Sakurab” Scallion Green Onion (Allium Fistulusom L.) Under Different Rates of Chicken Dung and Sources of Soil Amendment

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IAR Journal of Agriculture Research and Life Sciences ISSN Print : 2708-5090 | ISSN Online : 2708-5104 Frequency : Monthly Language : English Origin : Kenya Website : https://www.iarconsortium.org/journal-info/iarjals Research Article

Growth and Yield Performance of “Sakurab” Scallion Green Onion (Allium Fistulusom L.) Under Different Rates of Chicken Dung and Sources of Soil Amendment

Article History Abstract: The growth and yield performance of “sakurab” scallion green onion (Allium fistulusom) was determined by the use of different rates of chicken dung (5 tons/ha, 10 Received: 11.12. 2020 tons/ha, 15 tons/ha) and soil amendments: rice hull, carbonized rice hull, rice hull ash and Revision: 02. 12. 2020 mushroom spent with the following objectives namely to: 1.Evaluate the plant height of Accepted: 19. 01 .2021 scallion green onion. 2.Determine the number of tillers. 3.Identify the number of leaves of Published: 30. 01. 2021 scallion green onion bulb. 4.Measure the diameter size of scallion green onion. 5.Determine Author Details the percent recovery of marketable of scallion green onion. 6.Analyse the Percent of Return of Investment. The study employed a two factor experiment under Randomized Complete Rashdi Macalangcom Casim Block Design.The results showed significant differences among treatments in the different Authors Affiliations rates of chicken dung in the average plant height, initial weight (intact leaves) and final Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Philippines weight (detached leaves). Non-significant differences among treatments were noted in the number of leaves, number of tillers, diameter of bulb and percent recovery. In the interaction Corresponding Author* of different sources of soil amendments and chicken dung, A2B1 (Rice Hull + 5 tons/ha Rashdi Macalangcom Casim chicken dung) obtained the highest return of investment with 263.63% and also noted with How to Cite the Article: the highest net income (Appendix Table 8.0). Thus, the different sources of soil Rashdi Macalangcom Casim (2021); amendments and rates of chicken dung greatly affects the growth and yield performance of Growth and Yield Performance of “Sakurab” scallion green onion. Hence, rice hull, an agricultural waste that is a bane for rice millers Scallion Green Onion (Allium Fistulusom L.) and considered a problem by environments, is now a source of cash for farmers. Therefore, it is recommended to the local “Sakurab” farmers to use 10 tons/ha of rice hull as soil Under Different Rates of Chicken Dung and amendment and incorporate 5 tons/ha of chicken dung. Sources of Soil Amendment. IAR J Agri Res Life Sci, 2(1) 50-58. Keywords: Growth and Yield Performance. Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits NTRODUCTION unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction I in any medium for non commercial use Scallion green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) (figure 4.0) is only (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the known in cultivation and probably originated in north-western China. original author and source are credited. DNA studies indicate that it was derived from the wild Allium altaicum which occurs in Siberia and Mongolia, where it is occasionally collected as a vegetable for local use or for export to China. Cultivation of Allium fistulosum dates back to at least 200 BC in China. It reached Japan before 500 AD and spread further to South-East Asia and Europe. In China, Allium fistulosum is the most important Allium species fulfilling the culinary role of both the common onion and leek in Europe; in Japan it is now second in importance to the bulb onion (Allium cepa L.). The crop is grown throughout the world, but the main area of cultivation remains in Eastern Asia from Siberia to Indonesia; elsewhere it is mainly a crop of home gardens. In Africa it is locally important only and is reported from Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroon, Congo, DR Congo, Sudan, Kenya and Zimbabwe. A leaf onion reported from Nigeria probably also belongs to Allium fistulosum (http:// www.wikipedia.org).

Scallion green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is commonly called as salad onion. Among the Meranaos, it is called “Sakurab” (Figure 4.0). it is made into a favourite seasoning known as “Palapa” which is also adapted by non Meranaos. Per 100g. fresh weight of mature green onion bulb compose of 47.0 calories, 1.4g protein, 7mg sodium, 180mg Potassium, 32mg Calcium, 44mg Phosphorous, 16mg Magnesium, 70mg Sulphur, Chlorine 25mg and Vitamin C 28mg (BPI, 2001).

