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Alkaline Syenites in Eastern Cathaysia (South China): Link to Permian–Triassic Transtension

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Alkaline Syenites in Eastern Cathaysia (South China): Link to Permian–Triassic Transtension Earth and Planetary Science Letters 230 (2005) 339–354 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Alkaline syenites in eastern Cathaysia (South China): link to Permian–Triassic transtension Qiang Wanga,*, Jian-Wei Lib, Ping Jianc, Zhen-Hua Zhaoa, Xiao-Lin Xionga, Zhi-Wei Baoa, Ji-Feng Xua, Chao-Feng Lid, Jin-Long Maa aGuangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China bFaculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China cGeological Institute, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, PR China dInstitute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China Received 9 October 2003; received in revised form 15 June 2004; accepted 5 November 2004 Availale online 12 January 2005 Editor: V. Courtillot Abstract Two alkaline syenite plutons, the Tieshan and Yangfang plutons, have recently been recognized within NE-trending fault zones in eastern Cathaysia, South China. The rocks are very enriched in K2O (6.28–9.39 wt.%), rare earth elements (REE; particularly light REE) and large ion lithophile elements, but are relatively low in high field strength elements. Isotopically, they 87 86 are characterized by high initial Sr/ Sr (0.7093 to 0.7123) and low eNd(t) values (À5.64 to À10.63). The geochemical data suggest that the alkaline syenites most likely formed via fractional crystallization of enriched mantle-derived magmas. Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe zircon U–Pb dating indicates that these two intrusions have Late Permian (254F4 Ma) and Early Triassic (242F4 Ma) crystallization ages, respectively. Our data suggest that a tectonic regime dominated by transtension probably existed from at least the latest Permian into the Triassic and was responsible for the formation of the Tieshan and Yangfang alkaline syenites. When combined with previous paleomagnetic, structural, and sedimentology data, we suggest that the transtension along the NE-trending strike-slip fault zones was related to oblique subduction of the Pacific plate underneath South China. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Late Permian and Early Triassic; alkaline syenite; transtension; Cathaysia; South China 1. Introduction The Permo-Triassic was an actively period con- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 20 8529 0277; fax: +86 20 cerning the tectonic evolution of South China and 8529 0130. neighboring areas as documented by a series of E-mail address: [email protected] (Q. Wang). significant events like the accretion of the Sibumasu 0012-821X/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.11.023 340 Q. Wang et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 230 (2005) 339–354 Block towards the Indochina–South China Block [1] Yangtze Craton was mainly built upon a stable or the initial collisions between Indochina and South Proterozoic basement. Cathaysia is separated from China Blocks [2] and between South China and North the Yangtze Craton by the Jiangshan–Shaoxing China Blocks [3–6]. Some workers have suggested suture (or fault zone; Fig. 1a), and consists of that South China was dominated by compression in Proterozoic basement and Sinian to Triassic sedi- the Late Permian–Early Triassic (P–T boundary) [7– mentary cover [18]. Late Permian–Triassic granites 9]. On the other hand, there are also arguments are widespread both in Cathaysia and the Yangtze addressing local extension in South China Block Craton (Fig. 1a). Majority of these granites has been (SCB) at the P–T boundary and a few models about classified as peraluminous granites and has been the local extension have been proposed (e.g., Panxi considered to have formed under a compressional rift and Youjiang trough) [10,11]. Lately, Gilder et al. tectonic setting [17–21]. [12] suggested that the Mesozoic tectonic regime in The study area is located in the west of Fujian SCB was dominated by transtension of the NE- Province, eastern Cathaysia (Fig. 1a). NE-trending trending strike-slip fault zones related to the oblique fault zones are well developed in the whole of subduction of the proto-Pacific plate underneath Cathaysia (Fig. 1a). From east to west in Fujian, South China. Obviously, the P–T boundary tectonics major regional structures are the Changle–Nan’ao, in SCB needs to be re-examined or clarified. Fu’an–Nanjing, Zhenghe–Dapu, Wuping–Pucheng, Alkaline igneous rocks are typically found in and Heyuan–Shaowu fault zones (Fig. 1a) [23]. extensional tectonic settings (e.g., post-collision, rift, The Changle–Nan’ao and Fu’an–Nanjing fault or anorogeny) [13–16]. From this point of view, a zones appear to have controlled the emplacement study of alkaline igneous rocks will provide insight of Late Cretaceous alkaline or A-type granites in into regional tectonic environments. Widespread Late eastern Fujian [24]. In Cathaysia, the Late Per- Permian–Triassic igneous rocks crop out in eastern mian–Triassic peraluminous granites occur primarily