UAE Wins Award for Best International Pavilion in the Field of Date Palm 16

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املجـلد الثاين ، العـدد 04، دي�سمرب )كانون الأول( 2010 جـائـزة خـليفــة الــدوليــة لنـخيــل التـمــر الشجرة المباركة Volume No. 2, Issue No. 04, December 2010, KHALIFA INTERNATIONAL DATE PALM AWARD Volume No. 2, IssueNo. 04, December2010KHALIFA INTERNATIONAL DATE PALM AWARD UAE winsaward for bestinternational pavilionof date inthefieldpalm CHANGED FROM UNDESIRABLE FROMCHANGED UNDESIRABLE REGENERATION ANALYSIS AND VARIETIES TOVARIETIES WITH THERE IS NO LEADER IN ISNOLEADER IN THE THERE MAP OFPREVAILINGMAP DATES MOHAMMED ALRAQBANIMOHAMMED VARIETIES IN VARIETIES UAE IN THE HAS INTEREST TO THE BLESSED INTERESTBLESSED TO THE OF GENETIC STABILITYOF GENETIC OF PLANTLETS ASREVEALEDPLANTLETS HIGH ECONOMIC VALUEHIGH WORLD WHO SHOWED LATE ZAYED SHEIKH TREE, SUCHAS TREE, THE SAEED www.adips.ae INTERNATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY COMPETITION All materials to beaddressed to: P.O. Box 42781Abu Dhabi,UAE اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ اﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ راﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ راﺑﻄﺔ اﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ From 01/06to 31/12for 2010 Third Winner Second Winner First Winner

ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﺼﺮﻳ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺎت ﺣﺼﺮﻳ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ دوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ دوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ اﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ٤٢٧٨١ اﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ + a Trophy &Certi cate اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻻﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة رﻗﻢ ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ رﻗﻢ وﺷﻬﺎدة ﺗﺬﻛﺎري درع ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ درع ﺗﺬﻛﺎري وﺷﻬﺎدة ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ $ 3000 $ 4000 $ 5000 $ 3000 $ 4000 $ 5000 2010 / / 12 / 31 وﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ 6 / / 1 ﻣﻦ نرفع أسمى آيات التهاني والتبريكات �إىل �صاحب ال�سمو ال�شيخ خليفة بن زايد آل نهيان رئي�س الدولة »حفظه اهلل« ً و�إىل �صاحب ال�سمو ال�شيخ وعمال ً محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم جعله ا هلل حجا ً

نائب رئي�س الدولة رئي�س جمل�س الوزراء حاكم دبي »رعاه اهلل« متقبال �إلـى ً مربور ا وإلى إخوانهما أصحاب السمو الشيوخ مبنا� س بة حفظها ا هلل � س مو ا ل�شيخة أعضاء المجلس األعلى لإلتحاد - حكام اإلمارات »حفظهم اهلل« »�أم لإمـار ا ت« ً و�إىل الفريق �أول �سمو ال�شيخ و� س عيا ب � إذن ا هلل محمد بن زايد آل نهيان فاطمة بنت مبارك زيـارة البيـت الحـرام ويل عهد �أبوظبي - نائب القائد الأعلى للقوات امل�سلحة ألداء منـاســك الحـج مقـام الوالـدة الفـاضلـة ً م�شكور ا

بمناسبة اليوم الوطني التاسع والثالثين مبارك آل نهيان �أعاده اهلل على قيادة و�شعب دولة الإمارات العربية املتحدة بالتقدم والرفاهية

نهيان مبارك آل نهيان نرفع أسمى آيات التهاني والتبريكات وزير التعليم العايل والبحث العلمي رئي�س جمل�س �أمناء جائزة خليفة الدولية لنخيل التمر Photograph by: Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage تغريتمن�أ�صنافغريمرغوبة خريطـة�أ�صنافمتورلإمارات لنمـطال�ستهـالكيولعـادات �إىل�أ�صـنافذاتقيـمة عـالية هــتمبال�شــجــرةاملبــاركـــة لغذئيـةاملرتبطـةبتناول ليوجــدقـائـديفالعـالـــم مثــلملغـفورلـهل�شـيخ زايد �سعــيدحمـمد الرقــباين لتمـور بالمارات المجـلدالثانيالعـدد04،ديسمبر)كانوناألول(2010جـائـزةخـليفــةالــدوليــةلنـخيــل التـمــر فيالملتقىالدوليللتمربالمملكة المغربية اإلمــاراتتفـوزبجـائزةأفضـلجنــاح

UAE Nationals are proud of the Union Identity

e celebrate the Anniversary of the establishment of United Arab Emirates in 1971 every year on the 2nd of December which is a true historical turning point in the life of UAE citizens. It moved them Wfrom the fragments status to the union status in its full sense of the word. It took them to a true horizon in the new era, with all its implications from technological advancement that affect all life features. Should we really want to celebrate this achievement which is substantially exceeded expectations, so we ought to protect our gains and continuously develop them and do our best not to be part of the past or just history. We should strive to keep these achievements continued, grow and maximize them every day so as to add to the citizens more and more welfare. No doubt that the union made us strong in every aspect and introduced us through the past thirty nine years to broader horizons in building and construction, growing and development, socially, economically, educationally and in health sector. Therefore, keeping this union have to be on the top of our priorities and interests where we should keep as same as it was the days of the founding father of this nation the late Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan (God Rest His Soul In Peace) and make use of all our potentials and capabilities to support this union and strengthen it under the wise leadership of His Highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, UAE President. To pursue confident steps in our development towards a more promising future, this starts with upholding our union and strengthening its elements and features to be the driving force to attain more achievements. Nowadays we celebrate the 39th Anniversary of the union of the people of UAE, while we miss its founder, but still his grand achievements witness his eternity in our hearts and minds. We shall remember him in every occasion, we still remember his great deeds and generous hands and light moments in our hearts and the minds of people and their lives and his great role to establish our country and its robust economy. UAE citizens shall keep and protect the union and honor the promise and the commitment and make great efforts and do their best to place UAE in the highest position and keep it proud and in glory to be always on top of the nations.

Nahyan Mabarak Al Nahyan Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research Chairman of Khalifa International Date Palm Award Board of Trustees Invitation to Researches, writers and interested Scientists

Out of the keen interest of Khalifa International Date Palm Award Secretariat General to spread the awareness and specialized knowledge in date palm industry across the world. Therefore, we invite all academics, specialist researchers, producers and date palm (the blessed tree) lovers to participate in either languages Arabic or English in related matters and issues to date palm such as (cultivation, disease prevention, maintenance, food processing, marketing, ...) materials should satisfy publication criteria set out in the magazine. We value and appreciate your good efforts made to serve the blessed tree.

Materials are to be sent to Head of Media Committee and editor- in-chief via email address: [email protected] Our Messege

Qualitative Move

halifa International Date Palm Award gained many prizes and awards during the last three years at local, regional and international levels, this proves day after day the credibility of its Kstrategy and the clarity of its vision and its established profound objectives to achieve. Thanks to the directives of His Highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, UAE President and the support of H.H. Sheikh Mohamed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of UAE Armed Forces, and the interest of H.H. Sheikh Mansour Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidential Affairs and the keen continuous follow up of H.H. Sheikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan, Minister of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Khalifa International Date Palm Award. Here we can safely emphasize three main points, the first point that UAE won the first place as the best booth at the participating countries in the First International Date Forum in the Kingdom of Morocco, hosted by the city of Erfoud in Errachidia District at Oases Region east of the Kingdom of Morocco during the period from September 30 to October 3, 2010. All bodies concerned in the Kingdom of Morocco commended the qualitative participation of UAE in the International Date Exhibition which witnessed more than 100 thousand visitors from the region and specialists across the Kingdom of Morocco, where the UAE delegation enjoyed a proactive role at all various activities and events of the forum leading to be awarded with the merit certificate. The second point is the excellent results of the qualitative increase of the candidates who applied to the Award categories in its third session 2011, where the number of candidates who applied reached 131 applicants representing 24 countries worldwide, with a remarkable increase compared to the last session amounted 95% in the number of applicants broken down to the five categories of the Award, namely; Distinguished Research / Studies, Distinguished Producers, The Best New Technique, The Best Development Project, and Distinguished Figure . The third point is the spirit of the teamwork of the General Secretariat of the Award and they feel that they are responsible to maintain this success and move over to more and more achievements to meet the vision of H.H. Sheikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan, Minister of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Khalifa International Date Palm Award who is very interested in supporting and strengthening the leading role of UAE in the field of date palm cultivation and production of dates at the regional and international levels.

Dr. Abdelouahhab Zaid Secretary General of Khalifa International Date Palm Award Editor in Chief Scientific Supervision Board The Blessed Tree Publication criteria in the magazine A seasonal scientific magazine 1. The Articles should be new, dedicated specialized in date palms particularly to the Award’s magazine, and Prof. Ghaleb Alhadrami Published by have not published before. Dean’s Office, College of Food and Agriculture, UAE University Khalifa International Date Palm Award 2. Articles are to be in a soft copy, whether in National Media Council Permit Arabic or English, and should be supported No. 1/107006/23818 by specialized sources and references at ISBN978-9948-15-335-1 the end. Dr.Helal Humaid Saad Al Kaabi Director of Gardens & Recreation Volume No. 02, Issue No. 04 3. Researches and studies should be Facilities Div. Southern Region Dhu’l-Hijja 1431 Hijri / December 2010 accompanied by the required scientific photographs of high quality (digital / high resolution). Dr. Hassan Shabana Honorary Chairman 4. Articles and photographs are to be Date Palm Global Network H.E. Sheikh Nahayan submitted to the magazine by e-mail, or Mabarak Al Nahayan to be sent to the Award’s P.O. Box on a CD Minister of Higher Education and with a typed and printed hard copy. Magazine Correspondences Scientific Research Chairman of 5. The magazine is not obliged to return the All technical and scientific materials are the Award Board of Trustees articles back, whether published or not, to to be addressed to the Head of the the participants. Media Committee, Editorial Manager, on the following address: General Coordinator 6. A writer of an article should enclose a P.O. Box 42781, Abu Dhabi, UAE Dr. Abdelouahhab Zaid personal photo with his CV including Mobile No. 0097150 6979645 Award Secretary General the full name, phone number, email and [email protected] P.O. Box, in addition to the bank account www.kidpa.ae number in English (Name, Name of the Editorial Manager Bank, Account Number and Swift Code) Eng. Emad Saad in order to allow sending him the due Head of Media Committee amount in case the article is published, in [email protected] compliance with the Magazine’s financial system. 7. All Articles in the magazine necessarily Legal Director reflect the views of their respective authors Dr. Helal Humaid Saad Al Kaabi and do not oblige Khalifa International Design, Layout and Printing Date Palm Award. 8. Scientific subjects in the magazine Photography are arranged according to technical Jack Jabour, Nezar Ballout considerations. P.O. Box 111047, Abu Dhabi, U A E Amjad Dourgham 9. The Magazine welcomes readers from all Tel. 00971 2 6333970 Fax: 00971 2 6333756 the date palm lovers around the world, who [email protected] Proof Reader contribute in deepening the knowledge www.finelinead.ae Mr. Mahmoud Badr and building a sustainable society. Inventory of insects in Ziban 06 oases Biskra, Algeria 28

Regeneration and analysis of genetic Nahayan Mabarak reviewed result of the nominations and stability of plantlets as revealed 38 applauded the efforts

Agriculture and Fisheries Development Fund (AFDF) of Oman … contribute to 08 the development of date palm 52

