984. Fumigation of raw and processed 265-283 in Borkovec, A.B.; Kelly, TJ., eds. commodities. Pages 143-160 in Baur, EJ., ed. Insect neurochemistry and neurophysiology. Insect management of food storage and process- Plenum Publishing, New York, N.Y. ing. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minn. Starratt, A.N.; Stevens, M.E. 1984. Proctolin. Pages 255-259 in Hancock, WS., ed. CRC handbook of Bond, EJ. 1984. Resistance of stored product insects to HPLC for the separation of amino acids, pep- fumigants. Proceedings 3rd International Work- tides, and proteins, Vol. lI. CRC Press, Boca ing Conference in Stored Products Entomology, Raton, Fla. Manhattan, Kan., pp. 303-307. Steele, R.W; Starratt, A.N. 1984. Rapid isolation of Bond, E.J.; Dumas, T 1984. Techniques for analysing proctolin and other pharmacologically active con- fumigants at ultra low concentration levels. Pages stituents from cockroach tissues. Pages 487-491 451-454 in Ripp, B.E., et aI., eds. Proceedings in Borkovec, A.B.; Kelly, TJ., eds. Insect neu- International Symposium on Controlled rochemistry and neurophysiology, Plenum Pub- Atmospheres and Fumigation, Perth, Australia. lishing, New York, N. Y. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Stoessl, A. 1984. Quinone methides and 'Y-pyrone Classen, D.; Ward, E. W. B. 1984. Elicitor production in methides. Pages 683-693 in Laskin, A.I.; temperature-induced compatibility of soybean Lechevalier, H. A., eds. Handbook of micro- and Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. biology, 2nd ed. Vol. V: Microbial products. CRC Phytopathology 74:875. Press, Boca Raton, Fla.

Research Centre, London, Ont. 191

Delhi Research Station, Delhi, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

P.w. Johnson, BSA, MSc, PhD Director E.G. Ashby Administrative Officer

Tobacco H.H. Cheng, BSc, MSc, PhD Entomology W.A. Court, BSc, MSc, PhD Chemistry l.M. Elliot, BSA, MSA Soil science S.K. Gayed, BSc, MSc, PhD Plant pathology R.S. Pandeya,1 BSc, MSc, PhD Genetics and plant breeding N. Rosa, BSc, MSc, PhD Plant physiology E.K. Walker, BSA, MS Plant science B.E Zilkey, BSA, MSc, PhD Plant physiology

New Crops R.e. Roy, BSc(Agr), MSc Agronomy

DELHI ENGINEERING RESEARCH GROUP2

D.A. Stier, BSc Engineer

EXTENSION SERVICES3

N. W. Sheidow, BSc Tobacco M.e. Watson, BSA Tobacco

AGRICULTURAL ENERGY CENTRE3

M.l. Columbus, BSc(Agr) Energy Specialist

Departure M. Skrypuch, BA(Eng), MLS Librarian

IOn work transfer to Ottawa Research Station from September 1984 to August 1985. 2Providedby the Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Growers' Marketing Board and the Canadian Tobacco Manufac- turers' Council. 3Providedby Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

ResearchStation, Delhi, Ont. 193 INTRODUCTION

The Delhi Research Station conducts a multidisciplinary research program in support of the flue- cured tobacco industry in Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic Provinces. Basic research in genetics, chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology is conducted in support of mission-oriented research. Engi- neering research on energy utilization and mechanization is conducted by the Delhi Engineering Research Group (DERG), which is jointly funded by the Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Growers' Marketing Board and the Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers' Council. A new crops program is currently directed toward alternative or rotational crops for the sandy soils of the tobacco area. Reprints of research publications and copies of this report are available from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 186, Delhi, Ont. N4B 2W9.

P.W. Johnson Director

TOBACCO PRODUCTION leaves removed gave higher yields than plants topped at 16 leaves with sand leaves harvested Germination and postgermination growth when spaced at 61 cm x 107 cm and 71 cm x 107 cm, but gave low~r yields when spaced at 51 cm Germination of tobacco seed in 10"-4M ethrei x 107 cm. suppressed ion leakage into water, but no significant effects were observed at 10-7-10-5 M. Fresh Axillary bud growth inhibition weight of seedlings at 33 days after start of ger- Fatty alcohols as sucker control chemicals pro- mination was significantly lower for 10-6 M and vided excellent control of axillary buds when 10-7 M ethrel. Abscisic acid concentrations of applied to tobacco plants at apical bud elongation 1Q-6 to 10-3 M had no effect upon ion leakage into and shortly thereafter. Experimental results water. Germination was significantly decreased at showed that a single application provided more 7 x 10-5 M. Postgermination growth was not sig- than 95% control of axillary bud growth, whereas nificantly affected. two appilcations, the second applied 6-7 days Seedling culture after the initial coverage, did not significantly increase axillary bud inhibition. Commercially, Among three successive pullings at 5-day however, unevenness of crop development neces- intervals from muck seedbeds, a reduction in sitated the use of two, and in some instances shoot-to-root ratio (green-weight basis) was asso- three, applications. ciated with improved field survival. Crop returns, however, decreased with the later transplanting. Harvesting A seedbed population of 1240 :t 50 plants per Green-leaf yield of randomly oriented, square metre in muck seedbeds produced seed- mechanically harvested tobacco was 7.9% less lings that gave higher crop returns than seedlings than that of hand-harvested tobacco because of produced in populations that were either less or leaf loss in the harvesting operation. This repre- more dense. sented a cured leaf loss of 249 kg/ha. The ran- Seedling hardiness studies showed that the domly oriented, mechanically harvested tobacco practices of seedbed forking and plant clipping or is cured in bulk kilns compared with bulk racks or combination treatments thereof produced plants lath curing for hand-harvested tobacco, and there with superior characteristics that produced higher was a further loss in curing for the mechanically crop returns than plants hardened by water with- harvested tobacco of 319 kg/ha to make a total drawal only. loss of 568 kg/ha compared with hand-harvested tobacco. Topping, spacing, and sand-leaf removal Curing The yield of Delgold increased when plants were topped at 19 leaves rather than at 16 leaves. Polyurethane foam and styrofoam sheets in Removal of sand leaves prior to harvest resulted in downdraft kilns were effective for conserving fuel lower yields at both topping heights. Price when applied to roof and gable ends, walls, or decreased with increasing topping height, but had burner ducts. Polyurethane was somewhat more no apparent correlation with removal or harvest of effective than styrofoam sheets in the roof and sand leaves. Plants topped at 19 leaves with sand gable end areas.

194 Research Branch Report 1984 Storage Rutin, 5-0-caffeoylquinic acid, and kaempferol-3-rhamnoglucoside did not change appre- Mold development in cured leaves during a ciably, although there was a tendency toward 6-mo storage period varied with type of wrapping lower levels with the later sampling dates. 4-0- (paper or plastic), initial moisture content (18.5, Caffeoylquinic acid progressively declined 20.0, or 21.0%), and relative humidity (RH) of throughout the study in the leaves of each stalk the storage environment (79,60, or 48%). Mold position. Scopoletin was below detectible levels development was minimal at an initial moisture (0.01 mg/g) in most of the early sampling periods content of 18.5% and storage environment of but was present in mature leaves late in the sam- 60% RH, regardless of type of wrapping. At the pling period. storage RH level of79%, plastic prevented uptake of sufficient additional moisture to cause mold, but paper-wrapped tobacco developed substantial mold. TOBACCO PROTECTION

Entomology GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Monitoring studies. Spring hatching rate of darksided cutworm eggs has been monitored at In collaboration with Dr. Keller of Ottawa the Delhi Research Station for 17 yr. Results Research Station, somatic hybrids were produced showed that the earliest egg hatch over the 17 yr by fusing protoplasts derived from a cell suspen- began on 8 March 1983 and the latest egg hatch sion of chlorophyll-deficient Nicotiana rustica L. began on 14 April 1972. In general, over 90% of and an albino mutant of N. tabacum L. strain WS the eggs had hatched by mid April, and the to combine nicotine-controlling genetic factors. optimum time for cover crop treatment was after Eleven somatic hybrids were evaluated for leaf 20 April each year. nicotine, and three selected with the highest nic- Chemical control. Evaluation of six insec- otine content were backcrossed to a commercial ticides (acephate, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, tobacco cultivar, Delgold. Three dosages of back- deltamethrin, flucythrinate, and permethrin) and cross were required to restore normal tobacco a herbicide (diphenamid) applied sequentially or phenotype and gametic fertility. A total of 99 in tank-mixed combinations on tobacco seed- individuals were selected, based on their nicotine lings after transplanting for determining their content. There was a 5- to 8-fold increase in effects on the darksided cutworm, on weeds, and nicotine compared with original donor parents, on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco and values ranged from 0.9 to 3.9% as opposed to revealed that all insecticides tested were compati- 0.54% for N. rustica and 0.21% for N. tabacum ble with diphenamid. No phytotoxicity was donor parents. Forty-one of the 99 selections were observed with any of the treatments. The perfor- also screened for blue mold tolerance. Eight mance of sequential applications of diphenamid immune, 19 resistant, and 8 tolerant plants were and insecticides, or of insecticide-diphenamid isolated. Also, 16 progeny lines exhibited resis- combinations, was consistent and had similar tance to black root rot contributed by the N. degrees of affectiveness over the 4 yr. Treatments rustica parent. These lines are the first examples had no effect on the yield, grade index, reducing of the practical utilization of biotechnology in sugars, and total alkaloids in flue-cured tobacco, plant breeding. indicating that these combinations had no delete- rious effect on tobacco quality. The cost of cutworm control by using this method of application CHEMISTRY was reduced by over 50%. Plant pathology Chlorogenic acid, its isomers (4- and 5-0- caffeoylquinic acid), rutin, kaempferol-3-rham- Blue mold. Blue mold was not reported in noglucoside, scopoletin, and scopolin in the Canada in 1984. No viable oospores of leaves of flue-cured tobacco were determined in Peronospora tabacina were recorded in tobacco samples collected at intervals from early in July soil. Metalaxyl applied in planting water followed through harvest. Quantitative differences were by a layby treatment provided effective protection found among the four cultivars studied, but the and had no effect on smoke quality of the leaf. Six changes during growth were similar for each sprays of chlorothalonil increased tobacco yield. cultivar and for each of the four years studied. Sprays of oxadixyl-chlorothalonil mixtures Chlorogenic acid and scopolin increased with had no undesirable effect on yield and quality of plant growth in each stalk position examined. tobacco, and growth chamber studies indicated

Research Station, Delhi, Ont. 195 that oxadixyl is as effective as metalaxyl in pro- Phoma arachidicola, which causes web tecting tobacco from P. tabacina. Tobacco leaf blotch, was isolated and symptoms of the disease wetness was monitored, and dew was the main were reproduced by artificial inoculation. Two source throughout the growing season. sprays of glycophene on 28 June and 26 July at a Black root rot. Application of imazalil in total rate of 2.5 kg/ha reduced leaf spots on pea- planting water reduced the incidence of black nuts by 45% without inducing a yield increase. root rot caused by Thielaviopsis basicola but was Leaf wetness of peanuts was monitored during phytotoxic. The soil fumigant SN 578 was as the growing season, and dew was found to be the effective as Telone C-17 in controlling the dis- main source of wetness. ease, whereas SN 556 was considerably less Winter canola cultivar trials produced an aver- effective. age yield of 2800 kg/ha. Research indicates a Damping-off. In laboratory tests, benomyl was planting date of 25-30 August, and an applica- much more suppressive to Rhizoctonia solani tion of 40-50 kg/ha of nitrogen is required to than either glycophene or benodanil. ensure adequate winter survival. The colored bean cultivar trial produced aver- Pole rot. Three thermophilic fungi were iso- age (1690 kg/ha) yields 12% lower than those of lated from cured tobacco leaves infected with rot. 1983, primarily because of summer drought These were Aspergillus flavus and A. niger with stress. Flour chick-peas produced yields of an optimum growth temperature ranging from 30 1200-1500 kg/ha. to 35°C; the third was A. jumigatus ranging from 35 to 40°C. Weed control PUBLICATIONS Various herbicide treatments were evaluated for their effect on flue-cured tobacco grade index, Research yield, return index, lamina total alkaloid, and Cheng, H.H. 1984. Residual toxicity of six pyrethroid reducing sugar content. Recommended her- and two oranophosphorus insecticides on soil sur- bicides (diphenamid and pebulate), a promising face against darksided cutworm (Lepidoptera: experiment herbicide (napropamide), annual Noctuidae) on tobacco in Ontario. Can. Entomol. grass control chemicals (sethoxydim, fluazifop- 116:11-17. butyl, and CGA 82725), and a possible nut sedge Cheng, H.H.; Hanlon, 1.1. 1984. Effects of six control chemical (MBR 20457) produced no sig- insecticides and a herbicide applied sequentially nificant difference in agronomic and chemical or as tank mix combinations on darksided cut- results from the untreated check. No phytoxicity worms, weeds, and)lue-cured tobacco. Tob. Sci. was observed with any of the chemicals tested. 28:50-54. Cheng, H. H.; Hanlon,]. 1. 1984. Residual toxicity of six insecticides and a herbicide applied sequentially NEW CROPS or in tank mix combinations on tobacco seedlings against darksided cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noc- Two hundred hectares of peanuts were grown tuidae). Tob. Sci. 28:127-130. in Ontario and produced wide-ranging Court, WA.; Elliot, 1.M.; Hendel, 1.G. 1984. Influence (1200-3400 kg/ha) yields and grades (16-67% of applied nitrogen fertilization on certain lipids, sound, mature kernels). terpenes, and other characteristics of flue-cured Agriculture engineering research and develop- tobacco. Tob. Sci. 28:69-72. ment contract funding resulted in the production Court, WA.; Hendel, 1.G. 1984. Changes in leaf pig- of a one-row commercial once-over harvester. ments during senescence and curing of flue-cured Area producers who used the harvester were quite tobacco. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:229-232. pleased. Work on rotating disc cleaners produced Court, WA.; Roy, R.C.; Hendel, 1.G. 1984. Effect of promising experimental results. Curing experi- harvest date on agronomic and chemical charac- ments on peanuts indicated that if air tem- teristics of Ontario peanuts. Can. 1. Plant Sci. peratures exceed 30°C, then sour off-flavors are 64:521-528. produced. An increase in the percentage splits, Gayed, S.K. 1984. The response of pepper and tomato and a decrease in germination also occurs. cultivars challenge inoculation by Peronospora Preliminary evaluation of F6 peanut lines from tabacina. Can 1. Plant Sci. 64:241-244. the University of Guelph indicates a potential Pandeya, R.S.; Ankersmit, 1.C.D.; Rogers, W.D. 1984. increase in yield of 10-20% over the newly Newdel, a flue-cured tobacco cultivar. Can. 1. released cultivar OAC Garroy. Plant Sci. 64:237-240.

196 Research Branch Report 1984 Pandeya, R.S.; White, FH. 1984. Delgold: A new flue- Gayed, S.K.; Brown, D.A. 1984. Monitoring leaf wet- cured tobacco. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:233-236. ness at Delhi Research Station. The Lighter 54(3):5-8. Rosa, N. 1984. Observations of the pH of rain at Delhi, Ontario. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:241-244. Gayed, S.K.; Brown, D.A. 1984. The effect of formaldehyde treatments on germination of Rosa, N.; Caughill, C.WH. 1984. Effect of aqueous Peronospora tabadna conidia. The Lighter ethanol, sample particle size, and temperature on 54(1):27-28. extractability of soluble acids from tobacco. Tob. Sci. 28:1-2. Gayed, S.K.; Brown, D.A. 1984. The effect of successive cycles of freezing and thawing on the Rosa, N.; Caughill, C.WH. 1984. The effect of fatty germination of Peronospora tabacina conidia. alcohol homologs (C6 and C12) as tobacco axill- The Lighter 54(2):22-23. ary bud inhibitors. Tob. Sci. 28:139-142. Pandeya, R.S. 1984. Candel: An early maturing new Rosa, N.; Elliot, 1.M.; Court, WA.; Zilkey, B.F 1984. Effect of freezing injury on the chemical proper- flue-cured tobacco cultivar. The Lighter 54(1):22-26. ties of flue-cured tobacco. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:993-1000. Rosa, N. 1984. Effect of nitrogen on tobacco growth, Siddiqui, I.R.; Rosa, N.; Woolard, G.A. 1984. Struc- development and maturity. The Lighter 54(4):5-11. tural investigation of water-soluble tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) polysaccharides: Pectic Stier, D.A.; Walker, E.K. 1984. Engineering studies on polysaccharides. Tob. Sci. 28:122-126. flue-cured tobacco, 1982-1983. Report No.7, White, FH.; Pandeya, R.S.; Arsenault, W 1984. Islan- Delhi Engineering Research Group and Delhi Research Station, Delhi, Ont. gold: Flue-cured tobacco. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:429-430. Walker, E.K. 1983. Delhi Research Station, 1933-1983. Historical Series No. 17. Agriculture Canada, White, FH.; Pandeya, R.S.; Arsenault, W 1984. Research Branch, Ottawa, Ont. 31 pp. Windel: Flue-cured tobacco. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:427-428. Walker, E.K. 1984. Flue-cured tobacco seedlings: Effects of seedling age, transplanting time, and Miscellaneous seeding density on seedling growth and crop pro- Cheng, H.H. 1984. Euxoa messoria (Harris), darksided duction factors. The Lighter 54(3):16-21. cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pages 33-37 Walker, E.K.; Reynolds, L.B. 1984. Control of cryp- in Biological control programmes against insects togams in growth media used for flue-cured and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. Commonwealth tobacco seedling culture. The Lighter 54(3): Agricultural Bureaux, England. 410 pp. 31-35. Cheng, H.H. 1984. Manduca quinquemaculata Walker, E.K.; Reynolds, L.B. 1984. Culture of flue- (Haworth), tomato horn worm (Lepidoptera: cured tobacco seedlings in Todd cells: Influence Sphingidae). Pages 57-59 in Biological control of growth media on seedling growth. The Lighter programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 54(4):25-30. 1969-1980. Commonwealth Agricultural Bu- reaux, England. 410 pp. Walker, E.K.; Reynolds, L.B. 1984. Flue-cured tobacco seedling culture in containers: Tray filling Cheng, H.H.; Hanlon, 1.1. 1983. Seasonal occurrences and seeding. The Lighter 54(3):36-41. of insect pests on tobacco and peanuts in Ontario. Can. Agric. Insect Pest Rev. 61:48-49, 76. Walker, E.K.; Reynolds, L.B.; Rogers, WD. 1984. Influences of seed size, vermiculite cover, and Cheng, H.H.; Hanlon, 1.1. 1984. Field comparison of watering regime on germination, survival and deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin on growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings under rye, soil or tobacco seedlings for control of the glass. The Lighter 54(3):22-30. darksided cutworm in Ontario. The Lighter 54(2):24-29. lilkey, B.F 1984. Loose silky bentgrass. Agdex 642. Elliot, 1.M.; Beyaert, R.P.; Pocs, R. 1984. A survey of lilkey, B.F Capell, B.B. 1984. Cigarette smoke analy- flue-cured tobacco grown in Ontario in 1983. Part sis from a farm survey of flue-cured tobacco in 2: Soil characteristics and nutrient elements. The Ontario in 1982. The Lighter 54(2):19-21. Lighter 54(4):21-24. lilkey, B.F; Capell, B.B. 1984. The effect of her- Elliot, J.M.; Pocs, R.; Beyaert, R.P. 1984. A survey of bicides on agronomic and chemical charac- flue-cured tobacco grown in Ontario in 1983. The teristics of flue-cured tobacco in Ontario in 1982. Lighter 54(2):16-18. The Lighter (4):16-20.

Research Station, Delhi, Ont. 197

Research Station, Harrow, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF e.F. Marks, BSc(Agr), MSA, PhD Director P.B. Marriage, BSc, PhD Assistant Director L.P. Ryan Administrative Officer E. Champagne,l MA, MLS Librarian

Crop Science R.I. Buzzell, BSc, PhD Head of Section; Soybean breeding B.R. Buttery, BSc, PhD Soybean physiology V.A. Dirks, BSA, MSc, PhD Statistics S.l Park, BSA, MS, PhD Field bean breeding A.H. Teich, BA, BSA, MSc, PhD Winter wheat breeding T.W. Welacky, BSc, BSc(Agr) Burley tobacco

Entomology R.P. Jaques, BSA, MSA, PhD Head of Section; Insect pathology G.IR. Judd,2 BSA, MPM Vegetable insects R.I McClanahan, BA, MSc, PhD Greenhouse and field vegetable insects D.T.W Quiring,3 BSc, PhD Field crop insects B.e. Smith, BA Field crop insects

Soil Science WI. Findlay, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Soil fertility T.I Jewett, BSc Greenhouse energy engineering IA. Stone, BS, MS, PhD Soil physics e.S. Tan, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil moisture and agrometeorology

Horticultural Science R.E.e. Layne, BSc, MS, PhD Head of Section; Tree fruit breeding R.W Garton, BSc(Agr) Vegetable cultivar evaluation and management F. Kappel,4 BSc(Agr), MSc Orchard management A. Liptay, BSA, MSc, PhD Vegetable management R. Michelutti, MSc Viticulture A.P. Papadopoulos, MSc(Agr), MSc(Hort) Greenhouse management V.W. Poysa,5 BSc(Agr), PhD Vegetable breeding

Plant Pathology WR. Jarvis, BSc, PhD, DIC Head of Section; Vegetable diseases T.R. Anderson, BSA, MSc, PhD Soybean and corn diseases WG. Bonn, BSc, MS, PhD Bacterial diseases of fruit B.N. Dhanvantari, BSc, MSc, PhD Bacterial diseases of vegetables L.F. Gates, BA, PhD Virology and vegetable diseases IA. Traquair, BSc, PhD Tree fruit diseases Ie. Tu, BSc, MSc, PhD White bean diseases

Research Station, Harrow, Ont. 199 Weed Science and Chemistry A.S. Hamill, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Weed science ID. Gaynor, BSc, MSc, PhD Environmental chemistry P.B. Marriage, BSc, PhD Weed physiology D.R. Phillips,6 BSc, MSc, PhD Weed physiology S.E. Weaver, BA, PhD Weed ecology

Departure W.H. Fool!, BSA, MSA, PhD Head of Section; Field crop Retired June 1984 insects

EXTENSION SERVICES7

Ie. Fisher, BSA Greenhouse and fresh market vegetables L.A. Huffman, BSc(Agr) Fruit crops and asparagus

.Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 20n educational leave, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., September 1983-. 3Joined staff 22 October 1984. 4Joined staff 22 May 1984. 5Joined staff 16 April 1984. 6Seconded to Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Barani (Rainfed) Agricultural Research and Development Project, Pakistan, 1 May 1983-. 7Provided by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

200 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The research station at Harrow serves southwestern Ontario, where favorable soils and climatic conditions permit an intensive and diversified agriculture. The station has 34 researchers involved in interdisciplinary research in eight commodity-oriented programs designed to improve yield, quality, and efficiency of crop production. Crops under study include field and greenhouse vegetables, stone fruits, pome fruits, corn, soybeans, field beans, winter wheat, and burley tobacco. Crop improvements are achieved by the breeding of new varieties with superior characteristics and the development of improved crop, pest, and soil management practices. Significant changes during 1984 are the addition to the staff of Mr. R. Michelutti, viticulturist; Dr. V.W. Poysa, vegetable breeder; Dr. D. T.W. Quiring, field crop entomologist; and the retirement of Dr. W.H. Foott, head of section, field crop entomologist. The report provides brief summaries of results obtained in 1984. Further information can be obtained by writing to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Ont. NOR 100.

c.P. Marks Director

FIELD CROPS this period were a mean volume of 37.2 m3, a mean duration of 147 h, a mean time to peak of Corn 35 h, and a mean peak flow of 0.16 Lis. Drainage coefficients and the contribution to Flow volumes in August and September repre- streamflow of a Brookston clay soil. A procedure sented a higher percentage of the rainfall than the was developed to digitize and analyze tile flow remaining months of the OS. This was accounted data contained on strip charts, establishing a data for by the large cracks formed in the clay soil, base of tile flow parameters for the Woodslee allowing water to flow interpedally instead of experimental plots on Brookston clay soil span- intrapedally. The cracks are formed during peri- ning 22 years, from 1961 to 1982. ods of high evapotranspiration and large soil Tile flow parameters on a monthly, seasonal, water deficits. and annual basis were grouped to describe three Using seasonal probability plots of 12-, 24-, periods: a preparation and planting season (PPS), 36-, and 48-h equivalent depths, a methodology a growing season (OS), and a dormant season for the selection of a drainage design coefficient (OS). was established. The estimated coefficients were The PPS, consisting of the months of March, lower or comparable to the coefficients in the April, and May, contained 44% of the tile flow Ontario Drainage Guide. The advantages of the events. The events in this season had a mean proposed methodology include the economic volume of 43 m3, a mean duration of 144 h, a benefit of smaller drainage coefficients, knowl- mean time to peak of 37 h, and a mean peak flow edge of the risk associated with any drainage of 0.19 Lis. coefficient, and flexibility in allowing for sea- The OS, consisting of the months of June- sonal variations, crop requirements, and charac- October, contained 22% of the total events. Tile teristics of individual situations. flow in this period was characterized by a mean Herbicide application. Uniformity of applica- 3 volume of 20 m -the volume is defined as the tion of herbicides is essential for effective and total amount of tile flow for the experimental plot efficient use of these compounds. Basic elements 2 area (929.6 m )-a mean duration of 68 h, a of the spraying system, namely herbicide dis- mean time to peak of 12 h, and a mean peak flow tribution to nozzles, nozzle tip uniformity, and of 0.20 Lis. Peak flows in this season were higher consistency of spray patterns, were examined for than the other seasons, particularly for August their contribution to variability in herbicide and September, which exhibited mean peak flows spraying. Use of a refrigeration manifold with of 0.37 and 0.25 Lis, respectively. independent lines of equal length to each nozzle The OS, consisting of the months November gave optimum herbicide distribution. Volume -February, exhibited tile flow events similar to delivery between individual spray tips within a PPS, but fewer in number, accounting for 34% of type (stainless steel, ceramic, plastic, nylon) was the total number of events. The characteristics of most uniform for the molded nylon tip. Accept-

Research Station, Harrow, Ont. 201 ably consistent spray patterns were obtained on The presence of surfactant in the spray treatment an average basis when spray tips within a type appeared to enhance movement of glyphosate were compared using a collection apparatus. into the basal stem portion of quackgrass, as However, based on the highest and lowest assessed by leaf regrowth inhibition. Ammonium amounts obtained at each collection position, sulfate as an additive did not have this effect, and large variations in droplet deposition occur across its action on improving glyphosate activity likely the nozzle spray width. These differences are has another basis. accentuated by variation in the rate of total vol- Root development of eight indeterminate soy- ume delivery among tips of a type. The unique bean cultivars under poorly drained soil condi- spray patterns established by the average readings tions. The effect of poorly drained, non flooded for each type indicated that careful attention must conditions on the early root growth of the soybean be paid to the degree of adjacent nozzle overlap to cultivars Amcor, Beeson 80, Corsoy, Hawkeye ensure uniform delivery across a bank of spray 63, Harosoy 63, Kentland, Premier, and Wayne, tips. was evaluated. The drainage treatments were imposed by maintaining 0.0-0.002 m or Soybeans 0.002-0.0028 m aggregate fractions of Breeding. Tofu was prepared from small sam- Brookston clay loam (clayey, mixed, mesic, ples (150 g) of soybean seed. Varieties differed in Typic Haplaquoll) at <0.02 MPa suction. soaking time required to prepare the soybeans. Accordingly, the finer fraction was wetter. Plants Seed drying of high-moisture soybeans at harvest were grown until 21 days after emergence in at 35 or 52°C reduced soaking time compared acrylic tubes 0.0762 m in diameter and 0.92 m with air-drying of the seed, but location of seed long that were immersed in baths maintained at a production did not have an effect. Significant constant temperature of 23°C and located in a variety and location effects on the yield of tofu controlled-environment room. Daytime (16 h) (volume and weight) were observed. Seed drying ambient temperatures were maintained at 27°C at 35 or 52°C did not affect tofu yield compared to and night temperatures at 20°C. air-dried seed. Taproot and lateral root extension was reduced Data for protein and oil content and yield were in the less well drained soil, but the response analyzed for 17 varieties grown over 3 yr at five varied between cultivars. Premier and Harosoy 63 locations in southwestern Ontario. There were exhibited the largest and Corsoy the smallest significant differences in variety, location, and reduction in root extension. The number of upper year for each of the three traits. Year effects were lateral roots was not significantly affected by greater than location and variety effects for pro- drainage. The top-to-root ratio was higher for the tein and oil content, whereas location effect was poorly drained soil, because of a greater reduc- greatest for yield. Varieties were consistent relation in root than in shoot weight. Soybean tive to each other for protein and oil content over cultivars appear to differ in their ability to with- locations and over years, whereas yields of vari- stand poor soil drainage during the vegetative eties ranked differently with locations and with growth stage. years. Seed mold. Cultivars with resistance and toler- Phytophthora root rot. A 6-yr experiment to ance for seed mold have been studied to detect determine the effect of continuous use of soybean mechanisms of tolerance. Infection of tolerant genotypes on populations of phytophthora root pods is delayed approximately 1 wk under field rot was completed. Continuous planting of soy- conditions. Infection of tolerant seed occurs at a bean cultivars susceptible and tolerant of root rot slower rate than susceptible seed. Additional resulted in equal spore concentrations of studies are examining the biochemical and phys- Phytophthora megasperma f. glycine (Pmg) in iological basis of tolerance to seed mold. soil. Spore concentrations were lowest in plots Weed competition. Jimsonweed is increasing planted continuously with a resistant cultivar. as a problem in soybeans in southern Ontario. It is Quackgrass control. The leaf extension of a weed of tropical origin that has spread into basal stem segments of quackgrass was measured Canada from the United States and may cause following treatment with glyphosate plus severe crop losses if not controlled. An examina- additives to provide an early assessment of the tion of a number of populations collected from relative effectiveness of treatments. Samples southern Ontario through Elgin County, Ont., were taken 72 h after treatment and maintained revealed that the more northern plants have with the lower cut ends in wet quartz sand for 24 h adapted to the shorter growing season. These before measurement of leaf extension from the plants have a shorter, more compact stature, original top cut of the severed basal stem sheath. larger seeds, and flower earlier than more south-

202 Research Branch Report 1984 ern plants. Northern populations also have a great was confined to major veins, but in Seafarer and deal of genetic variability, and jimsonweed is Kentwood radioactivity was dispersed through- likely to continue to expand its range northward, out the leaf tissue. particularly in soybeans. Dense infestations of Burley tobacco jimsonweed in Essex County, ant., caused soybean yield losses of up to 49% compared with Variety testing. Results from 8 yr of variety weed-free plots. Delayed planting of soybeans evaluation at the station, along with 3 yr of testing reduced the density and growth of jimsonweed at five farm locations, indicate that none of the 28 and resulted in a slightly lower percentage of varieties tested were superior in yield or quality to yield losses. Narrow rows (18 em) and higher the standard F1 variety Burley 21 x Kentucky 10 crop populations also reduced the density of jim- currently being grown. Burley 21 x Kentucky 14 sonweed. However, surviving weeds grew larger, and R7-11 were similar in yield and quality to the so that the percentage of yield losses did not standard variety. differ from those in wider rows (60 em) and lower Disease evaluations for tolerance of black root crop populations. Threshold levels for jimson- rot (Thielaviopsis basicola) demonstrated that weed at which soybean yield losses could be the standard variety was moderately tolerant and detected varied from 0.3 plants/m2 to 2.5 plants/ that some varieties were superior in tolerance. m2. Weather fleck evaluations indicated that of 14 varieties tested, the standard variety had an aver- Weed control. The use of cultivation or close age level of tolerance, with no severe damage to row spacing to enhance chemical weed control leaves during above-average concentrations of and improve soybean yields has proved to be very ozone in the field. Agronomic and morphological dependent upon time of planting, chemical treat- characteristics of the 28 varieties did not vary ment, rates of chemicals, and abundance of rain- greatly, because the varieties were closely related fall during the growing season. Late planting in the light type burley tobacco group. K.21 x 10, (mid June) and ample rainfall resulted in no which was licensed in Canada in 1976, has plant advantage from cultivation or close row spacing. growth characteristics suited to southwestern Mid-Mayor June planting with alachlor + Ontario's climate, length of growing season, and linuron at 2.5 + 1.0 kg/ha followed by a dry soils. summer resulted in increased yields with close row planting but not with cultivation, unless the Field beans herbicide rates were reduced by one-quarter, and Breeding. Eighty-two introductions were eval- then yields were increased by either cultivation or uated in the field for resistance to common bacte- close row planting. Soybean yields where rial blight, caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli. metribuzin at 1.0 kg/ha was used under the same Resistant lines include the following introduc~ conditions were not improved by either narrow tions: five Phaseolus vulgaris (L915, PI 207 .207, rows or cultivation. Cornell XP-2 and XP-7, and MITA-8), four Weed control ratings in the dry summers were P. coccineus (PI 176.675, PI 181.790, PI 247.303, improved by either cultivation or narrow-row and PI 176.695), and sixP. acutifolius (L-246, PI planting for both chemicals. Late planting plus 319.443, PI 321.638, 040034, 040016, and ample rainfall during the summer permitted good L-Small white). soybean growth and effective chemical control, Interspecific hybridization between P. vulgaris such that the two management techniques were x P. acutifolius was initiated because many tep- unnecessary. For very little additional cost, the ary beans are highly resistant or immune to bacte- management option of cultivation may not always rial blight. From 13 P. vulgaris cultivars and 5 improve yields but will prevent further weed tepary bean introductions (as pollen parents), 340 infestation and lessen future weed problems. embryos from 106 partly developed pods (up to White mold. The tolerance of Ex Rico-23 was about 21 days) were cultured on either Oamborg's related to the pattern of movement of oxalic acid, B5 or Murashige-Skoog's medium. a phytotoxic secretion of the white mold fungus, Four plants from a cross between the cultivars in leaf tissue. Feeding oxalic acid to excised Sacramento Light Red Kidney x Tepary Buff leaves resulted in more severe brown rot symp- produced one pod each with one or two seeds,

toms on the leaves of the susceptible cultivars and F2 plants of these hybrids were vigorous and Kentwood and Seafarer than on those of Ex set pods. Rico-23. When 14C-oxalic acid was supplied, Interspecific F) hybrids between the white bean radioactivity in the interveinal tissue of Kent- cultivar OAC Seaforth and the scarlet runner bean wood was approximately three times higher than PI 165.421, reported as being highly tolerant of that of Ex Rico-23. Radioactivity in Ex Rico-23 common bacterial blight, were highly abortive.

