Review of Maritime Transport 1999

UNCTAD/RMT(99)/1 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 1999 Report by the UNCTAD secretariat NOTE The Review of Maritime Transport is a recurrent publication prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat since 1968 with the aim of fostering the transparency of maritime markets and analysing relevant developments. Any factual or editorial corrections that may prove necessary based on comments made by Governments would be reflected in a corrigendum to be issued subsequently. *** Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Use of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. *** The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply an expression of opinion by the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. *** Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, with reference to the document number (see below). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH - 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNCTAD/RMT(99)/1 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.99.II.D.21 ISBN 92-1-112460-3 ISSN 0566-7682 UNCTAD/RMT(99)/1 Contents Page Abbreviations ix Explanatory notes x Approximate vessel size groups referred to in the Review of Maritime Transport, according to generally used Shipping terminology xi Introduction xi Summary of Main Developments xiv Chapter 1 I Development of international seaborne trade 1 A. World Economic Background 5 B. World Seaborne Trade II. Structure and ownership of the world fleet 15 A. Structure Of The World Fleet 23 B. Ownership Of The World Fleet 28 C. Registry Of Vessels 33 D. Shipbuilding And Second-Hand Market III. Productivity of the world fleet and supply and demand in world shipping 39 A. Operational Productivity 39 B. Supply And Demand In World Shipping 43 C. Comparison Of Cargo Turnover And Fleet Ownership 45 IV. Trade and freight markets 49 A. Liner Shipping Market 49 B. Dry Bulk Shipping Market 56 C. Oil And Oil Products Seaborne Freight Market 61 D. Estimates Of Total Freight Costs In World Trade 65 Chapter Page V. Port development 69 A. Container Port Traffic 69 B. Institutional Change 69 C. Port Reform In South America 72 D. Port Tariff Regulation 74 VI. Trade and transport efficiency 75 75 A. Developments In Multimodal Transport 84 B. Electronic Commerce And Its Impact On Transport 86 C. International Convention On Arrest Of Ships, 1999 VII. Review of regional developments: Latin American economic and maritime 89 transport developments A. Economic Background 89 B. Shipping Activities Of Latin America 93 C. Estimates Of Freight Costs In Latin American Countries 107 Notes 111 Annexes I. Classification of countries and territories 113 II. World seaborne trade according to geographical area, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1998 and 1999- 2000 (estimates) 117 III(a) Merchant fleets of the world by flag of registration, groups of countries and types of ship, as ship, as at 31 December 1998 (in grt) 121 IV(b) Merchant fleets of the world by flag of registration, a groups of countries and types of ship, as ship, as at 31 December 1998 (in dwt) 125 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. World output, 1990-1999 2 2. Exports and imports by major regions and economic groupings, 1990 -1998 3 3. Development of international seaborne trade, selected years 5 4. World seaborne trade in 1970, 1980, 1990, 1997-1998 and 1999-2000 (estimates), by types of cargo and country groups 12 5. World shipping performance by types of cargo, selected years 14 6. World fleet size by principal types of vessel, 1996-1998 16 7. Distribution of the world fleet and TEU capacity of fully cellular container ships by groups of countries, in 1996, 1997 and 1998 18 8. Age distribution of the world merchant fleet by types of vessel, as at 31 December 1998 19 9. Deliveries of newbuildings, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1992-1998 21 10. Broken-up tonnage trends, 1980 and 1991-1998 22 11. Tonnage reported sold for breaking by types of vessel, 1993-1998 22 12. Average age of broken-up ships by type from 1989 to 1998 22 13. Distribution of world tonnage (grt and dwt) by groups of countries of registration, 1980, 1990, 1997 and 1998 24 14. Percentage shares of world tonnage by types of vessel and country groups, in 1980 (as at 1 July), 1997 and 1998 (as at 31 December) 26 15. Structure of the merchant fleets of the main country groups, as at 31 December 1998 27 16. The 35 most important maritime countries and territories, as at 31 December 1998 29 17. Tonnage distribution of major open-registry fleets, as at 31 December 1998 30 18. Tonnage owned by the nationals of, and registered in, the country or territory of registry in the total fleet of the most important open and international registers, as at 31 31 December 1998 19. True nationality of major open-registry fleets, as at 31 December 1998 32 20. Newbuilding contracts placed for the main types of ship during 1994-1998 and 1999 34 21. World tonnage on order, as at the end of 1998 35 22. Representative newbuilding prices in 1980, 1985, 1990, 1996-1998 and 1999 36 Table Page 37 23. Second-hand prices for five-year-old vessels, 1992-1998 24. Cargo carried and ton-miles performed per deadweight ton (dwt) of the total world fleet, 40 1989-1998 25. Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined carriers and the residual fleet, 41 1989-1998 26. Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined carriers and the residual fleet, 42 1989-1998 27. Tonnage oversupply in the world merchant fleet, 1991-1998 43 28. Analysis of tonnage oversupply by main type of vessel, 1991-1998 44 29. Comparison between total cargo turnover and fleet ownership by groups of countries in 1980, 1997 and 1998 46 30. Maritime engagement of 30 major trading nations 47 31. Leading 20 container service operators (September 1998) on the basis of number of vessels and total shipboard capacity (TEUs) 50 32. Estimated capacity of global alliances in container shipping, 1998 50 33. Freight rates (average in markets) on the three major liner trade routes from the first quarter of 1997 to the second quarter of 1999 53 34. Cargo movements on the three major liner trade routes for 1996-1998 and forecasts for 1999 and 2000 54 35. Supply (ships' carrying capacity) and demand (cargo volume) in transpacific, Europe- Asia and transatlantic trades, 1998-2000 55 36. Liner freight indices, 1996-1999 57 37. Ratio of liner freight rates to prices of selected commodities 58 38. Dry cargo freight indices, 1996-1999 60 39. Freight rates for selected commodities, 1997 and 1998 61 40. Tanker freight indices, 1996-1999 63 41. Estimates of total freight costs for imports in world trade by country groups 66 42. Container port traffic of 26 developing countries and territories in 1997 and 1996 70 43. Top 20 container terminals and their throughput, 1998 and 1997 71 Table Page 44. Percentage of dry freight containers owned by major companies in the leasing industry, as at the beginning of 1999 78 45. Trend of shares of 40-foot leased containers due to changes in market demand preference, 1994-1998 78 46. Utilization of leased containers, 1995-1999 79 47. Composition of leased container specials as at the beginning of 1999 and 1998, with changes in the high-cube dry freight containers 80 48. Share of leased fleets operated by major companies, as at January 1999 81 49. World container output, 1994 to 1998 82 50. World container production by type, 1997-1998 83 51. World container production by countries/regions, 1997 and 1998 (estimates) 83 52. Examples of service providers and services provided by electronic means 85 53. Signatories to selected conventions on maritime transport 87 54. Selected Latin American countries- real GDP, 1999-2000 90 55. Foreign trade structure of Latin American countries, 1995 91 56. Selected Latin American countries' import f.o.b. value by region of origin, 1997 92 57. Selected Latin American countries' import volume by region of origin, 1997 92 58. Merchant fleets of the world and those registered in Latin American countries, selected years 1980-1998 94 59. Age distribution of the merchant fleet of developing countries of Latin America by 95 types of vessel, as at 31 December 1998 60. Estimated liner-cargo movements between Latin American countries and major trading partners, 1998 98 61. Estimated liner shipments and resulting tonnage requirements in the three major trades of South America and the Caribbean 99 62. Container ship deployment summary for North-South trades 100 63. Container ship carrying capacity of major operators in main North-South trades, as at 1 January 1998 101 Table Page 64. Average through-rates (basic tariff rates) for imports to Bolivia (La Paz and Santa Cruz) via Chile (Arica) and imports to Argentina (Mendoza) via Chile (Valparaiso and San Antonio), 1998/1999 102 65. Average through-rates (basic tariff rates) for imports and exports to/from Bolivia (La Paz and Santa Cruz) via Chile (Arica) in trade with Far Eastern countries, 1998/1999 102 66. Major dry bulk shipments and corresponding dry bulk tonnage requirements in the major trades of South America and the Caribbean 106 67. Oil and oil product shipments and corresponding tanker tonnage requirements for the major trades of South America and the Caribbean 106 68.

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