DOCSLIB.ORG

Invitation to Quantum Mechanics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

i Invitation to Quantum Mechanics Daniel F. Styer ii Invitation to Quantum Mechanics Daniel F. Styer Schiffer Professor of Physics, Oberlin College copyright c 31 May 2021 Daniel F. Styer The copyright holder grants the freedom to copy, modify, convey, adapt, and/or redistribute this work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International License. A copy of that license is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode. You may freely download this book in pdf format from http://www.oberlin.edu/physics/dstyer/InvitationToQM: It is formatted to print nicely on either A4 or U.S. Letter paper. You may also purchase a printed and bound copy from World Scientific Publishing Company. In neither case does the author receive monetary gain from your download/purchase: it is reward enough for him that you want to explore quantum mechanics. Love all God's creation, the whole and every grain of sand in it. Love the stars, the trees, the thunderstorms, the atoms. The more you love, the more you will grow curious. The more you grow curious, the more you will question. The more you question, the more you will uncover. The more you uncover, the more you will love. And so at last you will come to love the entire universe with an agile and resilient love founded upon facts and understanding. | This improvisation by Dan Styer was inspired by the first sentence, which appears in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov. iii iv Dedicated to Linda Ong Styer, adventurer Contents Synoptic Contents 1 Welcome 3 1. \Something Isn't Quite Right" 9 1.1 Light in thermal equilibrium: Blackbody radiation . 10 1.2 Photoelectric effect . 23 1.3 Wave character of electrons . 30 1.4 How does an electron behave? . 35 1.5 Quantization of atomic energies . 36 1.6 Quantization of magnetic moment . 42 2. What Is Quantum Mechanics About? 47 2.1 Quantization . 47 2.2 Interference . 59 2.3 Aharonov-Bohm effect . 67 2.4 Light on the atoms . 70 2.5 Entanglement . 72 2.6 Quantum cryptography . 84 2.7 What is a qubit? . 88 v vi Contents 3. Forging Mathematical Tools 89 3.1 What is a quantal state? . 89 3.2 Amplitude . 91 3.3 Reversal-conjugation relation . 99 3.4 Establishing a phase convention . 101 3.5 How can I specify a quantal state? . 103 3.6 States for entangled systems . 112 3.7 Are states \real"? . 116 3.8 What is a qubit? . 116 4. The Quantum Mechanics of Position 119 4.1 Probability and probability density: One particle in one dimension . 119 4.2 Probability amplitude . 124 4.3 How does wavefunction change with time? . 126 4.4 Wavefunction: Two particles . 127 4.5 Solving the Schr¨odingertime evolution equation for the infinite square well . 131 4.6 What did we learn by solving the Schr¨odinger time evolu- tion equation for the infinite square well? . 139 4.7 Other potentials . 149 4.8 Energy loss . 152 4.9 Mean values . 153 4.10 The classical limit of quantum mechanics . 157 4.11 Transitions induced by light . 166 4.12 Position plus spin . 172 Contents vii 5. Solving the Energy Eigenproblem 177 5.1 Sketching energy eigenfunctions . 178 5.2 Scaled quantities . 198 5.3 Numerical solution of the energy eigenproblem . 201 6. Identical Particles 205 6.1 Two or three identical particles . 205 6.2 Symmetrization and antisymmetrization . 208 6.3 Consequences of the Pauli principle . 214 6.4 Consequences of the Pauli principle for product states . 217 6.5 Energy states for two identical, noninteracting particles . 217 6.6 Spin plus space, two electrons . 219 6.7 Spin plus space, three electrons, ground state . 225 7. Atoms 229 7.1 Central potentials in two dimensions . 229 7.2 Central potentials in three dimensions . 236 7.3 The hydrogen atom . 238 7.4 The helium atom . 247 7.5 The lithium atom . 252 7.6 All other atoms . 253 7.7 The periodic table . 256 8. The Vistas Open to Us 259 Appendix A Significant Figures 263 Appendix B Dimensions 269 viii Contents Appendix C Complex Arithmetic 277 Appendix D Problem-Solving Tips and Techniques 279 Appendix E Catalog of Misconceptions 283 Index 285 Synoptic Contents Welcome What is quantum mechanics and why should I care about it? 1. \Something Isn't Quite Right" Historical experiments show that classical mechanics is flawed. 2. What Is Quantum Mechanics About? If classical mechanics is wrong, then what is right? We explore, in the context of modern experiments with qubits, the atomic phenomena that quantum mechanics needs to explain. 3. Forging Mathematical Tools We build a framework for the quantum mechanics of qubits, using a mathematical tool called \amplitude". 