The plants are said to reduce or prevent termite infestation in gardens. Diluted pressed juice is used against aphids in China. The therapeutic qualities attributed to Allium fistulosum are many, especially in Chinese Medicine. It is used to improve the functioning of internal organs and the metabolism, for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders, and to prolong life. It is further reported to improve eyesight, and to enhance recovery from common colds, headaches, wounds and festering sores (Denton, 2004)

The name “Scallion” is applied to several members of the onion family including a distinct variety called scallion, immature onions (commonly called green onions), young leeks and sometimes the tops of young shallots. In each case the vegetable has a white base that has not fully developed into a bulb and green leaves that are long and straight. Both parts are edible. True scallions are generally identified by the fact that the sides of the base are straight, whereas the others are usually slightly curved, showing the beginnings of a bulb.

Rashdi Macalangcom Casim., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 50-58.

All can be used interchangeably although true Utilization of rice hull and it’s by products as soil scallions have a milder flavour than immature onions. It amendments is very much limited to guide the farmers is a herbaceous biennial monocot cultivated as an in achieving high production of green onion. Hence, annual. Each leaf consists of blade and sheaths, the rice farmers can utilize rice residues as soil amendments blade may or may not be distinctive. The sheaths and organic fertilizer like chicken manure to enhance develops to invite the growing point and forms a tube. soil characteristics especially for “sakurab” production Collectively the growing of these sheaths compose of where it is planted before or after fallow period. pseudo-tem. Basal position of the bulb sheaths are storage tissues from which lateral bud produce tillers Scallion green onion or “Sakurab” us widely (Rubatzky and Yamagunchi, 1997). adapted to Lanao Conditions, thus this study was conducted to encourage the farmers of Lanao to grow Green onions are harvested when they reach the this crop to augment their income with the use of soil proper diameter for particular market. For example, amendments and organic fertilizer that are just found in scallion are usually from ¼ to 5/8 inches in diameter or the vicinity. larger at harvest. This can be from 60 to 90 days after seeding, depending on the variety and the season. Be Generally, this study was conducted to evaluate the careful during harvest to prevent the damage to the growth and yield performance of scallion green onion onions, especially the bulb (Extension Bulletin 971, under different sources of soil amendments and rates of 1999). Thus, scallion onions are pulled from the ground chicken dung. while the bulb is still small and shipped and marketed in bunches with their fresh bulb and tops attached Specifically, this study as affected by different (Encyclopedia Americana, 1997). source of soil amendments and rates of chicken dung aim to; It is well known that the alliums like scallion green 1. To evaluate the plant height of Scallion green onion possess unique thiosulfinate that condition anti onions. thrombosis benefits, including antioxidant activity, 2. To determine the number of tillers. reduced serum cholesterol and enhance in vitro 3. To identify the number of leaves of scallion green antiplatelet activity. This latter effect is important for onion bulb. cardiovascular health by reducing the probability that 4. To measure the diameter size of scallion green platelets aggregate in the blood, a major cause of heart onion. attacks and strokes. It belongs to the source of botanical 5. To determine the percent recovery of marketable of family as garlic and leeks has been used for countries scallion green onion. for treating different ailments ranging from circulatory 6. Top analyse the Percent of Return of Investment. disorders to common colds (Orayles, 1994) and its oil is stimulants, diuretic and expectorant both internally and MATERIALS AND METHODS externally which increases the peristaltic action of the Location and Description of the Area bulb in intestines and is thus prescribed in cases of The study was conducted at the experimental area of obstruction (Quisumbing, 1978). the College of Agriculture, MSU, Marawi City. The field was previously planted to corn and the soil type is Scallion green onion has been at the forefront of clay loam. their low value in calorie, protein, ash and vitamin content. They have a characteristic pungent aroma and Duration of the Study is sharp taste which made them an excellent flavouring The study was conducted from January 19, 2007 to in many foods particularly meat and salads (BPI, 2001). March 15, 2007 or a period of 55 days only.

