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Lepidoptera in Agricultural Landscapes – the Role of Field Margins, the Effects of Agrochemicals and Moth Pollination Services

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Lepidoptera in Agricultural Landscapes – the Role of Field Margins, the Effects of Agrochemicals and Moth Pollination Services Lepidoptera in agricultural landscapes – The role of field margins, the effects of agrochemicals and moth pollination services von Melanie Hahn aus Landau Angenommene Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Fachbereich 7: Natur-und Umweltwissenschaften Universität Koblenz-Landau Berichterstatter: Dr. Carsten Brühl, Landau Prof. Dr. Ralf Schulz, Landau Tag der Disputation: 22. September 2015 You cannot get through a single day without having an impact on the world around you. What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what difference you want to make. Jane Goodall Danksagung Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei allen bedanken, die mich bei der Durchführung meiner Dissertation unterstützt haben! Mein besonderer Dank gilt: … Dr. Carsten Brühl, der nicht nur meine Begeisterung und Faszination für die Gruppe der Nachtfalter schon während meines Studiums geweckt hat, sondern mich auch in allen Phasen meiner Dissertation von der ersten Planung der Experimente bis zum Schreiben der Publikationen mit vielen Ideen und hilfreichen Diskussionen unterstützt und weitergebracht hat. Danke für die hervorragende Betreuung der Arbeit! … Prof. Dr. Ralf Schulz für die Ermöglichung meiner Dissertation am Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und auch für die Begutachtung dieser Arbeit. … Juliane Schmitz, die mir während der gesamten Zeit meiner Dissertation stets mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand! Herzlichen Dank für die vielen fachlichen Gespräche und Diskussionen, die mir immer sehr weitergeholfen haben, die Hilfe bei der Durchführung der Labor- und Freilandexperimente, das sorgfältige Lesen der Manuskripte und natürlich für die schöne – wenn auch anstrengende – Zeit im Freiland. … Peter Stahlschmidt für die vielen fachlichen Diskussionen, die hilfreichen Anregungen und Kommentare zu den Manuskripten und natürlich auch für die Unterstützung bei meinem Freilandversuch. … Patrick Lenhardt, der mir insbesondere während der digitalen Saumstreifenerfassung durch seine umfangreichen GIS- und Computerkenntnisse ein kompetenter und geduldiger Ansprechpartner war. … Martin Geisthardt, Annalena Schotthöfer, Tim Vollmer und Lea Franke, deren großes Engagement die Erhebung vieler Daten erst möglich gemacht hat. Vielen herzlichen Dank für die gute Zusammenarbeit! … Therese Bürgi für ihre Hilfe und Ratschläge bei Arbeiten im Labor und Jone Kammerer für ihre Unterstützung bei allen bürokratischen und organisatorischen Angelegenheiten. … Dr. Silvia Pieper, Dr. Jörn Wogram und allen anderen Mitarbeitern des Umweltbundesamtes, die an dem F+E-Projekt ‘ Protection of biodiversity in the risk assessment and risk management of pesticides (plant protection products & biocides) with a focus on arthropods, soil organisms and amphibians ‘ beteiligt waren, für die nette Zusammenarbeit. Weiterhin möchte ich mich auch bei Dr. Gert Berger Danksagung (Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung) und Dr. Thomas Schmidt (Harlan Laboratories) für die gute Zusammenarbeit während des F+E-Projekts bedanken. … der gesamten Arbeitsgruppe Ecotoxicology and Environment für die interessanten Gespräche und die angenehme Arbeitsatmosphäre. … der Universität Koblenz-Landau und dem Förderprogramm Nawi des Interdisziplinären Promotionszentrums (IPZ) der Universität Koblenz-Landau für die Unterstützung meiner Promotion. … meinen Eltern, meiner Schwester, sowie meiner Oma, auf deren moralische und auch tatkräftige Unterstützung ich jederzeit während meiner Dissertation zählen konnte. Vielen lieben Dank für eure Hilfe, euer Verständnis, die vielen aufmunternden Worte und natürlich auch für die gemütlichen Filmabende, durch die ich wieder neue Energie schöpfen konnte! Overview Overview This thesis is written as a cumulative dissertation. After an introduction (chapter 1) and presentation of the objective of the dissertation (chapter 2), the subsequent chapters are based on peer-reviewed articles published in various journals (chapters 3 – 6, please see the list below). Thereafter, the main results of these publications are summarized and discussed in a broader context (chapter 7), and the conclusions as well as a short outlook are then presented (chapter 8). Publications: Paper 1: Hahn, M. , Lenhardt, P. & Brühl, C.A. (2014): Characterization of field margins in intensified agro ‐ecosystems – Why narrow margins should matter in terrestrial pesticide risk assessment and management. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 10(3): 456–462 Paper 2: Hahn, M. , Schotthöfer, A., Schmitz, J., Franke, L.A. & Brühl, C.A. (2015): The effects of agrochemicals on Lepidoptera, with a focus on moths, and their pollination service in field margin habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 207: 153–162. Paper 3: Hahn, M. , Geisthardt, M. & Brühl, C.A. (2014): Effects of herbicide-treated host plants on the development of Mamestra brassicae L. caterpillars. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 33(11): 2633–2638 Paper 4: Hahn, M. & Brühl, C.A. (submitted): The secret pollinators – Moth pollination with a focus on Europe and North America. Manuscript. Table of content Table of content Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………….. I Zusammenfassung …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…II 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Agriculture and biodiversity .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Field margins ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Non-target arthropods and pesticide risk assessment .............................................................. 7 1.4 Moths in agricultural landscapes ............................................................................................. 9 2 Thesis............................................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Objective ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Thesis structure ...................................................................................................................... 12 3 Characterization of field margins in intensified agro ‐ecosystems – Why narrow margins should matter in terrestrial pesticide risk assessment and management ................................................... 14 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 23 3.6 References ............................................................................................................................. 24 4 The effects of agrochemicals on Lepidoptera, with a focus on moths, and their pollination service in field margin habitats .................................................................................................................. 26 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 28 4.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 34 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 38 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 42 4.6 References ............................................................................................................................. 43 4.7 Supplemental Data ................................................................................................................ 47 5 Effects of herbicide-treated host plants on the development of Mamestra brassicae L. caterpillars ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 51 5.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 52 5.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 55 5.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................
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