UAE wins award for best international pavilion in the field of date palm 16

Saeed Mohammed Al Raqbani

Irradiation as alternative to MB in dates’ production and processing 06 Nahayan Mabarak reviewed result of the nominations and applauded the efforts made in this regard made inthisregard applauded theefforts the nominations and reviewed resultof Nahayan Mabarak Award inits Session Third for Khalifa International Date Palm With theclosingdatenomination of H at the Session2011. Third An 95%innominations of increase where Distinguished Research / Studies of applicants in the different categories the remarkable increase in the number of content his expressedDr.Zaid H.E. Figure. Distinguished Project, Best Development The Technique, New Best The Producers, Distinguished Studies, / five categories Distinguished Research the number of nominees distributed to in 95% of increase remarkable a with world the over all from countries 24 representing131 reachedapplicants of number the 2011 Session Third its in Award the Award for nominations Khalifa of closing the of Palm end the with that out of pointed Date Secretary International the Zaid, General Abdelouahhab Dr. H.E. Commander of UAE ArmedForces. Supreme Deputy and Dhabi Abu of Prince Crown Nahyan, Al Zayed bin Mohamed Sheikh HH of support the and President UAE Nahyan, Al Zayed bin Khalifa Sheikh HH of leadership levels. That was international achieved with the wise and regional national, scientific and production circles at the its and Session distinguished presence at the different Third its in Award the by achieved confidence great the reflect which that into put maneuvers and efforts the applauded and Award the of nominations of outcome the yesterday reviewed has Award Palm Date International Khalifa of Trustees of Board the of Chairman Research, dcto ad Scientific and Education Higher of Minister Nahayan, H Sheikh Nahayan Mabarak Al inception of theAward. the since a impartiality complete and with transparency high works a enjoyed process participating the evaluating and out sorting its by works started has Secretariat General the of office thereferredDr. thatZaid world. the of rest the from 33% and countries Arab of world 67% means the which across from countries 8 againstparticipated countries Arab 16 percentage where countries, participating among participation the achieved highest have countries Arab and Bosnia. Bangladesh Pakistan, Canada, Eritrea, Bahrain,Italy,India,Poland, to addition in UAE Kuwait, Tunisia, Palestine, Sudan, Algeria, Somalia, Jordan, Iraq, Oman, Egypt, Syria, Morocco, Lebanon, across the world namely; Saudi Arabia, from participations various received countries.GeneralSecretariatThehas highest participation percentage the at the level of recorded has category international levels. date palm at the national, regional and the distinguished figures in the field of honoring moreover bodies specialist exporters,organizations, societiesand producers, growers, researchers, from cultivation palm date of sector the in involved those encourage and palm date of research scientific the grow and develop to globally UAE of role leadership the prominent most the and achieve to aspires the it that ofAward objectives the at of speech end his the at stressed also SG The from thesecountries. participants of increase remarkable a in significantly contributed tour this in of outcomes positive The presented. were Morocco, Award the of details and all which Jordan, Syria, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, KSA, Kuwait, last summer in the following during countries: conducted recently was that tour introductory the of importance the reiterated General Secretary The 07 Blessed Tree - December 2010 08 UAE wins award for best international pavilion in the field of date pal U the field of datethe fieldpalm international pavilion in UAE winsaward for best Moroccoin theKingdomof International Date Palm Forum itsparticipation intheFirst Through delegation during a ceremony honoring Certificate of Merit to the head of UAE the granted Fisheries and Agriculture of Minister Moroccan Akhannouch, Aziz Mr. Excellency His where Morocco 2010, of Kingdom the in Forum Date International the of session first atcptn cutis n the in countries participating for of level the place at booth best the first the won AE with the win the first place of the place first the win the with delighted his expressed Award Palm Secretary Date International Khalifa of Zaid General Abdelouahhab Dr. September 3,2010. from 30toOctober period the during Morocco of Kingdom the of east Region Oases at the city of Erfoud in Errachidia District best exhibitors in and the Forum hosted by production best the of winners h acmayn dlgto which delegation accompanying the and Palm Date Award International Khalifa Abdelouahhab the of General Secretary Zaid, Dr. by received was he where Industries, Company Engineering Tibafor of booth and booth Palm Unit, Development Date Award Khalifa International Date Palm and the Research by represented University Emirates Arab United the of wing the of comprised atthe exhibition UAE pavilion visited officials government senior of number Water a and of Minister by accompanied Agriculture of Minister Moroccan The quality of dates. and productivity improve to order in area exchangingthis in expertise and experiences of aim the with Arabia, Saudi Emirates, Iraq, Arab United Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, including countries Arab a of and number Emirates Arab United the of participation the with VI, Mohammed King Moroccan of auspices the under south east of the Kingdom of AgricultureMorocco Aziz International Exhibition in 2010 HE Erfoud of Morocco Akhannouch has inaugurated Fisheries the Dates Minister and The Armed UAE the Forces. of Supreme Commander Deputy and Dhabi Abu of Prince Crown Mohammed Nahyan, Al Zayed Sheikh bin Highness of support His the and President Highness UAE Nahyan, His Al Zayed bin Khalifa of Sheikh leadership wise the under level, international Sector the at Palm Date Development of ofUAErole the leading the support in Date strengthening of International context the in Palm, Khalifa Award Trustees of Board the of Chairman , University Emirates Arab United the of Chairman Research, Scientific and Al Nahayan, Minister of Mabarak Higher Education Nahayan Sheikh HH directives of the to back goes that for international credit the broad that stressing participation, the amid UAE 09 Blessed Tree - December 2010 10 UAE wins award for best international pavilion in the field of date pal region from thisevent. as well as creating a dynamic economic involved, parties various the between of agricultural presentation products and a partnership the through the oases in to activity sought agricultural promote Also and dates. cultivation production palm date the of in area progress technological and ofdate technical the explore to field order in palm the between in aims actors knowledge different researchers exchange at and investors including visitors, thousand 100 than more brought which exhibition The Exhibition. Dates International the in the and noted UAE the of participation outstanding palm, date of field the in research UAE scientific promote to the in leadership and keen interest the the praised and for initiative this admiration his expressed Minister Moroccan Agricultural The international event. important this in UAEof participation provided a detailed explanation on the akgn ad rfse ad the of production network and of assemblies craftsmen associations and and valuation packaging the and with concerned cooperatives is a space to bring together producers, products, of date palms. This Exhibition and local associations, as well as semi- women Rural of group a by initiative different derivatives of the dates as an for products includes also show The palm cultivation anddates of production international standingof date inthefield Al Nahayan, UAE strengthens its With Directives Nahayan of Mabarak varieties of dates being the products products the being dates of varieties field of oases economy,the in addition in to different studies scientific and associations of experiences the about briefed was he and where exhibition, the of Agriculture corridors various visited of Fisheries Minister The countries.Arab participating many the among also and wealth, this asa Cuat rm Goulimim, M/S. from as Cruwayt such Lahssan producers dates dates of dozens the to awards of group improve a sector, accompanying to of measures framework the within granted organizersexhibition’s the And exhibition. the best of activation the for prize the farming got Chamber Guelmim Al-Falah while it Dar Company, to awarded equipments, been has cultivation palm date of valuation of prize the for As Erfoud) Cooperative. (Jinan the to awarded display best the of prize the while Dates, of Producers Professional Federal the for initiative Exhibition’scorridors, awarded the the prize of the to best visits paid which It is worthy to mentioned that the jury, Results winners: of the eyes of theworld). Competition titled (Date Palm through such as the International Photography activities award the on specialists and professionals briefing to addition in and how to prepare award technical dossiers, five them for the apply to how and categories on professionals specialists the and brief to Jordan order in of Kingdom Hashemite the and Republic Arab GCC Syrian included countries, which summer, session last third its Secretariat of launch General the after Award Tour the Introductory by the to Pursuant for theawardcategories. apply to them the encourage and about award know dates tree palm a of lovers and farmers specialists, and researchers of sector the possible largest let to countries Arab especially world, the the of of parts various scope in award work the expand to HH of Sheikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan, directives the a of as realization comes participation such that referredGeneral AwardSecretary The processing andpackaging. Dates in concerned cooperatives of 11 Blessed Tree - December 2010 12 UAE wins award for best international pavilion in the field of date pal pcait i pl cliain and And world. the cultivationin dates of production palm and in researchers of specialists group of select participation a the with sessions scientific five in submitted been have paper 26 ofworking scientific journals where Hotel Ati Al in 2010 3, October the date palm has started its activities on 2 and on days scientific first The Scientific Conference: Abdul RahimAkranfrom Agdez. (Errachidia), then the young contractor (Tata), Aufus and (Figuig), Masira Al Aqa the and to young Tasagala related it cooperatives and And contractor. man Cooperatives Award, sector the three of context valuation the in of chose jury the Also from Zagora. Nouman Madani Belhassen then Erfoud, Mohamed from Figuig, from Mohammed Marzouk and (Guelmim), Tagjijt from Buyali Muhammad and Zagora, from Hashemi Al Lihsaini and ertr Gnrl f Khalifa of Zaid General Abdelouahhab Secretary Dr. Where area the Tafilalt east of theKingdom of Morocco. in and dates of cultivation production palm date in researchers of professionals, number interested large a of presence the including investors and researchers International Date Exhibition 100 thousand visitors visitedthe nentoa tae n hc he of trade international and production date which of status global the in to referred trade and international production date of importance economic the on work Award paper sessions a with scientific Palm the inaugurated Date International production costs.production lower with and quantity and quality its improve to techniques production modern of use of lack the are reasons the and countries, producing other to compared lowest the is States Arab in While the date palm economic returns trees intheworld. palm date of number the of 75% than and dates accountingproduction for more plantations palm date of areas largest the represent still States Arab the that out pointed He quality. and the and improve specification region of production in quantity to Arab activities main the the in dates of production and cultivation palm date of reality the entitled work paper his in presented also has Network Global UAE delegation, and expert Date Palm the of member Shabana, Hassan Dr. share of theinternational market. the to its and world comparedthe of rest the of output region Arab the in exports and production between (FAO). He referred to the digital divide Organization Agriculture and Food of statistics the on based was data his and world the in dates of main consumer the markets, European the to the exporting and importing countries 13 Blessed Tree - December 2010 14 UAE wins award for best international pavilion in the field of date pal This project, which has been designated and development rehabilitation date palms. of program of the beneficiaries growers producers thousand 35 of financing and support the provides agreement The Group, Agricole Crédit of Directors of Board Mr. Tariq Al-Sijilmassi, Chairman of the and Fisheries, Mr. Aziz Akhannouch and Agriculture of Minister the by million, amountof morea total thanAED800 with agreement an and contracts two The Exhibition witnessed the signing of Agreement:Signing of so we seethisfocus acrosstheworld. addition to their economic importance, to food security for many countries, in industry has become industries related this because world, the around dates of marketing and manufacture the in used techniques modern important most the presented he where ofdates, marketing and production technologies the in new of development global the entitled Network, Global UAE Palm Date of in Advisor and member delegation Shaker, Al Dr. Samir by presented paper third the In of the total budget. budget. of thetotal the previous project, about 73 per for cent million 300.9 219 $ to $ added million, approximately allocated Progress has for Partnership of of Agency planting the project the trees fruit and productive within operations, fall recent which these Through and Tinghir, Tata andFiguig. Errachidia and Zagora of districts at located oasis 12 of level the at region will be distributed to growers of Oases seedlings palm date And Progress. for Partnership of Agency the of support the with allocated, been has million where a financial cover valued AED 64 trees, palm date 250 of (seedlings) plants about region Biotechnology Oasis of growers provide to planned is (Ismoghai) It Laboratory. and company (Kaliagro) with concluded With regard to the two contracts were AED 35 billion distributed over 10 years. of framework government contribution amounted to the thousand within 47 hectares, of area an has which 737 million, includes the Oases region, with a financial cover estimated at AED bi, h Drco-eea o the Agency of Partnershipfor Progress. of Director-General the Obaid, been Murad Mr. of presence havethe in signed contracts Both dollars. has which million 697.5 of amount the the allocated Morocco, of and Kingdom Corporation” Challenge States, represented in the “Millennium VI, United of Mohammed Governments the between King Majesty of presidency His the under Tatwan in August 31 on concluded Agreement of the Millennium Challenge - Morocco Charter the of implementation the of Such activities fall within the framework 15 Blessed Tree - December 2010