Thus, almost all the Meranao people are using Source of Planting Materials scallion green inion for their special dishes and they The Local variety of scallion green onion or consider it as part of their basic food needs. The serious “Sakurab” was procured from local “Sakurab” farmers implication of scallion green onion shortage supply in of Lanao del Sur. This was used as planting materials. other part of our country creates a need for an increase of scallion green onion production which can be grown Experimental Design in rice field of Lanao where irrigation is not available The experiment used a two factor experiment and with the utilization of rice hull and it’s by products as was statistically analysed and laid out in (RCBD). The soil amendments and chicken manure as organic treatments were compared using Duncan Multiple fertilizer. Range Tests (DMRT).

The farmers engaged in the production of this crop could naturally augment their income specifically for the rice farmers who are not able to cultivate rice during dry season. 51

Rashdi Macalangcom Casim., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 50-58. The chicken dung was incorporated in the assigned Treatments plot one week ahead of the soil amendments or fifteen The five by three 5 x 3 factorial experiments with three days before planting. Foliar fertilizer (Crop Giant) was replications are as follows: sprayed 15 days after planting. The plants were also Factor A (Chicken Dung) fertilized with complete fertilizer and ammonium B1 – 5 ton/ha Chicken Dung sulphate with a rate of 3:1 or 5 grams per plant in a B2 – 10 ton/ha Chicken Dung nutrient solution. B3 – 15 ton/ha Chicken Dung Planting Factor B (Soil Amendments) One tiller of scallion green onion was planted with a A1 – Control (No Soil amendments) distance of 15 cm between hills x 30 cm between rows A2 – Rice Hull (10 ton/ha) with 36 number of plants per plot. The planting A3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (10 materials were chosen to be as possible of the same ton/ha) sizes and maturity. A4 – Rice Hull Ash (10 ton/ha) A5 – Mushroom Spent (10 ton/ha) Watering Watering was done twice a day every morning and Cultural Practices late afternoon since the growing period was dry season Land Preparation (Table 11.0 – Climatological data). The field was plowed and harrowed two times using animal drawn implement. The area was then divided Weeding equally into three representing replications. Hand weeding was done frequently to avoid weeds competing the plants. Each replication or block contain 15 subplots representing the fifteen treatments combination (figure Harvesting 3.0). Each subplot (Fig. 2.0) representing one treatment Scallion green onion was harvested or uprooted at measures 1m wide by 2m long. There were a total of 45 its 55th days from planting. They were cleaned by dry- subplots representing three replications (Figure 1.0). removal of soils adhering to the roots.

The land preparation was completed by the Data Gathered incorporation of the different soil amendments to their Plant Height (cm) respective plots that were assigned randomly (Fig. 1.0). Plant height was measured after harvesting. The measurement was done from the bulb base of the plant Soil Amendment Preparation and Incorporation to the tip of the longest leaf. Soil Amendment Preparatiuon and Incorporation Treatment A1 (Control) – No soil amendment Number of Tillers/Clump Treatment A2 (RH) – Rice Hull (10 ton/ha) This was done by counting the number of tillers that Fresh rice hull was incorporated directly to the field one were produced per hill. week before planting. Number of Developed Leaves at Harvest Treatment A3 (CRH) – Carbonized Rice Hull (10 This was done by counting the number of viable ton/ha) leaves per plant after harvesting. Rice hull was first fired separately away the experimental plots with constant stirring made the rice Average Bulb Diameter (cm) hull into partial combustion thus black color is This was done by measuring the diameter of the produced. This was added to the assigned plots at 10t/ha bulb per plant. The measurement was based on the a week prior to planting. widest bulb portion using micro caliper.

Treatment A4 (RHA) – Rice Hull Ash (10 ton/ha) Initial Weight (Intact leaves) (g) Rice hull ash was first prepared separately away This was done by weighing the newly harvested from the experimental plots by total firing the rice hull scallion green onion after removing the soils adhering until it turned to ashes (gray color). When cool from the roots of the plant. The leaves were still intact. these are mixed to the assigned plots at 10 ton/ha one week prior to planting. Final Weight (Detached Leaves) (g) The leaves and roots of the scallion was first Treatment A5 (MS) – Mushroom Spent (10 ton/ha) removed according to the Local Market Acceptability. Mushroom spent was incorporated to the There were weighed to recover the percent weight actual plot/field one week before planting at a recovery (PWR) of “Sakurab” with the formula: rate of 10 tons/ha.