Research Station, Harrow, Ont. 203 Therefore, the hybrids were crossed with several Vomitoxin concentration in the grain began to white bean cultivars to produce ample amounts of decline 2 or 3 wk before grain maturity and con- seed for breeding and genetic study. Reaction to tinued to decline until grain moisture reached blight and a few agronomic characteristics such about 20%. The rate of decline appeared to vary as pod set, blossom date, and growth habit were with cultivar, location, and year. observed in F plants and F rows in the field. 2 J Management. In the 1st yr of a study of four Frequency distributions and means of F and F 2 J cultivars and five nitrogen levels at six locations populations indicated quantitative inheritance of covering the winter wheat area of Ontario, leaf and pod blight resistance in all four crosses cultivars responded similarly to levels of nitrogen examined. Regression ofF progeny on F plants J 2 fertilizer, thereby supporting present nitrogen ranged from 3.2 to 72.6%, depending on crosses. recommendations, which are uniform with There was no consistent association between respect to cultivars. resistance to leaf and pod blight. Late maturing plants tended to be more resistant to both leaf and pod blight, and poor pod set was associated with HORTICULTURAL CROPS resistance to leaf blight. Pink pod rot. Trichothecium roseum was iden- FIELD VEGETABLES tified as the cause of pod rot disease and pink Crucifer crops discoloration of the seed coat of white beans. The fungus was sensitive to captan. Pest management. Studies toward development of an integrated pest management system Screening for root-rot resistance. Compacting for cabbage indicated that density of populations the soil of a root-rot nursery to a bulk density of of the cabbage looper and cabbageworm was 1.31 g/cmJ before seeding significantly increased superior to foliar damage of the crop as a basis for accuracy in screening segregating progeny of decisions on application of chemical and micro- white beans for root-rot resistance. bial insecticides, especially applications to the Seed discoloration. In Ontario, gray and late-season crop. It is noteworthy that applica- pinkish brown discoloration make up the major tions based on action thresholds of less than 0.5 portion (91%) of bean discoloration, of which larvae per plant maintained crop damage at 80% is gray and 20% is pinkish brown. Brown to acceptable levels in field plots, but monitoring of chocolate brown discoloration is caused by fields suggested that growers used a much lower Rhizoctonia solani, Actinomyces spp., and other threshold. miscellaneous fungi. The pinkish yellow dis- Green peas coloration, caused by Trichothecium roseum, was Cultivar tolerance of root rot. Of 178 cultivars noted in a few seeds from Ontario seed lots. of peas evaluated in a field heavily infested with Wheat root rot fungi, the majority were susceptible, 21 Breeding. H 1-II-3, a soft white winter wheat were tolerant, and 10 were highly tolerant. The line, has been recommended by the Ontario Cere- highly tolerant cultivars are Melody, Perfection, als Crop Committee for licensing as the cultivar WR. X9500-1-1, 7801-10-3, Minn. 108,80-717, Harus. Among its strengths are yield that exceeds SN5, Early Perfection, 777-15B, and Green all licensed cultivars produced in Ontario; resis- Giant 531. tance to lodging, powdery mildew, and wheat Etiology of root rot. Of 590 isolations from spindle streak mosaic virus; low incidence of diseased peas in southwestern Ontario, there were preharvest sprouting; low concentrations of

204 Research Branch Report 1984 Peppers ommended sprays of carbaryl on 1984 mid- season sweet corn were inadequate, allowing Pest management. Cultivars of pepper, early 37% infested ears. Similarly, permethrin failed to and late planting, and methods for control of provide the level of control that it had in the past. weeds and insects were compared in a field plot Carbofuran, cypermethrin, and several experi- test. The yield pattern differed with the planting mental insecticides gave good control in the same time, but over six pickings the total yields of circumstances. early- and late-planted peppers were not significantly different. Combining both planting dates, Varietal resistance to corn borer. Research the yield of Lady Bell was higher than the yield of over the last 7 yr has proved that certain sweet Hybelle and Staddon's Select. The yield from corn hybrids can be grown as an early crop with- plots sprayed with insecticides was 36% higher out ear infestation by European corn borer, than yields from unsprayed plots, suggesting that whereas 10-25% of ears of more susceptible protection against the pepper maggot and Euro- hybrids may be infested. The earlier the cultivar pean corn borer enhanced yield in addition to develops silk, the more likely it is to be infested reducing damage by the pests. The method of (r = -.85). For example, in 1984, if the 50% silk weed control did not influence yield. stage was reached after 14 July, 5% or less of the ears were infested. Genetic factors are present in Varietal resistance to corn borer. Nine vari- certain hybrids so that they are consistently more eties of bell-type peppers exposed to natural pop- or less resistant than expected. Such resistance ulations of European corn borer varied signifi- was indicated by the low infestation of ears of 4 of cantly in the level of fruit infestation in 10 hybrids tested for the first time in 1984. nonsprayed field plots. Lady Bell was least damaged at 4.0%, Hybelle was 5.1%, and Yolo Tomatoes Wonder was 8.7%. Varietal rank was consistent Bacterial canker. In late June, bacterial canker with 1982 and 1983 results. appeared on southern transplants in a number of Potatoes processing tomato fields from Essex to Norfolk counties. Among those severely affected were Insect control. As in 1983, aldicarb at one-half Canadian Canners 7104 and Heinz 722. While the recommended rate allowed a few Colorado stem cankers, blisters, and scorching of leaf mar- potato beetle larvae to develop, but the yield of gins were generally seen, other symptoms typical potatoes was not affected. Aminofuracarb and of canker, namely, bird's-eye spot on fruit, and trimethacarb were inadequate as furrow treat- vascular and seed discoloration within, were ments as was alphamethrin as a foliar spray, absent. Severely affected fields had stunted plants which killed only 73% ofthe potato beetle larvae. with practically no harvestable yields, while in Laboratory studies indicated that PP231 and a others, the yield was reduced up to 30%. chlorpyrifos-cypermethrin combination should Preliminary studies showed systemic infection provide excellent control of potato insects. of symptomless seeds within symptomless fruits Squash on cankered plants. When these seeds were Control of watermelon mosaic virus. A field extracted from pulp and fermented up to 48 h at trial was set up to test mulches reported to provide room temperature (-23°C), there was evidence leaf backgrounds less attractive to aphids than of disinfection without impairing germination. leaves against bare soil. White plastic mulch, Bacterial speck. Survival of Pseudomonas sawdust, and straw were tested. A center plant in syringae pv. tomato as an epiphyte occurred dur- each plot of bush vegetable marrow was inocu- ing shipment of symptomless tomato transplants lated with watermelon mosaic to act as a virus from Georgia to Ontario. Disease occurred on source. Plots with mulches had fewer virus- these transplants in the field. infected plants in July and August than the con- Transplants inoculated in Georgia with 108 trols; at the last count on 8 August, control plots colony-forming units (cfu) per millilitre of P. contained 93% infected plants, white plastic- syringae pv. tomato were assayed I h postinocula- mulched plots 74%, sawdust-mulched plots tion, 24 h later in both Georgia and Ontario, after 78%, and straw-mulched plots 43%. brief poststorage periods in Ontario, and finally Sweet corn after 7 days. Initial population levels of 105 cfu per leaf at I h declined to 104 cfu per leaf in Ontario Resistance to the European corn borer. First- and 102 cfu per leaf in Georgia, but then increased instar larvae from a corn borer colony collected in to 107 cfu per leaf in Ontario and 106 cfu per leaf September 1983 had a threefold resistance to car- in Georgia. Changes in epiphytic population baryl compared with 1981 toxicity tests. The rec- were not influenced by cultivar or storage period.

Research Station, Harrow, Ont. 205 Consequently, until more effective control mea- region of southern Ontario between 1979 and sures are developed, current control practices in 1982. Irrigation increased the marketable yields Georgia using streptomycin and copper com- of H-2653 in a dry year, 1982, but not in other pounds should be adhered to rigorously, even years. Irrigation substantially increased marketa- during the apparent absence of bacterial speck. ble yields ofC-28 in 1979 and 1982. Irrigation of Cost-effective greenhouse production of tomatoes when the available soil moisture (ASM) tomato transplants. In order to revive domestic level reached 50% was no more effective than tomato transplant production (approximately irrigation when the ASM level in the soil was 300 000 000 are produced outdoors and allowed to drop to 25%. Without irrigation, yield imported from Georgia, USA, each year) the pro- increased as plant population increased in normal duction system has to be made more cost-effec- and wet years, but not in a dry year. High plant tive. A greater number of seedlings grown per populations increased yield in a dry year only unit area (e.g., 1 seedling per 10 cm2) of bench under irrigated conditions. Blossom-end rot of space in the greenhouse would be a possible solu- the C-28 cultivar was markedly reduced by irrigation. However, at this density, seedlings are very tion. Effects of irrigation or plant population spindly and not suitable for transplanting out- treatments on the incidence of fruit speck did not doors. Two methods of obtaining shorter, stalkier appear to be significant. transplants were devised. The relative thickness Seed extraction. Duration of the fermentation of the stem could be increased either with an period and temperature of the fermentation pulp ethephon spray (300 ppm) at the 3- to 4-wk stage were important factors in seed germination and of growth or by an intermittent vibration of the seedling vigor. The upper limit for fermentation seedlings with forced air. The air-vibration treat- time was 25 h if temperature of the fermentation ment was done by placing plastomer, multicelled pulp was 2':30°C. Beyond this limit, seed ger- flats containing tomato seedlings close to each mination and seedling vigor were reduced. Nei- other on a wire-mesh bench, covering the sides of ther seed germination nor seedling vigor was the bench with plastic curtains, and forcing air reduced if fermentation was extended to 48 h at from underneath the bench by a fan installed at 2YC or lower. the end of the bench in the curtain. The air from Starter fertilizer. Experiments were done to the fan was forced through 0.5-cm holes made at determine the effect of placing starter fertilizer in the corners of each of the cells in the tray. Thus, the furrow (1.5 g of 20-20-20 in 300 mL of water each seedling received similar vibration by air per metre of row) on the germination and growth movement (twice each day for I-h periods). The of tomato seedlings. Starter fertilizer did not heights of the seedlings were reduced; the trans- improve germination or emergence through the plants were stalkier and withstood the transplant- soil, but subsequent growth of the seedling was ing procedure very well. Further work is being much more rapid ifthe seedlings had starter fertil- done to test the systems on a semicommercial izer in the furrow. In both a 3 May and a 14 May scale. seeding, growth of seedlings for about the first Herbicide tolerance. Eighteen varieties of 2-3 wk after emergence was maintained at about tomatoes were tested for their relative tolerance to 130 g fresh weight (FW) per 100 heat units (base the herbicide metolachlor. Metolachlor was 10°C) if there was starter fertilizer in the furrow. applied in nutrient culture at a concentration of Without starter fertilizer, growth in FW was only 2 ppm when the tomato seedlings were at the 90 g/lOO heat units for the 3 May seeding and only cotyledon stage. Leaf areas were measured at the 60 for the 14 May seeding. There appears to be a first leaf stage. Over the treatment period, the critical fertilizer-water relationship for optimum only effects observed from metolachlor were growth of emerged seedlings, especially in the slight stunting of plant development and isolated early stages of growth in the field. minor leaf curling. Most varieties showed a rea- Weed control. Direct seeding of tomatoes has sonable tolerance for metolachlor at this rate, and the potential of very great cost saving to the growth of treated plants ranged generally from 69 grower, both in time and labor. To date, the most to 84% of the controls. Exceptions were FM serious impediment has been weed control. There 6203, which had a high degree of tolerance, and are very few herbicides of which tomato seed- ST 61, which exhibited poor tolerance and a lings are tolerant. Activated charcoal has shown significant reduction in growth. potential for protecting the seedlings. Com- Irrigation and plant population effects on parisons were made among the following: char- yield, fruit speck, and blossom-end rot. Two coal sprayed over the seed row, charcoal placed on tomato cultivars, Heinz-2653 and Campbell-28, vermiculite in the seed row, and no charcoal at all. were grown on Fox loamy sand in the subhumid Charcoal sprayed over the row protected the

206 Research Branch Report 1984 tomato seedlings and the weeds from herbicide sandy loam amended with peat, and the injury, but the tomato plants were unable to groundbed was covered by a twin layer of 100 IJ-m recover from competition from the weeds in the clear polyethylene for 19 days during June 1984. row. Charcoal placed in the seed row provided Degree-hours to base 30°C were 342 at the sur- excellent protection to the seedling tomato and face, 400 at 10cm, and 388 at 20 cm; to base 35°C good to excellent weed control. Where no char- they were 246, 249, and 175; and to base 40°C coal was used, the tomato seedlings were injured they were 184, 117, and 0, respectively. After 19 by most herbicide treatments in 1984; however, days, some cultures of R. solani had survived at the seedlings recovered to produce yields much 20 cm, and all cultures of F. solani had survived closer to those in which charcoal was placed in at 10 and 20 cm. All other cultures were killed. the seed row than when sprayed over the seed row. Lettuce The chemical treatments that gave the highest yields were trifuluralin at 1.0 kg/ha, preplant Powdery mildew. A greenhouse crop of but- incorporated, followed by metribuzin at 0.28 kgl terhead lettuce, cultivars Salinas, Ostinata, and ha over the row and 0.56 kg/ha on each side of the Revel, grown under nutrient film technique in row, applied preemergence; or metolachlor plus Aylmer, Ont., was found to be infected by metribuzin at 1.68 kg/ha plus 0.56 kg/ha applied Erysiphe cichoracearum as determined by con- preemergence. idial morphology. The perfect stage was not found. This is the first report of powdery mildew GREENHOUSE VEGETABLES on lettuce in Canada. Cucumbers Tomatoes Biological control of the whitefly. The ento- Gray mold stem rot. Stem rot, caused by mofungus Verticillium lecanii, a pathogen of Botrytis cinerea was effectively controlled by an interest for control of the greenhouse whitefly and aphids on greenhouse crops, was quite effective aqueous paste of iprodione applied to incipient lesions and deleafing scars. Preliminary experi- against the whitefly in cage tests. The effec- ments also indicated that some isolates of tiveness of the fungus was quite variable against Trichoderma spp. controlled the disease. the whitefly on cucumbers in large-scale tests, apparently because of difficulty in maintaining a Residues of chlorothalonil. Three applications high relative humidity in large compartments of of Bravo 500 at 1.6 and 3.2 mLiL sprayed to the greenhouse. incipient runoff did not result in chlorothalonil The parasite Encarsia formosa and the ento- residues on fruit greaterthan 1.5 IJ-g/g or 2.8 IJ-gi mofungus V. lecanii appear to interact negatively g, respectively, at any time within 10 days of last when used at the same time for control of the application (the official tolerance level is whitefly under normal environmental conditions 5 IJ-g/g). for production of a greenhouse cucumber. For Chlorothalonil is a useful fungicide for con- example, after 34 days, the incidence of para- trolling gray mold but in this trial the disease level sitism by E. formosa was 63% less and the was too low to obtain efficacy data. The trial was number of the whitefly was 3.2 times greater in a conducted in cooperation with the Ontario greenhouse section in which the fungus and the Pesticide Testing Laboratory. parasite were introduced than in a section in Stem rot. The disease, caused by Erwinia car- which the parasite was used alone. otovora ssp. carotovora, was characterized by an Powdery mildew and gummy stem blight. extensive slimy rot of the lower stem and disin- Excellent control of cucumber powdery mildew, tegration of the pith, leaving the stem hollow. Sphaerotheca fuliginea, was obtained by Substantial losses occurred on the cultivar CR-6 oxalixyl in combination with mancozeb and by in three Essex County greenhouses in 1983. imazalil, but iprodione exerted little control. All Infection appeared to have originated at basal three treatments controlled gummy stem blight leaf-removal wounds. The disease, generally seen (Didymella bryoniae). on mature, bearing vines, was significantly more Solarization of greenhouse groundbed soil. severe in rows under roof gutters, where dripping The feasibility of pasteurizing greenhouse of water condensate occurred. In vitro tests also groundbed soil by the solarization technique was demonstrated that the cultivars Dumbito, Jumbo, examined for a group of vegetable pathogens: and MR-13 were susceptible to the disease. Botrytis cinerea, Pythium sp., Pyrenochaeta Stem and pith necrosis. Stem and pith necrosis lycopersici, Phomopsis sclerotioides, Rhizoc- of the tomato cultivars Dumbito, Jumbo, and tonia solani, and Fusarium solani. Fungal Laura from greenhouses in Lincoln and Norfolk cultures on agar were buried at 10 or 20 cm in a counties was caused by Pseudomonas cichorii.

Research Station, Harrow, Ont. 207 The same organism was also isolated from but- medulla are interconnected by conspicuous pits. terhead lettuce showing butt rot, and from spray The bunch rot did not appear in 1984. chrysanthemum plants with stem necrosis and Peach leaf blight. The bacterial strains were blue-fluorescent on King's B agar, but were phenotypically Breeding. An early-season, fresh-market variable, producing blue, green, or orange peach cultivar was introduced, Harrow Diamond, diffusible pigment. On mature vines of the formerly tested as HW 213. Harrow Diamond is cultivar CR-6, inoculation of P. cichorii strains an attractive, medium-sized, yellow-fleshed free- produced systemic stem and leaf necrosis, fol- stone peach that ripens with Earlired, about lowed by pith necrosis. 28 July at Harrow. The fruit is well suited for the fresh market, including local sales and shipping. The Harrow peat bag system for greenhouse The tree appears to have moderate field tolerance tomatoes. The cropping of greenhouse tomatoes to perennial canker, caused by Leucostoma in peat bags (each measuring 0.35 m x 1.05 m cincta (Fr.) (Hahn) and L. persoonii (Wits.) and containing 42 L of fertilized peat) has shown Hahn. The foliage and fruit are resistant to bacte- promise for energy conservation and efficient use rial spot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. of labor, and has been popular in the UK, where pruni (Smith) Young et aI., and the flowers and 25% of the greenhouse tomatoes are grown in fruit are resistant to brown rot, caused by peat bags. In 1981, a growing medium for peat Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey. The fruit is bags was formulated and a suitable fertilization also very resistant to split pits, preharvest drop, schedule was developed, thus providing a com- and flesh oxidation. Harrow Diamond is adapted plete home-made peat bag system (named Har- to regions of southern Ontario where the row) for tomato cropping. In comparative trials Redhaven peach is successfully grown. It is over the last 3 yr with three popular greenhouse intended as a replacement cultivar for Candor and tomato cultivars, the production capacity of the Earlired, which are less hardy and more subject to Harrow peat bag system has been shown to be as split pits. good as that of conventional soil-based production methods and comparable to or better than Integrated orchard management. The effects that of other peat bag systems studied. Further of irrigation and tree density on peach production experiments are being conducted with the objec- (Harken-Siberian C) were investigated over 11 tive of refining the nutrition and watering require- years. ments of newly available cultivars of greenhouse Irrigation improved growth of peach trees, tomatoes when grown in Harrow peat bags. lowered levels of winter injury and perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.), and promoted tree sur- TREE FRUITS vival. Annual and cumulative marketable yields Apricot were increased, especially in later years. Tree density did not affect perennial canker, winter Breeding. The combination of a very severe injury, or tree survival. A reduction in tree spac- winter (-28°C, 21 January) and a cold, wet, ing increased total growth per hectare and annual spring provided a unique opportunity to select for and cumulative marketable yields. Irrigation and cold hardiness and ability to set a crop under density treatments usually did not interact and adverse pollinating conditions. Seventeen new had an additive effect on growth and fruit produc- selections were made from 1978 crosses that pos- tion. The most productive management system (a sessed these traits combined with a number of combination of 50% available soil moisture and important tree and fruit characteristics being 536 trees per hectare) resulted in accumulated sought in the breeding program. The new selec- yields over 8 yr of 179 t/ha compared with only tions provided a 27-day ripening sequence from 74 Uha for the check treatment (no irrigation and 13 July to 9 August. Harcot, Harlayne, and 255 trees per hectare). Harglow were the most prepotent of the seven parents tested in transmitting desirable traits to Soil-water status in the rooting zone of irri- their offspring. gated and unirrigated peach trees. Available soil moisture (ASM) in the rooting zone of mature Grape peach trees was determined with a neutron probe Diseases. The fungus Aspergillus aculeatus, at incremental depths down to the water table which caused a bunch rot of grapes in 1983, was between 1979 and 1982. The trees were either not found to form sclerotia in culture. They were irrigated or irrigated at a frequency necessary to previously unknown in the species. The scle- prevent the ASM from falling below 25 or 50%. rotium is typical of the lateral strand type, with In the summer and fall of each year, non irrigated rind, cortex, and medulla. Cells of the cortex and plots had less ASM in the entire rooting depth

208 Research Branch Report 1984 than irrigated ones. In dry and wet summers, Foott, W.H.; Timmins, P.R. 1984. Occurrence of the respectively, nonirrigated plots had only 10 and pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Cur- 30% of the ASM in the top 120 cm, where most of culionidae), in Persian walnut, Juglans regia. the roots are located. By contrast, in irrigated Can. Entomol. 116:107. plots (50% ASM) the ASM was more than 50% Gaynor, 1.D. 1984. Diclofop-methyl persistence in during the whole season both years. We reported southwestern Ontario soils and effect of pH on earlier that lack of irrigation resulted in reduced hydrolysis and persistence. Can. 1. Soil Sci. peach tree growth, fruit size, and annual marketa- 64:283-291. ble yields. In addition, it resulted in increased Jarvis, WR.; Slingsby, K. 1984. Cleistothecia of susceptibility of nonirrigated trees to perennial Sphaerotheca juliginea on cucumber in Ontario. canker infection and winter injury, which in tum Plant Dis. 68:536. resulted in significantly more tree losses than in Jarvis, W.R.; Traquair, 1.A. 1984. A bunch rot of grapes irrigated plots. Soil moisture stress during sum- caused by Aspergillus aculeatus. Plant Dis. mer and fall undoubtedly played. a part in the 68:718-719. above responses. Jewett, TJ.; Papadopoulos, A.P. 1984. Comparative energy use and environmental aspects of a twin- wall PVC panel and single glass greenhouse. Acta Hortic. 148:633-640. PUBLICATIONS Layne, R.E.C. 1984. Breeding peaches in North Amer- ica for cold hardiness and perennial canker Research (Leucostoma spp.) resistance-review and out- look. Fruit Var. J. 34: 130-136. Anderson, T.R. 1984. Thielaviopsis root rot of soybean in Ontario and susceptibility of commercial Layne, R.E.C. 1984. 'Harcrest' peach. HortScience 19:731-732. cultivars to root inoculation. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:71-74. Layne, R.E.C. 1984. 'Harglow' apricot. HortScience 19:136-137. Aylesworth, 1.W.; Tu, 1.C. 1984. Harofleet field bean. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:401-402. Layne, R.E.C. 1984. 'Harrow Beauty' peach. Hort- Science 19:729-730. Aylesworth, 1.W; Tu, 1.C. 1984. Harokent field bean. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:403-404. Layne, R.E.C. 1984. 'Harson' peach. HortScience 19:134-136. Bedford, K.E.; MacNeill, B.H.; Bonn, WG. 1984. Survival of a genetically market strain of the Layne, R.E.C.; Tan, C.S. 1984. Long-term influence of blister spot pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. irrigation and tree density on growth, survival, papulans in leaf scars and buds of apple. Can. 1. and production of peach. 1. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. Plant Pathol. 6:17-20. 109:795-799. Beversdorf, WD.; Buzzell, R.I. 1984. OAC Seaforth Liptay, A. 1984. Effect of time of transplanting field- field beans. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:757-758. seeded asparagus on establishment and yield of Bonn, WG.; Gitaitis, R.D.; MacNeill, B.H. 1984. the crop. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:219-221. Epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas syringae pv. McKenney, DJ.; Johnson, G.P.; Findlay, WI. 1984. tomato on tomato transplants shipped from Effect of temperature on consecutive denitrifica- Georgia. Plant Dis. 69:58-60. tion reactions in Brookston clay and Fox sandy Bonn, W.G.; Lesage, S. 1984. Control of bacterial loam. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:919-926. speck of tomato by copper and ethylene- Nuttall, V.W.; Bonn, W.G. 1984. Harrow Jubilee bisdithiocarbamate fungicides: Their efficacy and cucumber. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:1027-1028. residues on leaves. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part Papadopoulos, A.P.; Jewett, T.1. 1984. Comparative BI9:29-38. tomato growth, development and yield in twin- Buzzell, R.I.; Buttery, B.R. 1984. Breeding for wall PVC panel and single glass greenhouse. Acta improved CO2 fixation. Pages 87-112 in Collins, Hortic. 148:611-618. G.B.; Petolino, 1.E, eds. Applications of genetic Potter, 1.W.; Dirks, V.A.; Johnson, P.W.; Olthof, engineering to crop improvement. Nijhoff and T.H.A.; Layne, R.E.C.; McDonnell, M.M. 1984. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands. Response of peach seedlings to infection by the Buzzell, R.I.; Buttery, B.R. 1984. Determining soy- root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans bean yield in hill plots. Can. 1. Plant Sci. under controlled conditions. J. Nematol. 64:415-417 . 16:317-322. Buzzell, R.I.; Tu, 1.C. 1984. Inheritance of soybean Scott, P.M.; Nelson, K.; Kanhere, S.R.; Karpinski, resistance to soybean mosaic virus. J. Hered. K.E; Hayward, S.; Neish, G.A.; Teich, A.H. 75:82. 1984. Decline in deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)

Research Station, Harrow, Ont. 209 concentrations in 1983 Ontario winter wheat megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Physiol. Plant before harvest. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Pathol. 23:401.409. 48:884-886. Weaver, S. E. 1984. Critical period of weed competition Tan, C.S.; Papadopoulos, A.P.; Liptay, A. 1984. Effect in three vegetable crops in relation to manage- of various types of plastic films on the soil and air ment practices. Weed Res. 24:317-325. temperatures in 80-cm high tunnels. Sci. Hortic. 23: 105-112. Weaver, S .E. 1984. Differential growth and competitive ability of Amaranthus retroflexus, A . powellii and Teich, A.H. 1983. Yield stability of cultivars and lines A. hybridus. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:715-724. of winter wheat. Cereal Res. Commun. 11:197-202. Weaver, S.E.; Warwick, S.l. 1984. The biology of Canadian weeds, Datura stramonium L. Can. 1. Teich, A.H. 1984. Heritability of grain yield, plant Plant Sci. 64:979-991. height and test weight of a population of winter wheat adapted to southwestern Ontario. Theor. Miscellaneous Appl. Genet. 68:21-23. Anderson, T.R. 1984. Survival of barn mold organisms Townshend, 1.L.; Cline, R.A.; Dirks, V.A.; Marks, on burley tobacco lathes. The Lighter 54:30-33. e. E 1984. Assessment of turfgrasses forthe man- Barrett, O.W; Baum, R.H.; Scott, S.; Raddick, B.; Tu, agement of Pratylenchus penetrans and 1.C. 1983. Clover yellow mosaic virus, Pages Paratylenchus projectus in orchards. Can. 1. Plant 50.51 in Boswell, K. E; Gobbs, A.1., eds. Viruses Sci. 64:355-360. of legumes. Canberra Publishing and Print, Can- Traquair, 1.A. 1984. Etiology and control of orchard berra, Australia. 139 pp. replant problems: A review. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. Bonn, WG.; Fisher, P. 1984. Blister spot of apples. 6:54-62. Agdex 2111634. Traquair, 1.A.; Meloche, R.B.; Jarvis, WR.; Baker, Jarvis, W.R.1983. A recurrence of tomato corky root in K.W. 1984. Hyperparasitism of Puccinia violae Ontario. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 63:55. by Cladosporium uredinicola. Can. 1. Bot. Jarvis, W.R. 1984. Grey mould diseases in horticultural 62:181-184. crops. Canadex 631. Tu,1.C. 1984. Mycoparasitism by Coniothyrium mini- Jarvis, W.R. 1984. Integrated disease control in green- tans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its effect on house crops. Can. Agric. 30(2):10-13. sclerotia I germination. Phytopathol. Z. 109: 261-268. McKeown, A.; Liptay, A.; Muehmer, 1. 1984. Field seeding of tomatoes. Agdex 257122. Th, 1.e.; Ford, R.E. 1984. Plant virus interactions in nitrogen fixing nodules. 1. Plant Dis. Protect. Teich, A.H.; Nelson, K. 1984. Survey offusarium head 91:200-212. blight and possible effects of cultural practices in wheat fields in Lambton County in 1983. Can. Tu, 1.C.; Hall, R.1. 1984. Ascochyta rabiei on chickpea Plant Dis. Surv. 64(1):11-13. in Ontario, Canada. Plant Dis. 68:826. Traquair, 1.A.; Kokko, E.G. 1984. Ultrastructure of the Tu, 1.e.; McDonnell, M.M. 1984. Effect of rhizobial soil fungus, Geomyces pannorus. Pages 738-739 inoculation and nodulation on yield and winter in Bailey, G.W., ed. Proceedings 42nd Annual survival of some alfalfa cultivars. Can. 1. Plant Meeting Electron Microscopy Society of Amer- Sci. 64:151-159. ica, San Francisco Press, San Francisco, Calif. Th, 1.C.; Sheppard, 1.W; Laidlaw, D.M. 1984. Occur- 751 pp. rence and characterization of the epsilon race of Traquair, 1.A.; Smith, 1.D. 1984. Turf grass problems in bean anthracnose in Ontario. Plant Dis. 68:69.79. the Prairie Provinces. Agric. Can. Publ. 1767/E. Ward, E.W.B.; Buzzell, R.l. 1983. Influence of light, 25 pp. temperature and wounding on the expression of Tu,1.C. 1984. Bean diseases and their control. Agric. soybean genes for resistance to Phytophthora Can. Publ. 1758/E. 36 pp.

210 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Station, Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

T. Rajhathy, Ing Agr, MSc, D Agr Sci, Director FRSC lG.R. Loiselle, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Plant gene resources of Canada R. Porteous Head, Administration and resources Vacant Finance and general services R. Running Personnel services

Cereal Crops Y.D. Burrows, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Oat breeding Y. Clark, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Oat and barley pathology 1Fregeau, BSc, MSc, PhD Crop physiology R.G. Fulcher, BSc, MSc, PhD Morphogenetics and grain quality M.l Morrison,l BSc Integrated pest management K.M. Ho, BSc, MSc, PhD Barley breeding D.R. Sampson, BSc, AM, PhD Wheat breeding w'L. Seaman, BSc, PhD Wheat pathology

Cytogenetics G. Fedak, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Cereal cytology K.C. Armstrong, BSA, PhD Brome cytology and chromosome banding I.L. Craig, BS Hordeum cytology Entomology D.G. Harcourt, BSA, PhD Head of Section; Population dynamics T.A. Gochnauer, BS, MS, PhD Pathology of bees lC. Guppy, BSA, MS Population dynamics C.C. Loan, BA, MS, PhD Population dynamics F. Meloche,2 BSc, MSc Population dynamics

Forage Crops R.I. Hamilton, BSc, MSA, PhD Head of Section; Com breeding P.K. Basu, BSc, MSc, PhD Plant disease M.A. Faris, BSc, MSc, PhD Legume breeding A.R. McElroy, BSc, MSc, PhD Grass breeding H.D. Voldeng, BSA, MSc, PhD Soybean breeding F.S. Warren,3 BSA, MSc, PhD Agronomy

Genetic Engineering w'A. Keller, BSA, PhD Head of Section; Cell genetics D. Brown, BSc, MSc, PhD Developmental physiology S. G1eddie,4 BSc, MSc, PhD Cell genetics B.L.A. Miki, BSc, PhD Molecular genetics S.l Molnar, BSc, MSc, PhD Cell genetics

Research Station, Ottawa, Ont. 211 Ornamentals A.T. Bolton, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Pathology S. Nelson, BSc, MSc, PhD Nursery research I.A. Simmonds, BSc, MSc, PhD Physiology and floriculture F. Svejda, PhD Plant breeding

Experimental Farm, Kapuskasing, Onto I.G. Proulx, DVM Superintendent; Crop and beef management

Experimental Farm, Thunder Bay, Onto I. Wilson Superintendent; Crop management and evaluation

Departures R. Boch, Dr Rer Nat Physiology and behavior of bees Deceased June 1984 C. McCarthy Finance and general services Transferred February 1984 B.E. Murray, BSA, MSc, PhD Haploidy-flax cytology Retired January 1984 E.V. Pamps, MSA, PhD Physiology and floriculture Retired March 1984 T. Rajhathy, Ing Agr, MSc, D Agr Sci Director Retired December 1984

VISITING SCIENTISTS

M. Dijak, BSc, MSc, PhD Developmental physiology From September 1984 to September 1986 P.K. Gupta, BSc, MSc, PhD Cereal cytogenetics From May to August 1984 L.A. Holbrook, SSc, MSc, PhD Molecular genetics From May 1983 to May 1985 K. Klimaszewska, MSc, PhD Cell genetics From December 1981 to December 1985 D.D. Lefebvre, BSc, MSc, PhD Cell genetics From August 1984 to August 1986 E.G.M. Meijer, BSc, MSc, Dr Agr Cell genetics From April 1984 to April 1986 D.H. Simmonds, BSc, MSc, PhD Cell genetics From April 1984 to April 1986 D.L. Smith, SSc, MSc, PhD Forage legume and plow down From September 1984 to August 1985 C.T. Ta, BSc, MSc, PhD Forage legume and Nz fixation From April 1984 to March 1985

212 Research Branch Report 1984 Graduate Students

H.A. Burity, MSc Forage legume and N2 fixation P. Charest, BSc, MSc Molecular genetics R. Langis, BSc (Hon) Cereal winterhardiness S. Miller, BSc (Hon) Cereal quality A. Plourde, BSA, MSc Cereal cytogenetics T. Reich, BSc, MSc Molecular genetics A. Sproule, BSc Cell genetics R. Vidoli, BSc, MSc Molecular genetics

'Appointed March 1984; on educational leave. 20n educational leave. 30n a Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) assignment to Tanzania from May 1984 to May 1986. 40n a transfer of work to Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge. England, from December 1984 to December 1985.

Research Station, Ottawa, Ont. 213 INTRODUCTION

The Ottawa Research Station (ORS) is the major center for plant breeding in eastern and central Ontario. It also has substantial programs in biotechnology, integrated pest management, and ornamentals research. The central office for the Canadian Plant Gene Resources is part of the station, and a small unit is engaged in honey bee research. The management of the Central Experimental Farm, including numerous services, is also the station's responsibility. The experimental farm at Kapuskasing conducts experiments in crop and silage production and beef cattle management for the Northern Claybelt, in collaboration with the Animal Research Centre (Ottawa). The experimental farm at Thunder Bay is engaged in field trials, crop production, and the testing of horticultural crops for northwestern Ontario. Of the three new short-season soybean cultivars developed in 1984, one is adapted to Ontario and Manitoba, another to Ontario and the Maritimes, and the third is a food-type natto cultivar. In addition, six com hybrids and an alfalfa cultivar with multiple disease resistance were supported for licensing. In cooperation with the Delhi Research Station, agronomic lines of tobacco hybrids, possessing blue mold resistance and high nicotine and low tar content, were produced by protoplast fusion. Eggplant and Solanum sisymbriifolium hybrids with nematode and Verticillium resistance were also produced using this new technology. Dr. Harvey Voldeng, in recognition of his outstanding results as a soybean breeder, was named Man of the Year by the Canadian Seed Trade Association. Dr. Bea Murray, cytogeneticist, and Dr. Ed Parups, ornamentals physiologist, retired after 35 and 29 years, respectively, of distinguished service. The staff was much saddened by the untimely death of Dr. Rolf Boch, an eminent researcher of honey bee behavior and pheromones. This report summarizes only some of the more important research results from the station in 1984. Further information can be obtained from the publications listed here. Reprints of the research publications and copies of this report are available on request from the Ottawa Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6.