22 Irradiation as alternative to MB in dates’ production and processing Regional Office forRegional Office ROWA West Asia, [email protected] Consultant, Compliance Assistance Prof. Mohandes El Mohsen United NationsEnvironment Programme, UNEP Programme, CAP I r caatrzd y esnlt and seasonality by product, characterized are agricultural other any Dates, like pillars. its of one represents production production, date which in agricultural sector the to linked developing countries. This file is closely poverty and malnutrition, especially in fight of to community international attention the engage which the file populations, hot and file countries security for close food the its to to relevance due interest growing in food gained particular in dates and general for technology of Irradiation use the is irradiation technology. physical which another alternative address article, will present we the In substance. depleting ozone physical this for as alternatives heat and (refrigeration freezing) and temperatures low uses of the addressed we processing, and processing to MBindates’ production asalternativeIrradiation to methyl bromide (MB) in dates’ in (MB) bromide methyl alternativesto on articles of series the of No.2 article, previous the n s lentv t M fr trg and storage for MB technology to alternative as irradiation adopting of that definitions significantly contribute to reduce fears and terminology information, related some clarify to characteristics of virtual dates, it is important and physical chemical, on as of irradiation on effect sensory qualities as well the assess to in States some conducted trials and researches of findings to exposed get we Before of irradiated includingdates. products, conservation and period storage in prolonging efficacy its of because highly effective preservation technique that are increasingly adopted worldwide as technologies promising the of considered is varieties. irradiation Accordingly, semi-dry and in soft of clear quality case are and which value characteristics) nutritional the and produced, amount qualitative(i.e. loss quantitative both undergo and perishable is it as storage term short 2. The second phase is the sterilization or damaging of theseproducts. products and hence delay the spoilage treated on present lesions of number of the reduce and kill to aprocess dose low using is products irradiated of stage pasteurization first The 1. phases: includes two short as millimeter. Irradiation process wavelengths as to meter one as long fromas range Microwave long of sector. are radiations agriculture in applications more have and shorter are rays Gamma Therefore, keV. 120 nanometers to eV 120 of range the energiesin and 0.01-10 of range the in wavelength of are X-rays picometers. 10 than less wavelength and keV 100 or above Cobalt-60 energies have and Cesium-137 from generate rays Gamma X-rays. to penetration compared capacity more has account Gamma into that taking products, and high the use penetration of capacity into because treated for goods quarantine efficient in highly ionizing of radiation are X-rays and Gamma products. do not ionize the exposed materials or photons of energy less than 12 ev- that Non- radiation, is electromagnetic waves- or electrons. microwave as such radiation, ionizing accelerated and X-rays rays, Gamma are rays these of charged particles in treated products. electrically Examples generates that energy electromagnetic Ionizing is radiation radiation. non-ionizing or Irradiation includes the use of ionizing does not heat up the treated products. cold sterilization where such treatment called is irradiation using Sterilization product. treated of properties the nor consumer’s health affects neither that different all growth eliminate stages of pests using low doses to used are which types) various of (rays sources energy through treatment a physical is Irradiation dates. of processing 23 Blessed Tree - December 2010 24 Irradiation as alternative to MB in dates’ production and processing ae smls raitd n plastic bottles in irradiated samples Dates to: limited not but including applications irradiation technology is agriculturalused in many particular. in In agricultural development, an in industry dates’ in and development role plays important technology Irradiation Gray (Gy) orKiloGray (KGy). by measured is dose Radiation fruits. treated of characteristics virtual and chemical physical, sensual, on effects unwanted cause could that dose the the absorbed dose in fruits of is less than limit upper the whereas pests all of stages growth all kill to enough is the that fruits the in absorbed dose important minimum irradiated is by It products. absorbed energy dose of radiation the required. Radiation dose is the amount determine essential is to it treatment, dates’ for When adopting irradiation technology pests. critical the of death in to leading functions cell disruption thus and cell living the in enzymes and membranes cell molecules, DNA of nature the in changes to due is irradiation of effect Lethal period. storage the prolong growth to microbes and pests all insect of stages eliminate to radiation completely of doses higher using ae smls raitd n burlap andfoamsacks plates in irradiated samples Dates to: aims important) most the are energy (of which Gamma rays and microwave sources mentioned previously the of one using irradiation sector, dates’ In and protecthumanhealth. agricultural pollution of environmental production, costs the reducing hence and fertilizers chemical of use the reduce and rationalize to order in nutrients’ turn studying over in agricultural in soils used also is It nutrients. these of rates absorption determining for studies nutrition-related plant in nitrogen-15 and phosphorus-32 as are such used isotopes radioactive Certain when fed on such contaminated diets. producing fungi poultry that is lethal to aflatoxins- and animals of growth prevent to feed animal of Treatment high as andlowwatersalinity availability. such conditions soil and harsh drought temperatures, high as such conditions climatic unfavorable some and pests to resistance as such purposes many for mutations genetic and varieties plant new Developing pestsandmicroorganisms.by insect infestations of result a as production estimated at about 25-30% of the total conservation of food and reduce losses Prolonging the safe storing period and h ue f raito a safe as chemicals irradiation different to of replacement use The the protect ozone layer. to Protocol Montreal the of terms the with accordance in substance depleting ozone this of use fulfill the phase-out to to commitments their Governments and States assisting hence and 2015 January by countries developing in phased-out be will articles, previous in mentioned as that, MB to alternative an Provide fumigated withMB. consignments dates’ some rejected have countries European some that noteworthy is It countries. importing the to pests such of entry prevent to microorganisms harmful and insect injuries of forms all of free are dates of each State. This is to ensure imported regulations and laws with accordance in requirements quarantine as well as products pesticide-free require trade that international and regional requirements of the with Compliance of differentproperties varieties. marketing and value, characteristics quality nutritional maintaining dates with of period storing Prolonging dates diseases whenconsumed. these human cause that likely aflatoxins contain more it makes dangerous dates most the are of fungi where infection microbial hand, other affects the On losses. dates’ thereby increases and dates such negatively dates consuming of injury undoubtedly Insect dates. free safety insects/microbes- providing food through consumers’ Securing both economic lossesandpricerates. reduce thus and demand and supply between gap the reduce and in optimizationbenefits of production losses of dates which in turn contribute postharvest reducing by communities of security communities, food particularly in the developing to Contribute a be cnutd n irradiation on conducted been had experiments and researches of lot A other with treatments.chemical compared irradiation of treatment costs and high expertise Relatively practices high applications, maintenance procedures. for in need The and security. safety the governing Ministerial decisions legislation such and concomitant and requires of decree application technology Adopting of these products. implications consume and impacts health to negative of fear for dates irradiated reluctance Public including: technology there are factors that face thespread of this products, irradiated of regarding safety bodies concerned issued the by guarantees and assurances Despite death. to lead that functions cell in disruption thus and enzymes and proteins membranes, cell DNA, the of nature the in changes to of due is effect microbes and lethal pests The on irradiation safe. is dose this that and Gray) 10 1000 (kGy= exceed kGy not must for products the food dose that irradiation recommended Alimentarius indicated Commission) Codex (FAO/WHO guide in food international products the general, food of in treatment irradiation the of use the Regarding harmful influencesto consumers. has that concentrations increased of application requires which pesticides chemical pests to resistance to stores’ growing and means with new infection find resist to need The to diseases many consumers’ populations. causes effect chemical residues which its of cumulative free is it ensures hence and dates of fumigation and treatment for used ris o 6 ots f storage. of months 6 for irradiated fruits in populations microbial Irradiation contributed in lowering the both. ofcombination with or insect of in all type one with either infected samples insects while kill to sufficient insects kGy were 0.9 of of doses to fruits type exposing one with infected samples in populations kill to exposing that enough was kGy 0.3 of doses to fruits showed results The kGy). 0.9 and (0.3 radiation Gamma of doses different to subjected then were fruits Dates stores). in dates the of the two insects (these insects infect of samples were infected by combination group third the (Tribolium while beetle confusum) flour were by infected samples other (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) beetle grain toothed saw- by infected fruits’ artificially where samples Khalas) (var. others dates and on Qahtani Al by Hassan Arabia Dr. Saudi in conducted was experiment an source, Withcobalt-60 from conservation. respect to applications of Gamma rays prolong and and rays pests Gamma eliminate to energy microwave using dates of in Al Shebi variety without affecting affecting without variety Shebi Al in from 4.9 x 104 to less than 10 cell/gram to 6 kGy reduced numbers of microbes 4 of doses that indicated Mashhadi Al populations, microbial to regard With of treated varieties (Sefri and Sokkari). flavor or taste value, nutritional the in changes any cause not did dose that this indicated also He stage. insect full for lethal was stage dose the next that and the to moth date of great pupae and lesser the beetle, grain and saw-toothed larvae eggs, of development the prevented kGy 0.25 of doses with dates of treatment that indicated Mashahadi Al Arabia, Ahmad Eng. Saudi in Al-Khobar December at 2009 in held (UNEP/ROWA), Program Environment NationsUnited ofthe Asia West for Office Regional the by organized sector dates in MB a regional workshop on alternatives to increasing storage period. Also, during treatment and increased gradually with of sugars have relatively declined after however, fruits,proportion treated on effect results no had irradiation that showed the characteristics, sensory on irradiation of effect the Regarding 25 Blessed Tree - December 2010 26 Irradiation as alternative to MB in dates’ production and processing irradiation efficiency was greater was efficiency that irradiation showed results The treatment. post months 8 aflatoxins for stored of samples in production as well as chemical and microbial characteristics physical, both on kGy) 3.0 and 1.5 of doses (with irradiation vs. fumigation semidry) to compare the impact Saeidi, of MB (var. dates on experiment an Dr. out carried colleagues experiment, his and Emam Egyptian other In in irradiated ones. reducing sugars content was increased to the control untreated samples while total and phenols sugars in irradiated samples compared free chemical of the content fruits’ reduced irradiation to properties, regard With treatment. after immediately death Irradiation dose of 2.5 kGy led to 100% conditions. mentioned under storage but this ratio was achieved after 8 days irradiation after immediately insect of death 100% achieve kGynot 1.0 did of dose irradiation that showed results samples after 3 days of irradiation. The were estimated for post control and treated days properties 8 chemical while and treatment 3 after as well as estimated immediately after treatment insect on populations was treatment of Effect 60± 5%. of humidity relative with °C) 2 (28± temperature room in kept then kGy.3.0 wereto 0.5 samples from The ranged doses different with irradiated and in foam) and bottles plastic packedkenaf, were of (bags materials packaging different samples Dates confusum). (Tribolium beetle flour larvae of and stage insect full both by var., semidry dates) artificially infected Energy (siwei fruits dates on Atomic Cairo) Agency, source, (from irradiation cobalt-60 Gamma the of assess effect to published) not 2008 (data in out carried experiment his Prof. Mohsen El-Mohandes, presented Also, in the same workshop the writer, ofthe taste treated samples. as an alternative to MB for insects insects poisons-free and infection for fungal and MB to alternative an as study recommended the use of 3.0 kGy dose The aflatoxins. of production kGy in preventing growth of fungi and dose of 3.0 kGy was efficient than of 1.5 non-reducing sugars) and sugar/acid and ratio. Irradiation reducing (total sugars, content carbohydrates color, significant effects were noted on fruits Also, weight. dry fruits of loss certain caused treatments both and MB, than xoe t mcoae nry for energy microwave to exposed were only. samples Dates stage tamar in Khadrawi var. on as well as stages on tamar and khalal Kamri, out in Zuhdi var. carried was freeze, experiment under an storage during black eliminating enzyme causes the dates’ color change to dark an dates enzyme, and polyphenolase for energy disinfestations microwave use the of on conducted trials for As 12 monthsafter treatment. storedforofdates samples properties smell and taste value, nutritional the affecting without insect beetle grain of development eggs and all life stages of saw-toothed stopped kGy Rawabdeh 0.25 Fedaa using dates irradiating that Eng. indicated Jordan, In treatment. toMB irradiation compared efficient that more was showed study the regulations, and laws quarantine on Based samples. dates packed irradiate to used was source mobalt-60 from kGy 0.75 of dose irradiation which in his experiment an out and carried colleagues Taweel Al Ayad Dr. Iraq, In storedsamples for 8months. in fructoseunaffected remainedwhile proportion of total sugars and glucose the increased kGy 0.9 of dose using Irradiation storage. of months 8 samples after irradiated in reduced However, were content matter contents. dry and acids amino protein and fats matter, differences dry in samples significant between no showed Results temperature. room in storage after immediately treatment and after 4 and 8 months of out carried non-irradiated was and samples (control sample). The analysis irradiated afterwards on performed was chemical where analysis kGy 1.8 0.9, 0.6, of doses using radiation was Gamma using experiment samples dates’ irradiate an to conducted Morocco, In dates toprolongthestorage period. to compare its effect in reducing in effect its colleagues compare her to and Agriculture) of (Ministry Amri Al Mansourah Dr. by the sultanate of Oman on in laboratory scale applied was technology new this beams, electron of use the for As 2, 2009). No. 4, Issue protection, Journal plant for (Tunisian samples exposed non- of that from characteristics their in differ not exposed did energy microwave to samples that showed also analyses chemical The larvae. the insect kill to required degree the than less was temperature fruits dry while heated soft dates to more than 100 °C seconds 90 for energy microwave to of soft fruits (25%) and dry fruits (13.5%) On the other hand, exposing a mixture eggs. and larvae pest’s of 100% and killed °C 52 than more reached to dates treated of temperature external exposed and content microwave for 55 seconds, the internal moisture homogenous of dates When killing. significant impact on heating efficiency has and pests’ fruit moisture of that higher content to indicating leading temperature, dates dry than more content) moisture (25% dates radiation insoft wasabsorbed microwave that showed results examined. The were samples treated larvae in on effect and Western characteristics to (var. quality properties, Thermal export countries. dates Noor) ceratoniae) for Deglet requirement a (Ectomyelois as controlling moth in MB to as alternative microwave an of use the assess to In Tunisia, a study has been conducted peroxidase physical changesduringstorage. and and chemical prevented and enzymes inactivated polyphenolase treatment This stored. and temperature and bags polyethylene in packed then room to the allowed reach were samples Treated periods ranging from 10 to 60 seconds. Deglet Noordates inbranches various growth stages, that does not does that and stages, growth associated various insects all killing in effective radiation, of dose lower the (1) determine to necessary is it MB, to alternative an as dates of treatment for technology irradiation or adopting When residuals contaminants. no environmental with technology environmentally-friendly an also is demonstrated. It been has and properties characteristics quality product on impact without periods longer for dates preserving and incidence insect of preventing in efficiency technology in irradiation that specialists States and different out researchers by carried the from experiments clear reviewed is it conclusion, In treatment. of antioxidants compared with control concentration increased and samples treated of quality maintained loads, electronic beams reduced the microbial the that indicated results The energy. treatments such as MB and microwave dates infested quality compared toother of on and characteristics population pests’ treatments, MB. particularly of feasibility irradiation and cost compared economic to other the varieties (2) marketing and treated and of quality characteristics as well as affect chemical and physical properties Accelerator 27 Blessed Tree - December 2010 28 Inventory of insects in Ziban oases Biskra, Algeria Doctor at the University of Biskra Algeria, Algeria, ofBiskra attheUniversity Doctor Professor Italy ofBari attheUniversity (Algeria): Master inIntegrated Master (Algeria): Pest Management (IAM Bari Italy). Italy). (IAM Bari Management * Deghiche-Diab Nassima * Deghiche-Diab [email protected]. [email protected] ***Belhamra Med [email protected] **Porcilli F n u oss csse, hr are there ecosystem, collected predators (Coleoptera) and parasitoids oases our zoophagans in beneficial important most the (21.73%) Among insects. omnivorous and (36.52%) zoophagous (41.73%), phytophagous of groups ecological major 3 the in all (7.87%), Lepidoptera Hymenoptera the and (20.86%) (44.42%), are Coleoptera orders insect represented most into The Isopoda. into one one and Chilopoda Arachnida, into 3 Insecta, 12 into classes: different in orders 17 of survey, belonging to 61 families and species were 115 collected, of during total 5 A Ethylene months solutions. preservative containing bottles plastic half with made traps pitfall through inhabiting it. Specimens were sampled fauna insect and ecosystem between oases the relationships the study order to in dates, their of quality high Abstract Biskra, Algeria in Ziban oases Inventory insects of A of Ziban, characterized by the by the oases characterized Ziban, of in stations five out in carried was inventory n 1 epcs n éé collectées, été ont ordres 17 et familles 61 à appartenant espèces d’inventaire, d’éthylène.115 mois cinq base les Pendant à agents conservateurs des contenant plastique en demi-bouteilles des avec faits traps) (pitfall fosse à pièges des utilisant échantillonnés en été Les ont habite. exemplaires y qui l’entomofaune et l’écosystèmeentre oasien relations les d’étudier afin inventaire, haute d’un l’objet la fait ont produites, par dattes des qualité caractérisent se qui stations cinq Ziban, des oasis les Dans Résumé oases, inventory, ecological groups. Ziban insects, Ecosystem, Keywords: to becontinued. deserves that entomofauna oases the of description the in step first the just the between is study groups,ecologicalour various existing relationship the and collected large species of number Diptera the Despite bio-control; Hymenoptera. or the in useful os ls Eoytm, insectes, écologiques. groupes inventaire, Ecosystème, Ziban, des oasis clés: Mots d’être poursuivie dans présente l’entomofaune toute de exhaustive étude début le que n’est notre les écologiques, groupes relations entre les et existantes collectés espèces grand du dépit en soit, ou Diptères les les biologique; lutte et (Coléoptères) parasitoïdes des prédateurs des a les plus parmi les zoophages oasien, Dans écosystème (21,73%). cet omnivores phytophages (36,52%) des et zoophages des des (41,73%), écologiques compris dans les 3 groupes principaux et (20,86%) Hyménoptères les (44,42%), les d’insectes Coléoptères les sont représentés plus ordres Les Isopoda. un et Chilopoda un Arachnida, trois Insecta, douze : classes différentes de Figure 6:Schematic descriptionexample oftrophic chaininoasesecosystem les Lépidoptères (7,87%), tous tous (7,87%), Lépidoptères les Hyménoptères. Quoi qu’il en en qu’il Quoi Hyménoptères. les oasis, qui mérite mérite qui oasis, les . très utiles dans la la dans utiles très de la description description la de motns l y il importants nombre des des nombre différents différents pcaie iscs on optimal found insects specialized In our oases ecosystem, hot dry climate, between them. existing relationships the ecosystem and to be able to each recognize in insects living the about idea havetoan important is It exist. insects of species many how exactly knows one no and on poor is biodiversity insect knowledge Existing world. third of the in majorities are species described non- the large and been actually described; have species million a than less that fact simple the is still startling More 1997). (Stork million 15 5- and 1992) (Hammond million 12.5 1982), (Erwin species million 30 to up including provided been have world the Widely in insects 2008). of estimates al. divergent et (Speight on earth animals living all of (3/4) fourths three- about constitute are to presumed They 1996). survival, for other (Center ecosystem earth any on animal than of type insects more are there fact, in everywhere, are Insects Introduction marketing marketing is often confronted with the the health of the consumers, since date by as well environmentas the respecting ecosystem, microclimate this of fragility the of account a take to also and control palm date on pests alternative of methods an and step 1st inventory, as having by situation alarming this face to today urgent is It in inventory oasesecosystem. Algerian the on completed to be informations of shortage a still is there country, the over all conducted oases the observations scatteredscientific some in despite (Ziban), present Algeria in ecosystems insects out species the of on carried 1978- in LeBerre was by inventory -The latest information of lack the to Due systems. pollination of components vital and webs, food of components beneficial disease, of vectors crops, of pests as often they are economically important very and function ecosystem oases to development. importance crucial of is their ecology Their for conditions 29 Blessed Tree - December 2010 30 Inventory of insects in Ziban oases Biskra, Algeria f ie eh n soe placed stones and mesh cover a wire with of bottom, the in with holes containers plastic of up made were traps These 2). (Fig specimens collecting for used were traps Pitfall chosen cultivated area we usedtraps. those in present the be can about that species idea an have to order In Nour” inAlgeria. ”Deglet quality dates oases high producing best the as known are which Okba Sidi and Djellel Ouled Ghrous, El Noui, Tolga, Ben most Ain 1); (Fig oases five the of “Algeria”.in conducted was survey The one in production date of is areas important research it this for because site was a (Ziban) as “Biskra” selected of region The Mountains. of east the “Algeria”,Aurèsthe of south in located ”Biskra”wilaya the of oases the at conducted was work study The Materials andmethods limiting theireffect anddamage. of but pests eradicating of question a problems of chemical residues, it is not Figure ofstudysites 1:Map location. weekly and transferred to the the to transferred laboratory, where they were and weekly collected were insects captured The 1973). on (Greenslade captured up specimens any effects deleterious without moreor weekfor unattended a left be can traps rare relatively or minimal is in situations where ground vegetation the all And station. covereach in movement insect to order in directions these of opposite four in best probably location is traps The week. every February of visited were siteand June first of end the until per the used from were starting traps (4) Four mammal prevent species from entering. and rainfall from traps the protect to order in container approximately 2,5cm above the plastic major cases in species. Then they they Then species. were in cases major family order, to identified the then were of they pinned, all were insects After mounted. point the or in were back insects lab, Once examined. and given collection labels for the the for labels collection given sorted and pinned pinned and sorted and in the the in and counted, counted,