Fertilization (Application of Chicken Dung)

Rashdi Macalangcom Casim., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 50-58. percent return of investment (PRI) as computed using PWR = Final Weight______x 100 the formula. Initial Weight PRI = Net Income______x 100 Cost of Production

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Average Plant Height (cm) Cost and Return Analysis The data on the average plant height of the data plants The cost of production was determined by summing up are presented in Table 1.0. all the expenditures in each treatment combination. The Table 1.0 average plant height as affected by different rates of chicken dung and sources of soil amendments (cm).

SOIL CHICKEN DUNG TOTAL MEAN AMENMENT B1 5TONS/HA B2 10TONS/HA B3 15TONS/HA A1 – Control 46.59 44.9 44.78 136.27 45.42 A2-RH 49.64 45.95 44.29 136.27 46.63 A3-CRH 47.23 43.16 44.59 139.88 44.95 A4-RHA 45.52 47.09 44.02 134.87 45.54 A5-SMS 45.83 44.6 42.78 136.63 44.40 TOTAL 234.7 225.7 220.46 680.86 MEAN 46.88b 45.1a 44.49a 45.39 Means having the same letter superscript are not significantly different from each other based on DMRT.

It was noted that the tallest scallion onion was Further subjecting the different treatment means of obtained in the plots (B1) applied with 5 tons/ha of the data obtained from the application of different rates chicken dung with a mean of 46.88 cm. It was followed of chicken dung it was revealed that treatment B, which by B2 (10 tons/ha) with a mean of 45.14 cm and the is the application of 10 tons/ha is significantly different shortest scallion green onion with a mean of 44.09 cm from those that were applied with 10 tons/ha (B2) and was obtained in B2 applied with 10 tons/ha of chicken 15 tons/ha (B3). dung. This result further justified that increasing the rate Subjecting the different data of the plant height to of application of chicken dung from 10 tons/ha to 15 analysis of variance, the different rates of chicken dung tons/ha does not affect the plant height of scallion green application significantly affect the height of scallion onion. green onion (Appendix Table 1.0) In table 1,0, it was noted that in the soil amendments Chicken Dung provides large amount of nitrogen A2 (Rice Hull) produced the tallest green onion with a needed by the plants and it releases nutrients in the soil mean of 46.63 cm. it was followed by A4 (Rice Hull by returning them into soluble compounds that are Ash), A1 (Control), A3 (Carbonized Rice Hull) and A5 absorbed by the plant roots and utilized them for (Mushroom Spent) with means of 45.54 cm, 45.42 cm, vegetative use (Anderson, 1951) as cited by Patriarcha 44.95 cm and 44.40 cm respectively. However, (1990). subjecting these data to analysis of variance it was found out that there were no significant differences Thus, there were significant differences among among treatments. treatments in the rates of chicken dung. B2 (10 tons/ha CD) and B3 (15 tons/ha CD) have no significant In the interaction of the treatments, A2B1 (Rice Hull differences but they significant over B1 (5 tons/ha CD). + 5 tons/ha Chicken Dung) produced the tallest green onion with a mean of 49.64. A5B3 (Mushroom Spent + The above result in line with the work of Mahinay 15 tons/ha CD) produced the shortest scallion green (1994) as cited by Tatil and Pava (2001) in his study in onion with a mean of 42.78 cm. the different rates of organic fertilizer application in rice where he obtained a comparable significant yield with This result could attributed to the fact that rice hull 10 bags per hectare with the plots applied with 15, 20 has that particle size and resistance to decomposition. and 25 bags per hectare. This material opens up the soil and increase soil porosity. Having this type of functions the plant is able Furthermore Tatil and Pava (2001) reported the to attract mycorrhizal association. These mycorrhizal work of Villaseca III (1992) that a significant yield of fungi grow inside the plant roots and in the surrounding 7.02 tons/ha with the application of 10 bags Minoper soil often facilitating mineral uptake by the plant (Fig. organic fertilizer alone. 12) Taiz and Zeiger, 1991).