Tibor Rajhathy Director

CEREAL CROPS tion that all Ontario soft white winter wheat cultivars that possess Rht-2 have lower test and Wheat 1000 kernel weights. Breeding. Three ORS lines that excelled in the Physiology. Resistance to preharvest sprouting Ontario screening test in 1982-1983 continued to of entries in the Ontario Winter Wheat Cooper- show promise in the Ontario Cooperative Test in ative Test was evaluated using a rain-simulator for 1983-1984. These three, 0-97-32-1, 0-97-40-1, intact spikes and a germination protocol on and 0-99-6-1, have excellent straw strength and threshed grains. The cultivar Fredrick again achieve our goal of combining higher test weight showed the lowest percentage of germination and with lower grain protein. The first and third have Houser the highest value among the commercial good mildew resistance, the second and third cultivars. Fredrick kernels reached 20% moisture have good leaf rust resistance, and the third has content 5-6 days earlier than Houser. Houser better sprouting resistance than the widely grown maintained its high rate of germination cultivar Fredrick. throughout maturation and dehydration, whereas Fredrick displayed a much lower rate as dehydra- Genetics. Eighty-one experimental spring wheat lines from crosses segregating for the tion progressed. Rht-2 dwarfing gene were classified in the seed- Pathology. Winter survival of soft white winter ling stage for the presence of Rht-2 by their lack wheat was excellent in most production areas. of growth response to gibberellic acid (GA) treat- Serious losses from water and ice-encasement ment. When grown in replicated field trials, the damage occurred on poorly drained soils in the GA-insensitive lines were an average of 23 cm southwest and on hard red winter wheat in north- shorter than their sensitive sibs. They also had western Ontario. Damage from snow molds was lower test weight (kilograms per hectolitre) and light to moderate in areas with extended snow 1000 kernel weight. This agrees with the observa- cover; several fungi were implicated, including a

214 Research Branch Report 1984 form of Typhula not previously associated with riar to the check cultivar Terra in yield, hectolitre snow mold damage. Wheat spindle streak mosaic weight, seed size, seed protein content, straw was severe in experimental plots and was proba- yield, straw strength, and smut and crown rust bly widespread in the field, although symptoms resistance (slow ruster). Preliminary experiments were often masked by the general yellowing of at ORS and the Animal Research Centre revealed the crop during an extended cool wet spring. that naked oats performed well in poultry (boiler) Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. ex and pig rations. Extensive trials are under way to Merat) and septoria leaf spots (Septoria spp.) determine if they can serve efficiently as the sole were prevalent on the lower canopy in spring but source of energy and protein for pigs. New semi- did not progress following the onset of warm dry dwarf, naked-seeded dormoat and rust resistant conditions. Considerable leaf rust (Puccinia rec- oat strains have been developed and currently are ondita Rob. ex Desm.) and late season septoria being evaluated in advanced trials. glume blotch (Septoria spp.) occurred in some Physiology. A protocol to successfully induce areas. As in 1983, fusarium head blight secondary dormancy in dormoats was assessed. [Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch.] was very light Induction was initiated within 2 days by incuba- and vomitoxin levels were not of concern. Root tion of moistened seeds in a humid atmosphere at rots, including take-all [Gaumannomyces gram- 40°C. Maximum number of induced seeds was inis (Sacc.) Arx & Olivier] and eye spot [Pseudo- obtained between 4 and 7 days, depending on the cercosporella herpotrichioides (Fron) DeL] are dormoat strain. Induction was most effective on of increasing concern. Screening tests for resis- seeds freshly after-ripened; seeds 6 mo old were tance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, and loose not induced by the treatment. smut [Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.] continued. In a field, freshly haves ted seeds from two Barley dormoats, OA 499 and OA 635-3, and one oat Breeding. Leger, a six-rowed feed barley cultivar, Donald, were mixed with soil in plastic licensed in 1982, represents a new level of excel- mesh bags and sown in the field in September for lence in spring barley in eastern Canada. It has retrieval at various times in the fall and winter to consistently exhibited exceptionally high yield, assess the dormancy status of the ungerminated good test weight, large kernel size, and strong seeds, Le., innate primary dormancy or naturally straw. Sufficient quantities of certified seed will induced secondary dormancy. After I mo in soil, become available in 1985. A backcrossing pro- all the seeds from Donald germinated, whereas gram to incorporate a higher level of mildew OA 635-3 had approximately 50% of its seeds resistance into Leger is nearing completion. induced into secondary dormancy; for OA 499, Four promising ORS entries were promoted to the percentage of ungerminated seeds corre- the Eastern Cooperative Six-Row Barley Test. sponded to the seeds still in primary dormancy at The two-row barley breeding program continues planting. to progress, and new lines will be evaluated in Pathology. Diseases of oats were generally advanced trials in 1985. light, with crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda.) Pathology. Net blotch [Pyrenophora teres being the most prevalent, particularly in eastern (Died.) Drechsl.], spot blotch [Cochliobolus Ontario. Intensive management tests with Donald sativus (Ito and Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur], and oats and with mixtures of Donald and Leger bar- scald [Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) Davis] ley showed that extra N did little to increase were prevalent diseases in Ontario in 1984. Leaf yields. Chlormequat growth retardant and pro- stripe (Pyrenophora graminea Ito & Kurib.) was piconazole fungicide applied to the foliage found again in trace amounts in several seed improved yields substantially. Unsprayed oat and stocks. Treatment of infected seed with maneb barley mixtures showed little improvement over wettable powder (drill-box formulation) and four the pure components, and a I: I oat-to-barley ratio experimental systemic chemicals gave effective gave the poorest performance. control of the disease. An intensive cereal man- Grain quality and microchemistry. agement test using Massey barley showed that in 1984 the addition of ethephon growth retardant Several fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated and propiconazole (Tilt) fungicide increased lectins permit identification and localization of yields by 15% and 38%, respectively. specific carbohydrates by fluorescence microscopy. In collaboration with the Food Research Oats Institute, experiments were undertaken to assess Breeding. Licensing trials have been com- the distribution of glucosinolates in rapeseed. A pleted for the naked oat line OA501-1, and a new histochemical method for glucosinolate license will be sought in 1985. OA501-1 is supe- detection has been developed using N-2,6-tri-

Research Station, Ottawa, Ont. 215 chloro-p-benzoquinoneimine (TCQ) as the stain- hybrid seedlings recovered. Hybrid plants gener- ing reagent. TCQ demonstrated improved selec- ally had variable chromosome numbers in tivity for glucosinolates in thin-layer chro- somatic tissue. Plants with more than 22 chromatographic systems, and the specificity was mosomes remained stable, whereas those with confirmed by gas liquid chromatography. When less than 22 reverted to dihaploids following the applied to tissue sections and treated with TCQ, elimination of H. bulbosum chromosomes. cotyledonary protein bodies were stained intense Computer graphics yellow, which is indicative of glucosinolate residues in the protein bodies. An interactive system using digital image processing techniques was developed for the quantitative study of plant chromosomes. The system was developed using somatic karyotypes of CYTOGENETICS numerous Hordeum species and included measurements of chromosome length, area, cen- Cereal cytogenetics tromere, and satellite positions. The straightened Callus culture and plant regeneration from chromosomes were arranged in an ordered immature inflorescence was evaluated as a means karyogram, and hard copy included the above of propagating sterile intergeneric hybrids and as measurements plus density profiles and pho- a technique for inducing chromosome rearrange- tographs. This was a collaborative project with C. ments. In this way a total of 10 intergeneric Merritt of the National Research Council of hybrids were regenerated. These included Canada. hybrids of Hordeum X Secale (4), Triticum x Chromosome banding Secale (3), Triticum x Hordeum (2), and Triticum x Agropyron (I). In 7 of the 10 Giemsa bands were obtained on Thinopyrum regenerants, the meiotic chromosome was distichum (Thunb.) Love (Elytrigia disticha unchanged from the original hybrid. Chro- Agropyron distichum). The banding pattern was mosomal variants were observed in three hybrids. characterized by fairly prominent terminal and The amphiploid (2n = 4x = 28) in the T. tauschii subterminal bands. Comparative banding of the (Coss.) Schmal. x S. cereale L. regenerant was chromosomes of Triticum durum (cultivar Nor- presumed to have originated from tetraploid pri- dum) and the backcross of (Triticum durum x mordial cells induced in the callus phase. A par- Thinopyrum distichum)2 x Triticum durum tial amphiploid regenerant with a chromosome indicated that it was possible to distinguish number of 2n = 56 was obtained from the T. between the chromosomes of Thinopyrum dis- aestivum by A. elongatum (Host) Beauvois (2n tichum and Triticum durum. = 42) hybrid. One line of regenerants from the T. Giemsa bands have been obtained on the chro- crassum (Boiss.) Pitch. and Hensl. by H. vulgare mosomes of the diploid species Hordeum ste- L. hybrid (2n = 28) exhibited chromosomal nostachys Godron, H. muticum Presl., H. set- mixoploidy in somatic and meiotic cells, with ifolium Parodi and Nicora, H. cordobense chromosome numbers ranging from 28 to 92. Bothm. et aI., H.jlexuosum Nees, H. euclaston After four regeneration cycles, the range in chro- Steud, and H. pusillum Wutt. Each species has a mosome numbers had decreased to 46-58, i.e., characteristic banding pattern, differing in the approximating the amphiploid number. Thus, number, location, and intensity of the bands. these studies have shown that callus culturing is a Bromus cytogenetics useful means of propagating sterile hybrids and in some cases of chromosome manipulation. The diploid species Bromus variegatus Bieb. was crossed to B. inermis Leyss (4x, 8x). Chro- Hordeum cytogenetics mosome pairing in the triploid (2n = 3x = 21) To initiate an interspecific gene exchange hybrids fits a 2: 1 genomic model of chromosome between Hordeum bulbosum L. and H. vulgare pairing, which suggested that B. variegatus L., extensive crosses were made between 28 dif- contained a modified A or B genome. However, ferent genotypes of H. bulbosum (4x) and H. the trivalent frequency was low (0.4 per cell) in vulgare cultivar Betzes (4x). There were marked the pentaploid hybrid from B. variegatus X B. differences in the crossability of the H. bulbosum inermis (8x) indicating that the variegatus gen- genotypes with Betzes. Following embryo cultur- ome (V) was differentiated enough to allow pref- ing, there were also genotypic effects on embryo erential pairing in the genomes of octoploid B. germination and finally on ratios of dihaploid and inermis in the pentaploid (VAABB) hybrid.

216 Research Branch Report 1984 ENTOMOLOGY quantified. However, with the decline in leafminer populations, rates of encapsulation have Population dynamics increased steadily and now appear to be an inverse function of host density. This phe- Alfalfa weevil. Populations of the alfalfa weevil nomenon has important ramifications for survival increased throughout the Bay of Quinte area dur- of both host and parasite. ing 1984. Continuing a trend that began in 1983, survival of the pest increased to its highest levels Integrated pest management (IPM) in a decade. Life table data showed that attacks on A computer mapping software program was gravid females by wasps of first-brood Microc- developed for alfalfa IPM in southern Ontario. tonus aethiopoides (Loan) reduced egg deposi- Documented under the acronym MEDIMAP, the tion by only 29% compared with 34%, the aver- package is implemented through the Agriculture age for the previous 6 yr. Disease infections Canada VAX 11/780 computer and uses tem- caused by Erynia spp. killed 57% of the feeding perature data from representative Ontario sites to larvae versus 78%, and 2% of the cocooned produce a graphic display of weevil, leafminer, stages versus 29%. Bathyplectes anurus (Thorn.) and crop development as they occur within the claimed 8% of the prepupae, but only 2% of the province. The package is available on-line to emerging adults were parasitized by M. colesi agencies throughout Ontario and is a valuable (Drea) versus 19%, and wasps of second-brood adjunct to the SIMWEEVIL-SIMABL monitor- M. aethiopoides attacked only 14% of the ing system currently in use. remainder versus 30%. This population release In 1984, IPM scouting activities were carried reflects the delayed density-dependent behavior out on farms located in 10 counties across south- of the Microctonus parasites and pathogenic ern Ontario. Further releases of D. dryas were fungi, and generation survival (20%) rivalled that made using wasps propagated in the ORS nur- observed during the early 1970s, when neither sery; recoveries of the parasite have now been was present. This foreshadows greatly increased made from 15 counties. numbers for 1985. Honey bees Further evidence of a bivoltine strain of the weevil appeared in 1984. Approximately 8% of Studies are aimed at developing improved the summer adults did not aestivate and became methods for controlling the organisms that cause reproductive in late August, laying a total of 572 American foulbrood disease (AFB), Bacillus larvae (White), and chalkbrood disease (CD), eggs/m2. A life table for this generation showed that frost and fungal disease destroyed 22% and Ascosphaera apis (Maassem ex Claussen) Olive 54% of the initial population, respectively. As a and Spiltoir, in honey bees. Disease-free hives result, generation survival was only 2%. were inoculated with purified spore suspensions and treated with specific bacteriophages (AFB), Alfalfa blotch leajminer. Life tables for natural or citral was evaporated into the hives at the rate cohorts of all three generations were developed at of 10 mL per day (CD). Infections by AFB representative sites across Ontario in 1985. In occurred in only 30% of the larvae inoculated. eastern Ontario, populations were low and However, the citral repelled the adult bees, declined for the 5th successive yr under con- indicating that a lower concentration of this phe- tinuing pressure by the parasitic wasp Dacnusa romone was required. dryas (Nixon), which is the key influent; it A simplified system was developed for detec- destroyed 74% of the prepupae and, with other tion of the parasitic bee mite Acarapis woodi mortality factors, reduced generation survival to (Rennie), which has recently been found to be 1%, the lowest level in a decade. In central enzootic in the United States and is causing con- Ontario, where the wasp is newly established, siderable concern to Canadian beekeepers. The leafminer populations were low to moderate, and method involves removal of the pronotum to generation survival averaged 4%. In western expose the major tracheae, which then can be Ontario, where the parasite is absent, leafminer rapidly excised and assayed for presence of the populations reached 36 000 maggots per square pathogen. metre and predation of the larvae by nabids was the principal mortality factor; survival averaged 7%. Eggs and first-instar larvae of D. dryas are FORAGE CROPS occasionally encapsuled in hemocytes of the host Corn maggot. During the late 1970s, when leafminer populations were high throughout eastern Six new corn hybrids were supported for Ontario, rates of encapsulation were too low to be licensing: OX741, OX737, and OX768 in

Research Station, Ottawa, Ont. 217 Ontario; OX693 in the Atlantic Provinces; OX701 the first alfalfa cultivars to be bred in Canada in Manitoba and Quebec; and OX733 in Alberta. against these diseases. FAR 14/1 has been named The hybrids for Ontario [2600-2700 corn heat Olinda, and seed will be available to farmers by units (CHU)] are three-way (3W) and double 1987. Newly selected clones with genes resistant crosses, thus ensuring economical seed produc- to BW, PRR, and verticillium wilt (VW), tion. They have good silage and grain yields. Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth., are OX693 (3W) has superior stalk quality and was being used to produce alfalfa synthetics. licensed in the Atlantic Provinces for silage pro- Experiments to study the benefits of nitrogen- duction with a good performance index. OX70 I fixing forage legumes on grasses in a mixed or (3W for 2250-2300 CHU) was a very stable per- rotated cropping system were begun. They will former on the eastern prairies and in the cooler measure the nitrogen (N) transfer from legumes regions of Quebec. In Alberta, OX733 is an early to associated grasses and N benefit from legume single cross that is significantly earlier than the residues to subsequent nonnitrogen-fixing crops. previous earliest checks. In addition, it has supe- Nitrogen fixation and N transfer were deter- rior yield and stalk quality. mined under field conditions, by using 15Ndilu- Developing lines were screened after artificial tion and acetylene reduction techniques. Alfalfa, inoculation with Gibberella zeae, and with four birds foot trefoil, red clover, bromegrass, tall and egg masses of Ostrina nubialis, and grown at red fescues, and timothy were grown in different high population density. Further selection was grass-to-Iegume ratios and clipping frequencies carried out for cold tolerance (l0°C). so that conditions were optimal for N transfer in Experiments have been initiated on genetic the greenhouse and field. The inclusion of variability in tolerance of low-temperature ger- legumes in the legume-grass mixtures improved mination in maize. Seed from 12 populations, both forage quantity and quality. N transfer was ranging from conventional corn belt to high enhanced by increasing the proportion of legume altitude tropical land races, are being evaluated to grass and the frequency of clipping. Both direct for their ability to extend the radical and excretion through living alfalfa nodule-root sys- cotyledon up to first-leaf emergence at low tem- tems and decomposition of dead nodules and perature. Comparisons have been made over a alfalfa plant tissues may be involved. range of temperatures. The ultimate goal is to A study was initiated to investigate the mecha- identitY populations and individuals capable of nism of alfalfa root exudation in relation to nitro- germinating under cooler conditions. gen fixation and metabolism within plants under various environmental stresses. Nitrogenous Pathology. Considerable damage occurred in compounds (ammonia, glutamate, serine, several breeding lines as a result of infection by alanine, and aspartate) were excreted from alfalfa Alternaria sp. The symptoms appeared early in nodule-root systems. The excretions were stimu- the growing season during a period of wet cool lated by decreasing the photosynthate supply, weather and persisted through the summer. Sever- which resulted either from clipping the shoots or ity of the disease varied from no infection in some shading. lines to complete necrosis in others, suggesting that susceptibility was under genetic control. Pathology. An isolate of V. albo-atrum from Puccinia sorghi Schw. occurred on several corn alfalfa survived a wide range of temperatures (-5 hybrids and breeding lines in Ottawa in 1984. to 35°C) over 2 yr. Symptoms varied in severity, and very few plants Soybean at ORS were immune. Investigations are in progress to determine if this is a new race of the rust. Maple Isle, an early maturing soybean cultivar Lethal leaf spot, a condition apparently con- developed by ORS in cooperation with the Bran- trolled by a single recessive gene, was encoun- don Research Station, was released to pedigree tered in a single breeding line. seed growers in the spring of 1984. Maple Isle yields from 3 to 9% more than Maple Amber in Alfalfa the short-season areas of eastern Canada. In Man- Three new alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) syn- itoba and Alberta, yields are equal to those of thetics (FAR 14/1, Poly Sc 2, and COMSEL) Maple Amber. Maple Isle, unlike Maple Amber, were recommended for licensing by the Ontario is tolerant of the herbicide metribuzin, which is Forage Crops Committee (OFCC) on the basis of an important advantage on farms where weeds dry matter (OM) production superiority and resis- necessitate the use of metribuzin. tance to bacterial wilt (BW), Corynebacterium Another early maturing cultivar, Maple Ridge, insidiosum (McCull.) H.L. Jens., and phy- was released by the Ottawa and Brandon research tophthora root rot (PRR), Phytophthora mega- stations. Maple Ridge matures about 3 days ear- sperma Drechsler f. sp. medicaginis. These are lier than Maple Amber and produces similar seed

Research Branch Report 1984 218 yields. Compared with Maple Presto, the earliest ies on error reduction in simulated swards are in maturing cultivar available in Canada, Maple progress. Ridge is 5 days later in maturity and yields 20% Theoretical models of mating designs that will more. This cultivar is particularly well adapted to maximize heterozygosity in autopolyploids are those areas of Manitoba, Alberta, and Ontario being investigated. A computer program was that have a very short growing season. It is not developed to generate the allelic structure of pro- adapted to the short-season areas of the Maritime genies from crosses of individual genotypes or Provinces, nor is it tolerant of the herbicide populations. metribuzin. Canatto, a new cultivar for the export market, was released by ORS. Natto is a fermented soy GENETIC ENGINEERING food produced in Japan that requires soybean seed about half the size of that from standard Developmental plant physiology varieties. Canatto matures about I wk earlier than In commercial alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the previously licensed cultivar, Nattawa, and has the ability to form callus and regenerate into slightly higher yields, much improved stem whole plants through somatic embryogenesis is strength, and is tolerant of the herbicide strongly influenced by genotype. Two land race metribuzin. Although its seed size is somewhat breeding sources, Ladak and M. faleata L., were larger than that of Nattawa, its quality for natto found in the genetic background of most of the production has been improved. highly responsive cultivars. These selected Pathology. Forty-four soybean [Glycine max cultivars were almost exclusively western creep- (L.)] lines were tested against race 4 of the bacte- ing-rooted types. In vitro techniques for rial blight pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae pv. Medicago, Melilotus, and Trigonella species glycinea). Three lines (X446-2-B-19-2, were improved significantly in the areas of shoot X1345-76B, and X1365-9-B) showed consider- tip and stem node culture, somatic embryo induc- able resistance to race 4, which is the most preva- tion, somatic embryo germination, and cell sus- lent race in eastern Ontario. The distribution of pension culture. bacterial blight (infection) in growers' fields Improved methodology for cold hardening appears to be nonrandom in the early part of the alfalfa suspensions was developed in collabora- growing season and later turns to a regular pat- tion with the Chemistry and Biology Research tern. Institute. Treatment of cells with the plant growth Grasses regulators 2,4-0 and abscisic acid, followed by exposure to low temperature (-2°C), resulted in The forage grass program is focused on cultivar the development of freezing tolerance up to development and the investigation of the genetics _15°C. These tolerance levels were similar to and breeding behavior of autopolyploid forages. those observed in the field with whole plants. The principal selection criteria for timothy and Viable protoplasts in high yields were isolated bromegrass are in vitro digestibility (IVO) and from cell suspension cultures of Brassica napus dry matter (OM) yield. Orchard grass is being L. cultivar Jet Neuf and B. nigra L. Cell division selected for pasture-related traits including resis- in the protoplast cultures was initiated at frequen- tance to frequent defoliation, mid-summer OM cies in excess of 20%, and macroscopic colonies yield, and winterhardiness. formed at frequencies of up to 10%. Embryo- Winter-hardy germ plasm of switchgrass genesis was induced in the protoplast-derived cell (Panicum virgatum L.) is being evaluated for its colonies. In the case of B. napus cultivar Jet Neuf, potential as a midsummer pasture species. This plantlets have been regenerated from the species has a C-4 type photosynthetic system and embryos. accumulates OM most rapidly during the hot Thin layers of epidermal tissue have been suc- summer months, when temperate species are cessfully used as a direct source of protoplasts in least productive. Several crosses made among B. napus cultivar Westar. Colony formation has agronomically desirable clones are being been obtained at frequencies of 1%, and shoot advanced to the second generation. bud development has been induced by cytokinin A wide variation among ramets of individual treatment. timothy genotypes was found when plants were evaluated for OM yield under intense inter-plant Experimental haploidy competition (100 plants per square metre). The A doubled haploid line of B. napus obtained performance of individual plants was not closely by anther culture was used in tests to optimize related to that of neighboring plots. Further stud- nutrient supplementation of anther donor plants.

Research Station, Ottawa, Ont. 219 Plants grown in vermiculite and supplemented using nopaline synthase activity as a marker for with slow release fertilizer [Le. Nutricote 40 the expression of T-DNA. (Chisso-Asahi)] yielded up to three embryos per Methods have been developed for measuring cultured anther. A survey of B. nap us and B. absolute plating efficiency by following individ- campestris cultivars was undertaken to identify ual protoplasts embedded in low melting tem- strains highly responsive to anther culture. perature agarose. This has permitted quantitative Brassica napus cultivar Topas gave consistently measurements of the influence of organelle- high yields of embryos. Experiments to establish specific fluorescent dyes on viability. Based on pollen cultures for genetic engineering studies these studies, a technique for identifying have been initiated with this cultivar. mitochondria in living plant cells was developed; Somatic cell genetics it has been employed in research involving the transfer of cytoplasmic male sterility (a Brassica nigra suspension cultures were mitochondrial trait) into Brassica species. shown to be at least 10 times more sensitive to the growth-inhibiting effects of the amino acid analogue 5-methyl-tryptophan (5 MT) than all other species reported in the literature. Conversely, ORNAMENTALS these same cultures were 5 and 15 times more resistant to l.razetidine-2-carboxylic acid and to Plant breeding S-2-aminoethyl-l.rcysteine, respectively. Four A new winter-hardy climbing rose, Henry Kel- variant cell lines of B. nigra capable of growing at sey, was registered. Henry Kelsey combines hard- normally inhibitory concentrations of 5 MT were iness with free and recurrent flowering, a high, isolated. The tolerant variants occurred in the level of resistance to mildew, Sphaerotheca pan- sensitive parental population at a very low fre- nosa (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lev., and field resistance to quency (1.25 x 10-7). Sequential exposure of the blackspot, Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. It survived variant lines to progressively higher concentra- the winters in locations with more severe climates tions of 5 MT produced cultures capable of grow- than in Ottawa. A strain of Rosa rugosa Thunb., ing at 750 times the normal growth-inhibitory obtained from seeds collected in Japan, was concentration. Long-term culture tests indicated highly resistant to the two-spotted spider mite, that only a portion of the resistance was stable in Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the strawberry the absence of 5 MT. Only this component of the aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell). It resistance was considered to have a true genetic was released as genetic stock under the name basis. Rugosa Ottawa. The combined resistance to two Twenty-five somatic hybrid lines of Solanum insect pests is rare in plants. It has not been melongena L. (eggplant) + S. sisymbriifolium reported in roses. Rugosa Ottawa is also highly Lam. were characterized through cytological, resistant to blackspot and mildew. A new winter- morphological, and biochemical analyses. All hardy weigela, Rumba, was registered. Rumba is hybrids were aneuploids and contained S. sis- a vigorous dwarf shrub that flowers repeatedly. It ymbriifolium chloroplasts. Collaborative tests survived winters in locations with more severe carried out in the U. S. Department of Agriculture climates than Ottawa. Vegetable Research Laboratory, Charleston, Pathology S. c., indicated that all hybrids tested were resistant to the root-knot nematode, a serious pest of Phomopsis juniperovora Hahn isolated from eggplant. Preliminary attempts at selfing or back- red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) and white crossing the hybrids have failed. cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in eastern Ontario was pathogenic on T. occidentalis. At 18-20°C Plant molecular genetics and 100% relative humidity for 192 h, severe die- Detailed analysis of alfalfa protoplasts in liq- back resulted. Nectria sp. and Cytospora sp. were uid culture revealed that all living cells underwent isolated from spruce (Picea abies L. Karst. and P. nuclear division, but most could not form cell pungens Engelm.) and pine (Pinus resinosa Ait. walls or undergo more than one cell division. The and P. strobus L.). Spruce inoculated with plating efficiency of alfalfa protoplasts was Cytospora sp. developed necrotic lesions, but increased to 20%, which represents a 300- to Nectria sp. failed to cause symptoms. When soil- 400- fold improvement. As a result of this devel- less mixtures infested with Rhizoctonia solani opment, as few as 200 protoplasts could be Kiihn were seeded with 10% soil containing manipulated in each transformation experiment. Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., geranium Microinjection of Ti plasmids into nuclei yielded (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey) seed ger- extremely high transformation frequencies (28%) minated and grew to the transplanting stage with-

220 Research Branch Report 1984 out damping-off. The addition of T. viride in Ornamental gardens wheat bran culture to soilless mixtures also pro- Five species of annuals were evaluated in 1984. vided good protection from R. solani. Cut-flower The top-scoring cultivars were as follows: impa- production of Chrysanthemum morifolium tiens (Sherbet Mix, Super ~ova Coral, Super (Ramat.) Hens!. was decreased 24% in soil Elfin Blush); lobelia (Crystal Palace, Rainbow infested with Pythium aphanodermatum (Edson) Cascade, Emperor William); nicotiana (Nicki Fitzp. and 8% in soil infested with R. solani. Rose, Nicki Pink, Nicki Bright Pink); nasturtium Stem length and flower size also were decreased (Whirlybird Gold, Whirlybird Tangerine, Whirl- by either fungus, although neither caused death bird Mahogany); and gazania (Fire Emerald, of the plants. Sundance Mix, Rainbow Mix). Floriculture Donor plant development influenced micro- pagation of Begonia X hiemalis (Fotsch). Leaf expansion at the time of petiole excision significantly affected the in vitro response. Explants PLANT GENE RESOURCES taken at early and mid-exponential phases responded well, but at late exponential, shoot Plant gene information production was reduced by 80%. Relatively few A trait inventory report on the 1375 stocks in adventitious shoots developed to a stage that the Canadian Tomato Genetic Resources Collec- allowed efficient rooting and establishment. tion was published in 1984. It lists cultivars and Shoot elongation of adventitious buds was signif- genetic stocks in the collection under 78 traits or icantly increased by gibberellic acid (10 mg descriptors. A microfiche version is available on L -1), resulting in a three-fold increase in produc- request. Descriptions for a total of 3827 stocks of tion of large shoots that could be rooted directly barley, tomato, and wheat were entered in their under intermittent mist. Flower induction of respective crop information banks in 1984. They Streptocarpus nobilis (C.B. Clarke) was tem- represent about 23% of the Canadian Crop perature sensitive. Plants given short days (SO) at Genetic Resources Inventories (16 500 stocks) 25°C subsequently flowered in noninductive pho- held at present at the Plant Gene Resources of toperiods. Plants given SO at 15°C remained veg- Canada (PGRC) office. The information on each etative after transfer to 25°C. Leaf tissue was the stock is stored in the respective crop data banks, site of temperature-sensitive photoinduction. and computer trait inventories on each crop are Leaf explants could be photoinduced at 25°C, but available. explants given SO at 15°C produced only vegetative shoots when transferred to noninductive Conservation photoperiods at 25°C. The photoinduced state Almost 78 500 stocks of various plant species was stable at 15°C, which suggests that the pho- are being preserved under controlled conditions toinductive process is temperature sensitive. at the PGRC office. A total of214 apple stocks are ~ursery research preserved in clonal repositories located at six Agriculture Canada research stations across the Growth responses to variable levels and country. Canada is a key participant in the pro- sources of phosphate fertilizer and mycorrhiza- gram of the International Board for Plant Genetic tion with Glomus fungi in a container production Resources for the preservation of international system were analyzed for five woody ornamen- collections of valuable germ plasm. tals. Rock phosphate treatments exhibited greater Collections of pearl millet, oats, barley, growth responses and levels of mycorrhizal infec- rapeseed, and mustard are preserved in the seed tion than superphosphate treatments. A combina- stores in Canada. Countries represented in the tion of 50 ppm rock phosphate and mycorrhizae collections include Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, was as effective as higher rates of phosphate fer- Burkina Fasso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central tilization. Substitution of rock phosphate for African Republic, Gambia, Jordan, Kenya, Mal- superphosphate in container production systems awi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Paki- would allow introduction and maintenance of stan, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Togo, mycorrhizae, and lower levels of phosphate fertil- Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. izer application and runoff. Mycorrhizae were successfully introduced into nursery production Exchanges systems during vegetative propagation, and In 1984, activities in connection with mycorrhized cuttings were overwintered in cold exchanges of genetic stocks and cultivars resulted storage without loss of mycorrhizal infection or in 314 exchanges with individuals in 42 countries infectivity. for a total of 8640 accessions.

Research Station, Ottawa, Ont. 221 Newsletter from a low of 4.3 cm for the cultivar Bruce to a high of 13.0 cm for Peguis. In 1 yr, no lodging The PGRC Newsletter, published semian- occurred because of growing conditions, but in nually, reports informally on activities concern- the other 2 yr, lodging was evident. On a scale of ing gene resources. It has a mailing list of 1-9, lodging resistance was rated as high as 3.0 in 800 568 in Canada and 232 in 38 other countries. some cultivars to 1 in others. Birka was the only cultivar that gave a significant grain yield reduction when sprayed with Cerone. The regulator, EXPERIMENTAL FARM when applied to the other cultivars, either KAPUSKASING, ONTARIO increased grain yield or had no effect. Forage preservation Orchardgrass cut at the 10% heading stage was EXPERIMENTAL FARM ensiled in laboratory silos to compare the effec- THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO tiveness of pulp and paper industry by-products as silage preservatives. Three repetitions of each Potato production program treatment were evaluated 35 days after ensiling. In 1984, the Ontario regional potato trials were Formic acid and no preservative were used as replaced with a program for the multiplication of positive and negative controls. The product from breeders' lines and varieties. In May 1984, 22 Mill No. I was used at 23 kg to the wet tonne of families of various breeders' lines and virus-free silage, and softwood and hardwood by-products tubers from 18 licensed varieties were planted for from Mill NO.2 were used at 23 kg and 12.5 kg to multiplication. the wet tonne. In early July, five aphid traps were located in Ammonia level, pH, and percentages of solu- the potato blocks. The first aphid was recorded on ble sugars, lactic acid, acid detergent fiber 23 July with weekly sampling carried out until (AD F), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and dry 1 September. Data were not collected from traps matter were compared. There were no significant on 23-25 July or 3-9 August, because of heavy differences in percentages of NDF, lactic acid, thunderstorms. The total number of aphids for the and dry matter between treatments. The percen- five traps were as follows: potato aphid, tages of ADF and soluble sugars were signifi- Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), 9; green cantly different at the 5% level only. The by- peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), 194; fox- products from Mill No. 2 at the higher rates glove aphid, Au/acorthum so/ani (Kaltenbach), caused a significant improvement in ADF value 45; buckthorn aphid, Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, over the control (30.3% and 30.8% versus 36. The largest concentration of one species 33.1%). The hardwood by-product from Mill occurred on 31 July, when 40 green peach aphids No. 2 was equal to formic acid as a preservative were counted. for soluble sugars. There were highly significant A total of 143 tubers were selected from the differences in pH and ammonia level between breeders as suitable for continuation in the breed- treatments. Although the direct acidifYing ability ing program. The multiplication program was of the products was low compared with that of inspected for virus, blackleg, early and late formic acid, the silage made with these by-prod- blight, and rhizoctonia by Agriculture Canada ucts had a lower pH than that treated with formic inspectors on three occasions. Each variety acid. The ammonia level in the silages made with received an Elite 1 tag. by-products from Mill No. 2 was significantly higher than in any other treatment. However, since these by-products contain ammonia, this PUBLICATIONS was not necessarily an indication of protein deg- Research radation. These results show that wood by-products, particularly those originating from hard- Andrews, C.l; Seaman, W.L.; Pomeroy, M.K. 1984. woods, result in improved fermentation. Changes in cold hardiness, ice tolerance, and total carbohydrates of winter wheat under various Cereal management cutting regimes. Can. 1 Plant Sci. 64:547-558. Over the last 3 yr (1982, 1983, 1984) between Armstrong, K.C. 1984. Chromosome pairing affinities II and 17 varieties of barley were treated with the between Old and New World species of Bromus growth regulator Cerone (Union Carbide) to eval- section Pnigma. Can. J. Bot. 62:581-585. uate its ability to reduce straw length and improve Armstrong, K.C. 1984. The genomic relationship ofthe lodging and grain yield. In the 11cultivars evalu- diploid Bromus variegatus to Bromus inermis. ated over 3 yr, reduction in straw length varied Can. 1 Genet. Cytol. 26:469-474.

222 Research Branch Report 1984 Atanassov, A.; Brown, D.e.W. 1984. Plant regenera- Poushinsky, G.; Basu, P.K. 1984. A study of distribution from suspension culture and mesophyll pro- tion and sampling of soybean plants naturally toplasts of Medicago sativa L. Plant Cell Tissue infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Organ Cult. 3:149-162. Phytopathology 74:319-326. Bolton, A.T 1984. Reduction in yield of greenhouse Simmonds, J. 1984. Induction, growth and direct root- carnation caused by Pythium aphanidermatum ing of adventitious shoots of Begonia x hiemalis. and Rhizoctonia solani. Can. J. Plant Pathol. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 3:283-289. 6:321-324. Svejda, F. 1984. 'Rugosa Ottawa', a source for insect Bolton, A.T 1984. Root rot of Fiscus benjamina. Plant and disease resistance. HortScience 19(6): Dis. 68:816-817. 896-897. Burrows, Y.D. 1984. Donald oats. Can. J. Plant Sci. Wood, PJ.; Fulcher, R.G. 1984. Specific interaction of 64:411-413. aniline blue with (l-,>3)-I3-D-glucans. Car- Craig, I.L.; Fedak, G.; Jui, R. 1984. Morphological bohydr. Polymers 4:49-72. variation in diploid Hordeum bulbosum L. col- Yiu, S.H.; Collins, F.w.; Fulcher, R.G.; Altosaar, I. lected in Spain. Euphytica 33:99-106. 1984. Chromatographic and microscopic detec- Fedak, G. 1984. Cytogenetics of tissue culture regene- tion of glucosinolates in rapeseed using N, 2, 6- Trichloro-p-benzoquinoneimine. Can. J. Plant rated hybrids of Triticum tauschii X Secale cereale. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 16:382-386. Sci. 64:869-878. Fedak, G. 1984. Propagation of intergeneric hybrids in Young, J.e.; Fulcher, R.G.; Hayhoe, J.H.; Scott, P.M.; the Triticeae through callus culture of immature Dexter, J.E. 1984. Effect of milling and baking on inflorescence. Z. Pflazenzuecht. 94:1-7. deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) content of eastern Canadian wheats. J. Agric. Food Chern. Fejer, S.O.; Fedak, G. 1983. Genetic analysis of 32:659-664. hybrids between three two-rowed barley cultivars and various new introductions grown in Canada. Miscellaneous Cereal Res. Commun. 11:253-258. Basu, P.K. 1984. Predominance of race 4 of the soybean Fejer, S.O.; Fedak, G. 1983. Yield and protein content bacterial blightpathogen Pseudomonas syringae in a diallel cross of hiproly and other two-rowed pv. glycinea in eastern Ontario, 1982. Can. Plant barley cultivars. Cereal Res. Commun. Dis. Surv. 64:37-38. 12:209-213. Baum, B.R.; von Bothmer, R.; Jacobson, N.; Fedak, Fejer, S.O.; Fedak, G.; Ho, K.M. 1983. Leger barley. G.; Craig, I.; Bailey, L.G. 1984. Barley gene Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:195-196. pool. Agri. Can. Publ. 1761 B. 95 pp. Harcourt, D.G.; Guppy, J.e.; Binns, M.R. 1984. Anal- Brown, D.C.W.; Thrope, TA. 1984. Organization of a ysis of numerical change in subeconomic popula- plant tissue culture laboratory. Pages 1-12 in Vasil, tions of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica I.K., ed. Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in eastern Ontario. plants, Vol. 1. Academic Press. Environ. Entomol. 13:1627-1633. Cole, TJ. 1984. Petunia trials-1983. Canadex 281.34. Loan, e.e.; Guppy, J.e.; Meloche, F.; Harcourt, D.G. Craig, e.H.; Loan, e.e. 1984. Adelphocoris lineolatus 1983. Development of a second generation of the (Goeze), alfalfa plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae). alfalfa weevil in eastern Ontario (Coleoptera: Cur- Pages 9-10 in Biological control programs against , culionidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 144:61-67. insects and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. Com- McElroy, A.R.; Gervais, P. 1983. Yield and chemical monwealth Agricultural Bureaux. composition of whole-crop spring cereals har- Craig, C.H.; Loan, C.C. 1984. Lygus spp., plant bugs vested at five growth states. Nat. Can. (Rev. Ecol. (Heteroptera: Miridae). Pages 45-47 in Biological Syst.) 110:179-184. control programs against insects and weeds in McElroy, A.R.; Gervais, P. 1983. Yield-quality rela- Canada 1969-1980. Commonwealth Agricultural tionships in barley and oats grown for forage. Nat. Bureaux. Can. (Rev. Ecol. Syst.) 110:327-333. Fedak, G.; Sampson, D.R. 1983. Tissue culture Morita, H.; Singh, J.; Fulcher, R. G. 1984. Detection of regeneration of intergeneric hybrids involving the myotoxin zearalenone in fungal hyphae by wheat. Proceedings 6th International Wheat fluorescence microscopy. Can. J. Plant Pathol. Genetics Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 1149- 6:179-181. 1153.

Orr. w.; de la Roche, A.I.; Singh, J.; Voldeng, H.D. Guppy, J.e. ; Harcourt, D. G.; Guibord, M.; Thompson, 1983. Imbibitional chilling injury in cultivars of L.S. 1984. Agromyzajrontella (Rondani), alfalfa soybeans differing in temperature sensitivity to blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Pages pod formation and maturation periods. Can. J. 11-13 in Biological control programs against Bot. 61:2996-2998. insects and weeds in Canada, 1969-1980. Com- monwealth Agricultural Bureaux.