4. The Quantum Mechanics of Position The framework, built to treat qubits, extends to treat continuum position as well. Energy plays a central role here. 1 2 Synoptic Contents 5. Solving the Energy Eigenproblem Since energy plays a central role, we devote a chapter to solving such problems. We find that solving particular problems strengthens our conceptual understanding, and that conceptual understanding strengthens our skill in solving particular problems. 6. Identical Particles This surprisingly subtle topic deserves a chapter of its own. 7. Atoms We apply our new knowledge to physical (rather than model) systems. 8. The Vistas Open to Us This book is an invitation. Where might you and quantum mechanics travel together? Welcome Why would anyone want to study quantum mechanics? Starting in the year 1900, physicists exploring the newly discovered atom found that the atomic world of electrons and protons is not just smaller than our familiar world of trees, balls, and automobiles, it is also fundamentally different in character. Objects in the atomic world obey different rules from those obeyed by a tossed ball or an orbiting planet. These atomic rules are so different from the familiar rules of everyday physics, so counterintuitive and unexpected, that it took more than 25 years of intense research to uncover them. But it is really only since the year 1990 that physicists have come to appreciate that the rules of the atomic world (now called \quantum mechan- ics") are not just different from the everyday rules (now called \classical mechanics"). The atomic rules are also far richer. The atomic rules provide for phenomena like particle interference and entanglement that are simply absent from the everyday world. Every phenomenon of classical mechanics is also present in quantum mechanics, but the quantum world provides for many additional phenomena. Here's an analogy: Some films are in black-and-white and some are in color. It does not malign any black-and-white film to say that a color film has more possibilities, more richness. In fact, black-and-white films are simply one category of color films, because black and white are both colors. Anyone moving from the world of only black-and-white to the world of color is opening up the door to a new world | a world ripe with new possibilities and new expression | without closing the door to the old world. This same flood of richness and freshness comes from entering the quan- tum world. It is a difficult world to enter, because we humans have no expe- 3 4 Welcome rience, no intuition, no expectations about this world. Even our language, invented by people living in the everyday world, has no words for the new quantal phenomena | just as a language among a race of the color-blind would have no word for \red". Reading this book is not easy: it is like a color-blind student learning about color from a color-blind teacher. The book is just one long argument, building up the structure of a world that we can explore not through touch or through sight or through scent, but only through logic. Those willing to follow and to challenge the logic, to open their minds to a new world, will find themselves richly rewarded. The place of quantum mechanics in nature Quantum mechanics is the framework for describing and analyzing small things, like atoms and nuclei. Quantum mechanics also applies to big things, like baseballs and galaxies, but when applied to big things, cer- tain approximations become legitimate: taken together, these are called the classical approximation to quantum mechanics, and the result is the familiar classical mechanics. Quantum mechanics is not only less familiar and less intuitive than classical mechanics; it is also harder than classical mechanics. So whenever the classical approximation is sufficiently accurate, we would be foolish not to use it. This leads some to develop the misimpression that quantum mechanics applies to small things, while classical mechanics applies to big things. No. Quantum mechanics applies to all sizes, but classical mechanics is a good approximation to quantum mechanics when it is applied to big things. For what size is the classical approximation good enough? That depends on the accuracy desired. The higher the accuracy demanded, the more situ- ations will require full quantal treatment rather than approximate classical treatment. But as a rule of thumb, something as big as a DNA strand is almost always treated classically, not quantum mechanically. This situation is analogous to the relationship between relativistic me- chanics and classical mechanics. Relativity applies always, but classical mechanics is a good approximation to relativistic mechanics when applied to slow things (that is, with speeds much less than light speed c). The speed at which the classical approximation becomes legitimate depends upon the Welcome 5 accuracy demanded, but as a rule of thumb particles moving less than a quarter of light speed are treated classically.
Recommended publications
  • Elementary Explanation of the Inexistence of Decoherence at Zero