capacity and structural complexity of complexity structural and capacity carrying microclimate, (species-richness) on effects diversity its the on influence threefold a has vegetation with that proposed site was It Okba specimens. 247 Sidi finally djellel and Ouled site came specimens 257 Ben with position Ain fourth the in was site, Noui specimens 333 position 3rd with the in specimens, with 335 Tolga for then specimens, 352 with station El-Ghrous the for highest the was trap) (per sampled specimens of number mean the 3); five (Fig sites (5) the from 524 collected (1 individuals) arthropods of number the total From arthropods. a 524 1 yielded of total method collection traps pitfall The sites. samples/5 100 say to is that samples/site, 20 of Consisting Results anddiscussion removable glasslids. having and cork paper-covered with insect store-boxes, lined at the bottom made specially in kept are specimens for Pinnedslide. paper on and alcohol in insects special a on or specimen one the under pinned on labels three or two written specimen, is the information This identity and origin the regarding Information word the associate to 1981), al. et (Phillip label the essential is it characters, external of study the facilitating position a in is to entomologist Algerian to sent were species identified of and Some prepared the porcelli. professor the by corrected finally and 1993) (Chinery books using and collection reference their on based C.R.S.T.R.A and of Biskra University the at species made or was level genus the to up insects oases of identification an nevertheless be to identified. This is examination a task for taxonomists; further require species some However, magnifier. or in the laboratory under the microscope of insects took place mainly after identification capture the survey, our For storage onboxes. confirm identification. Once insect insect Once identification. confirm ht h dmnn odr on in found order dominant the that three different ecosystems, concluding in Singapora in conducted studies in work similar out carried are(2003) Li and orders Yespecimens. 26 to 3 other by represented The 120 with specimens. order Lepidoptera the by followed specimens, 318 with Hymenoptera order the 677 then with specimens; order Coleoptera the for The number per order was the highest larval development 2009). (Maisonhaute for site undisturbed an for some, and site hibernation to find or refuge or a field cultivated the than of favorable more microclimate for food, source alternative an for prey for that search to habitats as period used insects our spring the on during flora diversification the by explained 1977).This variation on number maybe the habitat (Greenslade and Greenslade Figure 2:Pitfall trap scheme. the ground surface, especially beetles especially surface, ground the on active invertebrates of activity and efficient in highly the be studies to of the shown occurrence been have traps pitfall results, obtained those for Also et al. 2006). (Burgio weeds of diversity increasing with increased (Coleopteran) beetles of diversity and richness abundance, the Moreover, ground. the into sunk trap pit-like a into fall that arthropods surface-active ground of capture the trapping, as the name implies, involves Pitfallal.1998). et (Didham arthropods crawler the explained of role functional be the by may observation an such for explanation possible Another arthropods. these could towards trap based be pitfall the of design the Thus, (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera,…). especially class Hymenoptera, insecta were the traps from pitfall their In total, wereclass orders12 In insecta of individuals quantities (Fig4). class insecta the in foundwere greatest collected the the in collected and frequently individuals most The 1). Isopoda (Table of orderone class and of Chilopoda class order one Arachnida, class the of orders (3) three Insecta, class of orders of 12 including species, 115 of collection orders the from (17) identified were Arthropods seventeen total In 1994). Niemela and (Spence oases certain in number large in present orders) Diptera and Orthoptera certain (Coleoptera, of arthropods abundance relative the explain which reasons the of one be may this case our In 1975). (Luff type extent to which it is caught by that trap the and activity,its density on depend will caught species the of abundance of relative or period dominance apparent time, a over fauna a sample to used is type trap single a if Generally, containers. used of size the to not but beetles, of density the with correlated was traps pitfall of efficiency the that disagreewith this explanation and (2000) they thought Scudder and (2004) as examples. Odonata) Whereas others like Maehara and (Lepidoptera give wecan al. 2002), et Work 1975; traps (Luff of type this by captured big be too to are that arthropods certain towardsbased be may cm) (20 trap of depth and bottles) (plastic cup the of material diameter), of cm (20 size the as such Factors set-up. traps experimental the pitfall the in part of important an played used efficiency The litter the in washing. caught were species sized smaller whereas scorpions) and (Coleoptera individuals bodied large different the caught trapping pitfall (5 that found methods they general sampling,in of methods) of variety examined (1996), Niemela and (1994) 1975). In addition Spence and Niemelä (Greensladespiders Luffand 1971 31 Blessed Tree - December 2010 32 Inventory of insects in Ziban oases Biskra, Algeria mostly presents inpitfalltraps type. foundand they thatsomeof themare methods to capture insects’ specimens several tried who (1993) scudder and of those resultsagreewith Winchester our so and Pentatomidaefamilies and and order Heteroptera we have both the Miridae the Pieridae for families, the Nymphalidae in Lepidoptera order position (3rd) third In families. Formicidae and Apidae Vespidae, the Coleoptera was Hymenoptera order in after order numerous most next The order Coleoptera. the of are is worldwide species it since insect all of 1/3 or 33% that estimated expected than higher specimens.total 287 somewhat is This and collection the of 41% at (beetles) Coleoptera order the was by collection dominated the (2007), that found Baumgardner who results by the reported Coccinellidae to Carabidae, Comparing families. and in Where Tenebrionidae order collected. Coleoptera arthropods of groups and abundant most three the are 20,86% 7,87%, with represented Lepidoptera 44,42% with that, Hymenoptera with percentage, found highest the represented order we stations Coleoptera all For and 103 species. 51 families including identified Figure 3: Total stations. per collectedspecimens f eiu pat et s o the for number as pest a plant are serious of there families (61) collected sixty-one the Among with usfor cultivated plants(Fig 5). phytophagouscompete often they because (41,73%) the of aware are are we that but 52%), species (36, parasitic and predatory are and there recorded overall 115 phytophagous; are species the identified of Many environment (Apis melifera). onthe effect beneficial a or oculata) of Chrysopa religiosa, (Mantis pests regulation crop the on effect an that have species parasitic importance or their predator as to due be press).This may is at 2009 (M.A.E.T gallicus melifera; religiosa, carnea Chrysopa and Polistes Apis Mantis sp, Algeria: Syrphus violacea, Xylocopa in species Land, of Ministry Environment and the Tourism as protected by listed are them of (6) six species, 115 the From several species. by represented orders greatest three the are (Daesiidae) (Scorpionidae) Scorpions and Solfugidae (Lycosidae), Araneae orders Arachnida, class Dermaptera For and (Forficulidae; Labridae). (Chrysopidae) Neuroptera respectively; families two to one to belonging species few by represented were orders others The ae w ddct ta tee are there that dedicate we our case, In other. each with associations persistent maintain that (populations) Communities are groups oforganisms Barbarus, L.). (Messor ants explodens, and 1812) (Brachinus Duftschmid beetles sp), (Pimelia Coleoptera the inclodes that group polyphagous the is (oases ecosystem) traps pitfall our in found was that group third The enemies. natural their and cycles life insect’ functions, insect up; setting by alive, population enemies natural the keep to needed Actually, some zoophagous insects are andin to analyze, many cases are still poorly understood. have difficult they proven complex, extremely are predators) (parasites, enemies natural and pests between relationships The Drury, 1773). maculata (Megascolia Hymenoptera and 1794) fabricius, varia (Peleteria fly 1764). The parasitic species are Diptera Smerm agiem Muller, sanguineum, dragonflies and (Sympetrum 1758) L., (Mantis religiosa, mantids praying 1839), say ladybird oculata, (Chrysopa lacewings 1758), L., septempunctata are (Coccinella beetles insects important beneficial are, (predators) that most and oases ecosystem our in collected the Zoophagous Among and fly Syrphid coccinellidae. the and like flies predators Tachinid the include like flies parasitic beneficial the groups major two in divided be can pests, species are Zoophagous beneficial. also insects are they all not Because the ecosystems. terrestrial of integrity the of indicators throughout excellent as recognized and country abundant, generally widespread are (crickets) Orthoptera also and viridula) Heteroptera(Nezara tomatoes. greenhouse on 2009 in species recorded newly a (Aphididae), is which absoluta) Homoptera (Tuta Lepidoptera of order eind o aae et and pests management manage to pest designed to an approach is Management Pest Integrated oases ecosystem inthisway. our the in the chain our during build can we survey, from collected Starting information region. this in diversification species and the explain can attractive very is Ghrous El and Araneae in the the tow oases station Tolga of also presence the addition In predators’of regulation species.the in role major has that dragonfly the by ecosystem oases our in represented well is family Libellulidae oculata). The in and around the oases (Chrysoperlea present be could that insects others several by eaten be can Aphids population, of regulator of role the with May and March between period the during Coccinellidea, stations visited all in present genus Coleoptera, predatory of number large The 2008). rather al. et (Raffel resourcestissue host consume than host for compete they if plants, resource same whereas the on exist sometimes levels, hosts and parasites trophic different of occupy it is prey and unavailability Predators link. one the once by modified disrupted be ecosystem can agro that same organisms the in living between relationships % Figure 4: Total order. per collectedspecimens 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Co 0 5 leoptera

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Odonata h oss csse ad o achieve to and ecosystem oases the make to decisions about what are to do to manage analysis ecosystem of objectives 2001). The (Dufour benefits healthy social and environmental, high economic, in (a results a which maintain environment) ecosystem to is IPM balanced of goal The (Dufour organisms 2001). beneficial as and damage environment the people, little to possible as with diseases