Rashdi Macalangcom Casim., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 50-58. Number of Leaves at Harvest The result justify with the results of the study of It was observed that the plots applied with 5 tons/ha Plaster (1997) where nitrogen content can promote of chicken dung (B1) obtained the highest number of vegetative growth. It is noted that Chicken Dung is leaves of scallion green onion with a mean of 20.38. richer in nitrogen because of feed supplement. Thus, Plant under B3 (15 tons/ha) exhibited the lowest chicken dung provide large amount of nitrogen needed number of leaves with a mean of 18.77 followed by B2 by the plants and released nutrient to the soil by turning (10 tons/ha) with a mean of 19.50 (Table 2.0). it was them into soluble compounds that are absorbed by the shown in Appendix Table 2.0 that there were no plants roots and utilized for vegetative growth (Taleser, significant differences among treatments. 1997).

Table 2.0 Average number of developed leaves as affected by different rates of chicken dung and sources of soil amendments

SOIL CHICKEN DUNG TOTAL MEAN AMENMENT B1 5TONS/HA B2 10TONS/HA B3 15TONS/HA A1 – Control 18.33 19.12 19.02 56.47 18.82 A2-RH 18.64 19.02 19.02 57.23 19.07 A3-CRH 22.38 18.95 18.95 61.59 20.53 A4-RHA 21.05 17.28 17.28 58.04 19.35 A5-MS 21.47 17.57 17.57 57.56 19.18 TOTAL 101.87 91.84 91.84 290.89 MEAN 20.38 18.77 18.77 19.42

As for the soil amendments, A3 (Carbonized Rice Hull) obtained the highest number of leaves with a The result for the interaction of the treatments mean of (20.53) followed by A4 (RHA) with a mean of showed in Appendix Table 2.0, that A3B1 with 19.35, A5 (MS) with a mean of 19.18, A2 (RH) with a carbonized rice hull and 5 tons/ha of chicken dung mean of 129.07 and A1 (Control) produced the lowest obtained the highest number of leaves with a mean of number of leaves with a mean of 18.82 (Table 2). The 22.38. the lowest number of leaves was noted in A4B3 results of the number of leaves as affected by different (RHA+15tons/ha CD) with a mean of 17.28. sources of soil amendments revealed that there were no significant differences among treatments applied. Number of Tillers Per Clump In Table 3.0, revealed that the B2 (10 tons/ha) and Furthermore, carbonized rice hull or husk (CRH) is B3 (15 tons/ha) garnered the same highest number of made from incomplete or partial burning of rice hull, it tillers with a mean of 3.19 tillers. The treatments is comparable to rice hull which is porous, bulky with applied with 5 tons/ha of chicken dung (B1) produced uniform intact black particles. It contains phosphorus the lowest number of tillers with a mean of 3.01. Hence, (P); potassium (K), calcium (CA), magnesium, and there none significant differences among treatments other micronutrients vital to growing crops because it is (Appendix Table 3.0). also sterilized, it is pathogen free (Bagaoisan, 1996).

Table 3.0 Average Number of Tillers as affected by different rates of chicken dung and sources of chicken dung.

SOIL CHICKEN DUNG TOTAL MEAN AMENMENT B1 5TONS/HA B2 10TONS/HA B3 15TONS/HA A1 – Control 2.94 3.14 3.4 9.48 3.16 A2-RH 3.02 3.04 3.02 9.08 3.03 A3-CRH 3.02 3.21 3.78 10.01 3.34 A4-RHA 3.07 3.47 2.88 9.42 3.14 A5-MS 3.02 3.10 2.85 8.97 2.99 TOTAL 15.07 15.96 15.93 46.96 MEAN 3.01 3.19 3.19 3.10

Result on the soil amendments revealed that A3 (CRH) produced the relatively highest number of tillers with a mean Interaction results on the different sources of soil of 3.34, followed by A1 (Control) with a mean of 3.16, A4 amendments and rates of chicken dung showed that A3B3 (RHA) with a mean of 3.14, A2 (RH) with a mean of 3.03. (CRH +15 ton/ha CD) obtained the highest number of tillers Treatment A5 treated with 10 tons/ha mushroom spent with a mean of 3.78 and the lowest number of tillers was obtained the lowest number of tillers which is 2.99 tillers. It observed in A5B3 (Mushroom Spent + 15 tons/ha CD) with a was shown that there were no significant differences among mean of 2.85. treatments means (Appendix Table 3.0). 54