    Elementary Explanation of the Inexistence of Decoherence at Zero

    Elementary explanation of the inexistence of decoherence at zero temperature for systems with purely elastic scattering Yoseph Imry Dept. of Condensed-Matter Physics, the Weizmann Institute of science, Rehovot 76100, Israel (Dated: October 31, 2018) This note has no new results and is therefore not intended to be submitted to a ”research” journal in the foreseeable future, but to be available to the numerous individuals who are interested in this issue. Several of those have approached the author for his opinion, which is summarized here in a hopefully pedagogical manner, for convenience. It is demonstrated, using essentially only energy conservation and elementary quantum mechanics, that true decoherence by a normal environment approaching the zero-temperature limit is impossible for a test particle which can not give or lose energy. Prime examples are: Bragg scattering, the M¨ossbauer effect and related phenomena at zero temperature, as well as quantum corrections for the transport of conduction electrons in solids. The last example is valid within the scattering formulation for the transport. Similar statements apply also to interference properties in equilibrium. PACS numbers: 73.23.Hk, 73.20.Dx ,72.15.Qm, 73.21.La I. INTRODUCTION cally in the case of the coupling of a conduction-electron in a solid to lattice vibrations (phonons) 14 years ago [5] and immediately refuted vigorously [6]. Interest in this What diminishes the interference of, say, two waves problem has resurfaced due to experiments by Mohanty (see Eq. 1 below) is an interesting fundamental ques- et al [7] which determine the dephasing rate of conduc- tion, some aspects of which are, surprisingly, still being tion electrons by weak-localization magnetoconductance debated.
  • Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Yakir Aharonov Chapman University, Aharonov@Chapman.Edu

    Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Yakir Aharonov Chapman University, [email protected]

    Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Science and Technology Faculty Articles and Faculty Articles and Research Research 2016 Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Yakir Aharonov Chapman University, [email protected] Eliahu Cohen Tel Aviv University Tomer Shushi University of Haifa Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/scs_articles Part of the Quantum Physics Commons Recommended Citation Aharonov, Y., Cohen, E., & Shushi, T. (2016). Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will. Quanta, 5(1), 53-60. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12743/quanta.v5i1.44 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Science and Technology Faculty Articles and Research at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Comments This article was originally published in Quanta, volume 5, issue 1, in 2016. DOI: 10.12743/quanta.v5i1.44 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. This article is available at Chapman University Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/scs_articles/334 Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Yakir Aharonov 1;2, Eliahu Cohen 1;3 & Tomer Shushi 4 1 School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Schmid College of Science, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3 H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  • Geometric Phase from Aharonov-Bohm to Pancharatnam–Berry and Beyond

    Geometric Phase from Aharonov-Bohm to Pancharatnam–Berry and Beyond

    Geometric phase from Aharonov-Bohm to Pancharatnam–Berry and beyond Eliahu Cohen1,2,*, Hugo Larocque1, Frédéric Bouchard1, Farshad Nejadsattari1, Yuval Gefen3, Ebrahim Karimi1,* 1Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada 2Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel 3Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel *Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Whenever a quantum system undergoes a cycle governed by a slow change of parameters, it acquires a phase factor: the geometric phase. Its most common formulations are known as the Aharonov-Bohm, Pancharatnam and Berry phases, but both prior and later manifestations exist. Though traditionally attributed to the foundations of quantum mechanics, the geometric phase has been generalized and became increasingly influential in many areas from condensed-matter physics and optics to high energy and particle physics and from fluid mechanics to gravity and cosmology. Interestingly, the geometric phase also offers unique opportunities for quantum information and computation. In this Review we first introduce the Aharonov-Bohm effect as an important realization of the geometric phase. Then we discuss in detail the broader meaning, consequences and realizations of the geometric phase emphasizing the most important mathematical methods and experimental techniques used in the study of geometric phase, in particular those related to recent works in optics and condensed-matter physics. Published in Nature Reviews Physics 1, 437–449 (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s42254-019-0071-1 1. Introduction A charged quantum particle is moving through space.
  • Annual Report to Industry Canada Covering The

