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C O N F E R E N C E 6 5 October 2016 Joint Pathology Center Veterinary Pathology Services WEDNESDAY SLIDE CONFERENCE 2016-2017 C o n f e r e n c e 6 5 October 2016 CASE I: 2016A (JPC 4084736). Histopathologic Description: The epicardium is thickened due to the edema, Signalment: 20-day-old domestic duck hemorrhage, and abundant fibrinous exudate (Anas platyrhynchos). surrounded by heterophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. Heterophilic History: The outbreak site was a duck farm and fibrinous serositis are also observed in with 4000 ducks in Japan. In January 2014, the liver, air sac, and intestine. Gram- an increased mortality in the 14- to 21-day- negative stained bacterial colonies are rarely old duck flock was reported to veterinary found in the fibrinous exudates in the body officials by the owner. The mortality rate cavity. was 16%, i.e. 316 out of 2020 birds. Clinical signs of some ducks included reduced Contributor’s Morphologic Diagnosis: movement, ataxia, and dorsal recumbency Heterophilic, granulomatous and fibrinous with leg paddling. pericarditis with rare gram-negative bacterial rods. Gross Pathology: The surface of the heart and liver was covered by white fibrinous Contributor’s Comment: Riemerella exudate. anatipestifer (RA) is a non-spore forming, non-motile, gram-negative rod.14 Riemerella Laboratory results: Bacteria were isolated anatipestifer infection is a bacterial disease from the brain, heart, liver, and spleen. Total that primarily affects domestic ducks.10 DNA was extracted from the bacterial Young ducklings are more susceptible to the colonies, and PCR was performed for disease than adults.10,14 Riemerella bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA. The genetic anatipestifer infection occurs as an acute or sequence of the PCR product revealed that chronic form, characterized by fibrinous isolates were 99.9% identical to Riemerella pericarditis, perihepatitis, air sacculitis, and anatipestifer (RA) type strain. meningitis.10,14 Riemerella anatipestifer transmission can occur horizontally via the 1 Pericardium, duck. The pericardium is diffusely covered with a whitish fibrinous exudate. (Photo courtesy of: National Institute of Animal Health, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan, (WSC ID95), http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/english/niah/index.html) respiratory tract and skin wounds,10 whereas be infected.9,10,14 There are difficulties vertical transmission of RA via eggs is associated with the identification of RA.9,10 controversial. 7,8,11 Interestingly, some Riemerella anatipestifer is characterized by studies document that RA can be a part of the absence of species-specific biochemical the normal flora in the throat of some properties.5 Genetic sequencing of bacterial domestic and wild duck species.3,15 At least 16S ribosomal RNA and matrix-assisted 21 serotypes have been reported for RA, laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight although there is some confusion regarding (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry are its classification.12,13,14 Serotyping RA can currently considered useful for the be useful for epidemiological analyses and a identification of RA.4,8,13,16 vaccination strategy.12,13 Characteristic pathological findings, such as Other bacterial infections such as colibacillosis may cause gross lesions pericarditis and perihepatitis observed in the 6 present case, are highly suggestive of RA similar to those seen in RA-infected ducks. infection. However, a definitive diagnosis of The differential diagnosis also include salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, strept- RA infection requires isolation and 14 identification of RA from ducks suspected to ococcosis, and Coenonia anatina infection. 2 tissue processing and is not present in the microscopic sections submitted for evaluation. Many conference participants had little experience with this entity histologically, which led to a discussion of the differential diagnosis for epicarditis and polyserositis in avian species. While not a typical presentation for Pasteurella multocida, fowl cholera can cause similar lesions in poultry, chickens, and waterfowl.4 Salmonella Heart, duck. The epicardium is diffuse, expanded by pullorum causes peritonitis and death in linear granulomas (arrows), hemorrhage, fibrin and hatchling chicks; and peritonitis, arthritis, edema. (HE, 10X) JPC Diagnosis: Heart: Epicarditis, hetero- philic and granulomatous, diffuse, severe with mild multifocal subepicardial necro- tizing myocarditis, domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchos. Conference Comment: Riemerlla anatipestifer (RA), also known as new duck disease or duck septicemia, is the causative agent of epizootic infectious polyserositis, a major problem of domestic ducks world- wide. It is also reported to be pathogenic for Heart, duck. Higher