Rashdi Macalangcom Casim., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 50-58. Hence, several recent studies indicated that carbonized tons/ha of chicken dung (B1) with a mean of 3.15 cm rice hull (CRH), the product of incomplete combustion of followed by the plots applied with 15 tons/ha of chicken organic material, could combine characteristics highly dung (B3) with a mean of 3.10 cm and the smallest was beneficial for soil nutrient dynamics with high stability obtained in the plots treated with 10 ton/ha of chicken against chemical and microbial breakdown (IRRI, 1999). dung with a mean of 3.04 cm (B2). There were no

significant differences among treatments in the different Diameter of Bulb (cm) rates of chicken dung (Appendix Table 4.0). It was noted in Table 4.0 that the widest bulb diameter was obtained in the plots applied with 15

Table 4.0 Average bulb diameter as affected by different rates of chicken dung and sources of soil amendments (cm).

SOIL CHICKEN DUNG TOTAL MEAN AMENMENT B1 5TONS/HA B2 10TONS/HA B3 15TONS/HA A1 – Control 2.85 2.77 2.92 8.54 2.84 A2-RH 3.17 2.95 3.16 9.28 3.09 A3-CRH 3.70 2.77 3.36 9.83 3.28 A4-RHA 3.04 3.11 3.35 9.5 3.17 A5-MS 3.0 3.62 2.71 9.33 3.11 TOTAL 15.76 15.22 15.5 8.54 MEAN 3.15 3.04 3.1 3.099

Result in the diameter of bulb in the different followed by A5B2, A3B3, A4B3, A2B1, A2B3, A4B2, sources of amendments revealed that A3-CRH A4B1, A5B1, A2B2, A1B3, A1B3, A1B2, A3B2, in produced the biggest bulb with a mean of 3.28 cm that order and A5B3 obtained the smallest bulb with a followed by A4-RHA, A5-RH and A1 – Control mean of 2.71 cm. respectively with means of 3.17 cm, 3.09 cm and 2.84 cm). It was noted that the bulb diameter of scallion Initial Weight (Intact Leaves) (g) green onion was not significantly by the application of In Table 5.0, it was observed in the rates of chicken different sources of soil amendments. dung, B1 with 5 tons/ha obtained the heaviest weight with a mean of 342.66 grams followed by B2 with 10 It was noted in Appendix Table 4.0, that the tons/ha with a mean of 329. 33 g. B3 with 15 tons/ha interaction results in the diameter of bulb was favoured produced the lightest weight of green onion with a in A3B1-CHR+5 tons/ha with a mean of 3.70 cm mean of 293.33 grams.

Table 5.0 Average initial weight (intact leaves) as affected by different rates of chicken dung and sources of soil amendments (grams).

SOIL CHICKEN DUNG TOTAL MEAN AMENMENT B1 5TONS/HA B2 10TONS/HA B3 15TONS/HA A1 – Control 310 320 276.66 906.66 302.22 A2-RH 333.33 330 310 973.33 324.44 A3-CRH 360 320 330 1010 336.66 A4-RHA 346.66 373.33 270 989.99 329.99 A5-SMS 363.33 303.33 280 946.66 315.53 TOTAL 1713.32 1646.66 1466.66 4826.64 MEAN 342.664 b 329.332b 293.332a 321.776 Means having the same letter superscript are not significantly different from each other based on DMRT. Appendix Table 5.0 revealed that there were significant differences among treatments. B1 and B2 Results in the different sources of soil amendments have no significant differences, B3 showed significant showed that A3-CRH produced the heaviest weight of differences among treatments in different rates of green onion with a mean of 336.66 g, followed by A4- chicken dung. MS with a mean of 315.53 and A1-Control with a mean of 302.22 respectively. Chicken manure is a rich, fertile amendment with nutrient values that can run up to 3 percent nitrogen, 4 Bagaoisan (2001) reported that burning of rice hulls percent phosphorus, and 3 percent potassium. It can be significantly reduced the nematode populations in the strong smelling. It can also burn plants, so don’t use it soil and increased onion yield. Thus, carbonized rice on sensitive or shallow-rooted plants. If used properly, hull (CRH) can be used as a substrate to organic it gets annuals and vegetables off to a fast start fertilizer, soil conditioner or ameliorant (PRRI, 2001). (http://www.horticulture.tamu.edu).

