Chapter 1: Civil Buildings

1 CHAPTER 1: CIVIL BUILDINGS A SURVEY OF DAMAGE TO CIVIL BUILDINGS Xia Jingqian1, Tong Enchong2 and Zhou Bingzhang3 The Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region is situated in the northeastern part of the North China plain and is one of the densely populated and developed regions. During the Tangshan earthquake civil buildings in this region suffered very severe damage; the damage to and collapse of many residential buildings resulted in great loss of life and property. I. Building Structures Before the Earthquake The Tangshan region includes Tangshan city, Qinhuangdao city and twelve counties, i.e. Fengrun, Fengnan, Luanxian, Luannan, Leting, Changli, Funing, Lulong, Qian-an, Qian-xi, Zunhua and Yutian, and the Baigezhuang Farming Reclamation area. The area of the Tangshan region is 16.5 thousand square kilometers. In Tangshan the area of civil buildings including self- constructed residences was 11.692 million square meters, being 73.7% of the total area of the buildings. The civil buildings included residential buildings of 8.941 million square meters, office buildings of 0.807 million square meters, school buildings of 0.463 million square meters, hospital buildings of 0.225 million square meters and other buildings (store and public buildings, etc.) of 1.256 million square meters. The civil buildings in Tangshan were mainly located in the city and east mining area. Besides, there were 5.483 million square meters of rural civil buildings in the suburbs of Tangshan city. In other cities, counties and farming reclamation area in the Tangshan area there were 4.969 million units of rural civil building and the total area was about 8.076 million square meters of civil buildings in cities and towns (Table 1). The total area of Tianjin is 11.3 thousand square kilometers. In the urban area there are six districts, i.e. Heping, Hexi, Hedong, Hebei, Hongqiao and Nankai. The suburbs of the city include four suburb districts and three coastal districts, i.e. Tanggu, Hangu and Dagang. More- over, Tianjin city has jurisdiction over five counties, i.e. Jinghai, Ninghe, Wuqing, Baodi and Jixian. According to the statistics of civil buildings in six districts under the Building Admini- stration Bureau of Tianjin city the total building area was 17.505 million square meters. Also, there were a considerable number of civil buildings under other offices. Beijing city includes eight districts, i.e. Dongcheng, Xicheng. Xuanwu, Chongwen, Fengtai, Haidian, Chaoyang and Shijingshan, and has jurisdiction over nine counties, i.e. Shunyi, Huairou, Miyun, Pinggu, Fangshan, Tongxian, Daxing, Changping and Yanqing. In the urban districts the building area of residential buildings was 36 million square meters and the area of 1 Institute of Engineering Mechanics, SSB 2 Tianjin Earthquake Resistance Office 3 Beijing Institute of Architectural Design 2 other civil buildings was nearly equal. Moreover, in the suburbs and counties there were many urban and rural publicly owned civil buildings and rural residential buildings. II. Structural Types of Civil Buildings Among the civil buildings in the Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan regions there were many old buildings constructed before 1949 and buildings of various structural types built after 1949. Therefore, buildings differed considerably in types of structure, building standards and quality of construction. In the Tangshan urban area civil buildings constructed before 1949 mostly were located in the old district south and north of Shengli Road south of the railway. They were mainly single- story houses with lime-slag roofs and stone walls (a few were brick masonry walls) or frame structures with four beams and eight columns, and a few were brick masonry-wood buildings with two or three stories. Buildings in the eastern and western new residential districts for workers located at the northeastern corner and southwestern part of the city and built in the early 1950’s were also single-story houses with lime-slag roofs and bearing stone walls. In the 1960's there began, on a large scale, the construction of multi-story brick-R.C. buildings, in general, two or three stories and a few with four stories. These buildings were mostly located on Xinhua Road, Wenhua Road and Jianshe Road north of the railway (called the new urban area before the earthquake). The higher civil buildings of 5 to 8 stories were distributed along Xinhua Road. There were some inner-framed buildings (without exterior columns) for stores, hotels, restaurants and other service professions. Also, in spacious civil buildings there were some that were constructed with shell or folded plate roofs. In the Tangshan area 85% of the rural buildings were single-story houses with four beams and eight-columns, the others were single-story houses with gable walls supporting purlins. In counties south of the area most bearing walls were brick masonry and a few were