Insecta:Lepidoptera) Captured Over Time in the Forest "Dumbrava Sibiului" (Sibiu County) Romania

Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie Original Paper Tom. XXVI, Issue: 1, 2019, pp. 21-26

LEPIDOPTERAN SPECIES OF THE FAMILY LYCAENIDAE (INSECTA:LEPIDOPTERA) CAPTURED OVER TIME IN THE FOREST "DUMBRAVA SIBIULUI" (SIBIU COUNTY) ROMANIA

Cristina STANCĂ-MOISE *

* “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Sibiu, Romania Corresponding author: Cristina Moise, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, 5-7 Ion Ratiu, 550371 Sibiu, Romania, phone: 0040269234111, fax: 0040269234111, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The presented species of the genus Maculinea consist of individuals preserved in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Sibiu, but also recently collected by author in the field. Collecting has started more then a hundred years ago, in 1907. The paper mentions the endangerment degree of the species as well as possible causes and certain proposals to maintain their natural habitat.

Keywords: Maculinea species (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), Dumbrava Sibiului Forest.

INTRODUCTION identifications belonging to Daniel Czekelius, as presented in his works [6-12, 16]. Biodiversity conservation becomes more and more The most important collections displaying important within the national and international politic butterflies of Maculinea Genus are found at the agenda [5]. The horizons of conservation strategies Museum of Natural History of Sibiu, and their analysis diversify with the identification of new (natural or have proven the existence of Maculinea individuals human) pressure factors [23]. For this reason, also in Dumbrava Sibiului Forest [4, 17-19, 26, 37, 66]. biodiversity monitoring, i.e. species and habitats is a It is known that among Lepidoptera, the national priority, in order to provide biodiversity Lycaenidae Family is the best represented, after optimal existence conditions. Nymphalidae , at global level being known about 6000 The Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park is a protected species, [24], while in Romania there are documented natural area, hosting natural habitats of wild flora and 59 species belonging to this family [30, 58, 63]. fauna, organized as Natural Reservation according to The butterflies of Maculinea Genus are small, with the Emergency Ordinance No. 57/2007 [3]. vivid colors, sometimes with metallic dusting. From Among the species of concern, insects are ethological point of view, it is known the relationship important links in the food chain, and their presence between some of the larvae belonging to this genus give a feeling of confidence in the equilibrium state of with ants, being protected and feed by these, thus ecosystems [13, 33]. presented [63, 64]. The butterflies of the Maculinea Genus are known Our analysis has found that the collecting place of for the relationships between their larvae and certain these individuals is not mention in detail (e.g. the name plants, and their presence certifies the stability of an of the lawn). ecosystem [28, 61, 64, 65]. In this context, the paper presents our results in of From historical point of view, it is worthy to the butterfly species belonging to the Maculinea mention some reference works on Lepidoptera [2, 26, Genus, corroborating our results with other specialists

29, 30, 32, 34-36] certain authors being focused on the ones. Maculinea Genus: Czekelius [6-12], Niculescu-König [25], Popescu-Gorj[27]. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the monograph Romanian Catalogue of Lepidoptera, published in 2003 [30], the authors Investigated species : five butterflies species confirm the existence of five species belonging to the Collections studied : these 5 species have been Maculinea Genus: Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758), scrutinized in the five collections of Lepidoptera. Maculinea arion teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779)= After studying these five collections of Lepidoptera euphemus Hübmer, [1800] , Maculinea nausithous to identify species collected over the years from (Bergsträsser, 1779)= arcas Rottemburg, 1775 , Dumbrava Sibiului Forest area, we have identified 242 Maculinea alcon ([Denis&Schiffermüller], 1775), species in 634 individuals [53] distributed as follows: Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904)= xerophila Berger, - 35 species and 39 individuals of Macrolepidoptera 1946, that have been found over time in Romania [30]. collected from Sibiu Dumbrava Forest, between 1871- In the monograph "The Butterflies of Romania", 1930 [4, 6-12, 25, 26, 64] preserved in Dr. Daniel published in 2008 [58], there also described five Czekelius Lepidoptera collection in Transylvania ; species of Maculinea , collected from Transylvania and - 51 species and 184 individuals collected between other Romanian geographical regions 1903-1958 [16], in Entomological Collection of Dr. From Dumbrava Sibiului Forest have been Eugen Worell in Sibiu ; collected butterflies even since 1888, the first

21 Stancă-Moise, C. - Lepidopteran species of the Family Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) captured over time in the forest "Dumbrava Sibiului" (Sibiu County) Romania