    Annual Report to Industry Canada Covering The

    Annual Report to Industry Canada Covering the Objectives, Activities and Finances for the period August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2009 and Statement of Objectives for Next Year and the Future Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street North Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5 Table of Contents Pages Period A. August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2009 Objectives, Activities and Finances 2-52 Statement of Objectives, Introduction Objectives 1-12 with Related Activities and Achievements Financial Statements, Expenditures, Criteria and Investment Strategy Period B. August 1, 2009 and Beyond Statement of Objectives for Next Year and Future 53-54 1 Statement of Objectives Introduction In 2008-9, the Institute achieved many important objectives of its mandate, which is to advance pure research in specific areas of theoretical physics, and to provide high quality outreach programs that educate and inspire the Canadian public, particularly young people, about the importance of basic research, discovery and innovation. Full details are provided in the body of the report below, but it is worth highlighting several major milestones. These include: In October 2008, Prof. Neil Turok officially became Director of Perimeter Institute. Dr. Turok brings outstanding credentials both as a scientist and as a visionary leader, with the ability and ambition to position PI among the best theoretical physics research institutes in the world. Throughout the last year, Perimeter Institute‘s growing reputation and targeted recruitment activities led to an increased number of scientific visitors, and rapid growth of its research community. Chart 1. Growth of PI scientific staff and associated researchers since inception, 2001-2009.
  • David Bohn, Roger Penrose, and the Search for Non-Local Causality

    David Bohn, Roger Penrose, and the Search for Non-Local Causality

    David Bohm, Roger Penrose, and the Search for Non-local Causality Before they met, David Bohm and Roger Penrose each puzzled over the paradox of the arrow of time. After they met, the case for projective physical space became clearer. *** A machine makes pairs (I like to think of them as shoes); one of the pair goes into storage before anyone can look at it, and the other is sent down a long, long hallway. At the end of the hallway, a physicist examines the shoe.1 If the physicist finds a left hiking boot, he expects that a right hiking boot must have been placed in the storage bin previously, and upon later examination he finds that to be the case. So far, so good. The problem begins when it is discovered that the machine can make three types of shoes: hiking boots, tennis sneakers, and women’s pumps. Now the physicist at the end of the long hallway can randomly choose one of three templates, a metal sheet with a hole in it shaped like one of the three types of shoes. The physicist rolls dice to determine which of the templates to hold up; he rolls the dice after both shoes are out of the machine, one in storage and the other having started down the long hallway. Amazingly, two out of three times, the random choice is correct, and the shoe passes through the hole in the template. There can 1 This rendition of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, 1935, delayed-choice thought experiment is paraphrased from Bernard d’Espagnat, 1981, with modifications via P.
  • 2. Superoscillations.Pdf

    2. Superoscillations.Pdf

    When the Whole Vibrates Faster than Any of its Parts Computational Superoscillation Theory Nicholas Wheeler December 2017 Introduction. The phenomenon/theory of “superoscillations”—brought to my attention by my friend Ahmed Sebbar1—originated in the time-symmetric formulation of quantum mechanics2 that gave rise to the theory of “weak measurements.” Recognition of the role that superoscillations play in that work was brought into explicit focus by Aharonov et al in 1990, and since that date the concept has found application to a remarkable variety of physical subject areas. Yakir Aharonov took his PhD in 1960 from the University of Bristol, where he worked with David Bohm.3 In 1992 a conference was convened at Bristol to celebrate Aharonov’s 60th birthday. It was on that occasion that the superoscillation phenomenon came first to the attention of Michael Berry (of the Bristol faculty), who in an essay “Faster than Fourier” contributed to the proceedings of that conference4 wrote that “He [Aharonov] told me that it is possible for functions to oscillate faster than any of their Fourier components. This seemed unbelievable, even paradoxical; I had heard nothing like it before. ” Berry was inspired to write a series of papers relating to the theory of superoscillation and its potential applications, as also by now have a great many other authors. 1 Private communication, 17 November 2017. 2 Y. Aharonov, P. G. Bergmann & J. L. Libowitz, “Time symmetry in the quantum meassurement process,” Phys. Rev. B 134, 1410–1416 (1964). 3 It was, I suspect, at the invitation of E. P Gross—who had collaborated with Bohm when both were at Princeton—that Aharonov spent 1960–1961 at Brandeis University, from which I had taken the first PhD and departed to Utrecht/CERN in February of 1960, so we never met.
  • A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Niels Bohr

