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The Portrait of the Kings and the Historiographical Poetics of the Deuteronomistic Historian

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The Portrait of the Kings and the Historiographical Poetics of the Deuteronomistic Historian The Portrait of the Kings and the Historiographical Poetics of the Deuteronomistic Historian By Alison Lori Joseph A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ronald Hendel, Chair Professor Robert Alter Professor Erich Gruen Professor Steven Weitzman Spring 2012 Copyright © 2012 Alison Lori Joseph, All Rights Reserved. Abstract The Portrait of the Kings and the Historiographical Poetics of the Deuteronomistic Historian By Alison Lori Joseph Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Ronald Hendel, Chair This dissertation explores the historiographical style and method of the Deuteronomist (Dtr) in the book of Kings, with particular attention to what I call the prototype strategy in the portrayal of the Israelite kings. It lays out a systematic analysis of Dtr’s historiographical composition and the ways he includes and reshapes his inherited sources to suit his purposes. This work offers a framework for the selectional and compositional method that Dtr employs in the construction of his history, and especially in crafting the portrait of the kings. This analysis suggests that Dtr has a specific set of historiographical priorities to which he adheres in order to interpret the history of the monarchy in light of deuteronomistic theology. This is done through crafting a comprehensive narrative that functions didactically, instructing the kings and the people of Judah how to behave through illustrating the consequences of disobedience. A key element to Dtr’s historiographical process is the use of a prototype strategy. Dtr focuses on the royal portrait as a literary tool to convey his theological message. This prototype is based on a literary picture of David as the exemplum of covenant fidelity. Dtr uses David as the royal comparative to construct the portrait of both good and bad kings. He is the model of the deuteronomistically adherent king, the one whom all subsequent kings are required to emulate. Only those kings who contribute to Dtr’s meta-narrative are constructed using this prototype. The analysis of the portraits of David, Solomon, Jeroboam, Manasseh, and Josiah highlights the historiographical poetics at play in the construction of the accounts and the expression of Dtr’s theological concerns. Each example demonstrates how the selectional and compositional strategies are used by Dtr to create an effective account of the king’s reign and to promote deuteronomistic theology. This work contributes important perspectives to the study of Kings and the Deuteronomistic History as a whole. Greater understanding of Dtr’s historiographical method results in a greater understanding of the book of Kings. Also, by indentifying Dtr’s literary and historiographical style, it is possible to see the differences between the method of the pre-exilic and exilic Dtr, contributing to redactional decisions, on grounds beyond thematic justifications. 1 FOR CALEB ^yn<ëb'l. ~T'än>N:viw> i “And the endeavor to ascertain these facts was a laborious task, because those who were eyewitness of the several events did not give the same reports about the same things, but reports varying according to their championship of one side or the other, or according to their recollection.” – Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, I, XXII.4-XXIII.3 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations vi CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL POETICS OF THE PRE-EXILIC DEUTERONOMIST 1 The Axis of Selection 9 The Axis of Composition 14 1 Kings 11: A Case Study 18 CHAPTER 2 HISTORIOGRAPHICAL POETICS IN LIGHT OF REDACTION CRITICISM 31 Is there a Deuteronomistic History? 31 What is the State of Current Scholarship? 47 How Does Redactional Theory Affect the Historiographical Poetics? 50 CHAPTER 3 WHO IS LIKE DAVID? WAS DAVID LIKE DAVID? 54 Was David like David? 65 The Davidic Prototype 68 CHAPTER 4 JEROBOAM, “WHO CAUSED ISRAEL TO SIN” 72 The Axis of Selection 73 The Axis of Composition 79 EXCURSUS 1: THE REGNAL FORMULAE IN ISRAEL 96 CHAPTER 5 JOSIAH, WHO “THERE WAS NONE LIKE HIM” 99 The Axis of Selection 100 The Axis of Composition 106 CHAPTER 6 MANASSEH, “WHO DID MORE EVIL THAN ALL…WHO WERE BEFORE HIM”: 127 A COUNTER-EXAMPLE The Axis of Composition 130 EXCURSUS 2: DEUTERONOMISTIC VERSUS CHRONISTIC HISTORIOGRAPHY 147 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 iii Acknowledgements The road to the PhD has been long and there have been many stops on the way: New York, Atlanta, Berkeley, Palo Alto, Philadelphia. At each stage I have learned so much and met so many people without whom none of this would be possible. These words could never do them