- 142 species and 385 individuals collected between – hibernation–V. Larvae development: after hatching 1903-1954 [18] in Transylvanian Lepidoptera larvae attacks the flowers and seeds of the host plants collection Dr. Victor Weindel [19]; [62]. Flight period: 1G/year; VI–VII [14]. Ecology: - 10 species and 14 individuals collected between Biotope: slopes with vegetation, leafy forests, shrubs, 1957-1963 in the Heinrich Hann von Hannenheim wet soils, peat soils, up to 900 m altitude. Larval food Collection of Butterflies ; plants: Gentiana pneumonanthe, G. cruciata, Prunella - 4 species and 12 individuals collected between 1956- vulgaris, Festuca heterophylla, Hieracium racemosus, 1961 [26,27] in the Collection of Butterflies Prof. Rolf Veronica officinalis, Poa nemoralis [1]. Ethology: in Weyrauch . warm places has also G2 [58]. Studying the collections of W. Weber and Schneider Eckbert, we have not identified individuals Maculinea rebeli Hirschke, 1904 (3555 Ro, K. & R. collected from Dumbrava Sibiului Forest [15, 20-22, 7116) (sin. M. xerophila Berger, 1946) 38-56]. Individuals in collections: The date of publishing: Field studies: The studied area for the presence of 1♀, 17.VII.1940 EW [53]; these butterfly species are the lawns near the Biogeographic region: species existing in many Dumbrava Sibiului Forest, towards: Cisnadioara European areas, including Romania, but with local (45°7'N 24°1'E), Poplaca (45°43'0" N și 24°3'0" E) and distribution, [29]. Status: VU [30]. Habitat types : Rasinari (45°7'N și 24°0'7"E), of Sibiu County, wet meadows, bush areas, grasslands, meadows [58]. Romania. Biology: Eggs: the eggs are laid by the female, in small For our field researches we have used the classical groups on the leaves of the host plant. Larva: VII– collecting method, using the butterfly net. The hibernating–V. Larval development: the caterpillars collecting period was the summer (from May to hatch from eggs after approx. 21 days [58]. The August) of the years 2001, 2011 and 2015. Collecting development of the G1 larvae takes approx. 30 days, was performed only during sunny of little cloudy days. having both day and night activity. Some caterpillars of The following abbreviations are used in the text: G1 can carry on their activity until hibernation, * = Corresponding serial number from the Catalog of continuing it the next spring, others pupating and butterfly species Romania [30]. hibernating as chrysalis; these can be seen hanging on ** = Classification and nomenclature propose [27, support branches [14]. Flight period: 1G/year; VI–VII 30,57] [58]. Ecology: Biotope: their habitat depends on host DC = Daniel Czekelius Lepidoptera collection, EW = plant. Larval food plants: Tretorhiza cruciata, Eugen Worell Lepidoptera collection, VW =Viktor Festuca heterophylla, Fragaria vesca, Gentiana lutea, Weindel Lepidoptera collection, HH = Heinrich Hann Poa nemoralis, Viola reichenbachiana, Hieracium von Hannenheim Lepidoptera collection, RW = Rolf racemosum, Veronica officinalis, V. chamaedrys [1, Weyrauch, CM =Cristina Moise. Lepidoptera 58]. Ethology: The chrysalis stage in those not collection, According to the Romanian Red List, the hibernating takes 30 days. In warm areas presents G2 danger of a species is symbolized by: CR - Critical [13]. endangered; EN – Endangered; NT - Near threatened; VU – Vulnerable. Maculinea arion Linnaeus, 1758 (3551 Ro, K. & R. 7112). RESULTS Individuals in collections: The date of publishing: 3♂♂, 12.VIII.1940 EW; Butterfly collections – investigation results Biogeographic region: Transylvania, Carpathians, We have focused in this study only on the species Banate, North-Oltenia, North-Moldavia, North- belonging to the Maculinea Genus (Lepidoptera: Muntenia [58]. Status: NT [30]. Habitat Lycaenidae) they have been reported over time in types :grasslands, meadows, bush areas, dry plains, Dumbrava Sibiului Forest. rock slopes[58]. Biology: Eggs: eggs are laid by ♀, isolated on flower bunds in VII. Larva: VIII– Maculinea von Ecke, 1915 (3550 Ro, K. & R. 7111) hibernating–VI. Larval development: hatching takes (sin. Argus Boisduval, [1832], nec Scopoli, 1763) place after about 7 days; larvae attack the host plant seeds and flowers while in forming. After the second Maculinea alcon alcon ([Denis&Schiffermüller, 1775) mould 2 they fell on ground, where they are taken by (3554 Ro, K. & R. 7115) ants of Myrmica Genus, which are attracted by the Individuals in collections: The date of publishing: „honey” excreted by the caterpillar dorsal glands, and 1ex.; 29.VI.1907 DC [16,53]; 12.VIII.1940 EW [53]; carried to the ants nests [61]. The caterpillar eats the Biogeographic region: Transylvania, South ants eggs and larvae, then hibernating till springtime. Bucovina, Crișana, Banate, The Eastern Carpathians Flight period: 1G/year; VI–VIII [58]. Ecology : [58]. Status: EN [30]. Habitat types : wet meadows, Biotope: grassy banks with shrubs, rare forests, forest marshes, grasslands, mountain rock slopes, mountain margins and neighboring lawns [58,60]. Larval food meadows. Biology: Eggs: the eggs are layd by the plants: Thymus serpyllum, T. praecox, Lysimachia female, isolated on the leaves of host plant. Larva: VII vulgaris, Orchis maculata, Prunella vulgaris, Serratula