adobe or exci- tation walls of brick and inner walls of adobe. In the north and central part of the area, rubble walls were mostly used and in a few cases brick walls, adobe walls or cobblestone walls were adopted. Coal-slag roofing was often used and sometimes tile or straw roofing was adopted in counties along the coast. Civil buildings in cities and towns were single-story houses with bearing brick walls; bearing brick columns were mostly used for residential houses while brick-R.C. construction of single, two or three stories were used for office and commercial buildings and some were inner-framed buildings (without exterior columns). In the Tianjin urban area the civil buildings constructed before 1949 were mostly brick-wood with two or three stories, a few were brick-R.C. buildings. Many residential houses were of a single-story brick-timber construction or Chinese timber frame construction. R.C. frame structures were used only for a few high commercial buildings and were concentrated in the down- town Heping District. After 1949 civil buildings of various structural types were built, such as brick-wood and brick-R.C. construction, inner-framed structures (without exterior columns), R.C. framed and frame-shear wall structures. However, the great majority were multistory brick- R.C. buildings. Also, there were a few buildings of pre-fabricated large panels, masonry block and lift slab structures. Civil buildings in cities, towns and rural areas in Tianjin were similar to those in the Tangshan area. 3 In Beijing buildings built before 1949 were mostly single-story houses of wood construction. Also, there were some multistory buildings of brick-wood, brick-R.C., and R.C. constructions. Many of the old single-story houses were Chinese timber frame houses, and quadrangle (a com- pound with houses around) with composition tile roofs. The quality of the timber frame with exterior walls differed significantly. A lot of defects existed in the old houses although uninter- rupted maintenance had been conducted. Most of the existing buildings were constructed after 1949 and the great majority were multistory brick-R.C. buildings. They were mainly two or three stories in the early period and four or five stories later. The others were R.C. framed structures and frame-shear wall structures, cast-in-situ concrete shear wall, pre-cast large panel structures and block masonry buildings, etc. In the 1960's some residential houses of low standard such as houses with brick hollow walls, brick walls 18 cm in thickness, and silicate blocks had been built. The civil buildings in cities, towns and villages in Beijing were similar to those in the Tangshan area. Before the earthquake the basic seismic design intensity in Tangshan was specified to be VI, so all buildings were designed without consideration of earthquake resistance. Since 1974 the civil buildings in Tianjin were designed with consideration of seismic resistance for intensity VII. Since 1966 the basic intensity in Beijing was specified to be VIII. However, the general civil buildings were designed for an intensity of VII, i.e. decreased by one degree, and only few important buildings were designed for an intensity of VIII or IX. After the 1975 Haicheng earthquake, in the Beijing-Tianjiin region (mainly in the urban area), strengthening of existing buildings had begun but the number of strengthened building was small and the standard of strengthening was relatively low. III. Outline of Earthquake Damage Shortly after the Tangshan earthquake of magnitude 7.8 aftershocks with magnitude 7.1 and 6.9 occurred but at large distances from Tangshan, near the ends of the slipped fault of the M 7.8 shake. Therefore, the damage to civil buildings described in the following represents combined effects of multiple shocks. In the urban area of Tangshan, buildings seriously damaged or collapsed amounted to 11.1695 million square meters accounting for 95.53% of the total building area. A description of damage to various categories of buildings is listed in Table 2. In the suburbs of Tangshan city, buildings seriously damaged or collapsed amounted to 5.08 million square meters in area accounting for 92.7% of the total houses. The damage to civil buildings is summarized in Table 3. About 52.5 million square meters of rural houses were damaged accounting for approximately 60% of total rural houses. Damage to publicly owned civil buildings in the urban area and under the production brigade and the higher units in suburbs and counties of Tianjin are listed in Table 4. Damage to civil buildings under the Building Administration Bureau of the six districts of Tianjin is listed in Table 5. The residential houses with a building area of about 36 million square meters in the urban area of Beijing city suffered moderate and heavy damage that amounted to about 4 million 4 square meters of building area and the damage ratio was 11%.

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