justice, but they will have to suffice. I first need to thank my teachers at Solomon Schechter Day School (now Golda Och Academy) for introducing me to the multivocality of the biblical text, and especially the unique perspectives of Deuteronomy. I would like to thank my MA advisor William Gilders, out of whose class the first inklings of this dissertation emerged. My committee members at UC Berkeley have been essential in helping these ideas develop. As an undergraduate when I first learned about biblical type scenes and read The Art of Biblical Narrative, I knew that this was what I wanted to do. It was something of a dream to come to Berkeley and study with Robert Alter whose attention to the literary aspects of my work have set it apart in the field and make my and my colleagues’ training unique in the world of biblical studies. Erich Gruen offered thoughtful, specific, and encouraging advice at every stage, always delivered with a smile and a hug. Steven Weitzman has encouraged my work since I was applying to doctoral programs, and I am grateful that he came to Stanford University and was willing to join my committee. I am so appreciative of all his feedback and advice, both theoretical and practical. My dissertation chair and advisor Ron Hendel was a great advocate, tracking down funding even when there was seemingly none to be had in order to make this dissertation possible. I am thankful that he was so willing to accommodate me in my cross-country research and writing. Our NES graduate student services advisor Shorena Kurtsikidze made living across the country possible. She always had answers to all my administrative questions and arranged for and delivered all paperwork necessary, even the final signature pages. Thank you. There have also been many friends and family along the way who have acted as teachers, mentors, sounding boards, cheerleaders, and babysitters. Ariel Simon, my friend and perennially brokenhearted fellow Mets fan, we did not know when we spent the spring of 2001 sitting next to each other in Butler Library writing our undergraduate senior theses that we would still be in school 10+ years later. Thanks for all things second Temple. I know you’ll do it. My friend, stylist, and best maid Elena Aronson started this journey with me and even though we’ve made different choices since then, she has always been supportive of my professional and personal endeavors. I am so glad she came to Berkeley, because where would we be otherwise? My friend Dr. Rebecca Rubin Damari was always available for offering a word I couldn’t think of, linguistic advice, venting about our respective programs, and pep talks via phone, email or text. While we were in different fields at different universities on the two coasts, it feels like we did this together. Thank you for always being there. I could not have done this without the constant love and support of my family. My parents Susan and Charles Joseph early on instilled in me a love of learning and a love of Torah. They had the courage to send me to school where even from a young age I was learning things iv they didn’t know. More recently, they were always available for help, babysitting, and filling up the fridge. Thank you to my husband Matt Kirschen for his constant love and support. He is the only person I know who is willing to attend more school and years of training than me. In comparison it makes my road feel short. And to my beautiful boy Caleb, who despite his best efforts, I finally got this finished. I hope that you will always love learning and love Torah. This work is dedicated to you. v Abbreviations ABN Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic Books, 1981. BAR Biblical Archaeology Review CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CMHE Cross, Frank Moore. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1973. DBF Death and burial formula Dtr The Deuteronomist Dtr1 The pre-exilic Deuteronomist Dtr2 The exilic Deuteronomist DtrG Deuteronomistic Geschichtsschreiber (the historiographer), the exilic, Deuteronomistic Historian DtrH The Deuteronomistic History DtrN The exilic or early post-exilic, nomistic redactor(s) of the Deuteronomistic History DtrP The exilic, prophetic redactor of the Deuteronomistic History GKC Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, Edited by E. Kautzsch. Translated by A.E. Cowley. 2d ed. Oxford, 1910. HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament MT Masoretic Text RF Regnal formula VT Vetus Testamentum ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft vi Chapter 1 The Historiographical Poetics of the Pre-exilic Deuteronomist Regardless of the context, the presentation of events in the past conveys the intentions and imagination of an author. The process of historiography is complex, even when the goal of a text is not strictly to portray an historical account.
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