Research Station, Ottawa, Ont. 223 Hamilton, R.1.; Ramsay, S. 1984. Cold tolerance in Loiselle, R. 1984. Canadian tomato genetic resources com: Expanding the boundaries of com produc- inventory/Inventaire canadien des ressources tion in cold environments. Can. Agric. 30:14-18. genetiques de la tomate. Central Office for the Plant Gene Resources of Canada/Ie Bureau cen- Harcourt, D.G. 1984. Heat units for alfalfa in southern tral des ressources phytogenetiques du Canada. Ontario. Canadex 121.10. Ottawa Research Station, Research Branch, Agri- Harcourt, D.G. 1984. Integrated pest management in culture Canada, Report/Rapport PGRC-84-1. Canada: An entomological perspective. Mono- 373 pp. graph Series, Division of Science and T~ch- Martens, lW.; Seaman, W.L.; Atkinson, T.G., eds. nology, Brazilian Ministry of External RelatIOns 1984. Disease offield crops in Canada. Can. Phy- (in Portuguese). 60 pp. topathol. Soc. 168 pp. Harcourt, D.G.; Guppy, lC. 1984. Hypera postica Merritt, C.; Craig, 1.L. 1984. Use of an interactive (Gyll.), alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Cur- chromosome analysis system for the genetic culionidae). Pages 41-43 in Biological control study of barley species. Institute of Electrical and programs against insects and weeds in Canada, Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 7th International 1969-1980. Commonwealth Agricultural Conference on Pattern Recognition, Montreal, Bureaux. Que., pp. 954-955. Harcourt, D.G.; Guppy, lC.; Ellis, C.R. 1984. Oulema Sampson, D.R. 1983. Extra hard kernels associated melanopus (L.), cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: with semidwarfness. Proceedings 6th Interna- Chrysomelidae). Pages 65-67 in Biological con- tional Wheat Genetics Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, trol programs against insects and weeds III pp. 1073-1076. Canada, 1969-1980. Commonwealth Agricultural Simmonds, l 1984. Improved rooting of micropropa- Bureaux. gated Begonia x hiemalis (Riegers) shoots in a Keller, W.A. 1984. Anther culture of Brassica. Pages mist frame. Canadex 286:25. 302-310 in Vasil, I.K., ed. Cell culture and Svejda, F. 1984. New winter-hardy roses and other somatic cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. I. Academic flowering shrubs. Agric. Can. Publ. 1727 Press. (revised). 32 pp. Keller, W.A. 1984. Biotechnology in plant improve- Svejda, F. 1984. Northern Gold forsythia. Canadex ment. Pages 8-24 in Biotechnology in Agriculture 283.31. (Talks presented as part of an Agric. Can. Work- shop for the National Biotechnol. AdVISOry Svejda, F. 1984. Rumba weigela. Canadex 283.321. Comm., Res. Branch Agric. Can., Ottawa.) Svejda, F. 1984. William Baffin rose. Canadex 283.33. Keller, W.A.; Armstrong, K.C. 1983. The production Yee, lM.; Harcourt, D.G. 1984. MEDIMAP: A com- of Brassica napus haploids through anther and puter mapping system for alfalfa IPM in sourthern microspore culture. Proceedings 6th International Ontario. Agric. Can. Tech. Bull. 12E. 39 pp. Rapeseed Conference, Paris, pp. 239-245. Yiu, S.H.; Fulcher, R.G.; Altosaar, 1. 1983. Prelimin- Loan, C.C. 1984. Gonad development and sexual ary effects on the structural and microchemical activity of summer alfalfa weevils in eastern organization of rapeseed and its products. Pro- Ontario (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceed- ceedings, 6th International Rapeseed Congress, ings 21st Northeastern Regional Alfalfa, Com. and Paris, pp. 1490-1495. Small Grain Insect Conference, Rutgers Umver- sity, New Brunswick, N.l, pp. 18-22. Young, l C. ; Fulcher, R. G. 1984. Mycotoxins in grains: Causes, consequences, and cures. Cereal Foods World 29:725-728.

224 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Station, Vineland Station, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

D.R. Menzies, BSA, MSc, PhD Director E. Piil Administrative Officer M.A. Fraumeni,1 BA, MLS Librarian

Entomology D.J. Pree, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Toxicology A.B. Stevenson, BSc(Agr), PhD Vegetable pest management A.B. Broadbent, BSc, MSc, PhD Ornamental entomology E.A.C. Hagley, BSc(Agr), MSc, PhD Fruit pest management H.M.A. Thistlewood,2 BSc, MSc Acarology R.J.M. Trimble, BSc, MSc, PhD Bioclimatology

Nematology, Chemistry, and Computer Science J.W Potter, BSA, MSA, PhD Head of Section; Nematode ecology and chemical control M. Chiba, BSc, DSc FCIC Residue chemistry B.D. McGarvey, BSc, MSc Chemistry T.H.A. Olthof, lng, BSc(Agr), PhD Host-parasite relations J.L. Townshend, BSc, MSc, DIC Nematode ecology J. Yee, BSc, MSc, PhD Mathematics and computing

Plant Pathology WR. Allen, BA, PhD Head of Section; Fruit and soil- borne viruses A.R. Biggs, BSc, MSc, PhD Tree fruit diseases R.E Cerkauskas, BSc, MSc, PhD Vegetable diseases J.A. Matteoni, BSc, MSc, PhD Ornamental pathology J. Northover, BSc, PhD, DIC Fruit mycology A.A. Reyes, BSA, MSA, PhD Vegetable mycology L.W Stobbs, BSc, MSc, PhD Grapevine viruses

Smithfield Experimental Farm, Trenton, Ont. S.R. Miller, BSc, MSc, PhD Superintendent; Pomology WP. Mohr, BSA, MSA, PhD Food Processing J.G. Metcalf Tomato breeding N.J. Smits, BSc Vegetable management J. Warner, BSc, MSc Pomology

Extension Services3 D. Ridgway Fruit and vegetable crops

ISeconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 20n educational leave. 30ntario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Trenton, ant.

Research Station, Vineland Station, ant. 225 INTRODUCTION

The Vineland Research Station serves the horticultural industry with comprehensive crop protection research that is organized under four programs: tree fruits, grapes and berries, vegetables, and ornamentals. Some work is also done on forages and tobacco. Scientific disciplines represented at the station include entomology, acarology, ecology, mycology, virology, bacteriology, nematology, pesticide residue chemistry, toxicology, computer science, and engineering. The Smithfield Experi- mental Farm, located near Trenton, is administratively linked to this station and carries on horticultural production and processing research, as well as pest control programs in collaboration with Vineland. This report summarizes some of the research results from the station in 1984; more detailed information can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of the report. For more information on these and other research projects, or for copies of this report, please write to the Director, Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Vineland Station, Ont. LOR 2EO.

D.R. Menzies Director

TREE FRUITS eration STLM from <2% to ca. 38%. A balance is needed between control of STLM with chemi- Insects and mites cals and maintaining levels of parasitism by P. ornigis. Preliminary tests with several per- Biological control. Inundative releases of a methrin concentrations have given encouraging strain of Chrysopa carnea Stephens resistant to results. organophosphorous insecticides resulted in sup- Resistance in the STLM to synthetic pression of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer pyrethroid insecticides was higher in samples on dwarf apple trees. The greatest reduction in from Northumberland County (ca. 10 x) versus number of aphids occurred in plots treated with ca. 6 x in samples from Norfolk County. Where azinphosmethyl for control of other pests. This higher levels of resistance were detected, growers suggests that augmentation of natural C. carnea were advised to use carbamates such as meth- populations will provide an alternative or a sup- omyl rather than pyrethroids. The form of the plemental strategy for management of A. pomi resistance is probably similar in both areas since populations on dwarf apples. insecticide-synergist (both oxidase and esterase Trichogramma minutum Riley and T. pre- blockers) combinations were ineffective against tisoum Riley were recovered in several unsprayed both populations. Tests in Norfolk County have and commercial apple orchards in Ontario. Para- shown that adjustments in spray timing can be sitism was lower in commercial orchards but was useful in overcoming low levels of resistance. highest in July and August in both types of Larvae of the predaceous common green lace- orchard. Trichogramma spp. were not recovered wing, Chrysopa carnea, from local orchards are in commercial orchards in the spring, despite resistant to synthetic pyrethroids and organo- their occurrence in unsprayed orchards. Manip- phosphorous insecticides. Resistance is primarily ulation or augmentation (or both) of natural para- metabolic in form, caused by increased levels of site populations commencing in late May to early esterase that enhance hydrolysis of synthetic June might therefore result in higher parasitism of pyrethroids and malathion. Multifunction eggs of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella oxidase activity is also responsible for detoxifica- Linnaeus, and other lepidopteran pests of apple tion of both synthetic pyrethroids and most present at that time. organophosphorous insecticides. In vivo assays Chemical control. Sprays of permethrin and with oxidase and esterase blockers suggest both the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron and systems are equally important in the detoxifica- alloxyotin gave good control of the codling moth, tion of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Cydia pomonella, and the spotted tentiform leaf- Ecology. P. ornigis is an endoparasitoid of miner (STLM), Phyllonorycter blancardella larvae of STLM, an important pest of apple in (Fabricius). However, leafminer populations were Michigan, New York, and Ontario. Sticky-trap reduced by the insecticides to levels too low to catches of P. ornigis indicated the following: sustain the parasite Pholetesor (=Apanteles) color had a significant effect on the total number ornigis Weed. Inundative releases of P. ornigis in of parasites caught (best with maximum reflec- untreated plots increased parasitism in first-gen- tance between 550 and 600 nm); the relative

226 Research Branch Report 1984 attractiveness of the colors did not change during Baycor + Captan (5.0%), Captan (9.2%), Bay- or between periods of activity; and there were no cor (10.0%), CGA-64251 (Ciba-Geigy) (11.7%), consistent differences in the relative attrac- CGA-71818 + Manzate (20.8%), and control tiveness of the various colors to males and (85.0%). Sprays were applied in a combination females. During 1984, males consisted of more protection-eradication schedule. The eradicant than 75% of all parasites trapped during each of activity of sterol-inhibiting compounds could not the three yearly periods of activity, although the be assessed because of overlapping periods of sex ratio of the adult population emerging in the infection. same orchard during two of these periods of In 1984 the apple scab fungus was resistant to activity was approximately I: 1. The traps are Benlate in 45 orchards, to Cyprex in 12 orchards, more effective at trapping male than female and to both fungicides in a further 9 orchards of P. ornigis. the 145 locations examined since 1978. Benlate- resistant brown rot, Monilinia jructicola, was Predator-prey relationships. Serological pro- found in 83% of the 35 cherry and peach orchards cedures to identify predator (parasite)-prey rela- sampled between 1982 and 1984. The number of tionships produced antisera to codling moth, ori- known resistant locations has increased substan- ental fruit moth, obliquebanded leafroller larvae, tially between 1983 and 1984. However, no low- and to STLM and its parasite, P. ornigis. Because level resistance of brown rot to the newly intro- of the high sensitivity needed to detect eggs or duced fungicide Rovral was found. Resistance to larvae of P. ornigis in parasitized STLM, a modi- Benlate and Cyprex has placed greater depen- fied technique was developed using peroxidase- dence upon captan and several dithiocarbamate labeled goat antirabbit IgG antiserum for pre- fungicides for use in muitifungicide programs cipitin zone resolution. This change increased designed to delay the development of fungicide sensitivity ca. 15 times and may be the most resistance. sensitive and reliable test available when cost, time, safety, and ease of use are considered. Peach canker, Leucostoma persoonii, L. cinta. Conventional histochemistry and epifluores- Nematodes cence illumination, together with fluid diffusion Biology. Meloidogyne microtyla, first tests, were used to evaluate the presence of imper- described in 1975, was shown to reproduce on 62 vious tissue in peach bark. plant species out of 87 species tested from 21 Boundaries to fluid diffusion formed in an area plant families. Grasses were the best hosts, of hypertrophied cells approximately I mm inter- including some grasses used as orchard cover nal to the surface of a bark wound prior to the crops and others important for golf greens and formation of new suberized periderm. Suberin fairways. The nematode is of concern because of lamellae were found on the internal wall surface its ability to damage orchard cover-crop grasses of the impervious cells, and the exclusive associ- and because it is distributed in apple-growing ation of suberin with the inhibition of fluid diffu- areas where these grasses are used to suppress sion in the impervious tissue was determined. populations of lesion nematodes. Freezing or chemical fixation did not affect test results. Vectors. The vector potential of populations of Formation of suberized tissue prior to pheI- Longidorus diadecturus Eveleigh & Allen and logen regeneration is being tested as a criterion L. breviannulatus Norton & Hoffman for the for selecting peach genotypes with rapid wound peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV) and the response capacity. This method is' faster than cur- tomato blackring virus (TomBRV) was assessed rent callus formation or wound closure assess- in the greenhouse. Both viruses were detected in ment. both nematode species after they fed on infected Chenopodium, Petunia, and Cucumis species, Brown rot, Monilinia jructicola. Ten peach but there was no indication that either nematode varieties were collected, wounded, and inocu- species is a significant vector of the TomBRY. lated with conidia of the brown rot fungus. The Longidorus diadecturus was shown to be an effi- broad range in mean lesion growth rate indicated cient vector of the PRMV, while L. brevian- the presence of resistance in peach flesh to fungal nulatus was not. colonization. Varietal resistance appears correlated with maturity date, i.e., early varieties sup- Diseases port slower fungal colonization rates than later Apple scab, Venturia inaequalis. Several varieties. Increased brown rot in later maturing materials were evaluated for control of apple scab cuitivars has been assumed to be related to build- under field conditions. DPX H 6573 (Dupont) up of inoculum on the earlier maturing cuitivars. gave best control (1.7% infection), followed by Our data support this assumption in that earlier

Research Station, Vineland Station, Ont. 227 cultivars produced significantly greater numbers tended periods without significant decrease in of spores per fruit. sensitivity or specificity. This modification is faster, enhances reagent stability, and improves the recognition of virus by significantly reducing GRAPES AND SMALL FRUITS healthy baseline reactions.

Diseases Control of bunch rot with plant growth reg- VEGETABLES ulators. The prebloom application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to Seyval Blanc grapevines increased Insects bunch length and reduced bunch tightness with Control of the carrot rustfly, Psila rosae (Fab- no adverse effect on berry set or bunch weight. ricius). Granular carbofuran, applied in the seed The more open bunches were less prone to spoil- furrow to control first-generation carrot rust fly age by sour rot and by Botrytis bunch rot. On the (CRF), is no longer effective. In 1984, six tight-bunch cultivar Johannisberg Riesling, GA 3 organophosphorous insecticides were tested, at increased bunch length, but reduced berry set and the Holland Marsh, in V-belt or precision seeding bunch weight. Furthermore, 1. Riesling vines trials (or both) with active ingredient (a.i.) at 1.1 treated in 1983 showed delayed shoot develop- and 2.2 kg/ha. Disulfoton (Di-Syston 15G), ment and severely reduced fruitfulness in 1984. fonofos (Dyfonate lOG), and fensulfothion Tomato blackring virus (TomBRV). In 1978 (Dasanit 15G) were not sufficiently effective or TomB was introduced into the Niagara peninsula were too phytotoxic to consider for further test- in a shipment of Pinot Chardonnay, clone 95, ing. Chlorfenvinphos (Birlane lOG), a candidate imported as virus-free stock from France. Infec- for registration, was not effective at the low rate, tion occurred only in single vines within rows, and only moderately so at the high rate. Ph orate with no evidence of virus transmission to adja- (Thimet 15G) was effective at both rates, but cent vines. Serological tests were positive against phytotoxic with a.i. at 2.2 kg/ha. Terbufos the G and B strains of TomBRV obtained from (Counter) and an insect growth regulator, Trig- Germany and Scotland, respectively, and charac- ard, appeared worthy of further testing. teristic symptoms were produced on indicator Biology of the carrot rust fly. Celery is a host of plants. Infected vines were removed from the the carrot rust fly (CRF), but normally no eco- vineyard and destroyed, and the remaining vines nomic injury results from infestations of celery by will be monitored over the next 2 yr to identify CRF in the Holland Marsh. Experiments using any additional infections. Because the nematode emergence cages placed over celery plants or vector was not present, it is likely that the virus harvested rows showed that early-season celery, will be eradicated by these measures. exposed to the overwintering generation of CRF, The host ranges of TomBRV and grapevine was a source of adults that can attack nearby Joannes-Seyve virus have been shown to be iden- carrots. The number of adults captured on sticky tical, and a strong serological relationship exists traps, and the percentage of the carrot crop between the two viruses. Protein and RNA analy- damaged at harvest, were greater in carrots adja- ses demonstrate strong similarities. From these cent to celery than in similar plots remote from studies, grapevine Joannes-Seyve virus was early-planted celery. determined to be a strain of TomBRY. Monitoring the carrot weevil, Listronotus Virus diagnostic procedures. Improvements oregonensis (LeConte). Experimental monitor- were made to two commonly used virus diag- ing of the carrot weevil (CW) in the Holland nostic procedures. The sensitivity of the immune Marsh from 1980 to 1984 has shown that the electron microscopy procedure was significantly presence of CW in commercial carrot fields can increased by magnetically rotating serum-acti- be detected at population levels below those caus- vated nickel grids on the sample using a magnetic ing economic crop damage. Weevils are moni- stirrer. This bound greater numbers of virus parti- tored using lO-cm sections of carrot placed in the cles to the grids, thereby reducing diagnostic soil of carrot fields soon after seeding and time. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent checked every 3--4 days for the presence of egg assay (ELISA) was developed that used conjugate cavities. Where the maximum mean number of solidified in a gelatin matrix within sample wells cavities per section per day was less than 0.3-0.5, that were precoated with antibody. The preformed and if not more than 50% of the root sections plates required only the addition of sample fol- contained cavities, damage to carrots at harvest lowed by substrate and could be stored for ex- was usually less than 2.5%, and spraying specifi-

228 Research Branch Report 1984 cally for CW control was not justified econom- umbelliferous host distinguish P. complanata ically. from other Phoma species. This is the first report of P. complanata on parsnips in North America. Nematodes Septoria on tomato. In Ontario this disease Chemical control. In a potato microplot study, may be quite damaging if it occurs early in the Vydate L (oxamyl) was applied to control growing season. The fungus was inoculated at Pratylenchus penetrans in Russet Burbank various times on the early maturing, susceptible potatoes. Using in-furrow preplant treatments or H2653 cultivar and on the late maturing, moder- foliar sprays (or both), oxamyl was shown to be ately susceptible and moderately resistant effective, with yield increases of up to 73%, cultivars FM6203 and C37, respectively. Faster depending on treatment method and application rates of defoliation and faster fruit ripening, as rate. Residues of oxamy I in both tubers and soil at well as lower yields, were associated with inocu- harvest were below detectable limits in all sam- lated plants as compared with fungicide- ples tested. protected plants. Plants ofFM6203 and C37 inoc- HPLC method to determine oxamyl residues in ulated at the earliest time had yields that were potato. An effective and simple HPLC method to 64% and 59%, respectively, those of fungicide- determine oxamyl residues in potato tubers was protected plants. developed. Residues are extracted from tubers Anthracnose on cucumber. Anthracnose with methanol, partitioned into dichloromethane, caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare can be one and cleaned up using a SEP-PAK florisil car- of the most destructive diseases of cucumbers. tridge. The minimum detectable concentration of Peppi and Triple Mech cultivars were inoculated oxamyl in tubers by this method is 0.01 f.1g/g. No with the fungus at five different times during the oxamyl was detected in any tuber samples har- season starting when fruit was 3-5 cm long. Dis- vested after in-furrow or foliar applications of ease severity, grade, and yield of fruit were deter- oxamyl (Vydate L), or both, at the recommended mined, and because total yield does not relate rates of 9 Llha and 18 Llha. directly to dollars per hectare, dollar values (1983) were applied to the various grades. Triple Diseases Mech cultivar yield losses due to anthracnose Postharvest pathology. The pathogenicity of ranged from 7.0 to 12.1 tlha or from $ 1200/ha to various fungi on stored celery [Apium graveolens $2300/ha, respectively, compared with the L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.] and the effect of con- fungicide-protected plants. Peppi cultivar had trolled atmosphere on this pathogenicity were yield losses ranging from 1.8 to 11.1 tlha or $115/ investigated. The pathogenic fungal isolates were ha to $2049/ha compared with the fungicide Botrytis cinerea pers. ex Fr. and Sclerotinia scle- sprayed plants. Yield of Triple Mech was less rotiorum (Lib.) de Bary; isolates found to be than that of Peppi for similar inoculation times. nonpathogenic were Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehr. ex Greatest yield losses were associated with mid Fr.) Vuill., R. nigricans Ehr., Alternaria dauci and early inoculations. (Kuhn) Groves & Skolko, and several species of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TomSWV). The Fusarium, Penicillium, and Helminthosporium. thrips-transmitted TomSWV occurs asymptom- All three isolates of B. cinerea tested caused atically in a number of glasshouse ornamental severe disease on celery; the three isolates of S. cultivars. Tomatoes, grown in succession or con- sclerotiorum caused from slight to moderate dis- currently with infected ornamentals, had greatly ease. A controlled-atmosphere treatment with reduced yields and were severely stunted if 7.5% CO, 1.5% 0Z' and the remainder N was z infected early. Infections throughout the produc- more suppressive than treatments with 4% CO z tion period caused fruit symptoms that were not 1.5% 0Z' and the remainder N or 1.5% Oz and z always obvious on the green fruit but appeared the remainder N and consistently suppressed the z during after-ripening in retail outlets. Inoculation mycelial growth of both fungi on potato dextrose of the recommended cultivars Buffalo, Centen- agar. Therefore, CO has the potential to control nial (CR6), Dombella, Dombito, Jumbo, Laura, these diseases of stored celery. Ohio MR13, Vendor, and Vision resulted in mod- Phoma canker o/parsnip. Phoma complanata erate to extremely severe fruit lesions, deformity, was identified as the causal agent of canker occur- and size reduction, which varied with the cultivar ring on the petioles and roots, and of leaf spots, and time of inoculation. Resistance to the virus on parsnip (Pastinaca sativa). The pycnidial wall was not apparent. Eradication of the virus from characteristics, the extent of linear mycelial ornamentals is necessary if tomato crops are to be growth, the cultural characteristics on oatmeal grown in succession or concurrently with orna- and malt agars, and its occurrence on the mentals in the presence of thrips.

Research Station, Vineland Station, Ont. 229 ORNAMENTALS in numbers and size since the last wave of Dutch elm disease. Also, the only reported vector, which Insects is believed to be the reason for the geographic Chemical control. A rapid and efficient limits of the disease, is not found in Canada. method for the extraction, cleanup, and capillary Another insect vector may be involved, and the gas chromatographic (GC) determination of resi- limits of yellows may then expand further into dues of aldicarb, and its major degradation com- Canada. pounds in chrysanthemum leaves, was developed. The leaves are extracted with methanol, and the extracts are cleaned up using a short Nuchar SMITHFIELD EXPERIMENTAL column. Aldicarb, aldie arb sulfoxide, and FARM aldicarb sulfone are determined individually and simultaneously by a capillary GC method, using Apples a nitrogren-phosphorus selective detector, without interference from leaf coextractive. Microprobe monitoring of CaCl2 uptake in apples. An electron microprobe was used to fol- Diseases low the uptake and penetration of Ca and Cl ions Bacterial leaf spot-stem necrosis of chry- into apple fruits that had been immersed in 4% santhemum. The bacterium Pseudomonas CaCl2 solution under vacuum for 10 min. After Z cichorii continues to be one of the most important days of storage at ZO°C, Ca and Cl penetrated chrysanthemum pathogens in Canada since its approximately halfway into the apple. After 4 wk discovery here in 1983. No registered chemical at ZO°C, both ions penetrated all the way to the control measures are available. Resistance to the core flesh, although relatively more Ca than Cl disease appears to have both morphological and penetrated the inner half of the fruit. Penetration physiological bases, and it has been identified in of Ca was slower in fruit held at zoC than at ZO°C, a survey of 35 varieties of pot mums representing and that of Cl was at least as rapid at zoC as at over 15 family lines. This resistance may offer ZO°C. This in situ analysis technique was also growers some control of the disease. A visual used to determine the elemental composition of rating system based on infected-leaf standards specific localized structures, including vascular was developed that enables greater repro- bundles and lenticels. ducibility of readings by various researchers. The most effective time for treating the apples Fungicide resistance in Botrytis cinerea. In with CaCI2, from the standpoint of ion penetra- 1983 Botrytis cinerea from Ontario vineyards and tion and uptake, appeared to be shortly after pick- greenhouses was isolated and found to have wide- ing, before cold storage. Sprays applied to the spread low-level resistance to iprodione and trees in the orchard or treatments applied to the benomyl, the two primary fungicides used for its fruit after several months in cold storage were less control. Furthermore, sensitive and resistance effective. isolates did not vary in pathogenicity. These dis- Foliar sprays of nitrogen and boron on apples. coveries are important for the following reasons: If orchard fertility levels are adequate, supplying resistance to iprodione developed much faster extra N or B by foliar sprays during the tight- than expected and tank mixes of unrelated cluster to petal-fall periods did not affect fruit set fungicides did not signficiantly delay resistance; oonsistently. There are several potential risks, with resistance to two major groups of such as softer fruit, advanced maturity, poorer fungicides, growers are forced to attain maximum fruit color, and increased preharvest fruit drop control by other methods, e.g., cultural, and alter- associated with the sprays. Either one or two native chemical control strategies must be foliar sprays of B did eliminate completely symp- explored before a higher level of resistance devel- toms of B deficiency in fruit in 1983. The estab- ops. lished critical level of B at ZOppm for leaf tissue appears correct. Elm yellows in Ontario. Elm yellows (= phloem necrosis) is caused by mycoplasmalike Synanthedon bark borers in apple orchards. organisms and is lethal to elm species native to The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula, is the North America. This disease, common in the primary bark borer species attacking apple trees United States south of the 4Znd parallel, was in central Ontario. Burr knots or adventitious root found in the Niagara peninsula in 1984. Amer- initials were the main points of entry for the borer. ican, rock, and red elm are important to the Cana- The cis-, cis-isomer of 3, 13-octadecadien-l-ol dian hardwood forests, and are all susceptible to acetate (Z,Z-ODDA) was an effective attractant yellows. These elm species have been increasing of the adult stage of the dogwood borer. Two

230 Research Branch Report 1984 trunk drench sprays of dimethoate, fenvalerate, PUBLICATIONS permethrin plus oil, endosulfan, parathion, chlorpyrifos, or lindane applied during the period of Research adult flight activity were effective in controlling Allen, WR. 1984. Mode of inactivation ofTMV in soil this pest. under dehydrating conditions. Can. 1. Plant Performance of Mclntosh apple trees infected Pathol. 6:9-16. with virus. Inoculation with Spy decline, chlo- Allen, W.R.; Van Schagen, 1.G.; Ebsary, B.A. 1984. rotic leaf spot, stem pitting, rubbery wood, and Comparative transmission of the peach rosette apple stem grooving viruses generally reduced mosaic virus by Ontario populations of tree size and total fruit yield of two strains of Longidorus diadecturus and Xiphinema amer- McIntosh on nine Ottawa rootstocks. Not all root- icanum (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Can. 1. Plant stocks were equally affected. Virus-inoculated Pathol. 6:29-32. trees flowered and fruited slightly ahead of unin- Anderson, R. V.; Handoo, Z. A. ; Townshend, 1.L. 1984. oculated trees. Fruit from trees inoculated with Cephal ids in the taxonomy of Scutellonema virus was generally smaller but had more red Andrassy, 1958, and the description of color than fruit from uninoculated trees. Virus Scutellanema cephalidum n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). Can. 1. Zool. 62:1091-1094. inoculation also resulted in reduced leaf levels of N, P, K, and Ca in the scion variety. Biggs, A.R. 1984. Intracellular suberin: Occurrence and detection in tree bark. IAWA Bull. n.s. Herbicides applied to newly planted apple 5:243-248. trees. Treatments applied to l-yr whips of M26 Biggs, A.R.; Davis, D.O.; Merrill, W 1983. Cutting rootstock 1 wk after planting in the nursery gave development and restriction of wound-associated excellent weed control without injury to the trees. infection in Populus. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. Napropomide plus simazine, alachlor plus 5:269-272. oryzalin, and oryzalin plus simazine gave the best Biggs, A.R.; Merrill, W; Davis, 0.0.1984. Response weed control and the most growth of the trees. of bark tissues to injury and infection. Can. 1. For. In 1983, herbicides were applied to a Ist-yr Res. 14:351-356. field planting of several apple varieties on M26 rootstock. It was a very dry year, and there was Broadbent, A.B.; Pree, 0.1. 1984. Effects of diflubenzuron and Bay Sir 8514 on the Oriental little tree growth. Good weed control without any fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) and the visible injury to the trees was obtained with a tank oblique banded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortri- mix application of napropomide and simazine or cidae).1. Econ. Entomol. 77:194-197. oryzalin plus simazine. Broadbent, A.B.; Pree, 0.1. 1984. Effects of Response of Mclntosh to mechanical pruning diflubenzuron and Bay Sir 8514 on beneficial and growth regulators. McIntosh on MM 106 insects associated with peach. Environ. Entomol. were planted on a clay loam soil in 1971 and 13:133-136. trained to a central leader system at a 5 m x 3 m Ebsary, B.A.; Potter, 1.W.; Allen, W.R. 1984. spacing. A sickle bar mower has been used Redescription and distribution of Xiphinema annually to restrict lateral growth of the trees rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 and Xiphinema amer- since 1975. The only hand pruning has consisted icanum Cobb, 1913 in Canada with a description of removing low branches and the top of trees of Xiphinema occiduum n. sp. (Nematoda: Long- using a pruning platform. idoridae). Can. 1. Zool. 62:1696-1702. The mechanical pruning carried out in the 1st Harcourt, D.G.; Yee, 1.M.; Guppy, 1.C. 1983. Two wk of June, followed by an Alar + Ethrel spray in models for predicting the seasonal occurrence of the last week of June, has reduced vegetative Agromyza frontella (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in growth and promoted fruit bud formation. Total eastern Ontario. Environ. Entomol. 12(5): 1455-1458. production for the 6 yr, 1979-1984, is 13% higher from the mechanically pruned row than from Holliday, N.1.; Hagley, E.A.C. 1983. The effect of sod adjacent normal dormant pruned rows. The prun- type on the occurrence of ground beetles (Coleop- ing time per tonne of Canada Fancy fruit is 0.5 tera: Carabidae) in a pest management apple orchard. Can. Entomol. 116:165-171. and 3.25 h for the mechanical and dormant hand- pruned rows, respectively. Jabaji-Hare, S.H.; Stobbs, L.W 1984. Electron microscopic examination of tomato roots coinfected

Research Station, Vineland Station, Ont. 231 with Glomus sp. and tobacco mosaic virus. Phy- Townshend, 1.L. 1984. Anhydrobiosis in Pratylenchus topathology 74:277-279. penetrans. 1. Nematol. 16:282-289. Kikuchi, T.; Nagashima, Y; Chiba, M. 1984. Townshend, 1.L.; Cline, R.A.; Dirks, V.A.; Marks, Accumulation and excertion of permethrin in the C.F. 1984. Assessment of turfgrasses for the man- Himedaka, Oryzias latipes. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. agement of Pratylenchus penetrans and Fish. 50:101-106. Paratylenchus projectus in orchards. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:355-360. McGarvey, B.D.; Potter, 1.W; Chiba, M. 1984. Nematostatic activity of oxamyl and N,N- Townshend, 1.L.; Potter, 1.W; Davidson, T.R. 1984. dimethyl-I-cyanoformamide (DMCF) on Meloi. Some monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous dogyne incognita juveniles. 1. Nematol. hosts of Meloidogyne microtyla. Plant Dis. 16:328-332. 68:7-10. Metcalf, 1.G.; Reyes, A.A.; Mohr, WP. 1984. 'Belle- Trimble, R.M. 1984. Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) star', a verticillium wilt resistant processing dispersal: Assessment using artifical container tomato. HortScience 19(6):895-896. habitats and miniature light traps. 1. Med. Ento- mol. 21(1):120-121. Mohr, W.P.; Jamieson, G.M. 1984. The use of an electron microprobe to monitor the uptake of calcium Trimble, R.M. 1984. An attractant-baited sticky trap and chloride in apples. Can. 1. Plant Sci. for monitoring the spotted tentiform leafminer, 64:349-354. Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gra- cillariidae). Can. Entomol. 116:1581-1583. Mohr, WP.; Spur, A.R.; Fenn, P.; Timm, H. 1984. x- ray microanalysis of hollow heart potatoes. Food Trimble, R.M. 1984. Effect of carbohydrate on the Microstruct. 3:41-48. fecundity of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gra- Nagashima, Y; Kikuchi, T.; Chiba, M. 1984. Toxicity cillariidae). Can. Entomol. 116:1433-1435. and accumulation of mercury in fish, the Himedaka, Oryzias latipes. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Warner, 1.; Heeney, H.B.; Leuty, S.1.; Potter, c.L. Fish. 50:95-99. 1984. Effect of virus infection on the performance of McIntosh apple trees on selected seedling and Northover,1. 1983. Segregation and parasitic fitness of clonal rootstocks. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:361-368. isolates of Botrytis cinerea resistant to iprodione. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 5:215-221. Yu, D.S.K.; Hagley, E.A.C.; Laing, 1.E. 1984. A study of the biology of Trichogramma minutum Riley Olthof, T.H.A.1983. Effect of plant age and transplant- collected from apples in southern Ontario. Envi- ing damage on sugar beets infested by H eterodera ron. Entomol. 13:1324-1329. schachtii. 1. Nematol. 15:555-559. Yu, D.S.K.; Laing, 1.E.; Hagley, E.A.C. 1984. Disper- Olthof, T.H.A. 1983. Reaction of six potato cultivars to sal of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Tri- Pratylenchus penetrans. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. chogrammatidae) in an apple orchard after inun- 5:285-288. dative releases. Environ. Entomol. 13:371-374. Potter, 1.W.; Johnson, P.W; Dirks, V.A.; Olthof, T.H.A.; Layne, R.E.C.; McDonnell, M.M. 1984. Response of peach seedlings to infection by the Miscellaneous root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans under controlled conditions. 1. Nematol. Bilanski, WK.; Menzies, D.R. 1984. Bruising related 16:317-322. to mechanical harvesting of apples and peaches. Proceedings International Symposium Fruit, Nut, Pree, D.1.; Menzies, D.R.; Braun, H.E.; Fisher, R.W. and Vegetable Harvesting Mechanization. ISBN 1983. Influence of simulated rains on phosmet 0-916150-61-5. American Society Agricultural residues and Oriental fruit moth control on peach. Engineering, pp. 376-381. 1. Econ. Entomol. 77:483-486. Bilanski, WK.; Menzies, D.R. 1984. Effect of uneven Reyes, A.A. 1984. Suppressive activity of different maturity on the mechanical harvesting of peaches. fungi against cabbage yellows in the soil and Proceedings International Symposium Fruit, Nut, Fusarium oxysporumj sp. conglutinanas in vitro. and Vegetable Harvesting Mechanization. ISBN Phytoprotection 65:27-33. 0-916950-16-5. American Society Agricultural Stobbs, L.W. 1984. Effect of grid rotation in a magnetic Engineering, pp. 357-363. field on virus adsorption in immunosorbent elec- Broadbent, A.B. 1984. Liriomyza trifolii on chry- tron microscopy. Phytopathology 74:1132-1134. santhemum in Ontario: Research update. Pages Tehrani, G.; Menzies, D.R. 1984. Vanier Plum. Hort- 41-49 in Poe, S.L., ed. Proceedings 4th Annual Science 19(2):308. Ind. Conference Leafminer. Sarasota, Fla. Townshend, 1.L. 1983. Anaesthesia of three nematode Cerkauskas, R.F. 1984. EMBRAPA/CPAC. Algumas species with propylene phenoxetol. Nemato- informacoes sobre grao de bico nos. Cerrados, logica 29:357-360. Dec. 1984. Boletim de Pesquisa de CPAC No. 19.

232 Research Branch Report 1984 Chiba, M. 1984. The fungicide Benlate-a challenge Smits, N.1. 1984. Potential for once over harvest of for the analytical chemist. Can. Agric. cauliflower. Can. Agric. 30(1):20-22. 30(1): 18-20. Stevenson, A.B. 1983. Monitoring the carrot weevil in Mohr, W.P. 1984. Hollow heart in potato: Temporary Ontario. Can. Agric. 29(3-4):25-27. elemental imbalance the cause? Can. Agric. Stobbs, L. W.; Van Schagen, 1.G. 1983. Occurrence of 30(1):10-14. tomato black ring virus in southern Ontario. Can. Mohr, WP.; Adair, R.G.; Craven, 0.1. 1984. Process- Plant Dis. Surv. 64(1):3-5. ing qualities of apple cultivars. Agric. Can. Res. Wellington, WG.; Trimble, R.M. 1984. Pages 339-425 Br. Tech. Publ. 1983-25E. 24 pp. in Huffacker, c.F.; Rabb, R.L., eds. Environ- Olthof, T.H.A. 1984. Nematodes in Ontario potatoes. mental entomology. Wiley and Sons, New York, Can. Agric. 30(1):22-25. N.Y. Potter, 1.W. 1984. Land preparation, a key to successful Yee, 1.M.; Harcourt, D.G. 1984. MEDIMAP: A com- soil fumigation. Can. Agric. 30:22-25. puter mapping system for alfalfa IPM in southern Ontario. Agric. Can. Res. Br. Tech. Bull. 1984-12E. 39 pp.