Rashdi Macalangcom Casim., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 50-58. Final Weight (Detached leaves) (grams) Thus, Perkins and Parker as cited by Balansag Data presented in Table 6.0, showed that B1 5 (1999) reported that significant increase in yield was tons/ha of chicken dung produced the heaviest weight obtained on crops with application of chicken dung of scallion green onion with a mean of 224.66 grams, ranging from 2.5 to 16 tons/acre. followed by B2 – 10 tons/ha with a mean of 208 grams. B3- 15 tons/ha produced the lightest weight of green Results in the different sources of amendments onion with a mean of 190.66 grams. revealed that A2-RH manifested the heaviest weight with a mean of 217.77 grams followed by A3-CRH It was noted that there were significant differences with a mean of 213.33 grams, A5-MS with a mean of among treatments in the different rates of chicken dung. 205.55 grams, A4-RH with a mean of 205.33 grams. B3 -15 tons/ha of chicken dung has significant The lightest weight was observed in A1-control with a difference on B1 (5 tons/ha) and B2 (10 tons/ha). mean of 196.66 grams. However, the treatment in the However, B1 and B2 have no significant differences different sources of soil amendments have no base on DMRT (Appendix Table 6.0). significant differences.

Table 6.0 Average Final Weight (Detached leaves) as affected by different rates of chicken dung and sources of soil amendments (cm).

SOIL CHICKEN DUNG TOTAL MEAN AMENMENT B1 5TONS/HA B2 10TONS/HA B3 15TONS/HA A1 – Control 213.33 203.33 173.33 589.99 196.66 A2-RH 240 210 203.33 653.33 217.77 A3-CRH 223.33 196.66 220 639.99 213.33 A4-RHA 216.66 223.33 176.66 616.65 205.33 A5-SMS 230.00 206.66 180 616.66 205.55 TOTAL 1123.32 1039.98 953.32 3116.62 MEAN 224.664b 207.996ab 190.664a 207.78 Means having the same letter superscript are not significantly different from each other based on DMRT.

Rose (1996) noted on rice hulls concerns its use as a mean of 65.237 and B2 (10 tons/ha) obtained the lowest soil amendment. A soil amendment is any material weight percent recovery of green onion with a mean of mixed into a soil to improves its physical properties, 64.413 %. Thus, there were no significant differences including water retention, permeability, water among treatment in the different rates of chicken dung. infiltration, drainage, aeration and structure. The goal is The result showed that chicken dung gave the highest to provide a better environment for roots. To be yield. Moreover, chicken dung not only increase the effective, an amendment must be mixed into the soil yield but also improves the quality of the crop (Bunoan, thoroughly. If it could dumped on the surface, or buried 1981) in a clump, it could interfere with water and air movement and inhibit root growth (Doesett, 1996). The result in the different sources of soil amendments revealed that A2-RH produced the highest Interaction results in Appendix Table 6.0 revealed percent recovery of scallion green onion with a mean of that A2B1 (RH+5tons/ha) produced the heaviest weight 67.23%, followed by A5-MS with a mean of 66.43%, with a mean of 240 grams followed by A5B1 A4-RHA with a mean of 64.39, A3-CRH with a mean (Mushroom Spent + 5 tons/ha of chicken dung) with a of 63.99%. A1-control obtained the lowest percent mean of 173.33. recovery with a mean of 63.56%.

Percent Weight Recovery (%) Rice hull are quite stable, lasting up to ten years in In the percent of recovery, it was noted in Table 7.0 the soil. This material opens up the soil and increases that the plots applied with 5 tons/ha if chicken dung porosity; it does not add nutrients or water-holding produced the highest percent recovery with a mean of capacity. This product has been used in golf greens to 65.612 %. It was followed by B3 (15 tons/ha) with a provide aeration in the soil (Rose, 1996).

Rashdi Macalangcom Casim., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 50-58.

Table 7.0 Average percent weight recovery as affected by different rates of chicken dung and sources of chicken dung (cm).