    A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Niels Bohr

    A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Niels Bohr Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 09 June 2021 Version 1.308 Title word cross-reference + [VIR+08]. $1 [Duf46]. $1.00 [N.38, Bal39]. $105.95 [Dor79]. $11.95 [Bus20]. $12.00 [Kra07, Lan08]. $189 [Tan09]. $21.95 [Hub14]. $24.95 [RS07]. $29.95 [Gor17]. $32.00 [RS07]. $35.00 [Par06]. $47.50 [Kri91]. $6.95 [Sha67]. $61 [Kra16b]. $9 [Jam67]. − [VIR+08]. 238 [Tur46a, Tur46b]. ◦ [Fra55]. 2 [Som18]. β [Gau14]. c [Dar92d, Gam39]. G [Gam39]. h [Gam39]. q [Dar92d]. × [wB90]. -numbers [Dar92d]. /Hasse [KZN+88]. /Rath [GRE+01]. 0 [wB90, Hub14, Tur06]. 0-19-852049-2 [Ano93a, Red93, Seg93]. 0-19-853977-0 [Hub14]. 0-521-35366-1 [Kri91]. 0-674-01519-3 [Tur06]. 0-85224-458-4 [Hen86a]. 0-9672617-2-4 [Kra07, Lan08]. 1 2 1.5 [GRE+01]. 100-˚aret [BR+85]. 100th [BR+85, KRW05, Sch13, vM02]. 110th [Rub97a]. 121 [Boh87a]. 153 [MP97]. 16 [SE13]. 17 [Boh55a, KRBR62]. 175 [Bad83]. 18.11.1962 [Hei63a]. 1911 [Meh75]. 1915 [SE13]. 1915/16 [SE13, SE13]. 1918 [Boh21a]. 1920s [PP16]. 1922 [Boh22a]. 1923 [Ros18]. 1925 [Cla13, Bor13, Jan17, Sho13]. 1927 [Ano28]. 1929 [HEB+80, HvMW79, Pye81]. 1930 [Lin81, Whe81]. 1930/41 [Fer68, Fer71]. 1930s [Aas85b, Stu79]. 1933 [CCJ+34].
  • People and Things

    People and Things

    People and things Jean-Pierre Gourber will be Leader of the Miguel Virasoro becomes Director of the CERN's new LHC Division for three years from International Centre for Theoretical Physics 1 January 1996. (ICTP), Trieste. CERN elections and appointments A t its meeting on 23 June, XI CERN's governing body, the Council, decided to create an LHC Division as from 1 January 1996. The LHC Division will focus on the core activities related to the construction of the machine, namely supercon­ ducting magnets, cryogenics and vacuum together with supporting activities. Jean-Pierre Gourber was appointed Leader of the new LHC Division for three years from 1 January 1996. Council also appointed Bo Angerth as Leader of Personnel Division for three years from 1 January 1996, succeeding Willem Middelkoop. Jiri Niederle (Czech Republic) was elected Vice-President of Council for one year from 1 July 1995. tion, demonstrated that the gluons of EPS Prizes the strong interactions were a physi­ cal reality. The prestigious High Energy and The existence of such three-jet Particle Physics Prize of the Euro­ events in electron-positron collisions pean Physical Society for 1995 goes had been predicted in a pioneer to Paul Soding, Bjorn Wiik and ICTP Trieste Director CERN Theory Division paper by John Gunter Wolf of DESY and Sau Lan Ellis, Mary K. Gaillard and Graham Distinguished theorist Miguel Wu of Wisconsin for their milestone Ross. work in providing 'first evidence for Virasoro becomes Director of the There has always been keen rivalry three-jet events in electron-positron International Centre for Theoretical between the four 1979 PETRA colla­ collisions at PETRA' (DESY's elec­ Physics (ICTP), Trieste, succeeding borations - JADE, MARK-J, PLUTO tron-positron collider).
  • Prof. Ravi V. Gomatam Prof. Ravi V. Gomatam