SCB, which are mainly of peraluminous granites and to the west of the Fu’an–Nanjing fault (Fig. 1a). In have been commonly interpreted in terms of com- addition, Late Paleozoic–Mesozoic sedimentary pressional tectonic settings [17–21]. Our recent work basins also developed to the west of Fu’an–Nanjing has led to recognition of two Late Permian to Early fault [12,23,25,26]. Triassic alkaline syenite plutons in eastern Cathaysia, The Tieshan and Yangfang alkaline syenite South China. In this paper, we present high-quality plutons occur in western Fujian (Fig. 1a). The trace elements, and Sr–Nd and U–Pb isotopic data Tieshan pluton has an exposed area of ~8 km2 and for these two syenites. These results were used to is located to the east of Zhenghe county. Its long axis place additional and important constraints on the trends northeast and parallel to the Zhenghe–Dapu tectonic evolution of South China in Permo-Triassic fault zone in which the pluton is found, where it times. intruded Proterozoic metamorphic rocks (Fig. 1a and b). It is locally overlain by Jurassic–Cretaceous volcanic rocks and is intruded by Jurassic–Creta- 2. Geological setting ceous granites to the east (Fig. 1b). The Yangfang pluton occurs in the northeast of Mingxi County and The SCB is composed of the Yangtze Craton in is tectonically controlled by the Wuping–Pucheng the west and Cathaysia in the east (Fig. 1a). The fault zone (Fig. 1a and c). It is composed of three Fig. 1. (a) Schematic map showing the distribution of the late Permian–Triassic granites in the east of South China Block (SCB). The upper-left inset illustrates major tectonic unites in eastern Asia (after [1,4,6]). SCB=South China Block; NCB=North China Block; YC=Yangtze Craton; IC=Indochina Block; SI=Sibumasu Block; SG=Songpan-Ganze Accretionary Complex; WB=West Burma; Hi=Himalaya; LS=Lhasa; QT=Qiangtang. Fault zones: F1=Jiangshan–Shaoxing fault zone; F2=Heyuan–Shaowu fault zone; F3=Wuping–Pucheng fault zone; F4=Zhenghe–Dapu fault zone; F5=Fu’an–Nanjing fault zone; F5=Changle–Nan’ao fault zone. The geochronological data are after [17–22], and references therein]. (b, c) Geological maps of the Tieshan and Yangfang plutons, respectively. 1—volcanic rocks; 2—Jurassic–Cretaceous granites; 3—alkaline syenite; 4—Siluric granites; 5—Jurassic–Cretaceous volcanic rocks; 6—early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks; 7— Carboniferous and Early Permian sedimentary rocks; 8—Proterozoic rocks; 9—fault. Q. Wang et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 230 (2005) 339–354 341 342 Q. Wang et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 230 (2005) 339–354 separate intrusions with NE-oriented long axes (Fig. 4. Analytical methods 1c). The total exposed area amounts to about 8 km2. They intruded late Paleozoic Carboniferous and Samples for SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating were Permian sedimentary rocks and are partially overlain collected from the Yangfang aegiriteaugite syenite by Cenozoic volcanic rocks to the south (Fig. 1c). (sample 99FJ024) and the Tieshan melanite syenite The Tieshan and Yangfang alkaline syenites have (sample 99FJ031). Zircon grains were separated using been considered as late Mesozoic intrusive rocks for conventional heavy liquid and magnetic techniques. a long time [23,27,28] and many aspects regarding Representative zircon grains were handpicked under their petrogenesis remains unknown, largely due to binocular microscope and mounted in an epoxy resin the scarcity of precise geochemical and chronolog- disc, and then polished and coated with gold film. ical constraints. Internal morphology was examined using backscatter electron microscopy prior to U–Pb isotopic analyses. The U–Pb isotopic analyses were performed using the 3. Petrography Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP- II) at the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences The Tieshan pluton consists primarily of medium- (Beijing). Details of the analytical procedures of to-coarse-grained melanite syenite and melanite-bear- zircons using SHRIMP was described by Song et al. ing pyroxene syenite. The melanite syenite is gen- [29] and Jian et al. [30]. Inter-element fractionation erally light red to olive, and consists primarily of ion emission of zircon was corrected relative to the microcline (50–80%), melanite (10–40%), pyroxene RSES reference TEM (417 Ma). The uncertainties in (5–20%), minor plagioclase (2–5%), and accessory ages are cited as 1r, and the weighted mean ages are minerals (1%F) including magnetite, sphene, apatite, quoted at the 95% confidence level (2r). and zircon. Melanite is a characteristic alkali mafic Fresh rock samples from both the Tieshan and mineral of the Tieshan pluton, generally rounded, Yangfang plutons were also selected for elemental puce, and occasionally brown in the core and beige- and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses. Major elements were buff in the margin. Pyroxene is commonly columnar determined by gravimetry and AAS (wet chem- and colorless, but sometimes virescent due to alter- istry), following the analytical procedures of Gao et ation.
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