22 Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie Original Paper Tom. XXVI, Issue: 1, 2019, pp. 21-26 tinctoria, Molinia coerulea, Bentonica officinalis [1, Cisnadioara), South (lawns and cultivated fields 14]. Ethology: Nymph metamorphosis takes place in towards Rasinari), South-West (lawns and cultivated the ants nest too, and after 3 weeks since puping, the fields towards Poplaca), North, where now is an adult uses the nest before flying [53]. inhabited area, the neighbourhood Valea Aurie, or even from inside the actual Astra Folk Technique Museum, Maculinea telejus telejus (Bergsträsser, 1779) (3552 all these areas surrounding Dumbrava Sibiului Forest. Ro, K. & R. 7113) Maculinea alcon. The oldest individual belonging Individuals in collections: 1♂, 18.VIII. 2011 CM; to the species Maculinea alcon, is in the Collection of 1♂2.VIII. 2015 CM; Daniel Czekelius, dating from the year 1907. Another Biogeographic region: The Transylvanian Plain, individual has been collected in 1940 in the Dumbrava South Transylvania, Satu Mare, South-Bucovina [58]. Forest by Eugen Worell, and then the species have not Status: EN [30]. Habitat types : wet grasslands, wet been found [59,64]. There may be multiple causes, meadows with Sanguisorba , marshes, moorlands, considering that Romania has entered the Second moorland forest [58]. Biology: Eggs: The female lays World War and the collecting and research activity eggs in small groups, especially on Sanguisorba sp . ceased after 1946.This species have been not found Larva: VII–hibernating–VI [14]. Larval development: during our field research. It is possible this species to the caterpillars hatch from eggs after about 21 days. still exist, but its collecting was not possible. It is The development of G1 larvae takes 30 days, they mandatory to repeat collecting and investigating, in having both day and night activity [63]. Flight period: order to ascertain the species presence or absence. 1G/year; VI–VIII [58]. Ecology: Biotope: field wet Maculinea rebeli . This species have been collected areas, peat soil, lake shores, flooded areas [31], up to in 1940, being present in the Eugen Worell collection, 1800 m altitude. Larval food plants: Sanguisorba but it was not observed any more; the distribution of officinalis, Geum urbanum, Veronica officinalis, this species in Romania is relatively unknown [58]. Glecoma hederacea, Peucedanum chabraei, The species prefers lawns and hayfields, shrubs near Lysimachia vulgaris [1]. Ethology: The chrysalis stage the forests [62], and its decline and endangering may in those not hibernating takes 30 days [63]. In warm be due to the decline Gentiana lutea species [58]. areas presents G2 [53]. Maculinea arion. This species appears in the Eugen Worell collection and was not observed since 1940 any Maculinea nausithous nausithous (Bergsträsser, more; a main cause can be the human intervention into [1779]) (3553 Ro, K. & R.7114). the ecosystem, by transforming the lawns into arable Individuals collected: 1♀, 26.VII.2001, 1♀ land [13], pesticide use for pests and diseases control, 15.VIII.2011, 1♀ 27.VIII. 2015, CM; this leading to the decline of the Thymus serpyllum Biogeographic region: The Transylvanian Plain, species [58], the main food source for the larvae of this South Bucovina[58]. Status: CR [30]. Habitat types : species. wet grasslands with Sanguisorba, wet meadows [58]. Maculinea teleius. Was observed by the author in Biology: Eggs: the female lays eggs isolated on the the years 2011, 2015 and collected from the marshy stem or leaves of the host plant. Larva: VIII– areas of Dumbrava Forest, near the Valea Aurie hibernation–VI [58]. Larval development: caterpillars neighbourhood. Reference literature describes this hatch after about 2 weeks; they have night activity, in species as common and very common localized species daytime being hidden between the leaves of the host [58]. plant. They feed till IX, then hibernate, hidden between Maculinea nausithous. Was observed and collected grass bushes. In springtime they continue their by the author in 2001, 2011 and 2015, in the hayfields development until the end of V, when they build a silk near the lake of the Astra Folk Technique Museum cocoon, on ground or at the host plant base [14]. Flight Reference literature describes this species as common period: 1G/year; VI–VIII [58]. Ecology: Biotope: low and very common localized species [58]. plants, leaf forests, shrubs, wet soil near lakes, peat The main cause that determines the absence of soils [31]. Larval food plants: Lapsana communis, certain species may be the decline the populations of Anthriscus sylvestris, Glechoma hederacea, Lamium host plants that are food source for adults an egg-laying maculatum, Sanguisorba officinalis [1]. Ethology: place [65]. Adults fly till the last decade of VIII. In warm areas The transformation of lawns in arable land, or their has also G2 [53]. abandonment has led to the disappearance, or at least not finding, of butterflies belonging to the Maculinea DISCUSSION Genus. The influence of human factors has had a negative The identified species have on their label only impact on the evolution of Lepidoptera species in Dumbrava Forest as collecting area, not mentioning Dumbrava Sibiului over time. exactly the place. These human factors have posed an irreversible From the multi-annual studies, it may result that the footprint on ecosystems, including relief forms, species collected in this area can originate from the climate, vegetation, and among them we can mention: lawns situated South-East of the forest (towards