Diptera

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Sc orpions ie .faitcs Ohr predators, Other O.afrasiaticus. mite (Stethorus bird the of control the in role important an lady played that predator a as punctillum) used who Pintureau and Idder south- by 2008 in Algerian west the of ecosystems Some of results were achieved in oases in search field. under still but great efficiency has predators and parasitoids B.t., than other and hebetor Bracon the include other moth, date against agents control biological of releases field on consist that (2008), Dhouibi and Quinlan of experiment Another worm infestations ofdates. and obtained a significant reduction in 1999 in Zellerceratonae Ectomylois of where males sterilized Algeria some I.N.P.V. released south-east of oases some in out carried was work Another an in oasis ecosystem in south-west Algeria. of Zeller, parasite ceratonae Ectomylois a as embryophagums Trichogramma ooparasite of release the with success 45.3% of results had in they and 1990, in Doumindji-Metiche and applied Doumindji by was ecosystem oases program IPM An the goalsofIPM. 33 Blessed Tree - December 2010 34 Inventory of insects in Ziban oases Biskra, Algeria f cec Tei. h Uiest of University The Thesis. Science of vs. on small large forests in northwest Ohio. in Master effects populations Forest its arthropod 2007. and fragmentation M.C. Baumgardner, References (Date ecosystem palm). oases our can affect that marlatii Phoenicoccus and ferrugineus Rhynchophorus as such large of future, the in species new of numbers entry the prevent will that insects, collected the of the conservation for insectariums of creation conservation the through the insects of for classification to and state list the a allow obtain will study This food chain. correct trophic in play that role ecological the the and species on collected of oases identification within based program ecosystem IPM an up setting for tool a is and event any in Finaly, this inventory is a first approach other pestwhichinfest our crops. palm and the O.afrasiaticus, against plantations protecting sufficiently to suited control biological of method a establish to order in tested be to have however, are present in Algeria; they will Figure 5:Percentage ofecological groups. aobs coyli ceratoniae utilisation des par Pyralidae) (Lep., and Zeller, Pyrale Ectomyelois la Caroubes contre lutte B. biologique de Essai 1990. S.E. Doumandji, Doumandji-Mitiche, Ecological fragmentation. Monographs, 68(3):295-323. forest tropical to responses species 1998. Beetle N. Stork, and P. Eggleton, J.H., P.M.,Hammond, R.K., Didham, Lawton, (London). publishers 3rdCollins Harper (1973). of ed Europe. Northern and Britain of insects guide Collins 1993. M. Chinery, pdfs/ecoandinsects.pdf sfsuedu.www.savenature.org/images/ ecosystem@ formats à Disponible citation ligne]. [en online Mississippi. on Francisco. Advice San Insects. and Ecosystem Guides. Teacher CES 1996. Survival. Ecosystem for Center Bulletin ofInsectology, 59(1):59-67. margins field within northern Italy agro-ecosystems. weedy in predators other and (Coleoptera) on Coccinellidae infrastructures L., ecological of Boriani, role R., The 2006. J.V. Lentern, and Ferrari, M. Pozzati, G., Burgio, Bowling Green State. asnat, . . 09 Qad le Quand 2009. É. J. Maisonhaute, population 121. 115- (2): 48 Zoology, and Entomology applied controlled insulicola of Journal Japanese density. Carabidae), under (Coleoptera: insulicola chaudoir beetles, carabid Carabus the of density activity a toand relation in of traps efficiency pitfall The 2004. T. Maehara, du Tourisme. du Alger. et l’Environnement l’Aménagement de Territoire, de Ministère des espèces domestiques protégées,non animales liste la fixant exécutif décret de Projet press): (at M.A.T.E.T, features Some Oecologia, 19(4):345-357. traps. ofpitfall 1975. efficiency influencing M.L. Luff, Global resources. London: 17-39. (ed.). B. earth’sthe of biodiversity.Status living Groombridge In: inventory.P. Species Hammond, 1992. effects, 20(4):343-353. Sociaux, Insectes in digging traps, pitfall with Greeenslade, P.J.M. 1973. Sampling ants Entomology, 10(4):253- 260. in pitfall traps. Journal of the Australian 1971. The use of P.baits and preservatives Greenslade, and P.J.M. Greenslade, Bulletin, 36(1):74-75. other Coleopterists and The species. arthropod Coleoptera in richness their forests: Tropical 1982. T.L. Erwin, org/attra-pub.PDF/ipm.pdf http://attra.ncat. à Disponible Bio-intensive ligne]. [en formats citation online 2001. on (IPM) Advice management pest R. integrated Dufour, org/om/pdf/a11/CI901501.pdf. ligne]. [en Disponible à http://ressources.ciheam. formats citation on online Advice oasiens. A11. Mediterranieennes, Options agricoles 183. pp. (eds). Montpellier, IAMM, G. systèmes Toutain and Les V. Dollé In: à Ouargla. embryophagum (Hym.,Trichogrammafidae) Trichogramma de iml, .. n Sec JR 1994. J.R. Spence and J.K. Niemelä, Annales Zoologici Fennici, (33):1-4. all. it do conservation-Carabidologists to Fromsystematic 1996. J.K. Neimelä, du QuébecAntennae, 16(2):3-7. d’entomologie Société la de Bulletin paysage influence les ennemis naturels. o a trl isc pouto facility. production insect sterile a for FAO In: plan business Model IAEA. and regions. production date in date SIT moth for markets Potential 5. Annex Service. 2008. M.H. Dhouibi, and M.M. Quinlan, Extension State University,KANSAS. Manhattan. Cooperative Collections Entomology H. 4. KANSAS E. George, for insects labeling and and Pinning 1981. H. Loroy, E., Phillip, 17 (2):166-175. the Ecography, communities. of and concept scale spatial (Coleoptera): Distribution of forest dwelling carabids ul M,Wlo DE adWlo E.O. Wilson and D.E. Wilson M., Kudla global Reaka- In: decline. Measuring its and biodiversity 1997. N.E. Stork, (126): 881-894. the and Entomologist, Canadian The madness method. the traps: pitfall with assemblages 1994. Carabid J.K. Sampling Niemelä, and J.R. Spence, 2nd insects of edition, Blackwell. Ecology 2008. D.A. Wait, and D.M. Hunter, M.R., Speight, Pifall British Monitoring Network. Columbia, Canada 2000. Assessement Ecological and G.G.E. trapping. Scudder, 610- 618. 23(11): in Evolution, Trends and Ecology ecology. enemy natural unifying predators: as Parasites J.R. 2008. Rohr, and L.B. Martin, T.R., Raffel, Vienna, Austria, pp285-304. Meishan.pdf NUS_FoS/Life%20Sciences/Ye%20 à congress2003/Proceedings/abstract/ Disponible ligne]. http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/eee/urop/ [en citation formats online on Advice arthropod diversity. on fragmentation forest of effects The 2003. D. Li, and M.S. Ye, Entomology, 31(3):438-448 Environnement studies. biodiversity litter- for of implications Arthropods: taxa dwelling three of capture and size trap Pitfall 2002. J.R. Spence, and L.M. Korinus, C.M., Buddle T.T., Work, Inventory British Resources Committee (RIC). in Columbia. arthropods sampling for terrestrial Methodology 1993. G.G.E. Scudder, and N.N., Winchester, Washington resources. D. C.:41-68. biological our protecting (eds). Biodiversity II: understanding and 35 Blessed Tree - December 2010 36 Inventory of insects in Ziban oases Biskra, Algeria Figure 2: Total by collectedspecies pitfalltraps inoasesecosystem 37 Blessed Tree - December 2010 38 Regeneration and analysis of genetic stability of plantlets as revealed Othmani for invitroOthmani culture andRAPD de Tunis, 2092-El-Manar Tunis, Tunisie Végétales Appliquéesàl’amélioration Biotechnologie, Faculté desSciences des cultures, Faculté de desSciences (3): Laboratoire desBiotechnologies analysis; Rhouma foranalysis; Rhouma AFLPanalysis Oasiennes, 2260 Degache- Oasiennes, 2260Degache- Tunisie contributed equally in this work: equallyinthiswork: contributed culture invitro, Centre Régional Sfax, B.P. 802,3018Sfax, Tunisie de Recherches Agronomiques (1): Laboratoire deGénétique (2): Laboratoire deCulture de moléculaire, et Immunologie A. Othmani The firstauthorshave two R. Mzid N. Drira 3 , C.Bayoudh 3 &M. TRIFI 1 , S.Rhouma 1 2 , 1 , T Abstract cv. DegletNour date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by RAPD and AFLPmarkers in as revealed stability plantlets of analysis genetic of Regeneration and algnss hn evs are on Subcultures leaves dark. in when incubated intensive an callogenesis permitted 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic have acid Skoog 100 and mg.l-1 10 1, and including media (MS) the Murashige markers that proved modified Data length used. (AFLP) were fragment polymorphism amplified and (RAPD) DNA randomly polymorphic namely,amplified (PCR)- methods reaction based chain two polymerase purpose, this For study. this investigated in were plantlets the derived of conformity true-to-type the of L.) analysis and Nour dactylifera Deglet cultivar, (Phoenix palm date cd nue somatic Tunisian of induced embryogenesis acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic he

