Dispersal of Activities-The East Tasmanian Aboriginal Sites

IYAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOGIETY OF TASMA~IA. VOLUME 102-PART II

DISPERSAL OF ACTIVITIES-THE EAST TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL SITES

HARRY LOURANDOS Tasmanian Museum, Hobart

ABSTl~ACT of the .economically obtainable(l) shell population The archaeological evidence both from excavated m the lmmediately related habitat, with few other sites and field survey suggests a significant division extraneous features associated. From Great Oyster in the prehistoric economic organisation of the Tas Bay south the coastline is broken and indented in manian Aborigines of the East and West/North series of protected bays, and here and in the West habitats of the island. A nomadic organisa e_~~uaries the bay-estuarine type predominates, tion is interpreted for the Eastern sites, and a Ii 10m field surveys It appears to directly correspond semi-sedentary or seasonally-sedentary organisation to the distribution of the living and historically recorded shell populations. The two shell specie's for the West and North-West coastal sites. that compose the bulk of these middens are the Tas,manian mud oyster .(Ostrea angas·i Sowerby. INTRODUCTION 187~) and mussel (Mytllus pianulatus Lamarck. Here is a scheme based on field survey and exca 1819) ,and th,:y occur together in differing ratios vation for organising and interpreting the or maependentJy accordmg to the structure of the archaeological sites of Eastern Tasmania. Three aSSOCiated shell populations. North of Great types of site are distingUished and shown to be Oystel~ Bay .as far as Eddystone Point the domin related spatially and in function. These are shell ant mIdden IS .of the second type directly associated middens, open inland camps, and the quarries. As WIth shell populations sharing the exposed rack a group they are compared with the dominant sites platform habitats that make up most of this coast in the West, and North-'West and shown to be line. T!le. dominant species in association here are significantly different. These differences arc inter the ,Suonznella undulata Solander, 1786 and a preted as refiecting the peculiarities of the separate specle.s of Abalone Uyotohaliotis ruber Leach, 1814). habitats of East and West (including North-West) LocatlOn and morphology (as well as she,ll com Tasmania, pOSItIOn) of the middens along these coasts is govern~d by that of the obtainable shell populations These differences in East and West sites were ImmedIately associated. The middens have been first noticed by myself during field surveys carried accumulate}! di!ec.tly on the coastline with few out in 1967 and demonstrated by excavation of two exc~PtlOns(-) wIthm a few feet of the mollusc chosen sites (December 1967-Februal'Y 1968). habItats. Eastern Tasmania I distinguish as the eastern half of the island corresponMng to the selerophyll The total compositions of all midden types in the forest area (shown in diag. 1), with the exception area appear to be predominantly of shell with low of the coastal heath strip along the North-East proportIOns of, terrestrial and marine faunal coast and in the North-East corner, with an exten remains, definable stone implements, flaking fioors, sion on to the lakes area of the Central Plateau or structural features. Large sample excavations demarked as mountain moorland. The West refers on one ~lid~en .in the Little Swanport estual'Y(") to the basically narrow coastal strip predominantly h,:ve venfiea thIS observation. The ratio of the of sedgeland checked by rain forest with large mIdden's conte~ts h~avny ~efiect that of the oyster/ stretches of sedgeland in the South-West. TOR"ether mussel populatlOn lmmedlately associated('). All with it I include the North-West coast ~s an other traits are very poorly represented. Few extension of the narrow coastal strip probably terrestnal and coastal-marine faunal remains are originally of predominant coastal heath checked present. The frequeJ?-cy of stone artifacts is very by rain forest (shown as ' cleared land' in diag. 1). low and all appear Imported. No fiaking fioors Mos,t of the East is cut ofT from the West by large ~vere f~lUnd and the existence of any primary fiakes tracts of rain forest, the two habitats meeting IS dubIOUS. Apart. from loca~ igneous stone lumps coastally in the mid-north and in the extreme present the use of stone artIfacts seems minimal south. and negligible numbers of fiakes with secondal'~ retouch are pl"es~nt. Except for one possible post' THE MIDDENS hole and a matnx of ashy hearth lenses no other ~on-s.hell structure ':Vas apparent. The interpreta Two major types of midden distinguishable in tlOn IS of a speClahsed oyster-fishing dump with .shell-composition and habitat predominate along little other activity refiected archaeologically. the East and South-East coasts, the bay estuarine and the open coastal rocky-platform types. Each Contemporary ethnographic descriptions of open midden appears to closely refiect the structure coastal shell middens in the South-East (Hiatt,