Research Station, Vineland Station, Ont. 233

Prairie Region Region des Prairies

W.L. Pelton lE. Knipfel H.C. Korven A.W. Strachan

Director General Directeur general w.L. Pelton, BSA, MSA, PhD Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes lE. Knipfel, BSA, MSc, PhD Contracts Specialist Specialiste en contrats H.C. Korven, BE, MSc Chief, Administration Chef de l' administration A.W. Strachan

Prairie Region 235 PREFACE included Challenger Jerusalem artichoke, Sun M 20 sunflower, Maple Isle and Maple Ridge soy- The Prairie Region, with Headquarters in beans, Heartland and Norbert barleys, Kyle Regina, Sask., consists of ten research stations, durum wheat, and Prima fall rye. three experimental farms, and five substations Prairie Region managed the contracting-out that serve agriculture throughout the Prairie Prov- programs for agricultural engineering research inces. In 1984 the region managed a budget of and development (AERO) (mechanization and $55.6 million and employed approximately 265 farm buildings) and wild oat control for the professionals and 800 support staff. branch, and the station initiatives program for the Resource research emphasises conservation of region. Thirty-three scientists monitored 58 con- soil and water, to ensure their productive and tracts valued at $3.5 million, 45% of which were efficient use. Rotations were shown to reduce soil with industry. The prototype zero-till drill devel- degradation problems, but the types of rotations oped by Noble-Versatile under contract has gen- that proved effective depended on the climatic erated such a demand by producers that the con- and soil zones involved. In the Brown and Dark tractor was awarded a contract under the program Brown soil zones, flex-cropping, where stubble for industry/laboratory projects (PILP) to assist in seeding is practical as moisture conditions per- the development and marketing of production mit, was proven to be more economically attrac- models. Two contracts with Ernest Racz and one tive than were fixed rotations or continuous crop- to Bechard Sales, both of Ontario, to develop ping. Application of procedures for conventional, harvesting and drying systems to meet Ontario minimum, and zero tillage have demonstrated conditions were instrumental in promoting pea- possible reductions in summerfallow and poten- nuts as an alternative to tobacco. Because of the tial for reduction of soil degradation. Soil and completely satisfactory performance of a water research has been given high priority; con- dehuller for tan oats developed under contract by sequently, resources have been reassigned to pro- E.F. Ikomen of Winnipeg, the Canadian Grain vide an additional 21 person-years for this pro- Commission no longer opposes the licensing of gram. tan-colored oats on the basis of their similar Animal production research aims to improve appearance to heat-damaged white oats. A com- production efficiency. Evaluation of crosses puter program was developed by Mark between exotic and British breeds of cattle for Christopher of Regina, which significantly accel- feedlot performance and carcass quality con- erates the summarization of 1228 abstracts for the tinues. Alterations in growth patterns between research report of the Expert Committee on locations were attributed mainly to different feed- Weeds. ing and management practices before and during During 1984, Prairie Region Headquarters the test periods. Quality measurements of prime relocated to Regina from Saskatoon. Dr. E.E. cuts revealed that meat from the progeny of exotic Swierstra was appointed Assistant Director, cross dams exceeded meat from that of Hereford- Lethbridge Research Station. Dr. M.G. Maw was Angus cross dams in percentage of lean tissue per appointed Acting Superintendent, Indian Head day of age. Experimental Farm, and Dr. D.W. McAndrew The shelf life of frozen bacon was extended was appointed Officer-in-Charge, Vegreville Sub- from 112days to 196 days through development of station. Mr. 1.1.McConnell, Regional Communi- antioxidant combinations for use in the curing cations Specialist, retired. Mr. A. W. Strachan process. Bacterial contamination of beef cuts dur- was appointed Chief of the Administration Sec- ing wholesale handling was observed to be one- tion, Prairie Region Headquarters. and-a-half times as important as was retail sanita- Further information may be obtained by con- tion in determining shelf life. Warble infestations tacting individual research establishments or by of beef cattle under a joint control program addressing inquiries to Prairie Region Headquar- between the United States and Canada remained ters, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, at low levels (2.6-6.6%) following organized 401-1955 Smith Street, Regina, Sask. S4P 2N8. insecticidal treatments. On untreated ranch cattle, young stock were infested from 60 to 70% and overall infestations ranged from 20 to 100% of the w.L. Pelton total cattle populations. Crop cultivars licensed Director General

236 Research Branch Report 1984 PREFACE mene conJomtement par les Etats-Unis et Ie Canada ont permis de maintenir a de faibles La region des Prairies, dont I'administration niveaux (2,6 a 6,6 %) I'infestation des bovins de centrale est a Regina (Sask.), comporte dix sta- boucherie par les hypodermes. Chez les bovins tions de recherches, trois fermes experimentales non traites, de 60 a 70 % des jeunes sujets etaient et cinq stations satellites qui desservent Ie secteur infestes, et Ie taux d'infestation global variait de agricole des Prairies. En 1984, elle a administre 20 a 100 % de la population totale de I'exploita- un budget de 55,6 millions de dollars et a dispose tion. Les cultivars suivants ont ete homologues: Ie d'un effectif d'environ 265 professionnels et 800 topinambour Challenger, Ie tournesol Sun M 20, employes de soutien. les varietes de soja Maple Isle et Maple Ridge, les La recherche sur les res sources nature lies met varietes de seigle Heartland et Norbert, Ie ble dur I'accent sur la conservation des sols et de I'eau, Kyle et Ie seigle d'automne Prima. pour une utilisation productive et efficace. II a ete La region des Prairies a administre les pro- demontre que la rotation culturale peut remedier grammes d'impartition de la Direction generale a la degradation des sols, mais la succession de dans Ie domaine de la recherche et de developpe- plantes a choisir varie selon les zones climatiques ment en genie rural (mecanisation et batiments de et pedologiques. Dans les zones des sols bruns et ferme) et dans celui de la lutte contre la folIe brun fonce, I'assolement souple avec semis sur avoine, ainsi que les programmes lances par les chaume, la ou les conditions d'humidite Ie per- stations. Trente-trois chercheurs ont surveille la mettent, s'est avere plus rentable que la rotation realisation de 58 contrats d'une valeur de 3,5 fixe des cultures ou que la culture continue. II a millions de dollars, dont 45 % ont ete conclus ete etabli que I'application de methodes adaptees avec I'industrie. Le prototype de semoir pour au travail du sol classique, reduit ou nul offre la semis direct mis au point a contrat par Ia Noble- possibilite de limiter Ie recours a la jachere et de Versatile a suscite une demande telle chez les freiner la degradation des sols. On a accorde une producteurs qu'on a accorde a I'entrepreneur, priorite elevee aux recherches sur les sols et I'eau; dans Ie cadre du Programme de cooperation labo- en consequence, on a reaffecte les res sources afin ratoire-industrie, un nouveau contrat pour qu'il d'attribuer 21 annees-personnes supplementaires participe a la conception et a la commercialisa- au programme. tion de modeles commerciaux. Deux contrats Les recherches en production animale ont pour (avec Ernest Racz et Bechard Sales, tous deux de objet d'en accroitre I'efficacite. Les travaux I'Ontario) dont I'objet etait de concevoir des sys- d'evaluation des croisements de races exotiques temes de recoite et de sechage adaptes aux condi- et de races britanniques de bovins a I'egard du tions meteorologiques de I'Ontario, ont joue un rendement a I'engrais et de la qualite de la car- role determinant dans Ie choix de I'arachide casse se poursuivent. Les ecarts entre les courbes comme culture de remplacement du tabac. Grace de croissance des sujets provenant des divers ele- au fonctionnement sans reproche d'une decorti- vages sont attribuables principalement aux diffe- queuse pour avoine a grains roux, creee par E.F. rences dans les regimes alimentaires et la con- Ikomen de Winnipeg dans Ie cadre de travaux duite de I'elevage avant et pendant les peri odes contractuels, la Commission canadienne des d'epreuve. Les resultats d'etudes comparatives grains ne s'oppose plus a I'homologation de des morceaux de choix ont revele que la viande I'avoine a grains roux a cause de sa ressemblance proven ant de la progeniture de meres croisees de avec I'avoine a grains blancs roussie. Mark race exotique etaient superieure a celIe des sujets Christopher de Regina a elabore un logiciel qui issus de meres Hereford-Angus quant au pour- permet de beaucoup accelerer la preparation de cent age de tissu maigre par jour d'age. I 228 resumes a inclure dans Ie rapport de La duree de conservation du bacon congele a recherche du Comite d'experts sur les mauvaises ete portee de 112jours a 196jours grace a la mise herbes. au point d'une preparation anti-oxygene appli- Au cours de 1984, I'administration centrale de quee a I'etape de la salaison. II a ete demontre que la region des Prairies est de men agee de Regina a la contamination des morceaux de boeuf par les Saskatoon. E.E. Swierstra a ete nomme directeur bacteries au cours des manipulations chez les adjoint de la station de recherches de Lethbridge, grossistes contribuent davantage (I 1/2 fois) a M.G. Maw, regisseur interimaire de la ferme reduire leur duree de conservation que les experimentale d'Indian Head et D.W. mauvaises pratiques sanitaires a I'etape de la McAndrew, prepose a la station satellite de vente au detail. Les traitements insecticides Vegreville. 1.1. McConnell, specialiste regional appliques dans Ie cadre d'un programme de lutte des communications, a pris sa retraite. A.W.

Prairie Region 237 Strachan a ete nom me chef de la Section des regIOn des Prairies, Direction generale de la services administratifs de I'administration cen- recherche, Agriculture Canada, 401-1955, rue trale de la region des Prairies. Smith, Regina (Sask.), S4P 2N8. Pour de plus amples renseignements, veuillez adresser vos demandes aux etablissements de w.L. Pelton recherches ou 11 I'administration centrale de la Directeur general

238 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Station, Brandon, Manitoba

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Administration B.H. Sonntag, BSA, MSc, PhD Director G. I. Johannson Administrative Officer S. Ramsay, I BSc(Agr) Information Officer R.J. Bomford,2 BSc, MSc Systems and programming

Animal Science G.W Rahnefeld, BSc, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Beef cattle breeding A.G. Castell, BSc, MSc, PhD Swine nutrition R.L. Cliplef, BSc, MSc, PhD Meats physiology G.W Dyck, BSA, MSc, PhD Swine reproductive physiology R.R. Grandhi,3 BVSc, MSc, PhD Swine nutrition D.L. Grinwich, BSc, MSc, PhD Swine reproductive physiology R.M. McKay, BSc, BSA, MSc, PhD Swine genetics

Plant and Soil Science L.D. Bailey, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Soil-plant relationships P.N.P. Chow, BSc, MSc, PhD Herbicides and weed control R.D. Dryden, BSA, MSc Agronomy and weed control e.A. Grant,4 BSA, MSc Oilseed agronomy R.B. Irvine, BSA, PhD Barley physiology and agronomy WN. Migus, BSc, MSc, PhD Breeding and physiology in corn and sorghum J.M. Sadler, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil fertility and plant nutrition R.G. Simons, BSc, MSc, PhD Forage agronomy M.e. Therrien, BSc, PhD Barley breeding and genetics

'Appointed February 1984. 2Seconded from Systems and Consulting Directorate, Finance and Administration Branch. 30n transfer of work at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va., August 1984 to August 1985. 4Graduate student in Branch PhD training program.

Research Station, Brandon, Man. 239 INTRODUCTION

The research program at Brandon encompasses beef cattle breeding; swine nutrition, physiology, genetics, and management; breeding, physiology, and management of barley, corn, soybeans, and sorghum; and soil fertility, agronomy, plant nutrition, and weed control in cereal, oilseed, and forage crops. Research programs are designed to solve production problems and to evaluate new opportunities that will enable Canadian farmers, especially those located in the eastern prairie area, to maintain or improve their competitive position in domestic and foreign markets. Mrs. Sharon Ramsay was appointed the Information Officer in February. Mrs. Ramsay has a BSc(Agr) from Macdonald College, McGill University, and spent the past 3 years in various technical support positions at the Brandon Research Station. Highlights of research achievements in 1984 include the licensing of Heartland feed barley, the licensing of two Group 000 soybean varieties (Maple Isle and Maple Ridge) selected at Brandon as part of the Ottawa Research Station program, publication of feedlot and carcass quality results from the "Foreign Cattle Breed Evaluation" project, and new recommendations for weed control in corn, sorghum, oilseeds, and forage crops. This brief report contains highlights of recent findings of our research program. More detailed results can be obtained from our annual Review of Results, from published papers, or by direct contact with research personnel at the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 610, Brandon, Man. R7A 5Z7.

B.H. Sonntag Director

ANIMAL SCIENCE growth prediction procedures, compared with a feeding practice at Brandon that attempted to Beef cattle maximize energy inputs at an early age. However, the Lacombe procedure resulted in more rapid Sex, year, and location effects on post-weaning growth; thus it appeared to be more appropriate feedlot traits of three-way cross beef cattle. Sub- for purposes of challenging the genetic potential stantial (P < 0.001) location, year, and sex effects for growth rate. were identified for post-weaning growth traits in a population of 4280 crossbred calves born during Carcass characteristics of three-way cross a 7-yr period (1972-1978) at Brandon, Man. (B) progeny from Charolais-, Simmental-, and Lim-

and Manyberries, Alta. The calves born at ousin-sired F1 dams versus Hereford x Angus. Manyberries were transferred to Lacombe, Alta. Carcass characteristics were compared for 3673 (L) for the evaluation of post-weaning growth. steers and heifers born over a 6-yr period For one measure of growth rate (feedlot daily (1973-1978) under semi-intensive farm manage- gain), the sex difference (M = steers, F = ment at Brandon, Man., or in an extensive range females) averaged 25.6% (M > F). Locations management system on short-grass prairie at differed by 10.0% (L > B). The maximum year Manyberries, Alta. Calves weaned at Manyber- difference was 8.1% (1978 >1973). However, ries were fed and evaluated at Lacombe, Alta. there were substantial interactions (P < 0.001) Calves born at Brandon were fed and evaluated at involving location x year, sex x year, and sex x Brandon. The progeny were out of 10 specific F I location for most of the traits recorded. These crosses of dams mated to bulls of the Charolais interactions appeared to result from specific and (C), Simmental (S), Limousin (L), and Chianina non-uniform year-location-sex differences in (Chi) breeds. Dam crosses included the Hereford feedlot rations or management; with few x Angus (HA) and crosses sired by C, S, and L exceptions, they did not involve changes in rank- sires out of H, A, and Shorthorn (N) dams. The ing of mean values. Location and sex differences progeny from SN dams (Brandon) and the three in growth patterns during consecutive 28-day S-cross dams (Lacombe) had the greatest carcass periods in the feedlot were attributed to differ- weight per day of age; the progeny from LH dams ences in management and feeding practices (Brandon) and L-cross dams (Lacombe) had the before and during the test period. The gradual lowest and were equal to progeny from HA dams. increase in daily energy intake throughout the The progeny from LN dams (Brandon) and the feeding period at Lacombe inflated variation in three L-cross dams (Lacombe) had the highest the growth patterns and reduced the reliability of dressing percentage; the progeny from SH dams

240 Research Branch Report 1984 had the lowest and were equal to HA progeny. The ences were not reflected (P > 0.10) in the carcass progeny from HA dams at Brandon and Lacomte measurements. Castrates (C) had the highest had the most average rib fat. At both locations, (P < 0.05) rates of daily intake and growth, but the largest rib eye area per 100 kg carcass weight boars (B) were the most efficient (P < 0.05) of (cm2/kg) was recorded by progeny from LA the sex-types and produced the leanest carcasses. dams; the smallest, by progeny from SN and CN Gilts (G) were usually intermediate in live and dams and they did not differ from HA progeny. carcass performance. Differences between sex- The progeny from all exotic-cross dams at both types in the proportions of fat and lean in the ham locations recorded higher proportions of round were similar to those observed in the carcass than those from HA dams. The progeny from HA measurements. However, bone content was high- dams (Lacombe) exceeded those from all exotic- est for B hams (P < 0.05), and skin content was cross dams in the proportion of long loin, whereas lower (P < 0.05) for G hams compared to hams calves from HA dams (Brandon) exceeded the from Band C pigs. From a subset of 60 pigs progeny from CA, CN, and SN dams. With (2 trios from 10 litters), significant (P < 0.05) respect to the percentage of lean in the round, the "litter" effects were evident for growth and car- progeny from CN, SH, and SN dams (Brandon) cass measurements (including bone and skin con- and SN dams (Lacombe) were the lowest and tents of the ham and nitrogen (N) content of the equal to progeny from HA dams. The progeny I. dorsi). Two-way interactions (involving diet, from HA dams at both locations generally had the litter, and sex-type) were not significant (P > lowest percentage of bone in the long loin, with 0.05) for any of the criteria examined, but rank calves from SN dams (Brandon) and CH dams correlations for standard growth and backfat sug- (Lacombe) recording the highest percentage. The gested that the ranking of the 10 litters was influ- progeny from SN and CH dams (Brandon) as well enced by both diet and sex-type. as those from SH and SN dams (Lacombe) Evaluation oflupins in diets for market pigs. A recorded the highest percentage of bone in the selected line (M.D.A. 75-238) of lupins round, with calves from CA, CN, and LN dams (Lupinus albus) was evaluated by inclusion of the (Brandon) and CA, SA, LH, and LN dams (La- ground seed at levels up to 12% of diets fed ad combe) being the lowest and equal to progeny libitum to 64 crossbred gilts from 25 to 90 kg from HA dams. The progeny from exotic-cross average liveweight. Dietary levels of lupin meal dams at both locations exceeded those from HA (LM) exceeding 4%, or prolonged feeding of the dams in the percentage of lean per day of age for 4% LM diet, had an adverse effect on intake and the combined trait of long loin and round. The subsequent growth. There was some evidence progeny from lrcross dams (Lacombe) had the that lack of maturity of the lupin seeds contrib- highest Iean-to-bone ratio for the combined trait uted to the reduction in pig performance. Man- of long loin and round, with the progeny from HA ganese content of mature and immature seeds was dams being intermediate and equal to those from high (1469 and 2039 ppm, respectively). How- other dam crosses. At Brandon, the progeny from ever, the factor responsible for the effects on pal- LA dams had the highest lean-to-bone ratio; the atability and utilization of the LM diets was progeny from CH, CA, CN, SA, and LH dams assumed to be an alkaloid component, to which had the lowest and were equal to the HA progeny. pigs are sensitive. Dam X year, dam X sex, year X sex, and the genetic interaction involving breed of sire and Piglet growth from birth to weaning. Piglet breed of dam were not statistically significant. growth during 35 days of lactation was evaluated for the effects of birth weight, litter size (number Swine born alive), parity, and teat location over the sec- Diet, litter, and sex-type effects on market pig ond to fourth parities in Yorkshire (Y) and York- performance. Forty-eight trios (littermate boar, shire X Lacombe (YL) sows. Weaning weight castrate, and gilt) from 31 crossbred (Hampshire was correlated (P < 0.01) with birth weight X Landrace- Yorkshire) litters were assigned to (R2 = 0.34 (Y), 0.30 (YL» and litter size (R2 = 36 pens, 12 for each sex-type. The pigs were fed 0.11 (Y), 0.18 (YL). The effects of parity and teat from 22 to 90 kg average liveweight on two dif- location were determined following adjustment ferent diets: either a standard Record of Perfor- for birth weight and litter size. Piglets from third mance (ROP) Test Station diet (16.3% protein, parity sows were heavier (P < 0.05) at weaning 12.83 MJ DE(digestible energy)/kg) or a diet that than piglets from second and fourth parity sows is used commercially (15.2% protein, 12.59 MJ (9.00 :!: O. J I versus 8.58 :!: 0.09 and 8.61 :!: 0.11 DE/kg). Growth rates and efficiencies of feed kg, respectively). The effect of teat location on conversion (Gain(G)/Feed (F» were higher (P < weaning weight was independent of the effect of 0.05) with the ROP diet. However, diet differ- parity but differed for the two breeds. In Y sows,

Research Station, Brandon, Man. 241 piglets suckling the anterior (first) teat were heav- decreases, the resistance to water flow through it ier (P < 0.01) at weaning than piglets suckling all increases. Deep planting and small seed size pro- other teats (9.39 ::'::0.13 versus 8.59 ::'::0.08 kg). duced plants with reduced EXR. The two-row There was no difference in weaning weight for genotype ABEE had a longer subcrown internode piglets suckling the other (second to last) teats. In with a smaller EXR than other genotypes at plant- YL sows, piglets suckling the first two teats were ing depths of 4 cm and 8 cm. The dimension of of similar weight (9.65 ::'::O. 10 kg) and heavier the largest xylem vessel was a good indicator of (P < 0.01) than all other piglets. There was a EXR. Selection for reduced EXR is being made decline in weaning weight from piglets suckling in advanced barley lines, with the aim of produc- the second teat to those suckling the last two teats ing plant types that make more efficient use of (7.95 ::'::0.16 kg). These results indicate that teat water and improve on yields in environments location has a significant effect on piglet weaning where most of the rainfall occurs before grain fill- weight, and the difference due to teat location is ing. specific to the breed of dam. Weed control in cereals. The use of adjuvants with commercial barban (Carbyne) increased its activity and produced better wild oat control, PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE while reducing herbicide rates. Studies using 14C trace techniques found that plant cell penetration Cereal crops by the herbicide was improved. When mixed with an appropriate adjuvant (safener), the herbicidal Barley breeding and physiology. Heartland activity of Hoe 7105 in wheat was also enhanced. (BT 346), a six-row feed barley, was licensed in Over a 2-yr period, fall application of granular 1984. This cultivar combines high yield, lodging trifluralin gave effective weed control in wheat resistance, and early maturity with disease resis- and barley, with no adverse effects on the crops. tance that is unique for barley on the prairies. It is In 1984, the new herbicidal compound AC the first cultivar to meet or exceed the disease 222,293 gave excellent control of wild oats in resistance requirements established as a condi- barley; further evaluation is in progress. tion for licensing by the National Expert Com- mittee on Grain Diseases, 8 yr before implemen- Breeding, physiology, and management in tation of the new disease criteria in 1992. The corn and sorghum. A new, comprehensive corn exceptional qualities of Heartland are expected to breeding project was initiated to develop promote its widespread use in the Prairie Provin- (a) short-season, high-yielding, grain corn ces. Resistance to true loose smut (Ustilago nuda) hybrids adapted to the 1900-2000 corn heat unit in barley has been successfully transferred from (CHU) regions of the prairies, (b) elite inbred an Ethiopian biotype (CI9973) into hybrid barley lines for release to other breeders, and (c) cold- lines adapted to the eastern prairie region. Vari- tolerant populations that combine early maturity etal development of these lines is in progress. and rapid growth. Corn inbred lines, populations, There is special emphasis on the development of and hybrids were advanced through evaluation cultivars that are superior to current standards in cycles. However, with only 119 mm of rainfall yield, disease resistance, and other agronomic from May to September (about 45% of normal), characteristics. One new feed and three new malt- the selection pressure was mainly for drought ing barleys were advanced in 1984 to the Western tolerance in the 2500 row inbred nursery. The first Cooperative Tests for regional adaptability and killing frost occurred on 26 September, ending agronomic evaluation. the growing season with 2450 CHU. A wet fall A new technique was developed to evaluate (150 mm from September to October) and early crops for drought tolerance. The technique uses snowfall prevented the harvest of 3000 from a trifluralin to restrict root growth and simulate total of 5000 evaluation plots. In 1984, a winter drought stress on plants, without altering the nursery (1000 rows) was established in Florida. moisture-flow characteristics of the soil. This This is expected to hasten the development of new method is particularly useful in estimating the hybrids. ability of different genetic lines to extract water Grain corn yields were increased by 7% to from the soil. Other physiological studies found 20% with the application of elemental sulfur (5) that the effective xylem radius (EXR) of barley at 60 kg/ha or sulfate-sulfur (S04-5) at 30 kg/ha subcrown internodes was affected by seed size, on four sulfur-deficient soils (i.e., the surface planting depth, and genotype. The EXR is a mea- 60 cm of soil containing 504-5 at less than 33 kg/ sure of the total conducting area for water and ha). Zinc (Zn) chelate application at 3 kg/ha (ele- minerals in the plant, and is calculated from indi- mental Zn) increased corn yields by 5% and 10% vidual xylem vessel radii. As the size of a vessel on zinc-deficient « 0.5 ppm DTPA-Zn) and mar-

242 Research Branch Report 1984 ginally zinc-deficient (0.5-1.0 ppm DTPA-Zn) effective strains of Rhizobium, Group 000 soy- soils, respectively. However, the application of beans will obtain 60% to 65% of their total nitro- zinc chelate decreased yields by 10% on two other gen (N) requirement from symbiotic N fixation, marginally zinc-deficient soils. The com hybrids and fababeans will obtain 70% to 80%. Barley used in these trials differed in their yield response grown after soybeans and fababeans yielded 24% to applied sulfur and zinc. to 28% more grain and had 2.7% to 2.9% more In the 2nd and 3rd yr of field studies on protein. sorghum nutrition, applied nitrogen increased the A review of past research on rotations yield of grain and silage sorghums by 40% on a (1893-1982) at Brandon shows the importance of nitrogen-deficient clay soil with adequate good soil management, tillage system, soil fertil- moisture stored in the spring. On a dry loamy ity, and weed control for satisfactory returns. Two sand, the lack of precipitation during the growing 4-yr rotation studies with flax, wheat, corn, bar- season negated the response to nitrogen. Further ley and soybeans, wheat, corn, barley have been studies with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas- carried out under minimum and zero tillage. Bet- sium were abandoned because of lack of ter results were obtained with minimum tillage, moisture. particularly in corn and soybeans. Weed control in corn and sorghum. Two new Weed control in oilseeds. Research supported recommendations for the control of wild oats in the licensing ofTF 1189 (Fusilade) for the control corn were developed. The treatments involve of grassy weeds in flax and other broad-leaved (a) postemergence application of flamprop crops. Excellent control of wild oats and mustard methyl (Matavan and WL43423), and (b) pre- in triazine-tolerant canola was obtained with a plant harrow incorporation of cyanazine mixture of sethoxydim (Poast) and metribuzin (Bladex), alachlor (Lasso), and triallate (Avadex (Sencor, Lexone). AXF 1202 (Sabre) mixed with BW). Both treatments gave excellent control of sethoxydim and RE 36290 provided good control wild oats, with no adverse effects on the crop. of weeds in flax. The first recommendations for chemical con- Forage crops trol of weeds in sorghum were developed for use in western Canada. The treatments involve Alfalfa production and management. Research (a) postemergence application of 2,4-D amine or on forage management and fertilizer use showed bromoxynil/MCPA for broadleaf weeds, and that it is impractical to cut alfalfa hay four times (b) postemergence application of atrazine for each year in the eastern prairie region. The time wild oats, green foxtail, and broadleaf weeds. period between cuts is too short for adequate However, alternate herbicides are being evaluated regrowth, and fall weather conditions are often because of risk of injury to other crops following unsuitable for haying. Producers are encouraged atrazine. to harvest alfalfa three times each year, cutting at the full bud to 5% bloom stage. Under correct Oilseed crops management, yield and protein can be improved Soybean production and management. In by 25% and 30%, respectively, over the tradi- 1984, two new Group 000 soybean cultivars were tional two-cut system. licensed as a result of cooperative research Soaking of forage seeds for between 6 and 48 h between the Brandon and Ottawa research sta- at either 5°C or 17°C, followed by drying and tions. Maple Ridge and Maple Isle fall within the storage for 1 mo at room temperature, did not maturity range of Maple Presto and Maple improve the germination of eight forage cultivars Amber but are superior to these cultivars in yield, commonly grown on the prairies. After a further protein composition, and other desirable agro- 9-mo storage, seeds that were presoaked for 48 h nomic characteristics. The regions of adaptability at 17°C exhibited greatly reduced germination for of the new cultivars are similar to those of Maple most species. However, with reduced presoaking, Presto and Maple Amber. It is anticipated that the most grass species as well as bird's-foot trefoil total area of soybean production on the prairies showed some increase in germination. On the will increase as a result of their release. other hand, the germination of tall fescue, timo- Four strains of Rhizobium japonicum have thy, and alfalfa was reduced by all soaking treat- been identified that are very effective in nodulat- ments. ing and fixing nitrogen with Group 000 soybeans Weed control in forage crops. Results from under the cool and short growing season of the field research supported the registration of prairies. fluazifop-butyl (TF 1169, Fusilade) plus Agral 90 Rotation studies. Rotation studies on legume for the control of green foxtail and wild oats in and cereal crops indicate that with the use of alfalfa. In other experiments, good control of

Research Station, Brandon, Man. 243 wild oats and green foxtail was obtained with Irvine, R.B.; Jefferson, P.G. 1984. Alfalfa (Medicago sethoxydim (Poast) plus Assist Oil; broadleaf sativa L. and M. falcara L.) cultivar x row spac- weeds were controlled when 2,4-0B was added ing interaction on yield at a semiarid environment to the mixture. Oiclofop methyl (Hoe Grass) with in southwestern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. bromoxynil gave good control of grassy and 64:895-900. broadleaf weeds. This mixture is now being for- McKay, R.M.; Rempel, WE.; Cornelius, S.G.; Allen, mulated and marketed as Hoe-Grass II. e.E. 1984. Visceral characteristics of three breeds of swine and their crosses. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 64:9-19. McKay, R.M.; Rempel, WE.; Cornelius, S.G.; Allen, C.E. 1984. Differences in carcass traits of three breeds of swine and crosses at five stages of PUBLICATIONS development. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 64:293-304. Rahnefeld, G.W.; Fredeen, H.T.; Weiss, G.M.; Law- Research son, J.E.; Newman, J.A. 1984. Carcass charac- Bailey, L.D. 1983. Effects of potassium fertilizer and teristics of three-way cross progeny from fall harvests on alfalfa grown on the eastern Cana- Charolais-, Simmental- and Limousin-sired F1 dian prairies. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 63:211-219. dams vs. Hereford x Angus dams. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 64:597-611. Buhr; M.M.; Grinwich, D.L. 1984. Luteolytic potency in a novel prostaglandin analogue. Prostaglandins Sadler, J.M. 1984. Effects of topsoil loss and intensive 28:93-102. cropping on soil properties related to the crop production potential of a Podzolic Grey Luvisol. Bullen, e.; Soper, R.1.; Bailey, L.D. 1983. Phosphorus Can. J. Soil Sci. 64:533-543. nutrition of soybeans as affected by fertilizer-P placement. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 63:199-210. Therrien, M.C.; Grant, W.E 1983. Induced quantitative variation for agronomic and related Castell, A.G.; Spurr, D.T. 1984. Responses of characters in birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus. growing-finishing pigs to canola-supplemented Can. J. Plant Sci. 63:649-658. diets based on barley, spring or winter wheats. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:459-469. Therrien, M.e.; Grant, W.E 1984. Meiotic chromosome aberrations and quadrivalent formation Chow, P.N.P. 1984. Control of leafy spurge in pastures in Lotus corniculatus over four generations after using dicamba and 2,4-D. J. Range Manage. seed treatment with EMS. Cytologia 49:27-32. 37:159-162. Tollenaar, M.; Migus, W. 1984. Dry matter accumula- Chow, P.N.P.; MacGregor, A.W 1983. Effect of tion of maize grown hydroponically under con- ammonium sulfate and surfactants on activity of trolled environment and field conditions. Can. J. sethoxydim. J. Pestic. Sci. 8:519-527. Plant Sci. 64:475-485. Chow, P.N.P.; O'Sullivan, P.A.; Hunter, 1.H.; Miscellaneous Kirkland, K.J. 1983. Control of volunteer barley and wheat in canola with BAS 9052. Can. J. Plant Bailey, L.D. 1984. Nodulation and N-fixation of Group Sci. 63: 1099-1102. 000 soybeans as influenced by strains of R. japonicum. Pages 1-25 in Proceedings of the World Cliplef, R.L.; Grinwich, D.L.; Castell, A.G. 1984. Soybean Conference III, Iowa, State Univ., Consumer acceptance of fresh pork and pork Ames, la, August 13-17. products from littermate boars and barrows. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:21-27. Dryden, R.D.; Bailey, L.D.; Grant, C.A. 1983. Crop rotation studies 1893~1982. Can. Agric. 29: Eastham, P.R.;Dyck, G.W;Cole, D.J.A. 1984. Repro- 18-21. duction in the gilt: 5. The effect of the presence of the mature male during rearing on puberty attain- Dyck, G. W. 1982. Pregnancy diagnosis. Pages 293-307 ment. Anim. Prod. 39:277-282. in Cole, D.J.A.; Foxcroft, G.R., eds. Control of pig reproduction. Butterworths, London. Grandhi, R.R. 1984. Influence of dietary calcium-phosphorus levels on apparent absorption Hamilton, R.I.; Ramsay, S. 1984. Cold tolerance in of minerals and nitrogen during growth and repro- com: Expanding the boundaries of com produc- duction in gilts. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 64:491-494. tion in cold environments. Can. Agric. 30(1):14-18. Grant, e.A.; Stobbe, E.H.; Racz, G.J. 1984. The effect of Nand P fertilization of winter wheat under Ivany, J.A.; Sadler, J.M.; Kimball, E.R. 1983. Effect of zero-tilled and conventionally tilled manage- Sencor 50 WP residue on crops following ment. Can. J. Soil Sci. 64(2):293-296. potatoes. Canadex 649.

Research Branch Report 1984 244 Research Station, Morden, Manitoba

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

O.K. McBeath, BSA, MSc, PhD Director H.G. Brodie Administrative Officer M.P. Reimer Information Officer

Field Crops G.H. Friesen, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Weed science S.T. Ali-Khan, I BSA, MSc, PhD Breeding of field peas e.G. Campbell, BSA, MSc, PhD Breeding of buckwheat J. Giesbrecht, BSA, MSc, PhD Breeding of grain corn G.H. Gubbels, BSA, MSA, PhD Crop management, physiology EA. Kiehn, BSA, MSc New crops R.C. Zimmer, BSc, PhD Diseases of field peas

Horticultural Crops B.B. Chubey, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Vegetable crops L.M. Collicutt, BSA, MSc Breeding of ornamentals e.G. Davidson,2 BSA, MSc Breeding of woody ornamentals G. Mazza, BSA, MSc, PhD Food science and technology B.L. Rex,3 BSA, MSc Potato management D.A. Wall, BSA, MSc Weed control

Oilseed Crops E.O. Kenaschuk, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Breeding of flax W. Dedio, BSA, MSc, PhD Breeding of sunflower J.A. Hoes, BSA, MSA, PhD Pathology of flax and sunflowers K.P. Minogue, BSc, MSc, PhD Pathology of sunflower

Graduate students R. Green, BSA Food chemistry M.M. Shamaila, BSA Post-harvest technology

VISITING SCIENTIST

S. Akhtar, BSc, MSc Research management Deputy Chief (Planning), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan.

ISeconded to Canadian International Development Agency Barani Agricultural Research and Development Project, Pakistan, 18 October 1982 to I October 1984. 2Appointed I August 1984; on educational leave. 3Appointed 3 January 1984.

Research Station, Morden, Man. 245 INTRODUCTION

The programs of the Morden Research Station are directed toward the development of new cultivars and the improvement of management practices for buckwheat, field com, field peas, new crops, flax, sunflowers, potatoes, vegetables, and herbaceous and woody ornamentals. This report summarizes some of the results obtained from research conducted during 1984. Three new cultivars were released or licensed, Challenger Jerusalem artichoke, NorMan flax, and Sun M20 sunflower. A line of semi-leafless peas was selected for possible licensing. A new syndrome of downy mildew on buckwheat was reported, as well as the occurrence of two diseases affecting fenugreek. New understanding was obtained of the genetics of resistance to rust in flax. Several successful herbicide treatments were identified for control of weeds in a wide range of crops. Further information on any of these research activities, reprints of publications listed in this report, and copies of previous reports may be obtained from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 3001, Morden, Man. ROG 110.