    Prof. Ravi V. Gomatam Prof. Ravi V. Gomatam

    Prof. Ravi V. Gomatam Curriculum Vitae Director , Institute of Semantic Information Sciences & Technology, Berkeley Mumbai Adjunct Professor , Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India Contact Info Email: [email protected] India: Juhu Road, Juhu, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 049, India +91-22-2620-2332 (board line), +91-99-6797-5499 (cell) USA: PO Box 3206, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA +1-510-841-7618 (main), +1-510-868-4957 (direct) Wikipedia entry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomatam_Ravi Education • (1998) Ph.D. in Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Mumbai University, India • (1974) M.E. in Electronics Engineering, BITS, Pilani, India • (1972) B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamalai University, India Fields of Research Interest Macroscopic Quantum Mechanics; Semantic Information; Semantic web; Semantic Computing; Macroscopic Quantum Computing; Foundations of Chemistry; Complex Analysis; Exotic Manifolds; Complexity and Information; Entropy and Information; Quantum Signal Processing; Biology and Information. Career Summary Professor Ravi Gomatam is an NRI research scientist, who has lived over three decades in the USA, working in both industry and later in full-time research & academic positions. After obtaining his Masters degree in electronics engineering from India, he moved to the USA in the early 1970s, ran his own consultancy firm in the areas of operating system design, data communications and very-large 1 database design, and carried out projects for many fortune-500 companies including General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Burroughs and IBM. In the mid 1980s, he turned to academics, obtaining his Ph.D. in the foundations of quantum mechanics, which remains his area of active research. He now does full-time research and graduate level teaching.
  • Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory: a Conference Held in Honor of Professor John A

    Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory: a Conference Held in Honor of Professor John A

    ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 755 April 7, 1995 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN QUANTUM THEORY: A CONFERENCE HELD IN HONOR OF PROFESSOR JOHN A. WHEELERa Editors DANIEL M. GREENBERGER and ANTON ZEILINGER Conference Organizer DANIEL M.GREENBERGER Conference Organizing Committee YANHUASHIH and CARROLL ALLEY Scientific Advisory Committee YAKIRAHARONOV,MICHAELBERRY,CLAUDECOHEN-TANNOUDJI, DANIELM.GREENBERGER,DAVIDKLYSHKO,ANTHONYLEGGETT, LEONARDMANDEL,N.DAVIDMERMIN,J~~RGENMLYNEK,MIKION~IKI, HELMUTRAUCH,MARLANSCULLY,ABNERSHIMONY,AKIRATONOMURA, HERBERTWALTHER,RICHARDWEBB,S~UELWERNER,CHEN-NINGYANG, and ANTON~EILINGER CONTENTS . Preface. By DANIEL M. GREENBERGER . xl11 Part I. Multiphoton Processes and Downconversion Two-Photon Downconversion Experiments. By L. MANDEL . ..‘....................... 1 Quantum Optics: Quantum, Classical, and Metaphysical Aspects. By D. N. KLYSHKO . 13 Second-Order Photon-Photon Correlations and Atomic Spectroscopy. By ULRICH W.RATHE,MARLAN 0. SCULLY, and SUSANNE F.YELIN.............. 28 EPR and Two-Photon Interference Experiments Using Type-II Parametric Downconversion. BY.H.SHIH,A.V.SERGIENKO, T.B. PITTMAN, and M. H. RUBIN . 40 Frustrated Downconversion: Virtual or Real Photons? By H. WEINFURTER, T.HERzo G,P.G.KwIAT,J.G.RARI~, A.ZEILINGER,and M. ZUKOWSKI........ 61 ‘This volume is the result of a conference entitled Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory: A Conference Held in Honor of Professor John A. Wheeler, which was sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences and held on June 18-22,1994, in Baltimore, Maryland. Part II. Quantum Optics and Micromasers Atoms and Photons in High-Q Cavities: New Tests of Quantum Theory. By SERGE HAROCHE . 73 Quantum Measurement in Quantum Optics. By H. J. KIMBLE, 0. CARNAL, Z.HU,H.MABUCHI,E.S.POLZIK,R.J.THOMPSON, and Q.A.TURCHETTE .
  • Opening Paragraph • State for Which Job You’Re Applying, and Where You Saw the Ad