derived progenies indate palms. vitro in the of nature true-to-type the its and progeny. plant This result strongly supported mother the between similarities exhibited profiles banding randomly 180 DNA resultant The plantlets. selected in performed were analyses AFLP and RAPD addition, In in soil. 75% progenies survival was established growth plant regulators MS medium. On the whole, free to transfer after to plantlets were successfully achieved conversion and germination Embryos months. 3 within callus mg 0.5 from developed were embryos somatic 120 of mean A light. in embryos somatic Dichlorophenoxyacetic of maturation rapid a stimulated acid 2,4- mg.l-1 0.1 with supplemented medium MS brvain: ,-, 2,4- IBA, 2,4-D, Indole-3-Benzylaminopurin acid; Dichlorophenoxyacetic Abbreviations: plant (RAPD), regeneration, somatic embryogenesis DNA Amplified Polymorphic Random fragment plantlets, Date palm, (AFLP), polymorphism Amplified length Keywords and Scowcroft 1981) conformity of the of conformity 1981)Scowcroft and (Larkin variation somaclonal inducing may genome plantlets cultureregenerated of organization the in vitro disturbances in cause since that stressed be should It 2002). Kothari and (Kanita micropropagation plant homogeneous genetically for strategy consistent relatively a be to reported is embryogenesis somatic For instance, improvement. palm date for or cultivars elite of propagation mass for either strategy have alternative provided methods in multiplication difficulties, vitro hybridization these overcome to order before In years stage. fruiting seven to up and required type to true bear not do seed-propagation palms addition, In to root. difficult are cultivars other from issued those and offshoots produce not did genotypes several Moreover, plantations. palm date new establish to number in and time in limited very is However, method offshoots. this by made is propagation conventional its true-to-type not (Carpenter and Ream 1976). Therefore, are of % that 50 and females trees male of % 50 of heterozygous nature, date palm progenies consisted to and Due out-breeding environmental areas. its arid the of and stability socio- of economical but maintenance production the for date also for only not genetic great development oasis the of in importance is large crop fruit is This diversity. by monocot characterized perennial dioecious (2n = 36), an out-breeding heterozygous The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), Introduction certification using RAPD and AFLP markers. RAPD using certification progenies’ derived of assessment the and embryogenesis somatic through Nour, Deglet cultivar, elite palm date Tunisian the of propagation vitro in The present study portrays the achievement of the 2000). al. al. et Trifi et 1995; (Taylor assess variation to somaclonal and cultivars and identify clones to procedures inexpensive and quick reliable, as reported been have methods (AFLP) polymorphism length fragment amplified (1995) al. et polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and the Vos Williams et al. (1990) random amplified the of use the described and reported purpose, different methods have been establishment. required.this Foris conformity plants’ groves derived the of certification Therefore, new for particularly use scale large for criteria main the constitutes plants derived M4 mediarespectively. and M3, M2, M1, to added were 2,4-D in Table 1, 0.0, 1.0, 10, and 100 mg.l-1 of reported (w/v).As agar Difco of % 0.7 and (w/v) sucrose of % 5 1962) containing Skoog and (Murashige media MS different on cultured and water distilled sterile in washed times three hour,1 for HgCl2 % 0,01 in soaking by sterilized were cm2 1 of sections Leaf conditions Media and culture Tissue culture out thedesignedanalyses. carry to used were tree mother the as well as media plantlets different in produced embryo-derived 180 somatic Tunisia. of south the in located growing in plantations at El Mahassen trees from These collected used. randomly were were Nour Deglet cv. length palm date in old years 20 from cm sampled 1-3 of leaves Juvenile Plant material andMaterials methods respectively. (1989), al. et Sambrook to according electrophoresis gel agarose analytic and spectrometer France) Pharmacia, (Amersham, GeneQuant a performed using spectrophotometrically and integrity of the resultant DNAs was isolated (1983).Quantification al. et Dellaporta to according was leaves young the DNA from cellular Total DNA extraction % eoy fniie ouin and transferred tosoil. solution fungicide benomyl 5% 0. with sprayed water, distilled using Plantlets were than rinsed three times dehydration. their avoid to and media adhering excess remove to min 15 for water distilled in washed and damage agar medium avoiding the root system from removed carefully are plantlets follows: as made conditionswas living treatment. Transfer of plantlets to free- postmaturation any without MS medium regulators growth plant transferred free and to 2 picked culture after of months medium were maturation from embryos matured plantlets, somatic regenerate To subcultured 1month. every and light fluorescent s-1 m-2 μmol 80 providing photoperiod h 16/8 with 2 °C ± 28 at air- room culture in conditioned placed were Cultures 2,4-D. mg.l-1 1 supplemented medium MS to entire transferred were resultant of callus embryogenic with the explants differentiation expanding callus, testing embryogenic For times. three repeated were and treatment per cultures 25 least at of consisted Experiments conditions. culture same the under months 4-5 for of weeks 6-7 interval an at subculture regular and °C 2 ± 28 at dark the in cultures of incubation via explants accomplished was from callus of Production min. 20 for cm-2Kg to 1.4 at autoclaving prior 5.7 to adjusted was pH The 39 Blessed Tree - December 2010 40 Regeneration and analysis of genetic stability of plantlets as revealed h AL bnig atrs were patterns banding AFLP The M Mse1 and restriction enzymesrespectively. and EcoR1 the E to correspond where ENNN/MNNN EAAC/MCAT. EACC/MCTA, MCAG, EACA/ EAAC/MCAG, EAAC/MCAA, EAGC/MCAA, follows: as identified are These study. this in tested were primers set Six (2007). al. et Rhouma in reported as performed were assays AFLP and study this in used Primers and AFLPassaysPrimers et al.1989). (Sambrook transilluminator UV under stained h, 2 visualized and bromide ethidium with during buffer (1×) TBE each reaction in 1.5 % agarose gel using are electrophoresed by loading 12 μl of products PCR cycle. amplification last min is 10 the of end the at programmed usually during elongation final A strands synthesis. complementary 72°Cfor at min 2 and 1 min at 37°C for primers’ hybridization 30 denaturation, one: the 94°Cfor at seconds each including cycles PCR 45 entering before step denaturation preliminary a as min 5 94°Cduring at heated firstly were Mixtures France). U of Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham, 1 (10×), buffer Taqpolymerase of DNA μl primer,2.5 of pM 30 MgCl2, of mM 3 (dATP, dTTP), dNTP dGTP,and dCTP of total cellular DNA (~1 μl), 150 μM of ng 60 including: μl 25 of volume total a in conducted were Amplifications etal.2000). palms (Ben Abdallah inter date- within revealing polymorphisms varietal and reproducible amplification generate to reported been have oligonucleotides to These 2). (Table used amplifications were RAPD perform OPE16 OPD16, and OPD06, OPD19 USA) OPD05, OPC07, (Alameda, OPA16, OPA07, OPA04, as identified Operon purchased from primers universal Nine and RAPD assaysPrimers Tiuegdm t l 06, n oil and 2006), al et (Thiruvengadam charantia Momordica ofas plants other embryos somatic reported have the been results Such from medium. removed culture completely is been 2,4-D the when have achieved successfully embryos derived the of germination and maturation 1c 1d, figures and in illustrated As 45 1c). (Fig. of callus embryogenic of weight fresh 0.5 g average per embryos an somatic elongated yielded and proliferated havenormally These calli. embryogenic induce to permitted has mg.l-1, 0.1 to till concentration 2,4-D of used decrease However, those subculture. for on or media similar on either callus the on embryos somatic any without growth callus promote to efficient 2,4-Dvery the is that assume we Therefore, 1b). (Fig. development the basic part at leaves without M2) any callus (i.e. medium this on induced was embryogenesis direct addition, In crop.callus-inducingthis a agentin as therefore concur with the efficiency of the 2,4-D data and Our 1985). (Drira Benbadis palms date in been reported have results Similar explants. the of surface lower the or upper the on either appeared calli these fact, In cultivated on the medium M2 (Fig. 1a). miniature (< 2 mm) white havenodules when pieces initiated, leaf however, friable calli, Juvenile showing 2,4-D. of deprived medium MS on when cultivated culture of weeks 8 after and died growth irregular exhibited 1cm2 size of explants that worthy Note leaf from months. five during cultured explants scored were morphogenetic responses different 2,4-D, the of concentration the on Depending plant regeneration and differentiation production, Callus Results and discussion fe sle sann acrig to according Chalhoub etal.(1997). staining silver denaturing after on polyacrylamide gels (6%) and visualised electrophoresed field conditions was successfully was achieved (Fig. 1G). conditions field soil to transfer their and month one during subsisted easily have plantlets According to these conditions, 80 % of of gradual decrease of humidity levels. conditions to and acclimatization werefor conditions non-sterile plants to transferred 1f). regenerated (Fig. mixture Finally, soil this a to transfer their in before necessary was medium incubation illumination intensity high supplemented Prior IBA. ½ 1mg.l-1 medium with in liquid growing MS through were hardened 1e) (Fig. plantlets derived The ofsomatic oilpalm. embryos with (1999), by al. and et Aberlenc-Bertossi L charantia Momordica of embryos somatic with (2006), al. et confirm those from by Thiruvengadam removed from the culture completely medium. These results was 2,4-D the when germinated and 1d) (Fig. stage matured into developed were These and Sharmaetal.(1980). Touchet(1991) by reported as process explantsembryogenesis plant the and of browning toxic the of decrease the in adsorbent this of properties with frequency of 20%. This a is in agreement with callus their embryogenic to and ability endurance explants’ enhance the to and phenomena these neutralize to permitted has medium nutrient the to charcoal activated of However,died. them addition of most and brown to regularly turned (M4) 2,4-D mg.l-1 100 with supplemented that explants cultivated on stressed the MS medium be should It medium. M2 on 30% vs. average on medium 45% M3 was on induction callus of frequency the Indeed, than on medium. M2 M3medium on efficiently more callus embryogenic produce to able also were explants leaf Juvenile etal1999). palm (Aberlenc-Bertossi mother which unambiguously showed plant the and plantlets all both within RAPD banding patterns were constant DNA; plantlet Further, the whatever the used primer, the of diversity the highlight to technique RAPD the of 2). These results indicate the efficiency (Table primer per bands 5 of average for each primer varied from 1 to 9, with an bands of number The bands. approximately 60 of total a amplify to found were screened, primers the All the OPE16 (panel a)andOPD05b). using produced profiles DNA of examples typical illustrated 2 Figure primers. tested the all using RAPD obtained been have patterns banding monomorphic polymorphism. reproducible plantlets, 180 of set a from length Starting amplified fragment amplified the random and DNA polymorphic the based methods: PCRDNA two designed have genome we plantlets, the derived the of examine stability to order In markers revealed by molecular Plantlets stability as h gnm saiiy eotd above reported stability genome supported the strongly result This one. between progeny and the mother plant or profiles progeny the among either the bands AFLP of about size the and number variation no exhibited patterns banding ALP the of Analysis by EACA/MCTA primers’ combination. banding generated AFLP profiles of examples typical primer combination. Figure 3 illutrates bp with a mean of 58.33 fragments per 600 - 100 from size in ranged bands in vitro plantlets yielded a total of 200 derived the all with together mother plant the to patternscorresponding DNA from banding AFLP generate ability six to their for the tested fact pairs primer In AFLP patterns. the in banding registered been have results similar 3, figure in reported as addition, In conditions. experimental vitro designed the to in according progenies the characterizes stability genome strong that assume we Thus each oneof thetested primer. obtained the amplified DNA fragments for of position the and number the both about variation of absence the eotd n te cos through crops other in reported been have results Similar 2004). al. et in one plantlet over 150 studied (Zehdi only one allele size has been registered difference about alleles, microsatellite 100 among Moreover, in progeny. its vitro and plant mother plantlets the in level the ploidy of identical revealed and studied level ploidy the examine to analysis these cytophotometry fact In 2003). authors have described the use al. of flow et (Fki cv. Nour Deglet palm date Tunisian the in cultures suspension embryogenic reported in plantlets regenerated from been have results Similar palm. date of micropropagation clonal aiming mass process at designed the of up scaling- the for importance great for is result Such palms. date somaclonal in variation induce didn’t 2,4-D the the resultant plantlets suggesting that in observed is conformity genome a that assume we analyses, AFLP RAPD and via patterns the banding derived account 2007). into al. taking et Therefore, (Rhouma polymorphisms crop this evidence in consistent to as tools reported been have combination primers used the since 41 Blessed Tree - December 2010 42 Regeneration and analysis of genetic stability of plantlets as revealed Fig 2 in variation genetic Nevertheless, many of expression different genes(Vasil 1995). the entails it because alterations genetic to prone less be to claimed is embryogenesis somatic Besides, 1992). al. (Michaux- et Ferrière budding multicellular or 1991) al. et (Tautorus conifers the in case is as cleavage, embryo namely, lines, embryogenic the generating of would be related to conservative forms fact this to explanation possible One Vasil 1995;Cohen etal.2004). 1995; Schmidt and Heinze 1992; al. et in Michaux-Ferrière1991; as al. (Tautoruset such embryogenesis somatic Fig 1: up thisproblem. clear to order in progress in currently is research moment, the At (SSCP). PolymorphismConformational Strand Polymorphism (RAMPO) and the Single as the Random Amplified Microsatellite techniques such diversity genomic detect to used other try to interesting be will it so, Even genome. the cover best to primers of number and/orthe plantlets of number the both enlarge to necessary obviously is that it On subject, 1995). al. et Isabel 1994; al. et Ostry 1993; al. et Hawbaker 1991; been al. et (Rotino crops other in has reported embryogenesis somatic zqor , ms M Bai M Baaziz M, Amssa M, Azequour Plant Cell Tissue Organ 56:53-57 Cult. – cultures. suspension embryogenic oil palm somatic embryos derived from (1999) BA enhances the germination of Aberlenc-Bertossi F, Noirot M, Duval Y References IPGRI, RAB98G31» FEM-PNUD- Projet Degache, «CRPh IPGRI the from grants by supported fruitful partially Ex-Directorwas work his This collaboration. for Degache CRRAO Khoualdia, of Mr Othman and help his for sfax CBS the of Professor Radhouane Ellouze, Director Acknowledgements: We are grateful to in vitro d’ébauches florales de pieds de florales d’ébauches vitro in dactylifera L.) par réversion, en culture végétative du palmier dattier (Phoenix Drira N, Benbadis A (1985) Multiplication 19 -21 1: Reporter. Biology Molecular Plant II. A Version plant DNA minipreparation. (1983) JB Hicks Wood J, SL, Dellaporta and Sci. Hortic. (Phoenix Biotechnology. 79:1007 -1013 J. palm L.). dactylifera date propagated cause E abnormal fruit setting in tissue culture abnormalities Tripler Flower R, (2004) Korchinsky R, Cohen denaturing large 22: 216 -220 Biotechniques. gels. on polyacrylamide products and recovery of AFLP TM amplification staining Silver (1997) al et C Rameau V, Laucou S, Thibault A, B Chalhoub Rep.Inst. 53:23-33 palm breeding, a Date review. (1976) Date Grower’s L C Ream B, J Carpenter (RAPD). CahierAgric. 9:103- 107 d’ADN aléatoire l’amplification par L.) dactylifera (Phoenix dattier palmier al (2000) Identification de cultivars de et P Lepoivre K, Stiti A, Abdallah Ben R. Biologie. 325: 947–956 C. organogenèse. par vitro in culture dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) issus de intraclonale des vitroplants de palmier la variabilité de Identification (2002) Fig 2 upnin utrs f ae palm, date Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Deglet Nour. of cultures suspension for protocol embryogenic from regeneration plant optimised An A (2003) Rival N, Drira R, Masmoudi L, Fki 227 -235 119: Physiol. Plant. J. adultes. femelles Table 2:Type of primersusedandthenumberof generated bands. Table 1:Composition of mediausedfor date palminvitroregeneration Total OPE-16 OPA-19 OPA-16 OPA-06 OPD-05 OPC-07 OPA-16 OPA-07 OPA-04 KH Glutamine Glycine M4 Myo-inositol M3 Sucrose Fe-EDTA M2 MS vitamins MS salts M1 compositionMeduim (mgl-1) primer Activated charcoal 2,4-D Difco agar Adenine 2 PO4 GGTGACTGTT CTGGGGACTT AGGGCGTAAG ACCTGAACGG TGAGCGGACA GTCCCGACGA AGCCAGCGAA GAAACGGGTG AATCGGGCTG Sequence 2 100 2 100 100 65 100 1 100 2 50,000 100 65 100 1 50,000 2 50,000 100 65 4,568 1 50,000 4,568 65 4,568 1 4,568 0100 10 300 30 7,000 300 1 120 30 7,000 300 120 7,000 0 30 7,000 120 30 120 Heinze B, Schmidt J, (1995) Monitoring Theor culture. 87:49Appl Genet. -53 tissue from lines for derived soybean variation in traits Genetic quantitative (1993) Mansur al R, et W Fehr S, M Hawbaker Plant Cell Rep. 21: 517-524 60 6 9 6 5 7 9 6 7 5 number Bands 300 43 Blessed Tree - December 2010 44 Regeneration and analysis of genetic stability of plantlets as revealed am Ponx atlfr L) tissues. L.) dactylifera (Phoenix palm date female of culture vitro In (1980) Harbour B J Chowdhury R, Kumari DR, Sharma Spring press Laboratory Cold manual. T laboratory a cloning: Molecular Maniatis (1989) F, E Fritsch J, Sambrook Genet J Breed. 