SOIL CHICKEN DUNG TOTAL MEAN AMENMENT B1 5TONS/HA B2 10TONS/HA B3 15TONS/HA A1 – Control 68.807 63.423 57.933 190.163 63.39 A2-RH 72.277 63.650 65.760 201.697 67.23 A3-CRH 60.903 61.770 69.297 191.97 63.99 A4-RHA 62.560 65.003 65.630 193.19 64.40 A5-MS 63.513 68.220 67.567 199.30 66.43 TOTAL 328.06 322.066 326.187 976.313 MEAN 65.612 64.413 65.237 65.088

Interaction results revealed that A2B1 (RH + 5 8. DICK, W.A., & McCoy, E.L. (1993). Enhancing tons/ha CD) produced the highest weight percent soil fertility by addition of compost. In: recovery with a mean of 72.27%, followed by A3B3 Science and Engineering of Composting: Design, (CRH+15 tons/ha) with a mean of 69.29%. The lowest Environmental, Microbiological, and percent recovery was noted in A1B3 (Control + 15 Utilization Aspects, H.A.J. Hoitink and H.M. tons/ha of Chicken dung) with a mean of 57.93%. it Keener (Eds.) Renaissance Publications. also revealed that there were significant differences Worthington, Ohio, USA. among treatments in the results of interaction 9. DOSSET, J. (1996). The Dirt on Soil Amendment. (Appendix Table 7.0). Commercial Landscape and Nursery Specialist, Ohio University. Cost and Return Analysis 10. DULDULAO, V.A. (2000). Let’s Produce manure. It is shown in Appendix Table 8.0 that in the Department of Agriculture, Philippine Rice interaction of different sources of soil amendments and Research Institute. p.98 chicken dung, A2B1 (Rice Hull + 5 tons/ha chicken 11. ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA. (1997). dung) obtained the highest return of investment with Volume 20. GROLIER INCORPORATED. 263.63% and also noted with the highest yield of 1.2 12. Extension Bulletin 971, (1999). Food and Fertilizer tons/ha and among the lowest cost of production of Technology, FFTC. INTERNATIONAL PEST P16,500.00. It also garnered the highest net income of MANAGEMENT. 1999. Philippine Rice P43,500.00/ha. Research Institute, Munoz, Nueva Ecija. 13. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). (2004). Tropical Rice, UP, Los Banos, Laguna. ITERATURE ITED L C 14. JUO, A.S.R. (1994). Place of ally Cropping in 1. BAGAOISAN, R.J.M. (2001). Carbonized Rice Sustainable Agriculture in Tropics. Transaction of Hull: Multipurpose Rice Waste. CLSU, the 15th International Soil Science Congress, Vol. Nueva Ecija. 7a, pp. 98-109. 2. BALANSAG, E.L. (2001). The Effect of Different 15. KUCZMARSKI, D. (1994). Amending the Cost of Animal Excrements on the Growth and Yield Media. AmericanNurseryman. 179(10), 47-52. of Green Onion. Mindanao State University, 16. MALDO, R.M. (1998). The Effect of Application Marawi City (Unpublished Undergraduate of various rates of chicken dung on the Thesis). Yield of Soybean. Unpublished B.S. Thesis. 3. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. (2001), College of Agriculture, Mindanao State Specialized Training on Upland Crop University, Marawi City. Production, BPI, Los Banos, Laguna. 17. MUSHROOM RESEARCH LABORATORY. 4. Biological and Agricultural Engineering Dept., (November 20, 1999). 212 Buckhout Lab North Carolina State University, as reported University Park, PA 16802 (814)865-7748 FAX: “Poultry Manure as a Fertilizer Source.” Soil Facts (814) 863-7217. fact sheet authored by J.P. Zublena, J.C. Barker, 18. ORAYLES, I.N. (1994). Plants that You Know But and T.A. Carter, North Carolina Coop Ext. Really Don’t. 110 Philippines Medicinal Plants. Serv., Raleigh. 19. PATRIACHA, E.H. (1990). Effect of Fertilizer 5. BUNOAN, J.C. (1981). Primier Organic Materials on Radish. Unpublished B.S. Fertilizers.. Farmer’s Journal, Philippines Thesis. College of Agriculture, Mindanao State 23:27. rd University, Marawi City. 6. CHO, S.J, (1986). Soil Science. (3 Edition). 20. PAVA, H., & ABELLANOSA, A. (1995). HyangmunSa, Seoul. 396 pp. (In Korean) Introduction to Crop Science 2nd ed. Central 7. DENTON, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Bukidnon. Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.

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