    Opening Paragraph • State for Which Job You’Re Applying, and Where You Saw the Ad

    2018 Physics Nobel Prize Tomorrow! • Leading contenders: • Yakir Aharonov and Michael Berry, Geometric phases in Quantum Mechanics • John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, Bell’s Inequalities and Entanglement • Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima, Yasuo Shirai and Tsutomu Miyasaka, Use of Perovskite and organometals in solar cells • Lene Hau, Slowing of light (to 50 km/h) • David Smith and John Pendry, Development of “metamaterials” (invisibility cloaks!) Presenting Your Best Side! Resumes, Cover Letters, Personal Statements, and Elevator Speeches PHYS 480 – Fall 2018 Curriculum Vitaes (CVs) • A short (one to two page) summary of your skills and experience • Should include: 1. Full name / address / email / website 2. Education 3. Work Experience 4. Skills and Knowledge Cover Letters • Opening paragraph • State for which job you’re applying, and where you saw the ad. Describe your interest and enthusiasm for the job. If you have any particular connections to the company, you may want to mention them up front. • Make it a captivating read! • Middle paragraph (or two) • Clearly connect your past to the job opening. Talk about how your past experiences gave you the necessary skills and knowledge for this particular job. Focus on what you can bring to the company, not what the job will do for you. • Closing paragraph • Thank the person you’re writing for their time / attention. • Reiterate your enthusiasm for joining the company. • Express your eagerness to meet in person to discuss the opportunity. Personal Statements • An opportunity for you to present yourself to the graduate (medical) school application committee! • Similar to the cover letter for job applications (so make the first paragraph count!) • May be a deciding factor to a committee looking at a borderline acceptance.
  • Prof. Ravi Gomatam Curriculum Vitae

    Prof. Ravi Gomatam Curriculum Vitae

    Prof. Ravi Gomatam Curriculum Vitae Education (1998) Ph.D. in Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Mumbai University (1974) M.E. in Electronics Engineering, BITS, Pilani, India (1972) B.E. in Electronics Engineering, Annamalai University, India Positions Held Director, Institute of Semantic Information Sciences and Technology (www.insist.ac.in), 2008-current Visiting Professor, Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), New Delhi, 2016-2017 Director, Bhaktivedanta Institute, Berkeley & Mumbai (www.bvinst.edu), 1997-current Adjunct Professor, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani, India, 1997-2007 Professor and Ph.D. Guide, University of Mumbai, 2015-Present Career Arc After Masters, moved to USA, worked with many fortune- 500 companies in Detroit, in the areas of operating system design, data communications and very large data base design. Returned to academics, obtained Ph.D. in Philosophy, foundations of quantum mechanics, from University of Mumbai. Over two decades of experience in research, post-graduate level teaching, and guiding M.S./Ph.D. dissertations. Pioneering work in three different fields of science Macroscopic Quantum Mechanics Semantic Information Sciences and Technology (SIST) Consciousness Studies Macroscopic Quantum Mechanics (MQM) Developing a quantum theory of the macroscopic regime logically independent of current microscopic quantum mechanics (mQM). A Nobel Laureate in quantum physics has remarked regarding his approach: "We can get out of the confusions in QM with this approach. Perhaps, this is how we should be doing science." His work in Macroscopic Quantum Mechanics (MQM) has already been cited in wide ranging fields from control engineering, neuroscience, ecology and marketing theory. Two of his papers have been part of curriculum at Masters level in courses at Brown University and University of Connecticut.