D.K. McBeath Director

FIELD CROPS Pathology. The potential for seed decay of soils from fields of 11 registered field pea producers Buckwheat was estimated, using the cultivar Century. Ger- mination ranged from 5.0 to 82.5% with a mean Pathology. A possible systemic syndrome of emergence of 36. 3%. Pythium sp., and Fusarium downy mildew on buckwheat seedlings was sp., were isolated from seed that did not germi- observed and reported for the first time. Systemic nate. All isolates of Pythium sp., were patho- infection, "stunting," was observed on seedlings genic, whereas those of Fusarium sp., caused from six lines of seed harvested in 1980, 1981, only some discoloration of the seedcoat and epi- and 1982. The mean infection levels for the six cotyl. lines were 7.3% in 1980,1.2% in 1981, and 3.2% in 1982. Weed control. Field peas were tolerant to the grass herbicides DPX Y6202 (Dupont), Weed control. Several herbicides were identi- fluazifop-butyl, FOE 3440A (Chemagro), RE fied that control wild mustard and other broad- 36290 (Chevron), and haloxyfopmethyl. When leaved weeds in buckwheat. Desmedipham tank-mixed with metribuzin, all these herbicides applied postemergence at 0.5 kg/ha, and fluo- controlled annual weed species. rochloridone applied postermergence at 0.10 kg/ ha or preplant, soil-incorporated at 0.5 kg/ha New crops were the most effective. Jerusalem artichoke. Challenger, a dual-pur- Field corn pose cultivar of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) was released in 1984. This cultivar Weed control. Cyanazine plus dicamba was as produces high yields of tan-colored, white- effective as cyanazine plus Bio- Veg for broad- fleshed tubers and a large mass of dense top spectrum weed control in field corn. A new her- growth, which normally reaches a height of 210 to bicide, AC 222239, selectively controlled wild 275 cm. oats in field corn without serious crop injury. Utilization. The distribution patterns of dry Field peas matter, free sugars, total sugars, fructose, and Breeding. A semi-leafless line, MP 919, has crude protein were determined in tubers of been selected for licensing. This line is similar to Columbia and Challenger Jerusalem artichoke. Century in yield, but it is superior in standing The concentration of dry matter decreased pro- ability and uniformity of maturity and offers gressively from cortex to pith tissues and from many other production advantages. It would be stem end to bud end. The decrease in dry matter suitable for production in areas with wet fall content between cortex and pith regions was 32 weather and a high incidence of leaf diseases. and 36%, and that between stem end and bud end Four yellow-seeded lines, MP 916, 934, 940, and was 3 and 10% for Challenger and Columbia, 942, have consistently outyielded Century by 9 to respectively. On afresh-weight basis, the total 14% in cooperative tests. One of these will be and free-sugar concentrations of the various submitted for licensing next year. zones paralleled the dry matter content. On a dry-

246 Research Branch Report 1984 weight basis, however, differences between zones Summit. Race 22 generally caused more severe were slight. The protein content of the tuber reactions than did race 79. High levels of decreased from bud end to stem end and from postseedling resistance to both races 22 and 79 cortex to pith. The new cultivar, Challenger, had were indicated in the cultivars Culbert, Dufferin, higher total sugars but less free sugars and protein McGregor, Norland, NorLin, NorMan, and Raja. than Columbia. Studies on the gene base for rust resistance in Weed control. Trifluralin, ethalfluralin, EPTC, recently licensed flax cultivars indicated that the chloramben, pendimethalin, and bifenox selec- resistance of NorLin and NorMan is monogenic tively controlled annual broadleaf weeds in and conditioned by the L6 gene. That of Columbia Jerusalem artichoke. Either 2,4-D or McGregor was bigenic and based on the K IL6 clopyralid alone, or combinations of 2,4-D with combination. dicamba or clopyralid, effectively controlled vol- Weed control. Clopyralid was effective for the unteer Jerusalem artichoke in barley. control of Canada thistle in flax. Haloxyfop- Dill weed continued to exhibit tolerance to methyl, RE 36290, and DPX Y6202 were effec- trifluralin, ethalfluralin, EPTC, chloramben, and tive for season-long control of quack grass. sethoxydim. Excellent broad-spectrum weed control resulted Fomesafen was the most promising herbicide from spraying with tank mixtures ofbromoxynil, for the control of broad-leaved weeds in dry MCPA, plus one of the following grass-specific beans. This crop was tolerant to all grass-specific herbicides: haloxyfop-methyl, DPX Y6202, herbicides tested. Tank mixtures of metribuzin sethoxydim, or fluazifop-butyl. plus either sethoxydim, haloxyfop-methyl, Sunflowers fluazifop-methyl, or DPX Y6202 provided excellent broad-spectrum weed control in lentils. Pre- Breeding. An early maturing oilseed sunflower plant, soil-incorporated applications of trifluralin hybrid, Sun M20, has been licensed and is being plus metribuzin were more selective than tri- increased for distribution and sale. Sun M20 is fluralin plus cyanazine. about 2 days earlier and yields 2 to 3% higher than the earlier released hybrid, Morden 12. It has Pathology. Two diseases were observed on greater self-compatibility than Morden 12 but foliage of fenugreek (Trigonella joenum- does not have the same degree of resistance to graecum) in 1983. Cercospora traversiana downy mildew. In addition, five early maturing caused serious defoliation and also affected the lines, CM 447, CM 588, CM 590, CM 591, and stems and pods. Powdery mildew was also CM 592, were released to breeders for develop- observed but was not severe. ment of early hybrids. OILSEED CROPS Management. Diquat was applied to sunflowers to terminate seed development and Flax thereby simulate frost. Early termination of development reduced yields in a late cultivar 42% Breeding. The flax cultivar NorMan was more than in an early one and greatly reduced oil licensed. It was developed from the cross [Nor- and protein content and test weight. This demon- altai I(Redwoodl I(Valutal 1)]1 ILinott. NorMan strated the importance of choosing an appropriate combines medium-early maturity with high seed cultivar, particularly for late seeding or for areas yield and high content of fair-quality oil. It is prone to early fall frost. higher yielding than Culbert, Dufferin, and Linott in early seeding, but it yields less than Weed control. AC 222239 and fluorochlor- Culbert, Linott, and NorLin in late-seeding. Nor- idone applied postemergence resulted in excel- Man matures as early as NorLin but is 2 days later lent control of wild mustard without injury to than Linott. The cultivar is best suited to the sunflowers. The addition of EL 107 to trifluralin Black and Brown soil zones of the prairies. applied preplant, soil-incorporated, showed promise for broad-spectrum weed control, Pathology. Postseedling inoculation of flax including wild mustard. with the virulent, exotic rust races 22 and 79 showed highly significant differences among Soybeans cultivars, as well as highly significant variety x Weed control. Tank mixtures of grass her- race interactions. Mean density of pustules for bicides plus fomesafen were as effective as tank race 22 ranged from I% in Culbert to 35 and 62% mixtures of grass herbicides plus bentazon. Tank in Bison and Summit, and for race 79, from a mixtures of sethoxydim plus bentazon were equal trace in NorLin to 33 and 27% in Bison and to sequential applications of these herbicides.

Research Station, Morden, Man. 247 HORTICULTURAL CROPS when seed was stored at + 7°e. Smaller bulbs and lower yields were produced from overwinter Ornamentals storage at + 2°C and -I°e. Breeding and evaluation. Evaluations of the Weed control. The cabbage cultivar, Houstonn herbaceous and woody plants in the Morden Evergreen, was tolerant to clopyralid having an arboretum and grounds plantings were contin- active ingredient (a.i.) of 0.5 kg/ha, applied post- ued. Thirty-three woody and 229 herbaceous transplant, and to oxyfluorfen having an a.i. of accessions were added to the collection, whereas 1.0 kg/ha, applied pre-transplant. Oxyfluorfen seven entries were added to the Merit Trial. selectively controlled lamb's-quarters and pur- The Earl Hornback Award from the North slane in cabbage. American Lily Society was bestowed on a hybrid Utilization and quality. Among 16 cultivars of lily showing the greatest advance in hybridiza- red beets, betacyanine concentrations ranged tion. The award-winning lily is a cross between from 244.5 mg/100 g fresh weight in the cultivar two sections of the genus Lilium, the Asiatic and Detroit Rubidus to 122.7 mg/100 g fresh weight in the Trumpet sections, which do not hybridize Firechief, and betaxanthine concentrations naturally. ranged from 216.5 mg/100 g fresh weight in Potatoes Detroit 72 to 67.5 mg/100 g fresh weight in Greentop Bunching. Correlation coefficients Management. Total yield of tubers and mar- were high between betacyanine and betaxanthine ketable yields of Shepody potatoes decreased but rather weak between pigments and yield, pig- with seed piece spacings decreasing from 46 to 22 ments and Hunter color values, and pigments and cm within the row. Specific gravity decreased solids. with increased spacing at the early harvest; how- Ten hardy apple cultivars, suitable for growing ever, no differences were observed at the main- on the Canadian prairies, were evaluated chemi- crop harvest. Gross value of the crop decreased cally for suitability as raw material for production with increased spacing within the row, but net of apple juice. Total solids ranged from II. 3 to crop values were highest at the 38-cm spacing. 14.9%, soluble solids from 9.0 to 12.5%, sugar Weed control. Several new grass specific her- from 7.3 to 10.2%, acid from 0.48 to 0.99%, and bicides, sethoxydim, haloxyfop-methyl, DPX phenolics from 0.27 to 0.42%. Because a ratio of Y6202, and HOE 33171 provided excellent 15:16 between sugar and acid is considered to postemergence control of green foxtail when give an optimum balance between sweetness and applied alone or in tank mixtures with sourness in juice, Norland and P.E 51 were the metribuzin. R 40244 and bentazon selectively most suitable cultivars for juice production. controlled lamb's-quarters and wild mustard. Benzaldehyde was the major component of the Vegetables and fruits aroma of saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.). Benzaldehyde comprised 26 to Carrots. Among a group of 37 cultivars of 168 mg/kg of fresh berries and 76 to 96% of the processing carrots, Midas Touch and Chantenay essence. Red Cored produced a higher yield of marketable roots than the standard commercial cultivar, Dess Dan, but a slightly lower a:b ratio (the ratio of redness to yellowness as measured on the Hunter Lab color meter). Following processing, the a:b PUBLICATIONS ratio ranged from 1.09 to 1.26, whereas the lowest ratio acceptable to industry is 0.95. Research Horseradish. The yield of horseradish roots Friesen, G.H.; Wall, D.A. 1984. Response of potato from both European (Broadfen) and North Amer- (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars to metribuzin. ican (Common) cultivars was more than three Weed Sci. 32:442-444. times as high after two seasons of growth com- Karwar, G.R.; Friesen, G.H. 1984. Contra I of witch- pared to a single season. A mean yield of 8.4 t/ha weed (Striga asiatica) in sorghum. Trap. Pest was produced after a single season, whereas a Manage. 30:14-17. yield of 26.2 tlha was produced after an extra Mazza, G. 1984. Volatiles in distillates of fresh, dehy- season. A 2-yr growth period may be more eco- drated and freeze-dried horseradish. Can. Ins!. nomical than a single year in the prairie region. Food Sci. Techno!. 1. 17(1):18-23. Garlic. The largest bulbs and the highest total Mazza, G. 1984. Sorption isotherms and drying rates of and marketable yields of garlic were obtained Jerusalem artichoke. 1. Food Sci. 49(2):384-388.

248 Research Branch Report 1984 Minogue, K.P.; Fry, W.E. 1983. Models for the spread LeMaguer, M.; Mazza, G. 1984. An engineering analy- of disease: Some experimental results. Phy- sis of the drying of carrots in a vibro fluidizer. topathology 73: 1173-1176. Pages 235-243 in McKenna, B.M., ed. Engineer- ing and food. Vol. I-Engineering sciences in the Wall, D. A. ; Stobbe, E. H. 1984. The effect of tillage on food industry. Applied Science Publishers Ltd., soil temperature and com (Zea mays L.) growth in Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, England. Manitoba. Can. 1 Plant Sci. 64:59-67. Mazza, G. 1984. Changes in processing quality param- Miscellaneous eters of potato tubers during maturity and long- Harp, H.E; Collicutt, L.M. 1983. Herbaceous peren- term storage. Pages 351-365 in McKenna, B.M., nials for the prairies. Agric. Can. Publ. 1320 ed. Engineering and food. Vol. I-Engineering (revised), 40 pp. sciences in the food industry. Applied Science Marshall, H.H.; Chubey, B.B. 1983. Monardafor gera- Publishers Ltd., Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, niol production. Canadex 268.10. England. Friesen, G. 1984. Fifty years of weed control in flax. Wall, D.A.; Friesen, G.H. 1984. Tolerance to Pages 5-7 in Proceedings of the 50th Annual Flax metribuzin of potato cultivars grown in Manitoba. Institute, Fargo, N.Dak. Canadex 161.641. Hoes, lA.; Kenaschuk, E.O. 1984. Postseedling rust Zimmer, R.C. 1984. Effect of seeding on the incidence resistance of flax varieties resistant to North of powdery mildew of field peas. Canadex American races. Pages 38-42 in Proceedings of 632.142. the 50th Annual Flax Institute, Fargo, N.Dak.

Research Station, Morden, Man. 249

Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

T.G. Atkinson, BSA, MSc, PhD Director M.D. Hamilton Administrative Officer

Scientific Support S. Bishop,l BA, MLS Library Coordinator, Manitoba and Saskatchewan M. Malyk,l BSc, MSc, MLS Librarian S.M. Woods, BSc, MSc, PhD Programmerl Analyst

Cereal Breeding D. Leisle, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Durum wheat breeding Y.M. Bendelow, BSc, MSc, PhD Cereal chemistry D. Brown, BSA, MSc, PhD Oat breeding A.B. Campbell, BSA, MSc, PhD Common wheat breeding E.M. Czarnecki, BSA, MS Common wheat breeding P.L. Dyck, BSA, MSc, PhD Wheat genetics E.R. Kerber, BSA, MSc, PhD Wheat cytogenetics M.LP. Kovacs, BSc, MSc, PhD Cereal chemistry O.M. Lukow, BSc, MSc, PhD Cereal chemistry D.R. Metcalfe, BSA, MSc, PhD Barley breeding and genetics R.LH. McKenzie, BSA, MSc, PhD Oat breeding and genetics 1.S. Noll, BSc, PhD Physiology

Cereal Diseases R. Rohringer, DrScAgr Head of Section; Molecular biology of cereal rusts 1. Chong, BSc, MSc, PhD Oat crown rust C.C. Gill, BSc, PhD Viruses S.M. Haber, BSc, MSc, PhD Viruses D.E. Harder, BSc, MSc, PhD Oat stem rust N.K. Howes, BSc, PhD Molecular biology W.K. Kim, BSc, MSc, PhD Molecular biology of cereal rusts 1.w. Martens, BSc, PhD Wheat stem rust 1.1. Nielsen, DrScAgr Smuts D.1. Samborski, BSA, MSc, PhD Wheat leaf rust A. Tekauz, BSc, MSc, PhD Leaf diseases P.L. Thomas, BSA, MSc, PhD Microbial genetics, smuts

Stored Products 1.T. MiIls,2 BSc, PhD, DIC Head of Section; Development and control of storage molds D. Abramson, BSc, MSc, PhD Mycotoxicology P.S. Barker, lA, MSc, PhD Biology and control of stored grain pests S.R. Loschiavo, BSc, MSc, PhD Stored grain insect biology R.N. Sinha, BSc, PhD Ecology of granary insects, mites, and fungi L.B. Smith, BSc, MSA, PhD Ecology of stored product insects N.D.G. White, BScAgr, MSc, PhD Biology and control of stored product insects

Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 251 Integrated Pest Control W.I Tumock,3 BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Ecology and population dynamics G.L. Ayre, BSA, MSA Insect ecology R.P. Bodnaryk, BA, MSc, PhD Biochemistry and toxicology G.K. Bracken, BSc, MSc, PhD Physiology and behavior G.H. Gerber, BSA, PhD Histology, physiology, and behavior R.I Lamb, BSc, MSc, PhD Systems biology O.N. Morris, BSc, MSc, PhD Insect pathology W. Romanow, BSA, MSc Insect surveys and control G.H. Wylie, BA, PhD Host-parasite relations

Departures G.F. Atkinson, BSA, MSc, PhD Biometrician Resigned 17 February 1984 IL. Buth, BSc, MSc Technical Information Officer Resigned 17 August 1984 B.M. Hegdekar, BSc, MSc, PhD Diapause and cold hardiness of insects Resigned 4 May 1984

VISITING SCIENTISTS

D.W. Holden, BSc, PhD Molecular biology of cereal rusts Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Shang, Hongsheng, MSc Wheat rusts

Graduate students C. Aitchison, BSc, MSc Entomology A. Baillie, BSA Oat breeding R. Butts, BSc, MSc Entomology p.p. Claude, BSc Genetics in wheat M. Howlader, BSc, MSc Entomology W. Legge, BSA Durum wheat research Luo Ma, BSc, MSc Physiology and biochemistry of insects G. Maiteki, BSc Entomology G. Penner, BSA Cytogenetics in wheat A. Plourde, BSc Plant breeding T. Warkentin, BSA Oat breeding

ISeconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 2Appointed Head 1 January 1984. 30n a transfer of work to Imperial College at Silwood Park, England, August 1983 to August 1984.

252 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

Research programs at the Winnipeg Research Station focus on three main areas of responsibility: the development of improved cultivars of cereals specifically adapted to the eastern prairies, research on the protection of stored cereals, oilseeds, and their products, and research on the integrated control of insect pests of field crops. In each of these areas, interdisciplinary teams of scientists are pursuing both mission-oriented and basic research. Improvements of cereal cultivars, historically the objective of the original Dominion Rust Research Laboratory established in 1925, requires the close collaboration of plant breeders, genet- icists, cytogeneticists, plant pathologists, and cereal chemists. In ongoing research to this end, new genes for resistance to wheat stem rust (2), wheat leaf rust (I), and oat stem rust (I) were isolated from distantly related species and incorporated into our breeding programs. The need for such long-term research was emphasized by the appearance of a new virulent race of oat stem rust and by dramatic shifts in virulent biotypes of the net blotch pathogen of barley. Research on the storage and protection of cereals, oilseeds, and their products is national in scope and involves close cooperation with the Plant Health and Plant Products Directorate, the Canadian Grain Commission, and the grain industry. Particular emphasis is being placed on the ecology of organisms infesting stored grain, chemical and physical measures to control infestations, and the microbiological and environmental factors determining the occurrence of mycotoxins as well as the methodology of their detection. The deregistration of several grain fumigants in 1983 and the detection of insecticide resistance in at least one species of grain-infesting pest is further focusing our attention on improved means of detecting infestations and controlling storage insects with minimal use of chemicals. Research on the integrated control of field crop insects, particularly those that attack canola and the various "special crops" grown in southern Manitoba, includes the biology and ecology of pest species, the evaluation of biological and chemical control measures, the assessment of economic damage, and the development of management systems. Pest management systems for the bertha armyworm, strawberry cutworm, and for the pea aphid attacking field peas, developed and evaluated over the past several years, were made available for application by growers and provincial extension personnel. During 1984, Dr. A.B. Campbell and Dr. OJ. Samborski were recognized by the Canadian Agronomy Society and the Canadian Phytopathological Society, respectively, for their many outstanding contributions to the development of improved wheat cultivars and to the understanding and control of cereal rusts. We were saddened by the death of Dr. Fred Kosmolak whose promising career with us as a cereal chemist was cut short in 1982 when he was incapacitated with multiple sclerosis. The following is a brief summary of research carried out in 1984. Further information or reprints of this report or of the listed publications can be obtained by writing to individual scientists or to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2M9.

T.G. Atkinson Director

BREEDING, GENETICS, AND Barley CYTOGENETICS The recently released two-rowed cultivar Nor- bert occupied 8.3% of the total area seeded to Breeding programs for common wheat, durum barley in Manitoba, which represented 80.6% of wheat, barley, and oats emphasize production of the area seeded to two-rowed cultivars. It also high-yielding cultivars with improved agronomic occupied 4.3% of the barley area, or 10.0% of the characteristics and resistance to rusts, smuts, and two-row area, in Saskatchewan. Norbert is the other cereal diseases. Good quality is a primary first two-rowed cultivar developed with adequate objective, involving milling and baking charac- disease resistance for production on the eastern teristics in common wheat, semolina quality in prairies. Results from commercial scale malting durum wheat, malting quality in barley, and feed- trials conducted in 1982 and 1983 indicated Nor- ing quality in wheat, oats, and barley. bert performed satisfactorily, but brewing trials

Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 253 suggested differences from the standard suffi- accessions of A. squarrosa were tested for seed- cient to restrict its use as a malting barley. ling resistance to stem and leaf rust. Twenty-five Other new two-rowed barleys adapted to the were resistant to all races of stem rust, and 130 eastern prairies continued to be evaluated. A were resistant to all races of leaf rust. These are selection that has fast acting enzyme systems, being further studied for potential new genes for TR212, and which was recently supported for the common wheat breeding program. license, was grown at 16 locations across the Heritability estimates of post-harvest dor- prairies in 1984 and carload lots currently are in mancy were obtained from random lines of plant-scale malting and brewing trials. Three new crosses RL4137/Timgalen and RL4137/Nee- selections from the Winnipeg program were pawa. An association between falling number (a tested in the two-rowed Western Cooperative Tri- measure of post-harvest dormancy) and seedling als and nine in the Eastern Prairie Trials. leaf rust resistance was observed in RL4137/ Disease resistance continued to receive Neepawa but not in RL4137/Timgalen. In the increasing attention in 1984. Populations from latter cross, the red-seeded lines had a higher both the two- and six-rowed programs were falling number than the white lines, whereas the screened for resistance to loose smut, spot blotch, awned lines had a lower falling number than the scald, and barley yellow dwarf virus. New sources awnless lines. of resistance to stem rust, net blotch, and spot The feasibility of using near-infrared analysis blotch were sought and crosses made to study the for determining the hardness of wheat was exam- genetics of the resistance, and to incorporate ined. The method could be used to supplement resistance into improved lines. quality data supplied to plant breeders. Low polyphenol content, a desirable brewing A study was completed on the biochemical quality characteristic, has been successfully characterization of purified endosperm proteins incorporated into two-rowed barleys. However, a from germinated wheat. Major effects on milling, serious problem of very slow filtration has been rheological, and baking quality of wheat were noted in these lines. High levels of beta-glucan at accounted for by specific changes in the the end of mashing often cause this problem; in molecular weight distribution of proteins. Endo- this case, the cause appears to be the failure of the sperm protein composition is one of the key fac- protein, precipitated at the mash saccharification tors in determining the bread-making quality of temperature, to coagulate in the absence of poly- wheat, and information on its composition is phenols. Instead, the proteins form aggregates potentially useful to wheat breeding programs. with other insoluble material and impede filtra- Durum wheat tion. The problem is being further investigated. In its 1st year of commercial production, the Common wheat cultivar Medora occupied 6.3% of the Manitoba Several lines in advanced yield tests showed a durum wheat area. It continued to show an advan- promising combination of protein content and tage in straw strength and yield in regional and yield. Generally, high yield tends to be associated Cooperative tests. Two lines in the Cooperative with lower protein content. Compared to the Test for the 2nd year continued to show good check cultivars, these lines were 10-15% higher yield potential for the Black soil zone. They yielding with comparable protein levels. Their ranked among the top entries in both years, with agronomic performance, disease resistance, and average yields of 107.5 and 108% of the best general quality characteristics are acceptable; check cultivar. however, they may present a problem with respect An excellent source of resistance to new preva- to class distinguishable kernel characteristics. lent races of loose smut was identified, and Backcrossing was continued to transfer resis- crosses initiated to incorporate this into the new- tance to loose smut, leaf rust, and sprouting resis- est cultivars. Carbohydrates and proteins were tance into the "triple M" quality cultivar, extracted from cooked semolina and flour to HY320. Some of the backcrosses were com- determine if any of these components could be pleted and homozygous lines established. used as markers for quality evaluation in the Stem rust resistance of the synthetic hexaploid screening program of durum lines. Gelatinization Stewart 63/Aegilops squarrosa, RL5261, was of carbohydrates was significantly different shown to be due to two dominant genes. These between durum wheat cultivars. Proteins also genes are a new and valuable source of resistance, showed differences but to a lesser extent. giving excellent resistance to all prevalent races. Oats A. squarrosa is also the source of a new, recessive gene for seedling leaf rust resistance that has been The popularity of the rust resistant oats Fidler transferred to common wheat. Over 180 new and Dumont continues to increase, with 75% of

254 Research Branch Report 1984 the Manitoba hectarage sown to these cultivars. Rust surveys Larger quantities of pedigreed seed of Dumont In 1984, weather conditions were generally will be available for sowing in 1985 and this unfavorable for the development of cereal rusts in cultivar, because of its large plump kernel, will the field. likely increase in popularity. A tan-colored oat, OT224, increased for mar- Stem rust of wheat. Infections of stem rust ket development by the Canadian Wheat Board, developed on Norstar winter wheat and other has excellent milling quality. Genetic studies have susceptible wheats in Manitoba by mid-August, indicated that low hull content is associated with but there was no damage to recommended spring the tan-colored hull, which appears to be thinner cultivars. Fourteen races, including four new than in white-hulled oats. The tan-colored oat, ones, were identified but none are a threat to OT231, has performed very well at the Manitoba commercial cultivars. Race C53, dominant since test sites in 3 yr of the Western Cooperative Oat 1977, comprised over 90% of the isolates in Test. It has a yield, percent hull, and percent Ontario and the eastern prairies. Race C4 was protein advantage over other entries in the trial. most common in Alberta and British Columbia. Work with semidwarf oats is continuing on a Leaf rust of wheat. The identification of races reduced scale. Although having very strong straw from leaf rust survey samples was carried out with and reasonable yield, none have consistent high 23 differential lines each with a single gene for yields equal to Fidler and Dumont. resistance. Lines with resistance genes Lr16, The development of a good hulless oat with Lr19, Lr21 , Lr25 , Lr26, Lr29, and line T6 x acceptable disease resistance is proceeding. PI58548 were resistant to all survey samples. Lines with good resistance were disease tested for None of the isolates from Manitoba and Sas- the first time in 1984 and some look quite promis- katchewan were virulent on the spring wheat ing. cultivar Columbus nor on adult plants of Benito. A newly available stem rust resistance gene, Sixty-three virulence combinations were identi- Pg-16, is being incorporated into the breeding fied, using 16 genes for resistance. program. This gene was identified in an Israeli tetraploid Avena barbata collection, but the Oat rusts. Oat stem rust and crown rust were absence of chromosome pairing prevented the first observed in western Canada in mid-July. The easy transfer of this gene into hexaploid A . sativa. incidence remained very low throughout the 1984 Attempts to induce a translocation of this gene, oat growing season. In oat stem rust survey sam- using radiation, followed by selection in subse- ples, race NA27 predominated in western quent generations, resulted in the identification Canada. From eastern Canada, a new race, of several A. sativa lines carrying Pg-16. This NA55, which is a variant of the predominant race gene will be useful in the breeding program, NA25 , was common. This race is virulent on because it confers resistance to all but one of the gene Pg-16, and could be of significance to the known races of oat stem rust. breeding program for oat stem rust resistance. Studies of the virulence of oat crown rust isolates collected in Canada in 1983 were completed. Results indicated that the predominant virulence CEREAL DISEASES combinations have not changed greatly within recent years, and none of the combinations repre- Pathology research is multifaceted, and plays sented new races that threaten the combinations an integral part in the breeding of all cereal of resistance genes currently used in the crown cultivars. Annual disease surveys are conducted rust resistance breeding program at the Winnipeg to determine the prevalence of races of rusts and Research Station. The new cultivars Fidler and smuts; new genes for resistance to various dis- Dumont were resistant to all isolates in 1984. eases are identified and transferred to desirable A preliminary study on the effect of tem- germ plasm; breeders' lines are evaluated for perature on genes for resistance to oat crown rust resistance to fungal parasites and viruses; basic showed that, although many oat lines were stable studies are conducted on the biology, genetics, from 16°C to 26°C, lines with Pc35, Pc54, and histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the patho- Pc67 became completely susceptible at 26°C, gens; and long-term research is under way to and the line with Pc68 became less resistant. This explain the mechanism of host-parasite interac- demonstrated the importance of temperature con- tions and the molecular basis of resistance to trol during genetic studies of resistance and in the cereal rusts. determination of races of crown rust.

Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 255 New sources of rust resistance. A derivative most layers of the haustorium mother cell walls from the Avena sterWs accession, CAV 1084, are not continuous with the hyphal walls but form which may contain unknown oat stem rust resis- part of the septum. Cytochemical tests, using tance genes, has been crossed with the cultivar lectin probes, various stains, protease treatment, Makuru, and F, seed obtained. Two A. sterilis and lipid extraction were used to differentiate accessions from the Iberian peninsula, IB2433 these layers and this permitted an interpretation and IB3056, were crossed with Makuru and F, regarding their composition. and F2 progeny have been obtained. These acces- Cytochemical studies of P. coronata indicated sions contain resistance to both oat stem rust and that haustoria found in the monokaryotic stage oat crown rust. A number of inter-ploidy back- differed greatly in wall composition from crosses, involving several resistant Iberian wild haustoria found in the dikaryotic stage oat accessions, to the susceptible cultivar (D-haustoria), based on their reactions to lipid Makuru were attempted. Two of these produced solvent or protease treatment. This indicates a BCIFI seed. Backcrosses were also made to wild difference in specificity in reaction of the fungus hexaploid oats, and BCIFI seed was obtained. to its alternate host. Studies on the nucleate state Wild and cultivated lines of oats that exhibited of the D-haustoria of P. coronata indicated that potential stem rust resistance were screened with the single nucleus in mature haustorial bodies four stem rust raceS to evaluate the identity or was larger in size and was more irregular in shape usefulness of the resistance sources. than either of the two nuclei in the young mother cells, suggesting that the nucleus may be in the Genetics of virulence. Virulence variability diploid state. This is unique in that the remainder was studied in a sexually reproducing population of the fungal thallus is dikaryotic, and haustoria of P. graminis avenae in eastern Ontario over a of P. graminis tritici, P. helianthi, Uromyces 3-yr period and compared with an asexual popu- fabae, and Melampsora lini were dikaryotic. lation in Manitoba. Twelve virulence combinations were identified in collections from the sexual population versus II from the comparable Smuts asexual population. Avirulence on resistance conferred by genes Pg-8, Pg-13, Pg-16, and Pg-a In the 1984 disease survey, 28% of the fields of characterized the Ontario population, whereas wheat were infected with loose smut; infection avirulence on resistance conferred by genes ranged up to 5%, with a mean of 0.09%. Two new Pg-9, Pg-13, Pg-15, Pg-16, and Pg-a predom- races of loose smut of wheat (races T37 and T41) inated in the Manitoba population. The races in from China were identified. Thirteen field collec- the sexual population were more widely virulent tions from Canada, taken in 1983, yielded known (5.5 loci versus 4.0 loci) on average than those of and prevalent races. Smut of barley was found in the asexual population. 75% of fields with an average of 0.6% loose, a trace of false loose, and 0.2% covered smut. No Molecular biology of cereal rust diseases .. new virulence alleles have been detected since Tests were conducted to determine the probable 1972. origin of infection-related glycoproteins in inter- Single, recessive genes were shown to cause cellular washing fluid from stem rust-infected virulence on each of the differential cultivars wheat leaves. Intercellular washing fluid from Sonop, Kearney, and CT439. The gene for vir- barley leaves infected with stem rust of wheat ulence on Sonop (designated as Utv 5) is neither contained the same glycoproteins, but that from identical nor linked with the previously described wheat leaves infected with leaf rust of wheat genes Utv 1 or Utv 4. Whether one of th~ two last contained many different glycoproteins com- named genes is involved in virulence on Kearney pared to the fluid from stem rust-infected wheat and CT439 is being determined. leaves. These results suggest that the infection- The first albino mutant of Ustilago nuda found related glycoproteins are of fungal origin. Inter- in North America was described. This mutant cellular washing fluid is of interest because it may will be useful as a tool in research on gene link- contain products of the genes for avirulence. To age where visual identification of strains is detect these, affinity binding or an appropriate important, and in identifying contamination in bioassay will be required. experiments. Ultrastructure of cereal rusts. A detailed ultra- An analysis of progeny of hybrids between the cytochemical analysis of stem rust colonies in smut species U. hordei, U. nigra, and U. wheat showed that hyphal walls contain at least aegilopsidis produced information on the genetic four layers, whereas walls of haustorium mother differences between the control of pathogenicity cells consist of up to six layers. The two inner- and virulence.

256 Research Branch Report 1984 Chemotaxonomic studies. Polypeptides ob- adult plant resistance. Testing of wheat lines from tained by denaturing spore proteins can be used to the Cooperative Test for reaction to the leaf spot assess the taxonomic relationship of related spe- pathogens causing tan spot and Septoria avenae cies from which they were extracted. The poly- blotch was continued. No seedling resistance to peptide patterns (after two-dimensional iso- tan spot was found. When adult wheat plants were electric focusing/polyacrylamide gel elec- inoculated with Pyrenophora trichostoma, leaf trophoresis) of spores of Tilletia caries (rough spot development on the flag leaf was more wall), and T. caries intermediate (rough wall with restricted in durum than in common wheats. The sheath) were identical but differed from that of latter showed a range of symptoms; cultivars Mar- spores of T. foetida (smooth wall). quis and Sinton were most susceptible. Differences in polypeptide patterns between Viruses. A survey of natural barley yellow formae speciales of stem rusts of wheat and oats dwarf infections was carried out in July and were much smaller than the differences in poly- August 1984. Incidence of barley yellow dwarf peptide patterns between leaf rusts of wheat and virus (BYDV) was found to be considerably rye or between any two of the four cereal leaf lower than in recent years; a new isolate of the rusts. Polypeptides from Puccinia carthami cherry oat aphid non-specific strain (PAV-type; (safflower rust), P. jaceae (diffuse knapweed . isolate 8401) of BYDV was obtained. and main- rust), and P. centaureae (black knapweed rust) tained for study. differed from one another. This helped to clarify A filter paper immuno-binding assay was the taxonomic positions of these weed rusts, developed for rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive information needed before considering their use detection of plant viral antigens. A version of this for the biological control of diffuse knapweeds. assay can diagnose viral antigen unambiguously, Foliage mycoses caused by fungi other than even when the antiserum preparation contains rusts. Evaluation of 126 isolates of Pyrenophora immunoglobulins that react against host compo- teres collected in 1982 in western Canada was nents. completed. Significant changes in pathogen bio- Isolate 7601 of the cherry oat aphid non-spe- type distribution compared to 1976 were recog- cific strain ofBYDV (PAV-type) was purified and nized. The previously predominant biotype is an antiserum was prepared. The corn leaf aphid now virtually absent from Manitoba and Sas- specific strain (RMV-type; isolate 7404) was katchewan. Isolates of P. teres with unprece- purified. Antiserum was not prepared because dented virulence on c.1. 5791 barley were identi- yield of this refractory virus was still insufficient. fied. Geminivirus-Iike particles were detected in In some barley cultivars, significant differ- oats. The unexpected presence of such particles ences in leaf stripe reaction occur between inocu- needs to be understood before a specific anti- lated and naturally infected plants. Plots of Sum- serum can be prepared with confidence. mit barley at Glenlea with different levels of leaf stripe showed grain yield losses that averaged 0.3% for each percent leaf stripe. This, and 1983 STORED PRODUCTS PROTECTION results, suggest that losses under Manitoba conditions are lower than the 0.6-0.8% reported Research on the biology and control of pests in elsewhere. Field trials on efficacy of foliar protec- stored cereals and oil seeds emphasizes the inter- tive fungicides to control leaf diseases of Norstar action of insects and microorganisms in a winter wheat were carried out at Portage, dynamic storage environment. The program McGregor, and Minto, Man. Disease levels were includes the following: studies of management of low, and, in contrast to 1983, no significant yield grain storage systems; factors that limit long- differences occurred with fungicide treatment in term storage; survey, prediction, prevention, and any of the tests, although disease levels were control of microflora and mycotoxins in stored reduced. cereals and oilseeds; identification and quan- In response to reports of severe damage from tification of insects and mites in stored products; net blotch in plots and fields of Elrose barley in influence of attractants and feeding stimuli on Alberta and Saskatchewan, a study to compare insect behavior; and the control of insects and cultivar reaction to the disease at different plant mites by environmental, physical, and chemical ages was carried out. A revised numerical method means. of assessing net blotch reaction was used. Some Storage ecology barley cultivars rated susceptible as seedlings, developed resistance as adult plants. Bonanza and Results of field trials over three consecutive Klages barleys showed the greatest degree of years have demonstrated that forcing outdoor air

Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 257 into farm storage bins with the aid of small fans is a blue-green storage mold, Penicillium ver- a sound practice to maintain grain quality in west- rucosum var. eye/opium (Westling) Samson, ern Canada. The trials will continue for at least Stolk, & Hadlok, which in past studies was asso- two more years. The CO2 values measured ciated with ochratoxin production in stored wheat remained near the normal, ca. 0.03%, level and barley. In this storage study, the moisture throughout the storage period. There were no content of the corn appeared to be the most major changes in the level of free fatty acids, important factor affecting mycotoxin formation. which fluctuated from 5.5 to 7.7 mg KOH per Compared to the 16%-moisture corn, the 21%- 100 g of dry wheat and 7.9 to 12.1 mg KOH per moisture sample showed greater changes in the 100 g of dry barley. Both seed germination and following factors, indicating mold activity: tem- microfloral infection levels were similar to those perature increase, moisture increase, oxygen found in sound grain. Arthropod numbers were decrease, carbon dioxide increase, free fatty acid minimal with only one sample infested by a increase, germination loss, and microfloral pro- Lepinotus (Psocoptera) and no acarine infestation pagule increase. occurred. Mycotoxins were not found in samples. No adverse affect was observed when pigs were Biology fed on feed derived from the cereals. Distribution and abundance studies of insects A study was initiated to determine moisturel in farm granaries in the Prairie Provinces are in temperature relationships in cereals stored in progress. A survey of empty granaries in Alberta hopper bins and to create base line data for such was completed during summer 1984 and data bins for advisory work and future research. Tem- from similar granaries in Manitoba and Saskatch- peratures were measured in four hopper- ewan are being analyzed. Larvae of scavenger bottomed bins containing wheat and barley on a beetles in the families Nitidulidae and Der- weekly basis every crop year since 1981, during mestidae were identified and Omosita colon the September-February period at Argyle, Man. (Linnaeus), the most common nitidulid in spoil- In 1983-1984 mean temperatures recorded at the ing stored grain, was confirmed to be present in center of each bin decreased from 30°C to - 3°C Manitoba and Saskatchewan granaries. in two bins containing barley, and from 29°C to Experiments with pheromone-baited traps in 1°C in two bins containing wheat. Carbon dioxide primary elevator annex bins in 1981, filled grana- determinations in stored grains are basic to an ries in 1982 and 1983, and empty farm granaries in 1983 were completed. Although more rusty understanding of the use of CO2 as a bioindicator in grain bins. The diffusion coefficients (DC) of grain beetles were collected in baited traps than in unbaited ones, enough beetles were found in CO2 through wheat, oats, com, and rapeseed were determined in the laboratory, using a spe- unbaited traps to inform the producer of the pres- cially designed cylindrical diffusion apparatus. ence of an infestation. The relationship of DC through wheat at - 10°C Development of the American black flour bee- to 30°C was accurately described by a quadratic tle Tribolium audax Halstead, occurred between 20°C and 35°C, with optimum development at function (R2 = 0.94). The average DC of CO2 through stored seeds, listed in order of increasing 30° to 35°C. At 25°C and lower temperatures porosity were as follows: wheat at 13% moisture some larvae entered diapause. Diapause was content (MC), 0.0346; oats at 14.5% MC, broken at 30°C in some larvae that were at 22.5°C 0.0391; corn at 14% MC, 0.0302; and rapeseed at for 18 wk and 20°C for 13 wk. 8% MC, 0.0284. Infestation potential of the wheat cultivars Glenlea, Neepawa, Columbus, and RL4137 to Mycotoxins two stored product mites, Acarus siro Linnaeus Ochratoxin A, a potent renal mycotoxin, and A. farris (Gud.) was determined. Glenlea developed during storage of yellow dent feed com wheat was most susceptible to infestation by both held at 21% initial moisture content under farm mite species; Columbus wheat was more prone to granary conditions. This occurred over a storage infestation by A. siro than either Neepawa 01 temperature range of 14° to 34°C. No ochratoxin RU137 wheat. formed when the com was stored at 16% initial Preliminary results indicate that Neepawa was moisture content. In the 2l%-moisture corn, the the most susceptible and Columbus the least sus- mycotoxin formed rapidly, and reached a max- ceptible of three new wheat cultivars to become imum level of 3.6 ppm by 8 wk. Other mycotox- infested with the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ins commonly encountered in storage, namely ferrugineus (Stephens). This experiment is now aflatoxins, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, and pen- being repeated with an additional wheat cultivar, icillic acid, were not found in the corn at either RL4137, and triticale for confirmation. In a sim- moisture. The causative organism appeared to be ilarexperiment with oilseeds, Sundak and Saturn

258 Research Branch Report 1984 sunflowers, Candle and Torch canola, and Linott survived in an environment that contained almost and Dufferin flax, respectively, were the most and pure diatomaceous earth for up to 10 days. Dilu- least prone to infestation by the red flour beetle, tion of the diatomaceous earth with brewer's yeast Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). prolonged survival of the mites. All mites died Two lots of severely frost-damaged canola when exposures were prolonged to 21 days, seeds were categorized according to damage regardless of dilution of the diatomaceous earth type. Seeds from these lots ranged in gross mor- with yeast. T. madens had slightly higher levels of phology from normal appearance to severely tolerance to diatomaceous earth than T. audax shrivelled, with reduced diameter and white had when exposed for comparable amounts of patches over the surface. The white color of these time to the dust. Higher tolerance of T. madens patches was caused by accumulation of starch- was confirmed when both species were placed in like granules in the epidermal layers. Frost- mixtures of diatomaceous earth and flour (ratios damaged hulls showed a variety of symptoms of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25; w/w; resulting from arrested development. diatomaceous earth-flour). Control Preliminary tests on the use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner with a Twenty-three strains of Cryptolestes fer- beta exotoxin to control stored-product beetles rugineus were collected in 1982 and 1983 from indicated that of the three beetles examined, grain stored on farms in the Canadian Prairie adults and larvae only of the sawtoothed grain Provinces and in Minnesota, USA. A further 15 beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus), strains of C. ferrugineus were collected from 68 were adversely affected at relatively high dosage primary grain elevators near Winnipeg in the rates. The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes fer- summer of 1984. The strains were evaluated for rugineus, and the merchant grain beetle, their resistance to malathion. A reliable discrimi- Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), were unaffected nating dose of malathion having an a.i. of 0.0130 at the same dosages. The insect growth regulator 2 mg/cm with 5 h exposure at 25°C killed all LYI98468 (Fenoxycarb) was found to offer sig- individuals in 38 strains on filter paper. None of nificant control P < 0.01) of C. ferrugineus and the C. ferrugineus strains were resistant to mal- Tribolium castaneum after 24 h exposure of larvae athion, but three strains of Tribolium castaneum or pupae to wood or steel treated with LYI98468 collected from farms near Winnipeg in 1983 were having an a.i. of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/m2 markedly resistant. followed by a 2-wk recovery period. Treated ply- Four strains of T. castaneum were exposed to wood did not affect adult mortality or production malathion-treated wheat at 0, 2, or 6 ppm of offspring but treated steel surfaces adversely insecticide for 12 wk at 32°C. Strains with homo- affected production of offspring even at the low zygous, heterozygous, or nonselected resistance a.i. dosage of 0.2/m2. Exposure to all treated factors, and a malathion-susceptible population, surfaces resulted in high mortality in larvae and were exposed to wheat at these dosages and sur- pupae and few offspring were produced from vival and offspring production observed. Resis- adults. tance type and insecticide level affected population growth, with the homozygous strain multiplying the most in the presence of mal- CROP PROTECTION athion. A comparison of tolerances of the eggs of the flour beetles T. audax and T. madens Research on insect pests of oilseed, field, Charpentier to phosphine (hydrogen phosphide) cereal, and vegetable crops emphasizes aspects of was carried out. Phosphine concentrations, their biology and control leading toward better which reached 0.146 and 0.111 mg/L of phos- prediction of infestations, crop protection, and phine after 3 and 4 days of treatment, respec- the reduction of pest populations. The program tively, at temperatures of between 16° and 20°C includes the development of pest-monitoring could only kill 50% of the eggs of T. audax and techniques, development and field testing of 70% of those of T. madens by the end of the 4th chemical and biological insecticides, and inves- day. The 7-day mortality was only 90 and 95% for tigation of methods of reducing pest populations the two species, respectively. Nonchemical pro- by biological and other nonchemical control cedures for control of pests in stored products methods. These programs are supported by were reexamined following the deregistration of research on sampling techniques, survival, devel- several fumigants. The use of diatomaceous earth opment, phenology, host selection, induction and was effective against the mite Lepidoglyphus termination of diapause, overwintering strat- destructor (Schrank) during exposures of more egies, reproductive biology, and biochemical than 2 wk. At 20°C and 75% R.H., this species bases of neurotransmission.

Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 259 Monitoring and prediction water traps showed two distinct generations. Trapping records and subsequent root damage A method was proposed for monitoring and records in three areas indicated that about 5% predicting the abundance of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, in Manitoba, damage to roots occurs for every adult captured per trap per week. using sex attractant traps for male moths. The Studies of the effects of feeding by the sun- recommendations, based on 6 yr data over the flower midge, Contarinia schultzi Gagne, showed duration of an outbreak, are for implementation that a regression of yield per head on the fraction by provincial extension personnel and growers. of heads over 12 em diameter and on the fraction Catches of less than 20 male moths per trap per season, two traps per location, one location per of heads cupped due to midge attack accounted for 83.5% of the variation; head size was the more canola-growing district, indicate that infestations important variable. Mean yield per head for the of larvae will not exceed the economic threshold samples was highly correlated with the respective (20 larvae per square metre). If the average catch yields reported by the growers for their fields. is from 20 to 100 moths per trap, at least some The relationship between pod damage caused fields in the district will have damaging larval by bertha armyworm larvae to yield loss, shell- populations. Catches of more than 100 moths per ing, and seed grade in canola was studied in field trap indicate that damaging populations may cage studies over two seasons. When larvae fed on occur in many fields. When the catch in the dis- canol a plants for varying periods of time in field trict traps shows an increasing trend, individual cages, yield loss was linear with respect to feed- growers will be advised to purchase and use sex ing time, but the fraction of pods scored attractant traps in their own fields, because they "damaged" reached a maximum level of 45% by will then be able to make much more accurate day 7 of the feeding period, suggesting that pod predictions of larval abundance. damage is only a useful measure of yield loss Pest management systems during the first part of an infestation. Shelling, A pest-management system, based on exten- although significantly greater in plots with sive studies of the biology and control of the damaged pods, accounted for only 0.5% of the strawberry cutworm, Amphipoea interoceanica loss in total yield. Seed grade was lowered by pod (Smith), was made available to extension spe- feeding as the proportion of green seeds increased cialists and growers. Recommended methods of with the proportion of damaged pods. detecting the problem and killing the cutworm have proven to be effective in commercial straw- Insecticides berry production. The evaluation of 10 seed dressing and six in- Damage assessment furrow granular insecticides for the control of flea An economic threshold for pea aphid, beetles, Phyllotreta spp., on canola showed that Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), in field peas and only three seed dressings were still effective at 15 the optimal time for pesticide application have days after seeding and none were effective after been determined and a technology transfer pub- 22 days. Many of the granular insecticides con- lication has been prepared. Growers are advised tinued to be effective 22 days after seeding and to assess pea aphid densities at the time of flower- some were still providing 40---60% control 28 ing and spray within the week if the proposed days after seeding. economic threshold is exceeded. If growers fol- An evaluation of insecticides for the control of low these recommendations, the Manitoba field the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis pea yield should increase by 5 to 10%, with a (Fabricius), on sunflowers showed that five of value of $500 000 to $1 000 OOO/yr.Field tests on eight candidate insecticides applied as foliar the spread of virus in sprayed and unsprayed sprays were effective 48 h after application. A legume plots were conducted at Glenlea. In the synthetic pyrethroid, FCRI272, was the only 4-yr study, no evidence was found to implicate the treatment effective 120 h after application. An pea aphid as an important factor in the spread of evaluation of 10 in-furrow-granular insecticides pea seed-borne mosaic virus. for control of cabbage maggot, Delia radicum, The cabbage maggot, Delia radicum on rutabaga showed that only Counter was effec- (Linnaeus), was found to have no resistance to the tive. Evaluation of insecticides for control of the insecticides diazinon and carbofuran. The emer- sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis gence of adults in the field spanned an 85-day (Roder), on sugar beets indicated that the regis- period with a relatively constant frequency of tered insecticides (Counter and Temik) and two emergence occurring during a 42-day segment in candidate insecticides (Amaze and Lorsban) the middle of this period. Captures of adults in were effective and were not phytotoxic.

260 Research Branch Report 1984 Testing of various microbial agents for control D. richardsonii (Sweet) 0.E. Schultz, Lepidium of the bertha armyworm was continued. Bio- densiflorum Schrad, and Rorippa palustris (L.) assays of commercial Bacillus thuringiensis Besser), and one introduced species, Erysimum (B .t.) (Thuricide and Dipel) and an experimental cheiranthoides L., were tested in the laboratory exotoxin-producing B .t., showed that young lar- as host plants for the larvae of the red turnip vae (L3 and L4) were highly susceptible to the beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown. R. pal- commercial B. t. , but that older instars (L5 to L6) ustris was a suitable food plant, but D. pinnata, were not. However, the commercial products D. richardsonii, E. cheiranthoides, andL. densi- caused significantly reduced larval and pupal fiorum were only marginally suitable. All five of weight gain, pupal emergence, and frass produc- these species should be controlled by growers in tion. The exotoxin had similar effects, and also areas where the red turnip beetle is a pest of inhibited molting. Of 22 other strains of B.t., canola and mustard crops. The hatching of red bioassayed against bertha armyworm larvae, turnip beetle eggs is well adapted to the tem- seven were more toxic than the commercially peratures of early spring. An average of 90% of used strain (kurstaki). the fertile eggs hatched from 10° to 36.5°C, The synergistic activity of the insecticides indicating a broad optimal temperature range for chlordimiform, DEF, and piperonyl was studied hatching. The threshold and upper limit were near with the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum SO and 38.5°C. The hatching rate was calculated (Herbst). Each chemical was individually of low for each temperature and curves were fitted to this toxicity. In various combinations, chlordimeform data, using eight developmental rate curves from plus DEF, permethrin plus chlordimeform, and the literature. permethrin plus DEF showed synergistic interac- An asymmetrical normal function accurately tions. Synergistic effects as high as 25-fold were described the effect of constant temperature on obtained. the hatching rate. These findings could assist Biological control entomologists and extension specialists in predicting outbreaks of the red turnip beetle. Also, Screening of different lines of Brassica spp., criteria for selecting mathematical models for revealed sufficient inter- and intra-specific varia- describing insect development were established; tions in the amount of damage from flea beetles to thus contributing to the theory concerning the warrant the implementation of a program to evolution of developmental rates in insects. increase the host-plant resistance to flea beetles in An efficient and low-cost preparative tech- the breeding of new canola cultivars. The pro- nique for isolating the calcium-binding protein, cesses that underlie differential susceptibility to calmodulin, in a pure form was devised in collab- damage among cultivars are complex and appear oration with the Department of Agricultural to involve seedling vigor, plant-growth efficiency Chemistry in Japan. The method reduces the when plants are damaged, and non-preference by preparation time from more than 2 wk to less than flea beetles. 2 days while doubling the yield over conventional Of 30 agricultural insect pests tested, 27 were methods. Several calmodulins were isolated from susceptible to the nematodes Steinernemajeltiae different insects and their structures were com- Filipjer and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora pared with mammalian calmodulins. The insect Poinar. Several pest species were judged good calmodulins contain no epsilon trimethyllysine candidates for biocontrol by nematodes. Three but are active in stimulating adenyl ate cyclase, strains of the nematode S. jeltiae and two species calcium-dependent phosphodiesterase, and cal- of Heterorhabditis were bioassayed for dosage cium uptake in insecticide-treated synaptosomes. mortality responses against larvae of the bertha armyworm, redbacked cutworm, Euxoa ochro- gaster (Guenee), and greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus). S.feltiae was more effec- PUBLICATIONS tive against these three species than the Heterorhabditis spp. Laboratory tests on the sur- Research vival of the nematodes in moist soil outside their hosts showed no mortality at 10°or 22°C for 6 mo. Abramson, D.; Sinha, R.N.; Mills, J.T. 1984. Quality High temperature (36°C) killed most of the changes in granary-stored wheat at 15 and 19% nematodes. moisture content. Mycopathologia 87: 115-120. Biology Bodnaryk, R.P.; Barker, P.S.; Kudryk, L. 1984. Inter- action between synergists and permethin in adults The suitability of four indigenous species of of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Cruciferae, Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt., (Herbst). Pestic. Sci. 25:481-486.

Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 261 Bodnaryk, R.P.; Morishima, I. 1984. Isolation and Kim, WK.; Martens, J.W.; Howes, N.K. 1984. Elec- characterization of a calmodulin lacking tri- trophoretic analysis of detergent-soluble poly- methyllysine from the fat body of the silkworm, peptides of nine races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem. 14:11-17. avenae and their relation to P. graminis f. sp. tritici. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:111-118. Bracken, G.K. 1984. Within plant preferences of larvae of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noc- Kim, WK.; Rohringer, R.; Nielsen, 1. 1984. Com- tuidae) feeding on oilseed rape. Can. Entomol. parison of polypeptides in Ustilago spp. patho- 116:45-49. genic on wheat, barley, and oats: A chemotax- Bracken, G.K.; Bucher, G.E. 1984. Measuring the onomic study. Can. 1. Bot. 62:1431-1437. cost-benefit of control measures for bertha Lamb, R.1. 1984. Effects of flea beetles, Phyllotreta armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestations spp. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera), on the sur- in rapeseed. Can. Entomol. 116:591-595. vival, growth, seed yield and quality of canol a, Chiko, A.W. 1984. Increased virulence of barley stripe rape and yellow mustard. Can. Entomol. mosaic virus for wild oats: Evidence of strain 116:269-280. selection by host passage. Phytopathology Lamb, RJ.; Gerber, G.H.; Atkinson, G.E 1984. Com- 74:595-599. parison of developmental rate curves applied to Chong, 1. 1984. Virulence and distribution of Puccinia egg hatching data of Entomoscelis americana coronata in Canada in 1983. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. Brown (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. 6:249-252. Entomol. 13:868.872. Dyck, P.L.; Johnson, R. 1983. Temperature sensitivity Lukow, a.M.; Bushuk, W. 1984. Influence of germina- of genes for resistance in wheat to Puccinia rec- tion on wheat quality. I. Functional (breadmak- ondita. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 5:229.234. ing) and biochemical properties. Cereal Chern. 61:336-339. Gerber, G.H. 1984. Oviposition site selection in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Lukow, a.M.; Bushuk, W. 1984. Influence of germina- Can. Entomol. 116:27-39. tion of wheat quality. II. Modification of endosperm protein. Cereal Chern. 61:340-344. Gerber, G.H. 1984. Effects of starvation in the first Madrid, EJ.; Sinha, R.N. 1983. Feeding damage of instar larva on growth, development and survival three stored product moths on wheat. 1. Econ. in the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Entomol. 76:1017-1020. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Can. Entomol. 116:529-536. Madrid, E1.; White, N.D.G.; Sinha, R.N. 1983. Effects of malathion dust on Indian meal moth and Gerber, G.H. 1984. Influence of date of oviposition on almond moth (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) infesta- egg hatching and embryo survival in the red turnip tion of wheat. 1. Econ. Entomol. 76:1401-1404. beetle, Entomoscelis americana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Can. Entomol. 116:645-652. Madrid, E1.; Sinha, R.N. 1984. Haplotinea insectella (Fabricius) (Leopidoptera: Tineidae)-a potential Gerber, G.H. 1984. Native host plants of the larvae of pest of stored cereals in North America. 1. Stored the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Prod. Res. 20:107-110. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Can. Entomol. 116:1281.1286. Martens, 1.W. 1984. Incidence and virulence of Puccinia graminis on wheat and barley in Canada Harder, D.E. 1984. Incidence and virulence of in 1983. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:243-248. Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae in Canada in 1983. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:253-256. Martens, 1.W.; Green, GJ.; Buchannon, K.W. 1984. Inheritance of resistance Puccinia graminis Harder, D.E.; McKenzie, R.I.H. 1984. Complex avenae in a Hordeum vulgare selection. Can. 1. additive-type of resistance to Puccinia coronata Plant Pathol. 5:266-268. in Avena sterilis. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6: 135-138. Martens, 1.W; Samborski, DJ.; Kerber, E.R. 1984. Harder, D.E.; McKenzie, R.I.H.; Martens, J.W 1984. Inheritance of adult plant resistance to crown rust Resistance to Puccinia graminis and Puccinia recondita in Aegilops squarrosa. Colloq. in an accession of Avena sterilis. Phytopathology I'INRA. 25:87-89. 74:352-353. Mcintosh, R.A.; Dyck, P.L.; The, T.T.; Cusick, 1.; Huang, H. -Q.; Nielsen, 1. 1984. Hybridization of seed- Milne, D.L. 1984. Cytogenetical studies in wheat ling-infecting Ustilago spp. pathogenic on barley XlII Sr35-a third gene from Triticum monococ- and oats, and a study of the genotypes condition- cum for resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici. Z. ing the morphology of their spore walls. Can. 1. Pflanzenzuecht. 92:1-14. Bot. 62:603-608. McKenzie, R.I.H.; Brown, P.D.; Martens, 1.W.; Ikonen, E.E; Martens, J.W.; Harder, D.E.; Samborski, Harder, D.E.; Nielsen, 1.; Gill, C.C.; Boughton, DJ. 1984. Improved automated device for rapid G.R. 1984. Registration of Dumont oats. Crop planting of differential sets. Plant Dis. Sci. 24:207. 68:266-267.

262 Research Branch Report 1984 Mensah, G.WK.; White, N.D.G. 1984. Laboratory Turnock, W1.; Bilodeau, R.I. 1984. Survival of pupae evaluation of malathion-treated sawdust for con- of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noc- trol of stored-product insects in empty granaries tuidae) and two of its parasites in untilled and and food warehouses. 1. Econ. Entomo1. tilled soil. Can. Entomol. 116:257-267. 77:202-206. Wallace, H.A.H.; Sholberg, P.L.; Sinha, R.N.; Muir, Mills, 1.T.; Clear, K.M.; Daun, 1.K. 1984. Storabilityof WE. 1983. Biological, physical and chemical frost-damaged canola. Can. 1. Plant Sci. changes in stored wheat. Mycopathologia 64:529-536. 82:65-76. Musa, G.L.c.; Dyck, P.L.; Samborski, D.1. 1984. The Warren, P.C.P.; Holford-Strevens, W.; Sinha, R.N. inheritance of resistance in rye to Puccinia recon- 1983. Sensitization in a grain handler to the stor- dita f. sp. secalis and f. sp. tritici. Can. 1. Plant age mite, Lepidoglyphus destructor. Ann. Sci. 64:511-519. Allergy 50:30-33. Nielsen, 1.; Thomas, P.L. 1982. Races of loose smut of White, N.D.G. 1984. Activity of organophosphorus wheat in South Australia. Aust. Plant Pathol. and pyrethroid insecticides applied to wheat 11:53. stored under simulated western Canadian conditions. Can. Entomol. 116:1403-1410. Nielsen, 1.; Huang, H.-Q. 1984. Ustilago spp. pathogenic on Aegilops. 1. Ustilago aegilopsidis. Can. White, N.D.G.; Abramson, D. 1984. Uptake of mal- 1. Bot. 62:1357-1360. athion from galvanized-steel surfaces by stored barley 1. Econ. Entomol. 77:289-293. Roelfs, A .P. ; Martens, 1.W. 1984. The virulence associations in Puccinia graminis tritici in North Amer- Wylie, H.G. 1984. Oviposition and survival of three ica. Phytopathology 74:1022. nearctic euphorine braconids in crucifer-infesting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Can. Rohringer, R.; Ebrahim-Nesbat, E; Wolf, G. 1983. Entomol. 116:1-4. Proteins in intercellular washing fluids from leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). 1. Exp. Wylie, H.G.; Loan, C. 1984. five nearctic and one Bot. 34:1589-1605. introduced euphorine species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) that parasitize adults of crucifer- Singh, D.; Muir, WE.; Sinha, R.N. 1983. finite ele- infesting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chryso- ment modelling of carbon dioxide diffusion in melidae). Can. Entomol. 116:235-246. stored wheat. Can. Agric. Eng. 25:149-152. Singh, D.; Muir, WE.; Sinha, R.N. 1984. Apparent coefficient of diffusion of carbon dioxide through samples of cereals and rapeseed. 1. Stored Prod. Res. 20:169-175. Miscellaneous Sinha, R.N. 1984. Effects of weevil infestation on Gerber, G.H. 1984. Entomoscelis americana Brown, abiotic and biotic quality of stored wheat. 1. Econ. red turnip beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomol. 77:1483-1488. Pages 31-32 in Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Tekauz, A. 1983. Reaction of Canadian barley cultivars Biological control programmes against insects to Pyrenophora graminea, the incitant of leaf and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. Commonwealth stripe. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 5:294-301. Agricultural Bureau, London. Thomas, P.L. 1984. Barley smuts in the Prairie Provin- Gerber, G.H. 1984. The distribution of the red turnip ces of Canada, 1978-82. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown (Coleop- 6:78-80. tera: Chrysomelidae). Can. Agric. Insect Pest Rev. (1983) 61:39-47. Thomas, P.L. 1984. An albino strain of Ustilago nuda from Canada. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:98-100. Harder, D.E. 1984. Developmental ultrastructure of hyphae and spores. Pages 333-373 in Bushnell, Thomas, P.L. 1984. Recombination of virulence genes W.L.; Roelfs, A.P., eds. The cereal rusts. Aca- following hybridization between isolates of demic Press, N.Y. Ustilago nuda infecting barley under natural conditions. Can. 1. Plant Pathol. 6:101-104. Harder, D.E.; Chong, 1. 1984. Structure and physiology of haustoria. Pages 431-475 in Bushnell, Thomas, P.L.; Metcalfe, D. R. 1984. Smut resistance in W.L.; Roelfs, A.P., eds. The cereal rusts. Aca- two introductions of barley from Ethiopia. Can. 1. demic Press, N.Y. Plant Sci. 64:255-260. Johnson, R.; Dyck, P.L. 1984. Resistance to yellow rust Turnock, W.I. 1984. Effects of the stage of development in Triticum spelta var. album and bread wheat of canola (Brassica napus) on the capture of cultivars Thatcher and Lee. Pages 71-74 in moths in sex attractant traps and on larval density Proceedings of the VIth European and Mediterra- of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noc- nean Cereal Rusts Conference, Grignon, France, tuidae). Can. Entomol. 116:579-590. 4-7 September.

Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 263 Loschiavo, S.R.; Abramson, D.; Barker, P.S.; Mills, Martens, 1.W.; Seaman, W.L.; Atkinson, T.G., eds. 1.T.; Sinha, R.N.; Smith, L.B.; Watters, EL.; 1984. Diseases offield crops in Canada. Canadian White, N.D.G. 1984. Insects, mites, and molds in Phytopathological Society. 160 pp. farm-stored grain in the Prairie Provinces/ Rohringer, R.; Heitefuss, R. 1984. Histology and Insectes, acariens et moisissures nuisibles aux molecular biology of host-parasite specificity. grains entreposes la ferme dans les provinces a Pages 193-229 in Bushnell, WR.; Roelfs, A.P., des Prairies. (Edited and compiled by S.R. eds. The cereal rusts, Vol. I. Academic Press, Loschiavo.) Agric. Can. Publ. 1595E 31 pp., Orlando, Fla. 1595F 34 pp. Tekauz, A. 1984. Leaf stripe of barley. Canadex 114.632. Martens, 1.W.; Brown, P.D.; McKenzie, R.I.H.; Turnock, W.I. 1984. Mamestra configurata, bertha Harder, D.E. 1983. Development of resistance to armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pages Puccinia graminis avenae in Avena sativa by 49-55 in Kelleher, I.S.; Hulme, M.A. eds., Bio- mutagen treatment. Pages 105-110 in Induced logical control programs against insects and mutations for disease resistance in crop plants. II. weeds in Canada 1969-1980. Commonwealth International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. Agricultural Bureau, London. Wylie, H.G.; Turnock, W1.; Burgess, L. 1984. Martens, 1.W; Samborski, D.1.; Kerber, E.R. 1984. Phyllotreta spp., flea beetles (Coleoptera: Resistance to Puccinia graminis and Puccinia Chrysomelidae). Pages 73-76 in Kelleher, 1.S.; recondita in Aegilops squarrosa. Pages 87-90 in Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological control programs Proceedings of the VIth European and Mediterra- against insects and weeds in Canada, 1969-1980. nean Cereal Rusts Conference, Grignon, France. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, London.

264 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Station, Melfort, Saskatchewan

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

S.E. Beacom, BSc, MSc, PhD Director G.M. Bell Administrative Officer 0.1. Ewanus, BSc Farm Manager

Forage Production and Utilization lA. Robertson, BSc, MSc, PhD Program Leader; Beef cow-calf nutrition, pasture management S.E. Beacom, BSc, MSc, PhD Utilization of harvested forages S. Bittman, BSc, MSc Forage crop production E.Z. Jan, BSc, MSc, PhD Forage harvesting systems D.H. McCartney, BSc, MSc Beef cow-calf and pasture management systems Z. Mir, BSc, MSc, PhD Ruminant nutrition, forage utilization 1. Waddington,1 BSc, MSc, PhD Forage ecology and weed control

Cereal, Oilseed, and Special Crop Production K.E. Bowren, BSA Program Leader; crop production W.P. Nuttall, BSc, MSc, PhD Soil fertility, crop nutrition L. Townley-Smith,2 BSc, MSc Cereal, oilseed agronomy A.T. Wright, BSA, MSc Crop evaluation and agronomy

VISITING SCIENTIST

Priya Srihara, BSc, MSc, PhD Ruminant nutrition Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council visiting fellow

ITransferred to Swift Current, September 1984. 2phD trainee.

Research Station, Melfort, Sask. 265 INTRODUCTION

The Melfort Research Station staff is involved in three main areas of research. One involves developing more efficient forage production, harvesting, storage, and utilization systems to provide beef cattle producers with a wider range of feeding alternatives and to encourage greater use of forage crops in rotations in the interests of better soil management. Another involves the evaluation of a wide range of cereal, oilseed, pulse, and perennial forage crops under various management and environmental conditions to develop optimum production systems over the long term. The third involves developing efficient beef cow-calf systems in the aspen parkbelt, including pasture management and renovation. The last named program is carried out in cooperation with the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and the Horned Cattle Purchases Act Advisory Committee and was formally extended for another 5-yr period in late 1984. The results of our crops research is directly applicable to an immediate area that includes 10% of Canada's improved agricultural soils, whereas the forage systems and beef cattle management/nutrition research is applicable to a much larger area. In 1984, Mr. Lawrence Townley-Smith was added to the station staff as a PhD trainee in the area of crop agronomy. Brief summaries of some of our work are presented in this report. For further information readers may obtain a copy of our Research Highlights 1984 by writing to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 1240, Melfort, Sask. SOE lAO. (Telephone: (306)752-2776)

S.E. Beacom Director

FORAGE PRODUCTION AND Forage harvesting UTILIZATION Energy requirements. Most forage harvesting equipment is driven from the tractor power take- Forage crops off. For most efficient energy use, it is important Response to fertilizers. Response to the appli- that the load on the power take-off be steady and cation of fertilizers to alfalfa (Medicago media) that it match the power delivered. "Underload- grown on three soil types was determined over ing" is the main cause of energy wastage. several years. In the spring of each year, N at rates Field cutting of the forage crops is more effi- of 10, 45, and 67 kg/ha-1 was applied in combina- cient when using a swather with a 3.7 m cut than tion with S at rates of 0, 22, and 45 kg/ha-I. These when using a mower conditioner with a 2.7 m cut treatments included an application of P at the rate (3.58 Llha versus 6.83 Llha). The wider cut and of 20 kg/ha-1. A control with no fertilizer yielded the shorter turning time both contributed to an average of 2.15 t/ha-I per cut (Wv I, Typic improved efficiency. Also, the wider cut forms Cryoboralf). An additional treatment (22 N, 0 P, heavier windrows, which make the subsequent 26 S kgha-I) yielded 3.01 t/ha-I per cut (average operation more efficient. 10 cuts), the most economical treatment on Wv 1. Forage yield per unit of land has a marked Response to S fertilizer was significant on Wv 1, effect on the efficiency of baling. Where the yield but only significant in one year on Whitefox fine was only 0.56 t/ha, fuel consumption for the large sandy loam (Wf fsl, Typic Cryoboralf), which round and standard square baler was 5.03 and was initially slightly lower in 0.01 M CaClz solu- 4.89 Lit, respectively. With a crop yield of 5.5 t/ ble-S [18.4 versus 16.5 SlJ.g (4 g)-I soil]. Con- ha, fuel consumption dropped to 0.99 Lit and trary to expectation, a yield response of 1.00 Lit, respectively, and baling rate was mark- 0.76 t/ha-I of herbage to the application of S at edly increased. The soft-core round baler con- 45 kg/ha-I was obtained in 2 yr on Melfort silty sumed almost twice as much fuel as did the hard- clay (M sic, Typic Cryoboroll), a soil initially core round baler due to its high peak power containing a very high amount of S04-S [461J.g requirement. To improve efficiency, heavier (4 g)-I soil]. Results indicated that soils need to windrows should be formed by using a wider be tested every 4-5 yr to provide a basis for swather or a double windrow attachment. adjusting sulfur fertilizer rates. Regression analy- Grinding alfalfa bales at 11% moisture required ses revealed that N significantly increased yield 7 Lit for screen sizes of 7, 10, and 13 mm. At a per cut on Wv I and Wf fsl soils, and that S moisture content of 18%, the fuel consumption increased yield on Wv 1, averaged over 5 yr. increased to 19 Lit with the 7-mm screen, 14 Lit

266 Research Branch Report 1984 with the lO-mm screen, and 10 Lit with the Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and could 13-mm screen. The work rate decreased rapidly be applied relatively consistently from year to with the increase of moisture content and the year and from region to region. decrease in screen size (at 11% moisture 3.5,4.6, and 4.8 t/h, and at 18% moisture 1.2, 2.2, and Beef cattle 2.4 t/h for the 7-, 10-, and 13-mm screens, Rations and implants for finishing steers. respectively). Filling the tower silo with an elec- Finishing beef steers fed barley silage plus tric motor-driven forage blower cost 15 cents per increasing levels of grain (averaging 3.6 kg/day tonne compared to 54 cents per tonne when a per head), ground crested wheat grass hay (valued tractor-powered blower was used (electricity at 6 at $55/t), ground alfalfa hay (valued at $66/t), and cents per kilowatt hour and diesel fuel at 40 cents rolled barley ($132/t) plus 10% ground cereal per litre). straw-based rations, gained 1.16, 1.46, 1.42, and Roughland pasture management 1.61 kg/day per head at feed conversion ratios of 9.49,9.53,10.49, and 7.68, respectively (90% A long-term experiment has been under way to DM basis for all rations), to return $7.54, $59.83, evaluate methods of renovating roughland seeded $42.51 and $46.95 per head, respectively, to pastures, using rotational grazing, fertilizer, and a labor. The percentage of steers grading AI or A2 reseeding program. In 1984, the original non- was 89, 85, 89, and 100, respectively, whereas fertilized control pasture produced 1355 kg/ha dressing percentages averaged 53.1,51.9,52.5, dry matter (DM) yields. Pastures that had been and 54.3, respectively. The surprising finding reseeded to brome and alfalfa in 1979 and 1981 was the good economic performance of the steers and fertilized with 90 kg Nand 45 kg P prior to fed the crested wheat grass (crude protein (CP) the 1984 grazing season produced 3637 kg/ha, 14.0%) ration compared to those fed the alfalfa whereas similar fertilized original stands pro- (CP 16.7%) ration. duced 3499 kg/ha. For the period 1974-1984, On the basis of rate of gain, adjusted for dress- control pastures produced 1179 kg/ha, pastures ing percentages, Compudose and Ralgro plus fertilized prior to grazing averaged 2889 kg/ha, Synovex S were superior to Ralgro for grain-fed and pastures fertilized the previous year produced steers, Ralgro and Compudose were superior to 1627 kg/ha. Reseeded, fertilized, and rotationally Ralgro plus Synovex S for silage-fed steers, and grazed fields supported 119.8 cow days per hec- Ralgro plus Synovex S was superior to the other tare (1978-1983); original stand, fertilized, and two implant treatments both for alfalfa- and for rotationally grazed fields supported 108.4 cow crested wheat grass-fed steers. When averaged days per hectare; and non-fertilized continuously across all rations, all three implant treatments grazed fields provided 63.7 cow days per hectare. produced highly satisfactory increases in rate of Cost of fertilizing was offset by the value of the gain ranging from 13 to 23% over unimplanted increased calf gain per hectare, 56 kg/ha versus steers. 89.1 kg/ha. Supplementing the grain-containing ration Remote sensing of pastures with 2% acidulated fatty acids (AFA) improved A remote sensing system has been developed animal performance in some respects, but it and tested in cooperation with Intera Technolo- reduced dressing percentages and was uneco- gies of Calgary, Alta., and a technology transfer nomical. Adding 2% AFA to the ground hay- has been initiated with Sask. Lands Branch and based rations improved animal performance, the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration dressing percentage, and increased return by an (PFRA), for pasture management in Saskatche- average of $20 per head. wan. It has been shown that 1:5000-scale 35-mm Ammoniated barley straw in diets for winter- color infrared (CIR) aerial photo transparencies ing mature. pregnant beef cows. Ammoniation of provided accurate biomass estimates to within barley straw (3.5% NH) by weight-dry matter 10 gm/O.25m2, using texture of the photo as the basis) increased the crude protein content and in basis of interpretation. Landsat data, enhanced as vitro digestible organic matter of Bonanza straw classified DIeS-format showed differences in from 5.2 and 36.5% to 7.4 and 41.9%, and of pasture types, biomass levels, and the location of Klages straw from 3.9 and 29.3% to 6.1 and shrubs, trees, water, and cultural features. It was 35.1 %, respectively. Both control and treated concluded that a multistage remote sensing sys- straws were fed ad libitum throughout the winter tem consisting of a combination of large and feeding period to groups of mature, pregnant beef medium scale CIR photographs and digital Land- cows. Each group was fed the same quantity of sat data would provide information required for barley (DM at 1.8 kg/day per head), whereas the ',various pasture management applications in diet of animals fed the control straw was further

'Research Station, Melfort, Sask. 267 supplemented with 0.33 kg DM canola meal and Control of quack grass in canola brome-alfalfa hay, the quantity of which was Good control of quack grass (Agropyron adjusted so as to maintain the rate of gain of the repens L.) with two new herbicides, DPX 6202 controls the same as that ofthose fed ammoniated (0.2 to 0.5 kg/ha) and DOW 453 (0.5 kg/ha) was straw. To meet the additional requirements of obtained at Melfort. This weed is a serious prob- lactation, the amount of barley fed to both groups lem in extended rotations in northern Saskatche- was increased by 2.4 kg DM per head over a 5-wk wan and its control will be of considerable benefit period beginning just prior to the onset of the to producers. calving season in late March. The performance of cows fed the two diets, as determined by change Wheat midge in body weight, calving percentage, average birth Yield losses attributed to the orange blossom weight, and percent conception were similar for midge in northeastern Saskatchewan approached cows fed each of the diets. The intake of Klages $30 million in 1983. Wheat yields in some fields barley straw, despite a lower crude protein and in were as low as 150 kg/ha. In the infested area, vitro digestibility than that of Bonanza, was both plowing and burning of wheat stubble were 30-40% higher than Bonanza in both the un- widely practiced as producers attempted to con- treated and ammoniated forms. Costing of both trol this insect. diets indicated average daily feed costs per cow A study that was undertaken to determine the were similar, which suggests that ammoniation effect of various trash management practices on may be a practical method of improving nutritive midge emergence, demonstrated that proper quality of straws, particularly at times when the management of wheat stubble is effective in price of alternative feeds such as hay and grain is reducing midge populations in subsequent crops. high. Zero-tillage of wheat stubble resulted in earlier and greatest emergence. Less than one-half as CEREAL, OILSEED, AND SPECIAL many adult midges emerged when stubble was CROP PRODUCTION burned just prior to seeding. Differences among other tillage treatments, which included three Methods of seeding stubble combinations of fall and spring cultivation and plowing, were not significant, and numbers emer- In a 4-yr study on the effects of tillage and ging were intermediate between those found in seeding on crop yields (co-op with Sask. Farm- zero-tilled and burned plots. Lab Program) minimum tillage for seedbed preparation followed by seeding with double disc press drill yielded on average 2464 kg/ha. Direct seeding with a narrow (I cm) shovel hoe press drill produced average yields of 2460 kg/ha, both PUBLICATIONS significantly higher (L.S.D., 52 kg/ha, P = 0.05) than when an air seeder was used on a Research prepared seedbed (2156 kg/ha) or in direct zero Bowren, K.E.; Jan, E.Z. 1984. The effect on yield and till seeding (2362 kg/ha). Crop sequence was quality of windrowing barley at different stages of wheat, wheat, barley, and canola. Seeding with a maturity. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:805-813. triple disc zero till press or with a discer seeder Mir, Z.; Macleod, G.K.; Buchanan-Smith, 1.G.; and packer yielded 2322 and 2365 kg/ha, respec- Grieve, D.G.; Grovum, W.L. 1984. Methods for tively. Stands seeded with the press drill were protecting soybean and canol a protein from deg- more uniform and matured a few days earlier than radation in the rumen. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64(4). those seeded with the air seeder, particularly with Mir, Z.; Macleod, G.K.; Buchanan-Smith, 1.G.; canola. Grieve, D.G.; Grovum, W.L. 1984. Effect of Earlier swathing of barley feeding soybean meal protected with sodium hydroxide, fresh blood or fish hydrolysate to A 5-yr study at Melfort has shown that growing calves and lactating cows. Can. 1. Anim. Bonanza barley can be swathed at about 40% Sci. 64(4). kernel moisture content (KMC) without loss in Petrie, L.; Acres, S.D.; McCartney, D.H. 1984. The yield or quality. Windrowing at this stage permits yield of colostrum and colostral gammaglobulins harvesting 5 to 10 days earlier than normal (KMC by beef calves. Can. Vet. 1. 25(7):273-279. 20%, or less) and reduces losses due to seed Selles, F.; Karamanos, R.E.; Bowren, K.E. 1984. shattering. Windrowing is widely practiced in Changes in natural15N abundance of soils associ- western Canada as a means of reducing ripening ated with tillage practices. Can. 1. Soil Sci. time and shattering prior to combining. 64:345-354.