41 42 DISPERSAL OF ACTIVITIES-THE EAST TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL SITES

1967, pp. 127-128) show a strict exploitation of the associated with the lake or marsh in front and immediate coastal habitat, the diet at these sites showing the manufacture, use and. resharpening (10) repeatedly consisting of shell-fish, sea and land of stone implements on the site, in association with vegetable (immediately procurable), crustacea, and faunal evidence, the hearths, and the grinding fresh water. The open coastal factor of crustacea equipment inferring the eating of vegetables (11) • (usually crayfish) which share this habitat could This interpretation has been extended to those be expected to be found archaeologically on open inland sites, both stratified, eroded and surface, coastal middens and perhaps proportionally. In the which show a similar assemblage of stone types. estuarine Little Swanport midden they were present Such are the lunettes in the Midlands (as at Grimes but in low numbers. For these reasons the ecological Lagoon and Lake Dulverton) and the erosion interpretation of the specialised shell dump can scatters round the lakes of the Central Plateau be extended to all such middens, estuarine or coastal, detected as far west as Lake Augusta. in this area. By plotting the volume, density, and extent of these midden concentrations (diag. 1) THE QUARRIES the importance of certain coastal areas as focW) The most common stone material used in the East of economic exploitation and activity can be noticed. for manufacturing flaked stone tools was of fine This applies to the entire Tasmanian coastline. grained siliceous rocks predominantly from Jurassic It appears that the East coast was occupied and Tertiary chert-hornfels (metamorphosed mud primarily for marine exploitation. Old dates from stones and sediments) . The area where this South-East coast middens fall within the range of material occurs is shown in diag. 2 and appears to c. 6,000-8,700 B.P. (Reber, 1965, pp. 264-67; 1967, correspond broadly to the extent of the sclerophyll pp. 435-436) corresponding to the approximate age East. Here the material outcrops ubiquitously and of the present coastline and therefore of the shell abundantly, and a distribution of the quarries could beds. be expected to coincide. The plotting of certain known quarries(12) reflects this. The quarries' com INLAND CAMPS position is predominantly of used cores and prim ary waste flakes with few finished implements. This The East is a blanket of artifacts and artifact infers that the quarry site was used for the initial assemblages stretching from the coast to moorland manufacturing of the stone implements which were over 3,000 feet on the Central Plateau. Implement then carried off the site presumably for use else scatters are detected in ploughed fields, along the where. Quarries often occur fortuitously in close eroded perimeters of inland lakes and marshes, and proximity to occupation sites as in the Little Swan are stratified in sedimentary deposits alongside port estuary, Oyster Cove (D'Entrecasteaux Chan water-courses. The entire Eastern habitat appears nel), Long Point and Piccaninny Point. to have been under Aboriginal occupation. Ethno graphic verification exists in support of the archaeo INTERPRETATION logical evidence (Hiatt, 1968, pp. 190-205). Two major types of archaeological sites have been The three types of site described show basic recognised, stratified deposits in rock shelters and dissimilarities in their function, in stone implement lunettes (fossil inland dunes). Rock shelters and manufacture and use, and in the exploitation of the overhangs are commonest in the sandstone outcrops immediate habitat. Coastal shell middens

1+~· 1+1' I I

R -c=J 5 1·;i: •.. it,·J M ~ Se !SID H ~ ~ C o l ... Seal site e .20 5

DIAGRAM 1. Major Vegetation Zones-R, Rain Forest; S, Sclerophyll Forest; Point; (8) Cobler Rocks; (9) Cape Naturaliste; (10) Sloop M, Moorland; Se, Sedgeland; H, Coastal Heath; C, Cleared Point; (11) Cox's Bight; (12) Lake Augusta; (13) Grime'. Land. Lagoon; (14) Lake Dulverton; (15) Long Point; e = ethnographic seal sighting. (16)Piccaninny Point; (17) Oyster Cove; (18) Iles Des s == present day seal colonies. Phoques; (19) Hippolyte Rocks; (20) Pedra Branca. Sites mentioned in the text-(1) Little Swanport; (2) Crown O-Circles denote shell midden concentrations and their com Lagoon; (3) Rocky Cape; (4) West Point; (5) Great parative size. Oyster Bay; (6) D'Entrecasteaux Channel; (7) Eddystone HARRY LOURANDOS 45 r