45: 141 -146 L.). melongena (Solanum eggplant of lines embryogenetic and androgenetic among al Variation et (1991) E Vicini M, Schiavi GL, Rotino & Biotechnology; 82: 929 -933 Science Hort J. markers. AFLP by assessed L.) dactylifera (Phoenix palm Tunisianof date- ecotypes in diversity Ould S, Genetic (2007) al et Salem Mohamed Zehdi-Azouzi S, Rhouma (Limerck). 97:209-215 to Populus infection by Septoria musiva. Plant Sci in variation somatic frequencyof the on source method tissue and regeneration of Influence Ostry M, Hackett W, Michler et al (1994) 15:473-497Plant. Physiol. cultures. tissue tobacco with medium for rapid growth and bioassays revised A (1962) T,F Murashige Skoog - 180 79:174 Bot. J Am (Euphorbiaceae). somatic embryos in Hevea brasiliensis of ontogenesis and Origin (1992) P M Carron H, Grout N, Michaux-Ferrière 96:205-212 Sci Hort. L. chinensis Dianthus of explants leaf bud shoot formation and plant High regeneration from adventitious (2002) I efficiency S Kothari A, Kanita pp. Dordrecht, Academic, 247-252 biology. cellular and Kluwer molecular A Cell, R plant in issues Terzi,Current eds. Falavigna, M in Pages Voss). Moench. glauca (Picea spruce white of plantlets embryoderived somatic in variation somaclonal of (1995) Evidence C Levseur R, Boivin N, Isabel by embryogenesis RAPD analysis.Euphytica. 85:341 -345 somaclonal somatic (Picea spruce abies) vs. Norway in variation fidelity genetic i 1 Idcin f somatic of Induction embryogenesis 1: and plant regeneration Fig 141:Hereditas 278 -/287 polymorphism. microsatellite palms by nuclear revealed Genetic date L.) dactylifera (2004) Tunisian (Phoenix C of J diversity Pintaud M, Marrakchi N, Billotte M, Trifi S, Zehdi Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6531-6535 DNA markers. genetic (1990) as useful are primers al et arbitrary by amplified polymorphisms JA Livak R, Rafalski A KubelikKJ, K, G J Williams 23: 4407 -4414. fingerprinting. al Nucleic Acids Research. et M Bleeker techniquenew a AFLP: (1995) for DNA R, Hogers P, Vos pp. 5-18 Dordrecht, Academic, Kluwer biology. cellular and molecular plant in issues Terzi,Falavigna, CurrentCell,A. eds. R molecular Cellular M in cereals. of improvement genetic (1995) K I Vasil fingerprinting. using Agronomie. 20:665-671 amplification collection dactylifera DNA germplasm (Phoenix L.) date-palm Tunisianin relationships Phylogenetic Trifi M, RhoumaA, Marrakchi M (2000) thesis. L’Université deParis Sud,France PhD liquide. milieu en Jacq.) guineensis (Elaeis huile à palmier Micropropagation du (1991) B Touchet 109:123-129 Sci.Horti. L.). charantia (Momordica melon bitter of culture suspension embryogenic an of Development (2006) al et CH Yang S, M Varisai M, Thiruvengadam pp.241 -246 Dordrecht Academic, Kluwer biology. Current cellular and eds. molecular plant in issues Falavigna, A. Cella, R sugarcane of during tissue culture. Pages in M Terzi, analysis RAPD al et (1995) L H Ko TA, Fraser W, P Taylor - 1873 1899 69: Res. For. in J. Can. embryogenesis conifers. Somatic (1991) I D Dunstan C, L Fowke E, T Tautorus Euphytica. 29: 169-174 ar, ad fr cR ad Mse1 and EcoR1 restriction enzymesrespectively for M and E pairs, 3 primer 2, ENNN/MNNN, 1, respectively). (lanes 2,4-D mg.l-1 100 10, 1, Mother (L); plant (M); plants from media including marker size molecular AFLP MCTA primers’ combination. Standard of examples EACA/ by generated profiles banding Typical 3: Fig 2,4-D respectively (lanes1,2,3) mg.l-1 100 10, 1, including media from b). marker (L); Mother plant (M); (panel plantlets size Molecular primer (C); control Negative OPD05 and a) profiles (panel primer OPE16 banding using generated DNA RAPD 2: Fig (g) 300mm mm; (d) 20 mm; (e) 15 100 mm; mm; (f) (g). Scale bar: (a)10 mm; (b) 5 mm; (c)10 transferafterfree-living to conditions. old plants years two (f) house. green a to transfer after month 3 plantlets Potted with 1mg.l-1 IBA. (f) supplemented medium liquid MS ½ transferto of months 3 after obtained shoot Hardened- and radicle (e) full with plantlets 2,4-D. of deprived medium MS on differentiated callus embryogenic of transfer of 10 weeks after Matured obtained (d) embryos 2,4-D.somatic mg.l-1 0.1 with transfer on MS medium supplemented of embryogenic callus after 1 month of differentiation of Initiation (c) culture. including 1 mg.l-1 2,4-D for 6 months of medium MS on cultured leaf juvenile medium a of part basic the at embryogenesis MS on including 1 mg.l-1 2,4-D (M2). (b) Direct period 6-month culture globular after obtained structures proembryogenic within callus Embryogenic (a) cv. Nour. palm Deglet date of explants leaf from Members ofscientificstaffatDate Members H. Dialami andA.H.Mohebi H. Dialami [email protected] Research Institute ofIran Research Institute Palm and Tropical Fruits D potassium optimumlevels nitrogen, phosphorusand ‘Sayer’ withapplication of quality date of palm yieldand Increasing fruit Abstract Abstract lc dsg o 4 ‘ae’ date ‘Sayer’ 48 on design block complete randomized a in out carried was twelve replications four and with treatments experiment this palm, date ‘Sayer’ of increasing quality fruit and to yield order In necessity. is optimum levels of them of for date palm determination fertilization quality, in potassium increasing yield and fruit and phosphorus nitrogen, especially element minerals of important the so Due to the important of date palm and amounts. improper in or them applying fertilizers chemical other applying are the not growers date of On most the hand, growers. date for problem a as is quality fruit and yield of average annually low The cultivars. commercial most the of one is ‘Sayer’ palm date province in cultivars palm date the Among Province. Khuzestan otclua cos in crops horticultural important most the of one is dactylifera, Phoenix palm, ate egt f tn ad egt ai of ratio Weight and stone of fresh, weight fruit length, of volume weight, and diameter of average leaf, elements in mineral of concentration yield, as such parameters plant time, harvesting At year. each determined, were them of nutrients mineral and up, picked was row second in leaf of middle from leaflets 20-25 of number The (Chalkood). method localized placement by winter applied in tree each for recommendation on based general fertilizers micronutrient chemical and manure of kg 20 with along treatments These respectively. phosphate (TSP) and potassium sulfate super triple urea, were potassium and tree-1). Source of nitrogen, phosphorus potassium (K1=1000 and K2=1300 grams P2= 650 grams tree-1) and two levels of two levels of phosphorus (P1= 500 and tree-1), grams N3=1300 and N2=1000 (N1=700, nitrogen of levels three of consisted were Treatments Province. Khuzestan in years four during palm 45 Blessed Tree - December 2010 46 Increasing yield and fruit quality of date palm ‘Sayer’ with application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium optimum levels ult o ‘ae’ ae am and of palm levels optimum Date of determination fruit ‘Sayer’ and of yield quality on potassium and phosphorus nitrogen, of effects the This necessary. is experiment was done in order to and study farmers to income considerable bring could so fruit, date of quality higher and yield fertilizers for this cultivar causes more of levels Therefore optimum of determination considered. not completely are protection fertility soil and nutrition plant proper management, of type this In traditionally. managed Now,areProvince this Palm-grovesof production higher potential for this cultivar in a this region. is there While tree. each for kg 60-70 approximately reported is it, for production yield of commercial cultivars. Annually average date of palm plantation area percent is one of 68 the most than more with cultivars in province, date palm ‘Sayer’ palm date the Among (2003-2004). province tons 142,000 and hectares 26000 are Khuzestan and in area production plantation date mature Iran, of book statistic According agriculture to Iran. in production of regions date important the considered of one is as Province Khuzestan Introduction potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus quality, fruit yield, palm, date words: Key is recommended. growers date to them of application annually Therefore, and quality. fruit yield highest the caused tree each for K2O 1300g and 700g P2O5 500g showed N, of application results that The rang test. Multiple Duncan’s with program and means of data were compared statistical MSTATC with analyzed were fruits Data determined. were in sugar total sugar, reducing fruit pulp to its stone, pH, acidity, brix, province, fertilizers are not applied in applied not are fertilizers province, this this in palm-groves and most in quality that fact fruit and yield on desirable application macronutrients of the effects Regarding province. fruit quality of date palm in Khuzestan and yield on results best the caused potassium and phosphorus nitrogen, of amounts proper of application that reported (2009) Dialami quality. fruit micronutrient fertilizers caused the highest yield and with along fertilizer) macro complete as (named NPK 2.5 kg using that showed (2008) Saleh ‘Zaghloul’. palm date in quality fruit and yield high for /palm/year sulfate sulfate/palm/ potassium of Kg 3 or (2000) 2 recommended Bamiftah potassium palm. date in year Kg 1.5 quality. Harhash (2000) recommended fruitand yield highest the caused tree fruitful each for P2O5 g 800 and N g 1100 of application that reported They palm. and date of growth composition chemical on levels different fertilization of effect the investigated date palm in Jahrom.. Sinclair et al (1981) the best fertilizer recommendation for of was tree per P2O5 g 650 and N g 800 application that reported cultivar (1992) Shahrokhnia palm Minab. in date in yield highest production the caused for tree phosphorus each g 375 and g nitrogen 800 of application that observed hzsa Poic. aai (2007) Karami Province. Khuzestan arntin friies o i in it for fertilizers macronutrient l a c i m e h c T12= N3P2K2. Source of nitrogen, nitrogen, of and phosphorus were potassium urea, Source N3P2K2. T12= T9= T10= N3P1K1, T5=N2P1K1, T11= N3P1K2, N3P2K1, T8=N2P2K2, N1P2K2, T7=N2P2K1, T3= T6=N2P1K2, T4= T2=N1P1K2, N1P2K1, T1=N1P1K1, Treatments were: and tree-1). grams (K1=1000 K2=1300 potassium of two and levels tree-1) grams 650 500 P2= (P1= and phosphorus of levels two (N1=700, tree-1), grams nitrogen N3=1300 and N2=1000 of of levels consisted three were Treatments were and 2). 1 water (tables analyzed and and sampled soil of application treatments of Khuzestan Before in province. palm date 15 old fruitful, conducted years 48 on years was four during experiment This andMaterials methods quality date palmincultivar‘Sayer’. fruit improving and yield increasing of phosphorus and potassium in order to determination is optimum levels and ratios of nitrogen, study aim this main of Therefore, quality. fruit to improve in and yield increasing to order fertilizers chemical of necessary ratios and levels optimum is the determine it amounts, proper was significant. was significant. palm dateleaf as a chemical characteristics in potassium of concentration and fruit in sugar characteristics, reducing and total physical a as its stone weight to pulp pulp fruit of ratio fruit, Weight and of volume and length weight, fresh as such quality fruit and yield/palm average the treatments on effects fertilization the different of While, treatments. by affected not were weight stone and fruit of acidity and brix leaf,pH, diameter, in phosphorus and concentration nitrogen of as such quality of fruit parameters some that showed 5 and 4 3, table in data presented The Results and discussion Duncan’s Multiple rangtest. with compared were data of means and program MSTATC statistical with Data were analyzed fruits were determined. in sugar brix, total acidity, sugar, pH, reducing stone, fruit its of to ratio pulp Weight weight and fruit, stone fresh of of volume and diameter length, weight, of average yield, as such parameter plant time, harvesting At analyzed. were them of row nutrients mineral and second up, picked was in leaf of leaflets middle 20-25 from of number the in May, year, Each region. the the of to custom according done were on, and so as irrigation thinning, such (Chalkood). pollination, practices technical method Agro localized placement by applied winter in tree and were each for sulfate sulfate copper manganese sulfate, sulfate, iron zinc of g 150 application of consisted on recommendation, based general fertilizers micronutrient chemical and manure of kg along 20 with treatments These year. each February. May, in in applied was nitrogen of Rest used was potassium and phosphorus of all and nitrogen of second One respectively. sulfate and super triple phosphate potassium rnlcto ad accumulation and formation, carbohydrate translocation as such processes metabolic many enhancing in potassium of role physiological the to attributed be may The results quality.present fruit and yield high for sulfate/palm/year potassium of Kg 3 or 2 recommended (2000) Bamiftah Ca decrease. to tended while contents Mg and rate, fertilizer potassium of increasing to due ‘Zaghloul’ palm date in pinnate of contents K and in N increase an reported (1997) al. et potassium sulfate/palm yearly. kg 2 Kassem adding by obtained dateswere fruit ‘Seewy’ qualityand of yield highest the that found (1991) al., other researcher. by date reported were upon yields palm elements macro EI-Hammady et some of effects Desirable 3). kg (table tree-1) (111.49 highest yield the production caused average K2O tree, g 1300 each and for P2O5 g 500 N, g 700 using of consisted 6, Treatment caused ‘Sayer’. palm date in of yield production in average increasing treatments significant that indicated fertilization results present The Yield oru e a. 19) Te found ‘Samany’ They in fruit date of (1998). weight pulp al. et with in harmony Sourour are finding These elements. nutrient by number size cell or cell improving to due be fruit could of weight pulp in Increment 6. treatment at seen weight pulp higher among treatments on pulp weight of fruit There and differences 3). significant were (table treatments other with comparison in 6, treatment by achieved g) (7.31 fruit of weight fresh significant date The highest average palm ‘Sayer’. in caused weight fresh average in increasing treatments fertilization that showed results The potassium. and of phosphorus nitrogen, levels different with fertilization of result a as stone its to pulp fruit of ratio Weight and weight pulp fruit, of such as fresh weight, length and quality fruit volume in increments significant omitted. But present results indicated results the related to mentioned parameters were Therefore, and by affected treatments. diameter not were fruit weight of stone as such characteristics fruit physical Some characteristics Fruit quality asphysical Sabbah, 1993; BlissandMathez 1983). was also reported Date-Palmby by (Karami, 2007; in fertilizers phosphorus yield. the Yield increase with using nitrogen and increase could elements essential these using so,Kirkby, 1978), (adenosine tri phosphate) (Mengel and ATPlike carriers energy and synthesis protein for necessary is phosphorus Abdel- and nitrogen, to addition In (2001). Nasser El-Shazly ; al.(2000) et (1999) ; Harhash (2000) ; Abdel-Nasser EI- al. et Shawky ; ; (1991) al. et (1987) Hammady al. et (Abdalla those potassium by with found agreement close in cell are results obtained The photosynthetic on concentration. of depended that reported translocation (1985) Archer 1986). (Evans and Sorger, 1966 and Marchner, 47 Blessed Tree - December 2010 48 Increasing yield and fruit quality of date palm ‘Sayer’ with application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium optimum levels 1986). These results are in agreement in are results These 1986). (Marchner, cells expanding in solute important an is potassium Moreover, 1978). Pfluger, and (Läuchli extension cell and photosynthesis, movement, pH in, stomata synthesis, protein activation, role important enzyme osmoregulation, stabilization, an plays regulators growth Potassium fruits. growing in synthesis plant or influx carbohydrate on nutrients of effects to attributed be could characteristics physical the in improvementoccurred with other treatments (table 3). Overall, applying of treatment 6 in by comparison observed cm3) (8.19 volume of fruit amount highest The treatments. fertilization fruit by affected The was date. volume fruit in stone its pulp to fruit of ratio weight increases artificial nitrogen fertilizer significantly that reported cultivar.They palm date ‘Hayany’ on 1999) Deeb Ismail, 2000; al., et (El- by obtained were results Similar respectively. 