magnification of the epicardium with a linear granuloma surrounding brightly turkeys, chickens, pheasants, geese, and eosinophilic material. There is extensive edema, 11 other waterfowl. In geese, RA has been heterophilic inflammation, and hemorrhage of the called goose influenza or septicemia epicardium. (HE, 40X) anserum exsudativa.5 This agent causes major economic loss in the duck industry and pericarditis in adults, and is often due to high mortality rates of up to 75%, characterized by large hetrophilic weight loss, and condemnations in ducklings granulomas in the myocardium. Escherichia under eight weeks old. Stress from adverse coli and other coliform infections also can environmental conditions is the main lead to fibrinous and heterophilic rmyo- predisposing factor for this disease.4,10 carditis, and should be considered as a differential in most avian species.4 Coenonia As mentioned by the contributor, fibrinous anatine, described by the contributor and pericarditis and epicarditis are the most briefly discussed during conference, also characteristic lesions of RA. This case causes exudative serositis in ducks and represents the chronic form of the disease, geese.12 Riemerella columbina causes with progression from fibrinous to similar disease as RA in pigeons.12 While granulomatous epicarditis with abundant not mentioned during conference, West Nile granulation tissue on the epicardial surface. Virus, an arbovirus of the family The pericardium was likely removed prior to Flaviviridae, should also be considered as a 3 differential for necrotizing myocarditis of http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/english/niah/ind many avian species, with young chickens ex.html and geese being most likely to develop clinical disease and mortality.1 References: 1. Capua I. Arthropod-borne viruses. Participants also discussed the three main In: Pattison M, McMullin PF, rule-outs for polyserositis, pneumonia, and Bradbury JM, Alexander DJ, eds. polyarthritis in pigs; among these include Poultry Diseases. 6th ed. Haemophilus parasuis, Mycoplasma Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elseveier; 2008:421-422. 2. Caswell JL, Williams KJ. Respiratory System. In: Maxie MG, ed. Jubb Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals. Vol 2. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:578. 3. Cha SY, Seo HS, Wei B, Kang M, Roh JH, Yoon RH, Heart, duck. Higher magnification of the linear granuloma (arrow) with epithelioid and foreign Kim JH, Jang body macrophages centered on a dense eosinophilic aggregate of fibrin and heterophilic debris. HK. Numerous macrophages and heterophils are present in the surrounding tissue. (HE, 232X) Surveillance and characterization hyorhinis, and Streptococcus suis.5 In of Riemerella anatipestifer from wild horses, the most likely etiologies for birds in South Korea. J Wildl Dis. polyserositis are Streptococcus equi and 2015; 51:341-347. Streptococcus zooepidemicus.2 4. Christensen H, Bisgaard M. Phylo- genetic relationships of Riemerella Contributing Institution: anatipestifer serovars and related National Institute of Animal Health taxa and an evaluation of specific National Agriculture and Food Research PCR tests reported for R. Organization (NARO) anatipestifer. J Appl Microbiol. Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, 2010; 108:1612-1619. Japan 5. Christensen JP, Bojesen AM, Bisgaard M. Fowl Cholera. In: 4 Pattison M, McMullin PF, Bradbury anatipestifer. Avian Pathol. 2013; JM, Alexander DJ, eds. Poultry 42:17-26. Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: 14. Ruiz JA, Sandhu T. Riemerella Saunders Elsevier; 2008:149-154. anatipestifer infection. In: Swayne 6. Craig LE, Dittner KE, Thompson DE, ed. Disease of poultry, 13th ed. KG. Bones and Joints. In: Maxie Ames, IA; Wiley Blackwell MG, ed. Jubb Kennedy and publishing, 2013:823-828. Palmer's Pathology of Domestic 15. Ryll M, Christensen H, Bisgaard M, Animals. Vol 1. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Christensen JP, Hinz KH, Köhler B. PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:151- Studies on the prevalence of 152. Riemerella anatipestifer in the upper 7. Glünder G, Hinz KH. Isolation of respiratory tract of clinically healthy Moraxella anatipestifer from ducklings and characterization of embryonated goose eggs. Avian untypable strains. J Vet Med B Infect Pathol. 1989; 18:351-355. Dis Vet Public Health. 2001; 48:537- 8. Hess C, Enichlmayr H, Jandreski- 546. Cvetkovic D, Liebhart D, Bilic I, 16. Tsai HJ, Liu YT, Tseng CS, Pan MJ. Hess M. Riemerella anatipestifer Genetic variation of the ompA and outbreaks in commercial goose 16S rRNA genes of Riemerella flocks and identification of isolates anatipestifer. Avian Pathol. 2005; by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. 34: 55-64. Avian Pathol. 2013; 42:151-156. 9. Hinz KH, Ryll M, Kohler B, Glunder G. Phenotypic characteristics
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