268 Research Branch Report 1984 Thorlacius, S.o.; Robertson, 1.A. 1984. Effectiveness Bowren, K.E. 1984. Current productivity-black and of anhydrous ammonia as a preservative for high gray wooded soils of Saskatchewan. Pages 49-56 moisture hay. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 64:867-880. in "The optimum tillage challenge." Proceedings of the Saskatchewan Institute of Agronomy Up- Waddington, 1.; Billman, S. 1984. Bromegrass and Date Series, 6-8 Nov., Univ. Sask., Saskatoon, alfalfa establishment with an Argentine rapeseed Sask. companion crop in northeastern Saskatchewan. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 64:303-308. Bowren, K.E. 1984. Results of minimum tillage research on Saskatchewan parkland soils. Pages Waddington, 1.; Billman, S. 1984. Polish rapeseed as a 143-158 in "The optimum tillage challenge." Pro- companion crop for establishing forages in north- ceedings of the Saskatchewan Institute of Agron- eastern Saskatchewan. Can. 1. Plant Sci. omy Up-Date Series, 6-8 Nov., Univ. Sask., 64:677-682. Saskatoon, Sask. Jan, E.Z.; Bowren, K.E. 1984. Effect on soil temperature of different systems of seeding spring and winter wheat. Canadian Society of Agri- cultural Engineering Annual Meeting. Paper No. Miscellaneous 84-103. Barber, E.M.; Jan, E.Z. 1984. Effectiveness of silage Knipfel, 1.E.; Grigat, G.; Beacom, S.E. 1984. Feeding blowers for clearing gases from tower silo. Cana- and managing livestock during a feed shortage/ dian Society of Agricultural Engineering Annual Alimentation et regie du betail en situation de Meeting. Paper No. 84-220. penurie d'aliments. Agric. Can. Pub!. 5231E 22 Beacom, S.E. 1984. Feeding tall wheatgrass hay to pp., 5231F 25 pp. growing beef callie. Canadex 420.61. Macleod, G.K.; Mir, Z.; Buchanan-Smith, 1.G. 1984. Beacom, S.E.; Mir, Z. 1984. A comparison of rumen- Novel methods for protection of protein in rumi- sin and aureomycin in rations for finishing beef nants. Pages 7-14 in Proceedings of the 20th callie. Canadex 400.55. Annual Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufac- turers, Toronto, Ont. Beacom, S.E.; Mir, Z. 1984. The interaction of growth promoting implants for beef callie with ration, sex Robertson, 1.A. 1984. Supplementing a low quality and feed additive (Rumensin and Aureomycin). roughage diet for wintering pregnant beef cows. Canadex 400.55. Canadex 420.61.

Research Station, Melfort, Sask. 269

Research Station, Regina, Saskatchewan

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

1. Dueck, BSA, MSc, PhD Director L.E. Hurry, I Administrative Officer

Support Staff Vacant Information Officer R.K. Schmidt,2 Systems Manager/Analyst R.E Wise Computer Programmer S. P. Yanosik, 3 Library Technician

Biological Control of Weeds P. Harris, BSF, DIC, PhD Head of Section; Entomology M.G. Maw, BSc, MSc Entomology K. Mortensen, BSc, PhD Plant pathology D.P. Peschken, BSA, MSc, DrSciAgr Entomology

Weed Ecology and Physiology G.1. McIntyre, BSc, PhD Head of Section; Physiology, water relations, dormancy G.G. Bowes, BSA, MSc, PhD Range weeds A.I. Hsiao,4 BSc, MSc, PhD Physiology, dormancy L. Hume, BSc, PhD Crop losses, ecology 1.H. Hunter, BSA, PhD Control-annual crops A.G. Thomas, BSc, MSc, PhD Surveys, ecology

Environmental Chemistry of Herbicides R.Grover, BSc, PhD Head of Section; Availability, mobility A.J. Cessna,5 BA, PhD Residues, plants A.E. Smith, BSc, PhD, DSc, FCIC Residues, metabolism, soil

Seed Increase G.R. Boughton, BSA, MSc Head of Section

Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Sask. Vacant Superintendent D.A. Derksen,6 BSA Agronomy

Departures c.1. Bubar, BSA, MSc Information Officer Resigned December 1984 DJ. Gourlay Administrative Officer Transferred to Prairie Region Headquarters, Regina, July 1984

Research Station, Regina, Sask. 271 S.F. Forsyth, BSc, MSc, PhD Biological control of weeds W.A. Quick, BA, BEd, MA, PhD Weed physiology

Graduate student R. Boyle-Makowski, BSc(Hon), MSc Biological control of weeds

'Appointed 5 November 1984. 2Appointed 3 February 1984. 3Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch, June 1983. 40n transfer of work from September 1984. 50n transfer of work from April 1984. 6Appointed 4 September 1984.

272 Research Branch Report 1984 INTRODUCTION

The program of the Regina Research Station focuses on the biology and control of weeds in cultivated crops and pastures. The extensive use of herbicides in prairie agriculture has created a demand for scientific information on efficacy, crop tolerance, persistence in soil, and movement away from the intended target. In recent years, our program has also examined exposure hazards to herbicide sprayer operators and successfully developed means to minimize hazards in handling herbicides. New technology is being developed for the use of plant pathogens and insects for the control of weed species as an alternative to control with herbicides. In addition to the weed research program, the station has responsibility for increase of seed of new crop varieties developed by Agriculture Canada for distribution to the seed industry and for a winter plant breeding nursery in California. Cereal, oilseed, forage, and pulse crops are evaluated for adaptability to southeastern Saskatchewan. The station also participates in the South Saskatchewan Wheat Breeding Program. Agronomic experiments develop new information for soil and crop management. The operations of the Indian Head Experimental Farm are being revitalized through a series of internal changes. The Seed Increase Unit is being relocated to the Experimental Farm from Regina. A new seed plant was constructed, the equipment was moved, and land preparation was completed. Staff relocation will take place in time to be fully operational at the new site by the 1985 growing season. Both agronomist positions were vacant for most of the year and research activities were temporarily curtailed. With the hiring of one agronomist, new program initiatives have begun. Program plans will be completed after recruiting a second agronomist. Departures from the station include c.1. Bubar, Information Officer, who resigned to pursue a PhD program in weed science, and OJ. Gourlay, Administrative Officer, who transferred to Prairie Region Headquarters. Dr. A.J. Cessna spent most of the year studying pesticide chemistry with Ciba- Geigy in Switzerland, and Dr. A.I. Hsiao went to the University of California, Riverside, Calif., to study physiology of herbicide activity. Enquiries for detailed information on research activities may be directed to the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, 5000 Wascana Parkway, P.O. Box 440, Regina, Sask. S4P 3A2.

1. Dueck Director

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of this insect, so efforts are being made to carefully select more suitable release sites. Canada thistle Although previous releases of the stem gall fly Narrow-leaved hawk's.beard Urophora cardui (L.), which had been brought A project was undertaken in 1982 to determine over from Europe, failed to become established the suitability of narrow-leaved hawk's-beard, a on Canada thistle in western Canada, colonies weed prevalent in alfalfa and mixed forage crops have been thriving in eastern Canada. Therefore, in western Canada, for biological control. The it was decided to release larvae from eastern 2-yr study showed that the weed does not occur in Canadian stock in Saskatchewan and compare the sufficient numbers in alfalfa fields used for survival rate to those from Europe. Results from dehydration in Saskatchewan to cause significant 1983 and 1984 showed that 81% of larvae from losses in yield. With respect to forage quality, it New Brunswick survived the winter in Saskatch- was found that protein content of narrow-leaved ewan versus about 30% of the larvae of European hawk's-beard was an average 1.5 times lower than stock. Thus, it would appear that the New Bruns- alfalfa. In order to reduce the protein content of wick population has become considerably more the alfalfa pellets below the minimum required winter hardy than the insects from the original level, the proportion of the weed in the pellets collection site in Europe and new releases are would have to exceed 25%, which seems highly being made in western Canada with this stock. unlikely. Based on the surveys conducted, even This behavior is similar to other biological con- where the weed was found to occur at very high trol agents that have become abundant after a densities such as in some alfalfa hay fields and in period of adaptation. In addition, observations in fields of creeping red fescue grown for seed, crop New Brunswick confirmed earlier speculation yields were not affected. In the bromegrass- that wind-protected areas favor the development alfalfa pastures surveyed, it was found that young

Research Station, Regina, Sask. 273 plants of narrow-leaved hawk's beard were eaten Leafy spurge readily by cattle, so that over all densities were The root-feeding beetles Aphthona jlava low. Therefore, it is apparent that narrow-leaved Guill., and A. cyparissiae Koch., have been hawk's-beard derives its reputation as a weed established at two locations in Saskatchewan. The because it is showy, conspicuous, and a good populations are at a low level but the insects have colonizer. It is too weak a competitor to cause been proven capable of surviving the winter and significant forage losses and its presence has little should contribute to the control of leafy spurge on influence on the quality of forage or alfalfa pel- wet sites. Releases of the spurge hawkmoth Hyles lets. Thus, narrow-leaved hawk's-beard is not a euphorbiae (L.) from new European stock were suitable target for biological control. made this summer at Maxim and Caronport, Knapweed Sask. A project was initiated to examine the effect of several biological control agents on the stress Diffuse and spotted knapweed currently infest physiology of leafy spurge. A survey and study of 83 000 ha of rangeland in British Columbia and the native pathogens occurring on leafy spurge grass yields on this land have declined by up to was completed and it was determined that none of 90%. The weeds threaten 10 million hectares in the isolated disease organisms, of which western Canada and have been spreading at about Alternaria spp., were the most prevalent, have 9% a year despite a vigorous chemical con- potential for biological control. tainment program. Approximately 95% seed reduction is needed for a decline in the weed population. The establishment of the seed head gall flies Urophora affinis Frfld., and U. quad- WEED ECOLOGY AND rifasciata (Meig.) have gone a long way toward PHYSIOLOGY achieving this threshold, with reductions commonly over 90%. Crop loss survey It was previously shown that the rosette-root The losses from potential prouLlction due to moths Agapeta zoegana (L.) and Pelochrista weeds in crops grown in the four western provin- medullana Stgr., were specific to a few species of ces were estimated by surveying research and knapweed, and between 100 and 200 larvae of extension personnel as part of a joint project of each species were bred from the few moths the Weed Science Society of America. Of the obtained from eastern Europe. These were total loss of $723 million, approximately 85% released in September 1983 by transferring them occurred in field crops, 3% in vegetable crops, to knapweed rosettes growing at Summerland, 1% in fruit and nut crops, less than 1% in forage B.C. All the rosettes at the P. meddulana release and seed crops, and 10% in hay crops. Approxi- site were destroyed by voles during winter and it mately 48% of the total loss occurred in Sas- became necessary to establish a new release site. katchewan, 29% in Alberta, 17% in Manitoba, Approximately one-half of the A. zoegana larvae and 6% in British Columbia. This information is survived the winter. The establishment of these of benefit to producers in developing economical moths will be a valuable addition to knapweed integrated weed management strategies, exten- control, since each larva destroys the roots of sion agencies in identifying crops for which the several small or one medium-sized rosette in the greatest gains would be expected, and research spring. Additional insects are being screened as groups in developing a cost-benefit rationale for potential biocontrol agents. enhancing food production through weed The knapweed rust Puccinia jaceae Otth., research. inflicts considerable damage to knapweed in Weed-wheat competition Europe, but under laboratory conditions it was found to also affect the seedling stage of saf- Field studies were conducted to determine the flower. The adult safflower plants were com- importance of including crop density in studies pletely resistent. Field tests with this rust will be on weed-wheat competition and making esti- conducted in France in 1985- I986 to determine if mates of crop losses due to weeds. In the farm the rust affects and does any damage to safflower fields and research plots examined, it was found under natural conditions. Data from these tests that wheat density taken in adjacent I m2 quadrats are critical for deciding whether the rust can be varied by an average of 25 plants, regardless of safely approved for release in Canada, and they the seeding implement used. Densities could vary may set a precedent for the future screening of by over 100 crop plants in individual com- biocontrol agents that have a marginal ability to parisons. Yield, dry weight, and tillering of indi- attack non-target plants. vidual plants decreased with increasing wheat

274 Research Branch Report 1984 density. It was shown that the current methods for embryo of the wild oat seed in relation to the studying weed competition in small grain crops, onset of dormancy and the experimental induc- using yield comparisons of weed-free and weedy tion of germination. Dormancy developed quadrats to estimate crop loss, can be highly rapidly between 18 and 22 days after anthesis. At distorted if crop density is not taken into account. the beginning of this period the water content of A more accurate procedure has been developed, the embryo was 119% of dry weight and decreased using multiple regression that relates both crop to 13% at maturity. During 10 days of imbibition and weed abundance to crop loss. The equation by the mature caryopsis the embryo water content usedisy = ax. + bX2 + c. Wherey = crop loss; increased to a constant maximum level of 121% a and b are partial regression coefficients; XI is a but the seed remained dormant. When the dor-

crop density measure; X2 is a weed abundance mant embryo was then excised from the fully measure; and c is a constant. imbibed caryopsis and placed on wet filter paper, Control of persian darnel in wheat its water content increased by approximately 10% within 30 min. After a further 18 h, germination The effect of custom-mixed fertilizer (N at 56 occurred. It is felt that this response was not due kg/ha, P at 36 kg/ha) on the control of persian to leaching of germination inhibitors from the darnel with diclofop methyl was examined under embryo, because germination also occurred when field conditions. When the fertilizer alone was the embryos were kept in a saturated atmosphere applied, both the number of culms and the dry but not in contact with water. These results are weight of the persian darnel decreased by 30 and consistent with the hypothesis that seed dor- 20%, respectively, whereas the wheat showed a mancy in wild oats is due to factors that prevent significant increase in number of culms and dry the uptake of imbibed water by the embryo in the weight as well as a 54% increase in grain yield. amount required for germination. The addition of fertilizer was more beneficial to the wheat than to the weed and the resulting Glyphosate translocation in quack grass increase in crop competition caused decreases in A series of experiments were conducted under the growth of the persian darnel. This beneficial controlled conditions to investigate the effect of effect of the fertilizer on the crop was also evident both root and shoot applications of nitrogen on when the diclofop methyl was applied to control the uptake and translocation of 14C-labeled the persian darnel. In the presence of the fertil- glyphosate in quack grass. When the nitrogen izer, the herbicide resulted in a 30% increase in supply to the roots was increased from 5 to 210 wheat yield over plots treated with the herbicide ppm for 21 days prior to the application of alone. These results support the hypothesis that in glyphosate, herbicide uptake was increased by order to get good control of persian darnel with 65% and there was 60% increase in the amount diclofop methyl, it is necessary to have good translocated out of the treated leaf. A similar growing conditions to increase crop competi- increase in the nitrogen supply for only 4 h prior tiveness. to herbicide application has the opposite effect, Herbicide efficacy and crop tolerance data immobilizing the herbicide in the treated leaf and causing a 40% reduction in the amount translo- Research data from the four western provinces cated to other parts of the plant. However, the on performance of herbicides related to efficacy application of nitrogen to the leaves of low nitro- and crop tolerance is collated on an annual basis gen plants promoted glyphosate translocation, into a three-volume report. To facilitate significantly increasing the amount that was accumulation and handling of the data involving moved out of the treated leaf and resulting in a approximately 1200 abstracts annually, a compu- 35% increase in the amount in the roots. Further ter program was developed in 1976. Changes in studies are required to evaluate the use of foliar technology, including vastly lower rates for some nitrogen application as a means of increasing the herbicides, differences in tolerance among effectiveness of glyphosate for quack grass con- cultivars within a crop, and different formulations trol. of the same herbicide required modifications to the program in 1984. The computerized input of data will lead to development of an effective data comparison system. The volume of data included ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF in the report is increasing by 10% annually. HERBICIDES Seed dormancy in wild oats Exposure levels during herbicide application Under controlled conditions a study was con- A program was initiated in 1980, in collabora- ducted of changes in the water content of the tion with the University of Saskatchewan College

Research Station, Regina, Sask. 275 of Medicine and Health and Welfare Canada, to Head. Replicate samples of sainfoin wet forage obtain reliable and quantitive data on exposure of were collected at the various locations when the applicators to herbicides during spraying. After sainfoin was in early to full bloom. Additional initially studying the exposure of an aerial appli- samples were collected of sainfoin that was left in cation crew to 2,4-D iso-octyl ester in 1980, the the field to cure into hay at the Melfort Research program was continued in 1981 and 1982 to exam- Station only. Analysis showed that triftural in resi- ine the exposure of farmers applying the amine dues in both the forage and hay samples were less salt of 2,4-D with tractor-pulled groundrigs. As than either of the respective limits of detection. with the aerial applicators, it was found that the percent dermal exposure of the groundrig operators was greater than 99, whereas less than I% of SEED INCREASE AND the total exposure could be attributed to inhala- DISTRIBUTION tion. The area of the body that was most exposed were the hands, which had more than 90% of the In 1984, Agriculture Canada released to the dermal exposure. The indirect method of measur- SeCan Association 300 kg of Kyle durum wheat, ing exposure, using the amount of 2,4-D excreted 178 kg of NorMan ftax, and 400 kg of Prima fall in the urine, indicated that less than I% of the rye. In addition, 6525 kg of HY320 wheat and total exposure was actually absorbed. In the 375 kg of TR212 barley were released to the regions of the body covered by two layers of Canadian Wheat Board and 650 kg of Heartland cotton clothing consisting of a shirt, a pair of barley were released to SeCan for further increase pants, and coveralls, dermal exposure was under contract. Breeder seed of 55 varieties was reduced by 80 to 90%. Consequently, it is felt that distributed to 693 growers. by using gauntlet-type rubber gloves during all Breeding material from 24 plant breeders spray tank filling, container rinsing and sprayer across Canada underwent multiplication and maintenance operations, and by wearing two selection at a winter nursery in southern Califor- layers of cotton protective clothing, dermal expo- mao sure to herbicides by groundrig operators can be A program for verification of varietal purity of effectively minimized. certified seed was again carried out in coopera- Herbicide persistence in soils tion with the Plant Health and Plant Products Directorate and the Canadian Seed Growers The degradation of ring-labeled [14C] chIor- Association. The general level of contamination sulfuron was studied under field conditions at a in the 3331 samples grown was very low, with no rate of 660 g/ha in small sandy loam plots. Soil variety displaying any consistent high levels of was sampled to a depth of 10 cm, and after 45 wk off-types. between 5 and 10% of the applied radioactivity was recovered as chlorsulfuron, whereas approximately 15% of the initial activity was in the form of the degradation product 2-chlorobenzene- PUBLICATIONS sulfonamide. After 95 wk about 2% of the original radioactivity remained as chlorsulfuron in Research the soil, and approximately 20% remained as Boyle-Makowski, R.M.D.; Philogene, B.1.R. 1983. sulfonamide. The persistence of formulated The native pollinators of an apple orchard: Varia- chlorsulfuron, at a rate of 40 g/ha was also inves- tions and significance. 1. Hortic. Sci. 58:355-363. tigated under field conditions, using small plots Cessna, A.J. 1984. Determination of allidochlor resi- at two locations for three successive years. Using dues in pre- and/or postemergence-treated leeks. a corn root bioassay procedure, it was observed 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32:171-173. that between 4 and 16% of the herbicide applied Hsiao, A. I.; McIntyre, G.I. 1984. Evidence of competi- during May was recoverable from the top IO-cm tion for water in the mechanism of root bud inhibi- soil layers the following May. tion in milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Can. 1. Bot. 62:379-384. Herbicide residues in sainfoin Hsiao, A.!.; Quick, W.A.; Jain, 1.c. 1984. Phos- An analytical method was developed to deter- phorous-containing compounds at comparable mine residues of trift uralin in sainfoin wet forage germination stages of caryopses of Avena species. and hay with limits of detection of 10 and 50 ILgl 1. Exp. Bot. 35:617-625. kg, respectively. Sainfoin plots were treated with Hsiao, A.!.; Vidaver, W; Quick, WA. 1984. Acidifica- 1.12 kg/ha preplant incorporated applications of tion, growth promoter and red light effects on trifturalin at Agriculture Canada research facili- germination of skotodormant lettuce seeds ties located at Lethbridge, Melfort, and Indian (Lactuca sativa). Can. 1. Bot. 62:1108-1115.

276 Research Branch Report 1984 Huang, P.M.; Grover, R.; McKercher, R.B. 1984. Harris, P. 1984. Carduus Ilutalls L., nodding thistle and Components and particle size fractions involved C. acallthoides L., plumeless thistle (Com- in atrazine adsorption by soils. Soil Sci. positae). Pages 115-126 ill Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, 138:20-24. M.A., eds. Biological control programmes Mcintyre, G.I.; Boyer, J.S. 1984. The effect of humid- against insects and weeds in Canada. Common- ity, root excision and K supply in hypocotyl wealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England. elongation in dark-grown seedlings of Heliall- Harris, P. 1984. Euphorbia ellsula-virgata complex, thus. Can. 1. Bot. 62:420-428. leafy spurge, and E. cyparissias L., cypress Mcintyre, G.I.; Quick, W.A. 1984. Control of sprout spurge (Euphorbiaceae). Pages 159-169 ill growth in the potato. Effect of humidity and water Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biologicai con- supply. Can. 1. Bot. 62:2140-2145. trol programmes against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Peschken, D.P. 1984. Host range of Lema cyallella Slough, England. (Coleoptera: Chrysolelidae), a candidate for biocontrol of Canada thistle, and of four ste- Harris, P. 1984. Lillaria vulgaris Mill., yellow toadflax nophagous foreign thistle insects in North Amer- and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., broad-leaved ica. Can. Entomol. 116:1377-1384. toadflax (Scrophulariaceae). Pages 179-182 ill Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- Sawhney, R.; Hsiao, A.I.; Quick, W.A. 1984. Tem- trol programmes against insects and weeds in perature control of germination and its possible Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, role in the survival of a non-dormant population Slough, England. of Avellafatua. Physiol. Plant. 61:331-336. Harris, P. 1984. Salsola pestijer A. Nels., Russian Smith, A.E. 1984. Gas chromatographic method for thistle (Chenopodiaceae). Pages 191-193 ill analysis of 2,4-D in wheat: Interlaboratory study. Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- 1. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chern. 67:794-798. trol programmes against insects and weeds in Smith, A.E. 1984. Soil persistence studies with brom- Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, oxynil, propanil and [14c] dicamba in herbicidal Slough, England. mixtures. Weed Res. 24:291-295. Harris, P.; Maw, M. 1984. Hypericum perforatum L., Smith, A.E.; Muir, D.C.G. 1984. Determination of St. John's wort (Hypericaceae). Pages 171-177 ill extractable and nonextractable radioactivity from Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- small field plots 45 and 95 weeks after treatment trol programmes against insects and weeds in with [14C]dicamba, (2,4-dichloro[14C]phe- Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, noxy)acetic acid, [14C]triallate and [14C]tri- Slough, England. fluralin. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 32:588-593. Harris, P.; Myers, 1.H. 1984. Centaurea diffusa L. and Zwolfer, H.; Harris, P. 1984. Biology and host specif- C. maculosa, diffuse and spotted knapweed icity of Rhillocyllus cOllicus (Froel.) (Col. Cur- (Compositae). Pages 127-137 ill Kelleher, 1.S.; culionidae) a successful agent for the biocontrol Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological control proof the thistle, Carduus Ilutalls L. Z. Angew. Ent. grammes against insects and weeds in Canada. 97:36-62. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England. Harris, P.; Wilkinson, A.T.S. 1984. Cirsium vulgare Miscellaneous (Savi) Ten., Bull thistle (Compositae). Pages 147-153 ill Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Bio- Chandler, 1.M.; Hamill, A.S.; Thomas, A.G. 1984. logical control programmes against insects and Crop losses due to weeds in Canada and the weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural United States. Special report of the Losses Due to Bureau, Slough, England. Weeds Committee. Weeds Science Society of Harris, P.; Wilkinson, A.T.S.; Myers, 1.H. 1984. America, Champaign, Ill. 22 pp. Sellecio jacobaea L. (Compositae). Pages Derksen, D.A. 1983. Evaluation of varietal tolerance to 195-201 ill Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Bio- herbicides. Pages 55-62 ill Proceedings of the logical control programmes against insects and Manitoba Agronomists Conference 14-15 weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural December, Winnipeg, Man. Bureau, Slough, England. Harris, P. 1984. Current approaches to biological con- Maw, M.G. 1984. Ambrosia artemisifolia L., common trol of weeds. Pages 95-103 ill Kelleher, 1.S.; ragweed (Compositae). Pages 111-112 ill Kelleher, Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological control pro- 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada. grammes against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England. England.

Research Station, Regina, Sask. 277 Maw, M.G. 1984. Convolvulus arvensis L., field bind- trol programmes against insects and weeds in weed (Convolvulaceae). Pages 155-157 in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- Slough, England. trol programmes against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Peschken, D.P. 1984. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Slough, England. Canada thistle, (Compositae). Pages 139-146 in Kelleher, J.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- Maw, M.G. 1984. Opuntia polyacantha Hav., plains trol programmes against insects and weeds in prickly-pear cactus (Cactaceae). Pages 183-184 in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Kelleher, J.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- Slough, England. trol programmes against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Peschken, D.P. 1984. Sonchus arvensis L., perennial Slough, England. sow-thistle, S. oleraceus L., annual sow-thistle and S. asper (L.) Hill, spiny annual sow-thistle Maw, M.G. 1984. Rhamnus cathartica L. (Rham- (Compositae). Pages.205-209 in Kelleher, 1.S.; naceae), common or European buckthorn. Pages Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological control pro- 185-189 in Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. grammes against insects and weeds in Canada. Bilological control programmes against insects Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agri- England. cultural Bureau, Slough, England. Shewchuk, S.R.; Grover, R. 1984. An investigation of Maw, M.G. 1984. Silene cucubalus Wibel, bladder the processes of volatilization to the atomosphere campion (Caryophylloceae). Pages 203-204 in from application of pre-emergence herbicides to a Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- wheat field. Sask. Res. Counc. Pub!. E-906-7- trol programmes against insects and weeds in C-84. 24 pp. Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Slough, England. Thomas, A.G.; Wise, R.E 1984. Weed surveys of Man- Maw, M.G. 1984. Verbascum thapsus L., common itoba cereal and oilseed crops from 1978, 1979 mullein (Scrophulariaceae). Pages 211-212 in and 1981. Agric. Can. Weed Survey Series Pub!. Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- 84-1. 230 pp. trol programmes against insects and weeds in Watson, A.K.; Harris, P. 1984. Acroptilon repens (L.) Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, DC., Russian knapweed (Compositae). Pages Slough, England. 105-110 in Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Bio- Maw, M. G. ; Schroeder, D. 1984. Artemisia absinthium logical control programmes against insects and L., absinth (Compositae). Pages 113-114 in weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Agricultural Kelleher, 1.S.; Hulme, M.A., eds. Biological con- Bureau, Slough, England.

278 Research Branch Report 1984 Research Station, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

J.R. Hay, BSA, MS, PhD, FWSSA Director R.K. Downey, OC, BSA, MSc, PhD, Assistant Director; Oilseed breeding--canola FAIC, FRSC R.J. Peters Administrative Officer

Scientific Support R.E. Howarth, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Legume bloat-biochemistry M.J. Bentham, BSc, MSc Computer Systems Manager D.M. Kichuk,' BFA, BA, MLS Librarian C.E. Lynn, BSA Information Officer H.K. Milne Computer Systems Programmer D.T. Spurr, BSc, MSc, PhD Statistician R.E. Underwood Photographer

Oilseeds R.K. Downey, OC, BSA, MSc, PhD, Head of Section; Oilseed breeding--canola FAIC, FRSC A.P. Arthur, BSc, MSc, PhD Oilseed crop insects L. Burgess, BSc, MSc, PhD Oilseed crop insects K.L. Falk,2 BSc, MSc Oilseed breeding--canola D.S. Hutcheson,3 BA, BSA, PhD Oilseed breeding--canola 0.1. McGregor, BSc, MSc, PhD Physiology of Brassica spp. G.A. Petrie, BA, MA, PhD Oilseed crop diseases G.F.W Rakow, BSA, PhD Oilseed breeding--canola G.Seguin-Swartz, BSc, PhD Cytogenetics of Brassica spp. H. Ukrainetz, BSA Soil fertility P.R. Verma, BSc, MSc, PhD Oilseed crop diseases D.L. Woods,4 BPharm, MPhil, PhD Oilseed breeding-mustard, sunflowers

Cereals H. Harding, BSc, PhD Head of Section; Cereal K.L. Bailey,S BSc, MSc Cereal root diseases WL. Crowle, BSA, MSc Cereals and crop management L.J. Duczek, BSA, MSc, PhD Cereal root diseases R.D. Tinline,6 BA, MSc, PhD, FCSPP Cereal root diseases

Forage Crops B.P. Goplen, BSA, MSc, PhD Head of Section; Legume breeding C.H. Craig, BA Forage crop insects B.D. Gossen,? BSc, PhD Forage and low-temperature diseases M.Y. Gruber,8 BSc, MSc Plant biotechnology R.E. Howarth, BSA, MSc, PhD Legume bloat-biochemistry R.P. Knowles, BSA, MSc, PhD, FAIC Grass breeding G.L. Lees, BSc, PhD Legume bloat-plant physiology

Research Station, Saskatoon, Sask. 279 Insect Pest Management IE Doane, BSA, MS, PhD Head of Section; Insects-ecology and behavior G.R.F. Davis, BSc, MSc, PhD Insects-physiology and nutrition R.H. Elliott, BA, PhD Insecticides M.A. Erlandson,9 BSc, MSc, PhD Insect virology A.B. Ewen, BA, MA, PhD, FRES Insects-ecology and pathology RJ. Ford, BSA, MSc, PhD Engineering EIH. Fredeen, BSA, MSc Black flies c.F. Hinks, BSc, ARCS, DIC, PhD Insects-toxicology M.K. Mukerji, BSc, MSc, PhD Insects-management 0.0. Olfert, BSc, BSA, MSc, PhD Insects-ecology N.D. Westcott, BSc, PhD Pesticide------chemistry

Scott Experimental Farm K.I Kirkland, BSA, MSc Superintendent; Weeds and crop management S.A. Brandt, BSA, MSc Agronomy

Departure ID. Smith, BSc, MSc Forage and low-temperature diseases Retired 11 February 1984

VISITING SCIENTISTS

S.N. Acharya, MSc, PhD Plant pathology Canol a Council of Canada visiting fellow, 1980-1981; research associate, 1982-1984 L. Ge Plant breeding Canadian International Development Research Centre visiting research scientist, 1984-1985 W. Manzoor, BSA Plant breeding Canadian International Development Research Centre training fellow, May to September 1984 IP. Raney, BSc, PhD Plant biochemistry Canol a Council of Canada research associate, 1984-1985 M.I Swartz, BSc, MSc Plant biochemistry Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council visiting fellow, 1984-1985 A. Tereffe, DIP Plant breeding Canadian International Development Research Centre training fellow, August 1984 to February 1985

280 Research Branch Report 1984 Graduate students G. Alemaw, BSA Plant breeding D. Dostaler, BSc, MSc Plant pathology H.K. Love, BSA, MSc Plant breeding H.-M. Kao, BSA, MSc Plant biotechnology Y. Semeane, BSc Oilseed pathology R.-C. Yang, BSc Plant pathology

'Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 20n educational leave, University of Saskatchewan, from I May 1984. 3Appointed 3 July 1984. 4()n a Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) assignment to Njoro, Kenya, from 4 July 1983 to 31 August 1984. 50n educational leave, University of Saskatchewan, from I April 1984. 60n transfer of work to Queensland Wheat Research Institute, Toowoomba, Australia, August 1983 to 5 March 1984. 7Appointed 13 August 1984. 80n educational leave, University of Guelph, from 21 September 1984. 9Appointed 3 July 1984.

Research Station, Saskatoon, Sask. 281 INTRODUCTION

This report covers the results of work completed in 1984 at the Saskatoon Research Station and the Scott Experimental Farm, 160 km west of Saskatoon. Four research programs are conducted. The oilseed, forage crops, and cereal programs include research on breeding, agronomy, and control of diseases, weeds, and insects. We have the major responsibility in the Research Branch for research on rapeseed/canola and mustard. We, along with the Lethbridge and Kamloops research stations, are an integral part of the Branch's research program on development of bloat-safe alfalfa. We have a major responsibility for the development of forage grasses for the northern prairies. The cereal program is mainly concerned with reducing losses from root rot in wheat and barley, and with the breeding of utility wheats. The integrated pest management program deals with the development of control systems for problem insects (Le., grasshoppers, wireworms, wheat midges, black flies) that are not specifically restricted to anyone commodity. A major objective in the program is the minimization of our dependence on insecticides for the control of these pests. Three new scientists joined the staff, Dr. D.S. Hutcheson, a plant breeder, will be working on development of hybrid canola. Dr. M. A. Erlandson, an insect pathologist, strengthens the Integrated Pest Management program with his research on use of pathogens for the control of insects. Dr. B.D. Gossen, a plant pathologist, will carry on the research on cold temperature diseases of forage crops and winter cereals previously conducted by J.D. Smith, who retired after 19 yr service. Dr. R.D. Tinline returned from a transfer of work in Australia, doing research on common root rot. Dr. D.L. Woods returned from a foreign assignment in Kenya. Previous reports and reprints of publications can be obtained from the Saskatoon Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 107 Science Crescent, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N OX2.

J.R. Hay Director

OILSEEDS Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius), was the most abundant species in the canol a-growing areas Rapeseed/canola near the northern forest, whereas the crucifer flea Breeding and utilization. The two most recent beetle, P. cruciferae (Goeze), was by far the most canol a cultivars developed at Saskatoon, Tobin, abundant species elsewhere in the parklands. licensed in 1980, and Westar, licensed in 1982, Similar trends in the relative numbers of the two occupied over 76% of the area seeded to canola in pest species were evident in sweep net catches in western Canada in 1984. Nearly all of this area canola crops. was sown with Certified seed, probably the high- Adult flea beetles hibernating in a parkland est use of Certified seed ever achieved by any grove of trees were samples for three consecutive major crop in western Canada. It is estimated that winters to determine their numbers and distribu- the additional production obtained by farmers tion within the grove and assess the value of using Tobin and Westar amounted to approxi- winter sampling for monitoring flea beetle popu- mately $100 million in 1984. lations. In one winter, the combined population of hibernating adult crucifer and striped flea bee- Biotechnology. The high androgenic Brassica tles in the grove was estimated to be in excess of campestris L. genotype (7B3-10) produced an two million beetles per hectare. Both species extremely high number of embryos from cultured showed a clumped or aggregated rather than an anthers. Selfed progeny plants of 7B3 -10 varied in even distribution in the grove. The great variation their ability to produce embryos. Results from F] in numbers of beetles obtained in different sam- hybrids from selfed progeny plants of 7B3-1O x pling sites indicated that too many samples would cultivar Tobin, a low androgenic genotype, be required for winter sampling in groves to be a showed that the high embryogenic characteristic practical method of estimating flea beetle abun- is transferable. Its inheritance, however, appears dance over large canola-growing areas. to be complex. Diseases. Preemergence and postemergence 1nsects. The composition of the flea beetle damping-off, root rot, and basal stem, or foot rot, population attacking canol a crops in the Sas- are important seedling diseases of canola in west- katchewan parklands was monitored with attrac- ern Canada. They are manifestations of a complex tant traps for 2 yr. The striped flea beetle, of organisms, with Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn

282 Research Branch Report 1984