DIAGRAM 2.-Aboriginal Quarry Sites and Their Likely Distribution. Quarries are indicated by a triangle and plotted against the major outcrop area of chert-hornfels (shaded); this is the most commonly used material for flaked tools in Eastern Tasmania. 46 DISPERSAL OF ACTIVlTIES-TlH~ }CAST TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL SlTE:R

Associated with these are significant quantities of '_Pl'emi'!m' is a term bOl'l'()\ved from animal ecology and IS modIfied to Dlean a scale of conlpetition between sites marsupial and seal bone in deposits visibly up to seleetion by a human eulture, five feet thick. This evidence corresponds to a op-cit footnote (n). note by Kelly 0920, p. 174) in January 1816 of op-cit Jootnote (1-"). up-cit Jootnotc (18), a seal colony at George's Rocks which lie immedi Thpse srgumcntR have often been sl1ggested but ately off the coast between Eddystone Point and von"""'",,, See Hiatt (19Gi'S, p. ~02) and he)' comments on Cobler Rocks. Large numbers of Aborigines are associated with the seals and with kangaroo in communications with Dr J. L. Davk-,,-<, this description, but as Hiatt warns (Hiatt, 1968, University of Tasmania. pp. 199, 201) this incident is one provoked by European intervention. Excavation is needed to ACKNOWLEDGMENTS determine whether this North-East corner corres I. would like to thank the following people for ponds to the later Rocky Cape or West Point theIr help >--Mr A. ,1. Dartnall, Dr J. L. Davies, model. Mr A. Goede, Mr Rhys Jones, Dr Grote Reber, Mr Diagram 1 reveals a pattern of Aboriginal seal F. L. Sutherland, and especially to all those who ing with a West/North-West distribution from damd to come excavating. Cox's Bight to Eddystone Point. This is more extensive than the present distribution centered in Bass Strait with fringe colonies off the main of REFERENCES South-East Tasmania at Isle Des Phoques, Hippo Al\t] RROSE, W. R., lj)G7.~-Arc:haeo]ogy and Shell Middens. Archaeolog·y a.nd PhYFricul Anthrolwlogy Occaniu ('.» . in t Vol. lyte Rocks and Pedra Branca Evidence for 11, No. J. Aboriginal association with South-East sealing BRYDJi]:\", W., and FJLJ TS, \V. p,~ 1965.---Aboriglllal pm;:mlation. colonies has yet to be detected archaeologically. In Atlas oj Tasmun~ia, edited by Davies, J. L. ~ DAVIES; .T. L.: no date.--The Whales and Seals of Tasmania~ rasmanlan :11:useum and Art Gallel'Y~ Rohnrt. NOTES COTLEH, E: R., 19G!..i.- ··Animals. Atlas oj Tasrnania, edited by (1) This wuuld bE" dete:rmined both by biological and cultuj>al Davles, .1.: .1..., Lands anrl Surveys Department, Hobart. factors involving shell-fishing and its O1'ganisation. HfA'IT, BgT'TY. 1967. 1968.-·-'l'he Food Quest and the Economy (:!) One such exception b: a rock-shelter on the 'Tasman of the Tasmanian A borigin(:$ (in two parts). ()ceanid~ Peninsula two to three rnilf's inland between Roaring Beach Vol. ~$R. No.2; Vol. 88, No.3. and Satwatcr River and a few hundred feet above sea level where .JACKSON, ,W. D., 1"965.--Vegetation. Atlas of Tasmn.nia, F:ditOT, eight species of coastal shell were recognised. DaVIeS, J. L. The excavation material is currently under process of .-.--... ~----... _--, J U68.--Fjl'e and the ~rasma.nian Flora. 1'as- (The large volume of shell in this estuary and its n~anian Yea'}' Boole No.2. Commonwealth Bureau or were reported by Taylor, A. J _, in 1891.) Census and Statistics Tasmanian Office, Hobart. ovster beds WE're comrnercially extinguished by 18R2. JONES, RHYS. 1965.