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IS 2988 (1995): Vernier Theodlite [PGD 22: Educational Instruments and Equipment]

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IS 2988 (1995): Vernier Theodlite [PGD 22: Educational Instruments and Equipment] इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान का अधकार, जी का अधकार” “परा को छोड न 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 2988 (1995): Vernier theodlite [PGD 22: Educational Instruments and Equipment] “ान $ एक न भारत का नमण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge” “ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी चराया नह जा सकताह ै”ै Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” Indian Standard VERNIER THEODOLITE - SPECIFICATION f First Revision / ICS 17*180*30 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 November 1995 Price Group 4 Optical and Mathematical Instruments Sectional Committee, LM 20 FOREWORD This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Optical and Mathematical Instruments Sectional Committee had been approved by the Light Mechanical Engineering Division Council. Theodolite is an instrument for precise measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. The vernier theodolite is provided with graduated horizontal and vertical circles and two small vernier scales. The vernier scales are movable and remain in sliding contact with the graduated circles. The vernier the- odolite is not so precise as other advanced designs, such as optical theodolite but is still used largely due to lower cost and simplicity of design. Vernier theodolite may be used for all types of survey\ required for small and large scale mapping. This standard is one of a series of Indian Standards dealing with surveying instruments. A separate Indian Standard has also been prepared to cover the requirements of optical theodolites ( IS 2976 : !964 ‘Optical theodolite’ ). The standard was originally published in 1965 and since then three amendments have been issued. There have been changes in the referred Indian Standard. In the present revision, besides, incorporat- ing all the amendments and updating the reference of Indian Standards, the sensitivity of azimuth bubble and altitude bubble have been modified. Jolting test has been renamed as drop test for better understanding. This standard is intended chiefly to cover the technical provisions relating to vernier theodolite and it does not include all the necessary provisions of a contract. For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( rrvised )‘. The number of signi- ficant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value rn this standard. IS 2988 : 1995 Indian Standard VERNIERTHEODOLITE- SPECIFICATION (First Revision ) I SCOPE IS No. Title 1.1 This standard covers the functional and general 10236 Procedure for basic climatic and requirements of vernier theodolites. The theodolite ( Part 14 ) : 1986 durability tests for optical instru- shall be referred to not by the size of its horizontal circle ments : Part 14 Driving rain test but by the least count of its vernier, such as vernier (Reaffirmed 1991 ) theodolite of 20 seconds: A typical vernier theodolite is 10236 Procedure for basic climatic and shown in Fig. 1. (Part 15 ) : 1986 durability tests for optical in- struments : Part 15 Drop test (Reaffirmed 1991 ) 3 TERMINOLOGY 3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply. 3.1 Alidade T’he term alidade is applied to the whole of that part of the theodolite that rotates with the telescope. 3.2 Centring Bringing the vertical axis of the theodolite immediately over a mark on the ground or under a mark overhead. 3.3 Dark Glasses Coloured glasses used over the eyepiece to protect the eye during observation of the sun. 3.4 Diagonal Eyepiece An eyepiece fitted with a reflecting prism to reflect the rays of light at right angles to the ordinary line of sight and is used for astronomical and high angle observa- tions. FIG. 1 VERNIERTHEODOLIE 3.5 Least Count Measure of the smallest unit which a vernier will 2 REFERENCES resolve. The following Indian Standards are necessary adjuncts 3.6 Limb to this standard : IS No. Title The limb consists of the vertical axis, the horizontal circle and the illumination system. 988 : 1959 General requirements for optical components ( Reaffirmed 1991 ) 3.7 Standard 1632: 1993 Optical instruments-Bubbles- Two vertical arms of the theodolite which bear the Specification (first revision ) transit axis, telescope, vertical circle and vernier frame. 1764 : 1961 Trough compass ( Reaffirmed 3.8 Striding Level 1991 ) Asensitive level mounted at right angle to the telescope 10236 Procedure for basic climatic and axis and used mainly in astronomical observations for ( Part 11 ) : 1985 durability tests for optical in- levelling the horizontal axis or measuring any error ill struments : Part 11 Vibration test the level of the axis. (Reaffirmed 1990 ) IS 2988 : 1995 3.9 Transit, Horizontal or ‘kunnion Axis 5.1 lkibrach The axis about which the telescope and vertical circle This shall be so designed as to accommodate the rotate. theodolite or a target or a subtense bar, without affect- ing the centring and levelling of the tribrach. 3.10 tinsit 5pe Theodolite 5.1.1 A clamp which should be firm and non-slipping shall be provided for locking the tribrach with the The possibility of reversing the line of sight by rotation theodolite or the target or the subtense bar. of the telescope constitutes the necessary and distin- guishing feature of the transit theodolite. These are 5.1.2 A foot screw tension plate shall be provided to made so that the sighting telescope will transit on its keep the foot screws firm in the’sleeves of the base horizontal axis, so that it may be reversed end for end plate. without removing it from its bearings. 5.1.3 The foot screws shalF operate smoothly and be adjustable in run and enclosed so as! to make it dust- 3.11 lkibrach tight. The part of the theodolite carrying the levelling screws. 5.1.4 A suitable fixing arrangement shall be provided for clamping the trivet to the head of the tripod ( see 3.12 Trivet also 5.4 ). An underpart of the theodolite which may be secured 5.1.5 A circular bubble shall be provided on the tripod to the tripod top with which the toes of the levelling stand or tribrach to allow for quick pre-levelling of the screws make contact. instrument. 3.13 Vernier 5.2 Limb It is a device for resolving divisions of a scale. The limb shall turn smoothly about the vertical axis. 5.2.1 Graduation on verniers shall be engraved on 3.14 Vertical Axis nickel silver and the strip comprising the vernier shall The axis about which the alidade rotates. be inset into the outer rim of the upper plate so as to lie against and in the same plane as the graduated arc on 4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS the lower plate. 4.1 Each part of the theodolite shall be made Gem 5.2.2 Circles shall be graduated as to give direct read- material of suitable strength and shall be suitably ings up to 20 minutes and verniers to give reading up finished. to 20 seconds. Each fifth degree line shall be numbered. 4.1.1 Different parts of the theodolite, as far as pos- 5.23 Index marks along the verniers shall be attached sible, shall be manufactured from metals with similar to both lower and upper plates to facilitate accurate thermal expansion, so that its accuracy is unaffected by measurements of small angular values. large variations in temperature. 5.2.4 The centring device shall preferably be placed 4.1.2 Coating and plating on each part shall be durable above the tribrach and below the lower plate. This to resist discolouration, wear and rust. arrangement has an advantage in that the centring may be done after the instrument has been levelled. 4.2 The theodolite shall be carefully adjusted 90 that it rotates uniformly on its axes. It shall be thoroughly 5.2.5 On most theodolites the outer run of the lower tested by the manufacturers, particularly against vibra- circleis not flat but is bevelled off and the nickel silver tion and variation in temperature. graduated ring lies on the bevelled surface. This is convenient for observations. 4.3 The optical parts shall be clear of fog and moulds. The optical parts shall conform to IS 988 : 1959. The 5.2.6 The magnifiers normally fitted in the vernier telescope shall be hermetically sealed to avoid fungus theodolites are attached to special arms which permit a growth. The optical system shall be reasonably free certain amount of lateral motion along th.e vernier scale from aberrations. to enable the magnifiers to be brought over any desired graduations. 4.3.1 The optical parts shall preferably be coated with antireflection coating.
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