23 Stancă-Moise, C. - Lepidopteran species of the Family Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) captured over time in the forest "Dumbrava Sibiului" (Sibiu County) Romania

- Deforestation and reforestation with allogenic des siebenbürgischen Vereins für Naturwissenschaften zu trees, in and near Dumbrava Sibiului Forest; Hermannstadt, 42: 37-53. - Intensive grazing near Rasinari village, one of the [7] Czekelius, D., (1897): Kritisches Verzeichnis der best known sheep-breeding areas in Romania; Schmetterlinge Siebenbürgens. Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des siebenbürgischen Vereins für - Pollution due to traffic on the roads connecting Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt, 47: 1-78. the surrounding villages to Sibiu; [8] Czekelius, D., (1898): Beiträge zur Schmetterlingsfauna - Urbanization of the area, represented by buildings Siebenbürgens. Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des in the Valea Aurie, including the Hilton Hotel. siebenbürgischen Vereins für Naturwissenschaften zu - Tourism activities, Dumbrava Sibiului Forest Hermannstadt, 48: 151-153. being, alongside Sub Arini Park the main destinations [9] Czekelius, D., (1917): Beiträge zur Schmmetterlingsfauna as green areas and entertainment for the inhabitants of Siebenbürgens. Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des Sibiu, whose number is continuously increasing. siebenbürgischen Vereins für Naturwissenschaften zu Among the five Lepidoptera species belonging to Hermannstadt, 67(1-6): 1-56. [10] Czekelius, D., (1922-1924): Beiträge zur Maculinea Genus, only two has been found in the Schmetterlingsfauna Siebenbürgens. Verhandlungen und recent years within the Dumbrava Sibiului Forest, this Mitteilungen des siebenbürgischen Vereins für demonstrating that human intervention in and change Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt, 72-74: 1-10. of the habitat has had a negative impact on the [11] Czekelius, D., (1933-1934): Beiträge zur populations of these insects belonging to Lepidoptera Schmetterlingsfauna Siebenbürgens. Verhandlungen und Order. Mitteilungen des siebenbürgischen Vereins für From the performed observations and collecting it Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt, 83-84: 59-69. may be ascertain that the species of Maculinea Genus [12] Czekelius, D., (1935-1936): Bericht über die prefer the lawns surrounding Dumbrava Sibiului Schmmetterlingssammlungen des Vereines. 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25 Stancă-Moise, C. - Lepidopteran species of the Family Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) captured over time in the forest "Dumbrava Sibiului" (Sibiu County) Romania

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Received: 17 September 2018 Accepted: 22 February 2019 Published Online: 26 February 2019 Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie http://www.bioresearch.ro/revistaen.html Print-ISSN: 1224-5119 e-ISSN: 1844-7589 CD-ISSN: 1842-6433 University of Oradea Publishing House