-·-Al'chaeological Heconnaissance in Tas to Fiflheries Royal Connnissjon of 'Tasmania, lS8R, mania, Summer 1963-4. Oc,;nnia. 35. Up till then the centre of the Taslnanian OysLel· ---:-~--- -, J 966.-- A SpeCUlative Al'chaeological had been Great Oyster Bay. io1' North-West Tasmania. Rec. Q. Viet. l.l1"llS" definition of focus (foci) here is a comparative COYl ceston. No. 25. vergence or eoneentration of aetivity at one site or one locality. ---.------~----, 1D67.-·-Middens and Man 111 Tasmania, Au,s (fl) Jones, R .• 1960, lJ. 198; li'ig. 1. p. 4. tra.lian Natural H'istory, Vol. 18. Backgrounil e) J968, < Geographical Ba~kground to the Arrival of .Man - .-.--.----_.-- -, 1968.---G€ographical to the Arrival in Australia and 'l'asITwnia,'. Sec. c. • The .A rrival of Man in of in Australia and Tasmania. Ar-ehaeology a:nd Tasmania '. Phys. nih'ro]Jolo,qy in Oceania (to be printed in the (',) The excavation m_aterial is currently in the pl'OCeHS of October issue). analysis. The site has been referred to bC[Ol'e (.Jones, ]967, KELLY, .JAMES, 1!l2L--li'i1'8t Discovery I)f Port and Mac- p. 3(2). qual'ie Hal'boul.. Pap. and Proc. H,oy. of Tasm. (8) This has been verified by A. Goede, Department of for the year IH20. Geography, Univendty 0-;: Tasmania. Kt-;l\1P. THERESE BELLEAU, the 'I'as- eO} A characteristic flake with a blunted retouched edge rnunlan Aborigines. Vol. a4. interpreted a:3 a rejuvenation flake was common thruughout the No.8, Dec. 15. LOUHANDOS, HARRY, L968.--A Description of the Ahoriginal The association of the grinding stones with the pounders Archaeological Sites in Tasmania.. Australian Institot(-" arehaeologically verified dul'ing excavations at Roeky Cape of Aboriginal Studies (to be printed) < (Jones, H., and Lourandos, H., unpublished) Its use is -- -~---~-~'------.----, 1969.--The Study of tht: TU3manian from Australian analogies. Aborigine. TaB1nunirtn Year Book. No.3. Commonwealih Such quarrieH as t,hose at St Peter~s Pass, Bothwell and BU1'eau of Census and Stati::>tics Tasnlanian Office. OysteJ' Cove (Channel). Hobart (to be printed). (1:'1) This does not infer a different stone typology. REl:Hm, GROTE, 19S5.--Aboriginal C}ll'bon Dates from Tasmania. (14) DHferenc4?s over time- have been neglected he-reo The 1Vlankind. VoL 6, No. {5. e<-1r1y half of' the Rocky Cape sequence with a 'heavy l~eliance on -.----.. ---.~.--~- 1967.-New Aboriginal Cadwn DaVe:::: fr01n Ta~ coastal exploitation and its later ehange has been iniel'pretf'd mania. ]VJankind, VoJ. 6. No. \L HOBfNSON, :'IS adaptation to a modified habitat (.Jones, IMi6, pp. 8-9). GEORGE AnGPSTU8. 182H-1834, compiled in IH66.·-·· Friendly Misf>lon: The Tasnulllian .r ourna.ls of and Papel",-" t 1.;;) Jones gives a basal date of 1,850 80 il.P. and a + of George Augu8tut:! Robinson, 1829-i834. :rr:unn, HiFJt. top date of 1,330 ± 80 B.P. for West. Point (knes, 1967, p. 86:3). ReseaTch Assoc. Hoba'rt, edited by Plomley, N. ;J. B. Basal date for Hoeky Cape South is be-hveell 7,500 and 8,000 H.P. SliTHFlRLA..ND, F. L., 1965. ,.. An Ana1ysis of the Hoek Types and (Jones, ]967, p. 862) their Distribution in the Stone Jrnplelnents of the Tas (16) Via per~ona] eommuu!caLinl1 from Mr P. Shn:::>. lnanian Aborigine (A.N.Z.A.A.S.~ Hobart) (unpublished). (J,) Guiler, 1965, p, 37. TAYLOR, A. J., 1892.-Notes on the Shell Mound~ at Sea:tbrd, (1~) ibid. Little Sv,>anpo]'t. Pap. and Pr()(;. Roy. 8m:. Tlls'm.. f01" (1\j) See footnote (1-<) above. 1891.