9.74) and (9.68 stone its to pulp fruit of ratio that Weight showed results treatments 2 and 6 caused the highest present The using different fertilization treatments. of fruit pulp to its stone was affected by with comparison other treatments (table 3).Weight ratio in 6 treatment of fruit length (4.26 cm) observed by applying of amount highest The length. in fruit increasing significant of caused levels potassium and phosphorus different experiment nitrogen, of this application In fruit enlargement. for essential is Potassium that mentions (1959) al. et Fisher cultivar. ‘Toory’ in fruit date of ratio stone to diameter and volume of stone and length, pulp weight, fruit, fresh of volume and diameter length, weight, as such characteristics quantityfruit and yield increase caused (5kg/1000L) sulfate Potassium pure of application foliar alone. organic Dialami and pezhman (2005) reported with comparison as fertilizersinorganic plus organic using by increasing significant had cultivar ees f irgn popou and phosphorus nitrogen, of different levels of Application and potassium. phosphorus nitrogen, of levels as a result of fertilization with different as significant such reducing sugar and total sugar quality in fruits fruit indicated in increments results to But related omitted. were parameters results mentioned the Therefore, treatments. by affected of not were fruit acidity and brix of pH, as characteristics such fruit chemical Some characteristics Fruit quality aschemical and flowering. development root division, cell with associated also growth, is It identity. genetic vegetative the of maintenance and reproduction respiration, photosynthesis, as such processes in (2005) zaid and role a plays Phosphorus that mention Kein (1991). al. et EI-Hammady by obtained those with ihs popou cnetain in concentration phosphorus highest the caused 10 treatment viewpoint, concentration but, from the numerical phosphorus on effect in treatments the between difference significant no were there Also 5). (table respectively and the lowest nitrogen concentration, highest the showed 1 and 6 treatment leaf but, from the numerical viewpoint, palm date in concentration nitrogen on effect between were in treatments difference fertilization there significant showed no results The leaf concentration indate palm Mineral element palm ‘Hayany’. ‘Sweey ’ ; El- Deeb et palm al (2000) on date date on (1987) al et Hammady El- ‘Hayany’; palm date and ‘Samany’ palm date on (1987) Rizk by reported findings the with agreement close in be to appeared results obtained The potassium. by stimulated are which enzymes 50 than mentioned more are there that (1970) In Suelter 1985). addition, Archer, 1966; Sorger, and and helps in translocation of sugars (Evans biosynthesis enzymes sugar in the involving activates potassium that fact the to due are results These by treatments. fertilization significantly application increased ‘Sayer’ Totalsugar percentage of date fruit, cultivar palm. date ‘piarom’ on (2009) Saleh by found that with agreement experiment, this The in results sugar. obtained reducing increasing on the potassium and phosphorus nitrogen, showed of levels 1981) different of effect desirable al., et 1983; Sinclair Mathez, and Other (Bliss 1999; 1978). researcher Kirkby, and (Broschat, Mengalel photosynthesis and products sugar of synthesis for be element mineral could of necessity to due content sugar in reducing Increasing 4). ‘Sayer’(table date palm in fruit date in sugar reducing of amount the enhanced potassium growers in Khuzestan province is is province recommended. Khuzestan in growers date to tree each for K2O g 1300 P2O5 and g 500 N, g 700 of application annually quality, fruit improving and in Therefore, order to of increase yield could and income to bring farmers. considerable necessity is cultivar for this them application and fertilizers potassium and phosphorus nitrogen, of levels optimum of determination So, ‘Sayer’. palm date of in quality fruit improving and more production on yield effects considerable had elements essential these of nutrition optimum of application that showed is research this of of Findings palm. nutrition date potassium optimum for and required phosphorus nitrogen, as such elements nutrient of application balanced that found be can it experiment, this al.,1997). in al., et general, In Loupassaki et (Perica ; 1994 by obtained with harmony those in are results 2001). These El-Shazly, and of Abdel-Nasser 1978; Kirkby, utilization and (Mangle and nutrients efficiency absorption for improves and growth consequently vegetative on increasing reflects plant uptake plant nutrients. Improving mineral improve uptake chemical to ability using can that fertilization fact the to attributed be may contents fertilization to due elemental leaf respectively. Increasing wt.) kg-1dry mg (4550 concentration potassium lowest the showed 1 treatment and wt.) kg-1dry date palm in concentration the potassium leaf of (5808 and 6746 mg 2 treatments and 6 caused the highest that showed results present The leaf. the fertilizers in in concentration date potassium palm 5, changes significant chemical table created to According application 5). respectively wt.), (table kg-1dry concentration mg (490 phosphorus the lowest showed 5 and 1 treatments and wt.) kg-1dry mg (780 leaf palm date Nov 2005. 20-21 Palm, Date on Symposium and Festival Int. 1st. Iran. in grown cultivar palm date ‘Toory’ of quality fruit and nitrate and manganese sulfate on yield 2005. Effects H. of potassium sulfate, Pezhman, potassium and H. Dialami, Extension Organization, Iran. and Education Research, report of research project, Agricultural Final . ‘Sayer’ cultivar palm, date on fertilizers potassium and Phosphorus Nitrogen, of Effect 2009. H., Dialami, and Nutrition fertilization of palms.Palms, 43, 73-76. 1999. T.K., Broschat, experiments. Date growers Institute, 22,25-33. fertilizer garden date Bliss, E. and Mathez, E. 1983. The Arkell Thesis, Fac. Agric. Sci.,SabaBasha,Alex. Univ. Sc. M. palm. date ‘Zaghloul’ of quality bunch fruit and yield on and thinning of fertilization Effect potassium 2000. M.A.O., Bamiftah, November. 9-11 University Assiut Palm. Conference Date on International Egypt. in grown cultivar palm date of ‘Zaghloul’ characteristics fruit and yield on trials fertilization NPK of Effect 1999. Aly,H.S and M.M., Attia, A.M., Attalla, pp. Ltd.258 Press Farming and use. nutrition fertilizer Crop 1985. J., Archer, Mansoura Univ., 25(5):2877-2896. Siwa Oasis in to well water quality. j. grown Agric. Sic. cultivars olive of some Response 2000. M. S. EL-Shazly, and M. M. Harhash, Abdel-Nasser,G., (1):649-656. 32 Egypt, Sci., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, dates grown on sandy soil. Anna. Agric. of fertilization with potash on ‘Hayany’ Influence A.M.1987.EI-Hammady, and A.S. Khalifa, Gaafer,S.I., K.M., Abdalla, References eerh Euain n Extension Organization, Iran. and Education Research, Final Agriculturaldesign, researchof report ‘Sayer’. cultivar palm, date on fertilizers potassium and Phosphorus Nitrogen, of Effect 2009. Y. Karami, Agric. Res., 42(1):137-157. in some Egyptian soft varieties. Alex. J. content mineral leaf and quality fruit yield, on fertilization potassium nitrogen and of Effect M.1997. M. and Attia, B. M. El-Sabrout, H.A., Kassem, Canal Univ. Egypt. Of Fac Thesis. M.sc. Suez Arish. El- Sci. AgriculturalEnviro. of El-Arish. Effect at 1999. M. date ‘Hayany’ of yield on fertilization A. S. Ismail, Oasis. J.Adv. Agric. Res., 5(3):1519-1531. Siwa at Grown Palms Date ‘Seewy’ on Fertilization Potassium and Thinning Fruit of Effect 2000. M. M. Harhash, 78-90. 73: Sci., Hort. Soc. Am. Proc. N.S.1959. Fisher, E.G., Parker, K.G. and Luepschen, Physio. 17:47-76. the univalentcations.Ann.Rev., Plant of mineral-elements with emphasis on Role G.J.1966. Sorger, and H.J. Evans, Agric. Res., 6(3):651-669. Use-Efficiency and Fruit Quality. J. Adv. Water Content, Oil Yield, set, Fruit 2. Fertigation Boron and Potassium to Trees Olive Picual of Response 2001. Abdel-Nasser,G. and S.M. El-Shazly, 18,No. 2,PP.J. Hort. 199-210. and fruit quality. yield on Effect Egypt. 11- palms. date ‘Seewy’ on fertilization potash of Effect 1991. S. Montasser,A. and S. A. Khalifa, M., Hammady, A. El- 2000. February 22-25 Namibia. Windhock. Symposium. International Palm Date the of Proceeding fertilization. palms and mineral fertilizers for ‘Hayany’ date Ismail, and S. A. 2000. M. Use of M. Olive pomace Sourour, D., M. Deeb, El- 49 Blessed Tree - December 2010 50 Increasing yield and fruit quality of date palm ‘Sayer’ with application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium optimum levels of fruit, weight of stoneandWeight ratio of fruit pulp toitsstone Table3. diameter, different yield,of comparisontreatments length, of on effect Means fresh weight, pulp and weight volume Table2. Water analysisofsite. sample experimental Table1. analysisofsite. Soilsample experimental 2150 09 .97706 8 0.60 7.7 2.09 60-90 06 .47606 8 0.65 7.6 2.74 30-60 -021 . .312 0.83 7.7 2.16 0-30 ramn Yield Treatment (µmhos cm-1) EC (cm) depth Soil T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 1 91b69a .5 .6 .0b69a .0 9.22ab 0.70a 6.99ab 7.30ab 3.76b 2.05a 6.99ab 89.17b T10 1 85 .6b20a37b72a .6b07a9.38ab 0.71a 7.06ab 7.29ab 3.72b 2.05a 7.06ab 88.5b T11 1 87 .1b19a36b71b71a .0 9.37ab 0.70a 7.11ab 7.19b 3.68b 1.99a 7.11ab 88.7b T12 (ds m-1) EC tree (kg 55b68b20a36b71b66b07a9.29ab 0.70a 6.68b 7.19b 3.62b 2.06a 6.86b 85.58b 75b70a .5 .5 .9b72a .0 9.68a 0.70a 7.20ab 7.49ab 3.85b 2.05a 7.02ab 97.58b 78b70a .5 .6 .3 .1b07a9.28ab 0.70a 7.01ab 6.83b 3.76b 2.05a 7.01ab 87.83b 20b70a .3 .1 .1 .1b07a9.05b 0.71a 7.01ab 7.11b 3.71b 2.03a 7.01ab 92.09b 61b60a .7 .6 .3 .5b06a9.46ab 0.69a 6.05ab 7.23b 3.76b 2.07a 6.05ab 86.17b 1.a73a21a42a81a63a07a9.74a 0.71a 6.31a 8.19a 4.26a 2.11a 7.31a 111.4a 83b60a .7 .8 .8 .5b07a9.35ab 0.72a 6.05ab 7.48b 3.78b 2.07a 6.05ab 88.33b 25b69b20a37b70b69a .0 9.24ab 0.70a 6.99ab 7.02b 3.78b 2.03a 6.9ab 92.58b 04b71a .4 .6 .4 .2b06a9.52ab 0.66a 7.12ab 6.94b 3.76b 2.04a 7.12ab 90.42b .583 20 . . 6.25 0 7.2 6.8 22.03 8.32 7.75 HSRNa SAR pH ‑1) HOC pH (g) weight Fruit (%) (meq L-1) (cm) diameter Fruit Ca vial Available K (mg kg-1) Available P gC3HCO3 CO3 Mg (cm) length Fruit 147 155 173 (cm3) volume Fruit (g) weight pulp Fruit Press. York:New plants. Academic higher in nutrition Mineral 1986. Marschner,H., kiwi cultivars. Acta Hort., 444: four 249-254. of leaves the in micro-elements and macro- of concentration the on K and samplingof date the P offertilizers and and of E. Effect 1997. Sfakiotakis, J. Porlingis. M., S. I.I., Androulakis,Lionakis, H., M. Loupassaki, Marschner, 986,pp254-288). (C.F. 111-163. pp Bern, Inst. Potash Int. Congr. Proc.11th plants. in potassium 1978. plant of role metabolic and R. membranes cell through Pfluger, transport and Potassium A. Läuchli, Symposium, Windhoek, Namibia. Proceeding of Date Palm International Namibia. in cultivation Date modern for information Updated fertilization: P.,Klein, Datepalm 2000. A. Zaid, and (g) weight Stone stone fruit pulpto its Weight ratio of 789-795. 168: Science. ions. cat movement by activated Enzymes 1970. C.H. Suelter, Sci. 13(12):247-261. Appl. J. palms Egypt. Sinai. of North- in date grown ‘Hayany’ status and nutritional ‘Samany’ fruit and yield, quality growth, on fertilization treatments nitrogen minerals and weeds sea of Effect 1998. A. I. Mousa, and B. M. Sabrout, El- M., Sourour,M. of California. Citrus institute, 16,11-16. soil fertilizer. by affected as University Date of Composition 1981. E. D. Bliss, and T. E. Bartholomew, D., W.Sinclar, (2): 727-735. 44 Cairo, Univ., Shams Ain Sci., Agric. Annals palm. date ‘Seewy’ on A.1999. Effect of potassium fertilization EI.-Gazzar, and M. Yousif, I., Shawky, Publication, Iran. Education Agricultural 23, No. Bulletin Jahrom. in Palm on Date- experiments fertilizers chemical of results The 1992. A. Shahrokhnia, Plant Production(IJPP).2(3),57-64. by affected J. Int. levels. phosphorus and nitrogen as dactylifra Phoenix Palm Date- chemical ‘piarom’ and of composition Yield 2009. J. Saleh, Ain ShamsUniv., Egypt. Agric., Fac. Thesis. palm D. Ph. date production. on the fertilization on of Studies 1987.effect Y., A. S. Rizk, 336:221-224.olive leaves.Hort., Acta of composition mineral on potassium of summer application of nitrogen and M.H., Lavee, S. and Klein, I. 1994. Effect Perica, A., Androulakis, I.I., Loupassaki, Int. 1978. nutrition. E. plant Potash Ins.Berne, 419-431. Kirkby, of and Principles K. Mengel, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium inleaf.nitrogen, phosphorusandpotassium of concentration on treatments different of effect of Table5.comparison Means sugarinfruit.reducing sugarandtotal acidity, brix, pH, on treatments different of effect of comparison Table4.Means T12 T11 T10 T9 T8 T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1 160a02a7.8 50a66.86b 75.08a 77.88a 0.25a 6.00a T1 260a02a7.9 46b72.78a 64.64b 78.79a 0.27a 6.04a T2 360a02a7.4 50b65.73b 65.07b 76.54a 0.25a 6.00a T3 455a02a7.5 46b67.03b 64.64b 77.45a 0.26a 5.59a T4 560a02a7.8 46b65.84b 64.64b 76.78a 0.24a 6.01a T5 661a02a7.5 97a 69.32b 69.71ab 78.05a 0.27a 6.11a T6 760a02a7.8 50b65.95b 65.07b 76.88a 0.26a 6.02a T7 860a02a7.4 10b67.61b 61.00b 78.04a 0.25a 6.02a T8 960a02a7.6 58b67.17b 65.85b 76.66a 0.25a 6.00a T9 1 .5 .5 73a6.8 66.02b 67.08b 77.38a 0.25a 6.05a T10 1 .2 .6 74a6.8 64.64b 67.08b 77.46a 0.26a 6.02a T11 1 .1 .4 79 97a 67.63b 69.70ab 77.96a 0.24a 6.11a T12 Treatment Treatment pH Fruit 8329a 8376a 8547a 8700a 8239a 8672a 9291a 8420a 8272a 8274a 8823a 8270a (mg kg-1 dry dry wt.) kg-1 (mg Nitrogen (%) acidity Fruit (%) Fruit brix 492a 490a 780a 500a 492a 498a 521a 490a 499a 509a 522a 490a (mg kg-1wt.) dry Phosphorus (%) fruit sugar of Reducing 4671b 4729b 5000b 5000b 4800b 4972b 6746a 4918b 5126b 4695b 5808a 4550b (mg kg-1 wt.)dry Potassium (%) fruit sugar of Total 51 Blessed Tree - December 2010 52 Agriculture and Fisheries Development Fund (AFDF) of Oman … contribute to the development of date palm Agriculture &Fisheries Development Dr. Nashwan A.AbdulRazak Agriculture Economic Expert. [email protected] POB: 247Postal Code :100 Fund \Oman,Muscat. H salsmn o AD ws under was AFDF of Establishment Establishment AFDF of dateof palm to thedevelopment Omanof …contribute Development Fund (AFDF) and Fisheries Agriculture ciiis f FF ad t rl in role its developing date palm. and AFDF, of activities establishment, the on focuses article This implemented. be to coming are projects New achievements. valuable socio-economic that and technical projects have development funded many (AFDF) Fund Development Fisheries and Agriculture years five last the For development. sustainable towards investment and extension, research, scientific applied to related strategy national an comprehensive on giving built tree the is to attention important Oman of Sultanate stronger.become and improved be to opportunity an get always that palm mn ctzn ad date most and citizens between Omani relation strong a is there istorically that contribute to the sustainability sustainability the to contribute that researches scientific Conducting (i) include: AFDF of objectives main The Objectives theFund: of sectors tothe nationalsectors economy. fisheries and livestock, agriculture, of role constructive the to recognition highest a represents It 15/05/2004. on issued 48/2004 No. Decree Royal Fisheriers 53% Livestock 20% Agricultural 50% Figure 1Distribution ofFunded projects byAFDF, Oman development areas. and research various in and beneficiaries staff of efficiency skills, improve and upgrading training, through resources human of Development (v) studies for the developmental projects feasibility economic the to addition in programs and studies development Promoting (iv) programs and projects extension Implementing (iii) practices production best for techniques new creating and Developing (ii) sectors fisheries and livestock, agriculture, of fishermen. and Also the transfer of suitable growers, of livestock farmers, efficiency the technical Upgrading the as judicious useof natural resources. well as quality and of quantity terms in productivity enhancing for projects extension fisheries and livestock agricultural, of Promotion animal, andfisheriesproducts. agricultural, of marketing for studies feasibility economical and of technical preparation the to Contribution development plans. sector’s the for data basic and information required the of provision the and resources fisheries and livestock, assessment and use of the agricultural, Conducting studies and surveys for the following areas: AFDF contributes to the Funding areas: establishment. of Decree the in objectives stipulated the with accordance in Directors of Board the by decided areas other Any systems’ subsidyandrelated aspects. irrigation as such techniques Modern the meansof theirpromotion. as well and as resources genetic fisheries animal plant, of Conservation activities. the sectors and their related ofmarketing services and infrastructure the to Contribution to the projects pertaining related toorjointwithhuman. those Also control. diseases and pests fisheries and livestock, Agricultural, and fishermen. growers, livestock especially farmers, capabilities for human of the development and Qualification arereturns. economic the improving which of capable technologies modern 56 ongoing projects which cost more cost which projects ongoing are 56 There million). 26 US$ about to (equivalent million 10 OR about cost which projects 57 accomplished had AFDF (1). the table in shown As serve sectors. fisheries and to livestock, aim agricultural, that projects rehabilitation and extension research, development, many funding is AFDF AFDF Total Activities: breeds of of livestock, extension programs local of productivity issues in and improvement reproduction the diseases, control with concerned projects the livestock, of respect In to thebeneficiaries. and introduced techniques mechanization practices agricultural modern technologies, new of introduction the (MoA). These projects have also led to Agriculture funded of Ministry and AFDF projects by the economic of and evaluation extraction oil olive resources, genetic plant bees, honey of reproduction and such improvement as issues relevant other address also projects The pomegranate. and fruit trees namely mango, Omani lime, and palm date Omani wheat, potato, cane, garlic, sugar onion, as such agricultural productivity of many crops engineering,in improvement and production seed genetic covered Also subjects. important other many and gardens, house houses, green irrigation trees, modern systems, improve and maintain mango applying and methods management water develop and fruit trees, resources management, pests management (IPM) on date palm In agriculture they aimed to integrated three the aspects. inmanysectors important served projects these of to (equivalent outcomes million).The 26.5 US$ about million 10 OR than 53 Blessed Tree - December 2010 54 Agriculture and Fisheries Development Fund (AFDF) of Oman … contribute to the development of date palm Pictures of somedate funded palmprojects byAFDF, Oman...Cold Storage research Table (1)AFDFfunded untilOctober, andtheircosts, projects sinceestablishment 2010 fingerprinting, and internal parasites internal and fingerprinting, Local Goats and Sheep Breeds of by using Characterization Genetic as such external and, animal genetic resources of control and diseases transmitted and epidemic of mapping sheep), and (goat ruminants small of productivity improving poultry, local of Breeding Governorate. and evaluation of rangelands in Dhofar monitoring on FAO with cooperation capacity building as a part of technical institutional to related project a was There production rangelands. of monitoring and dairy poultry, Ostrich, of establishment coverThey breeders.for village model and camels and production, cattle, sheep, goats, of breeding, management of systems traditional the of development and Total Fisheries Livestock Agriculture Sector 57 29 8 Finished 20 Cost ofProjects 9,950,909 6,141,758 695,581 Om RNo 3,113,570 25872363 15968571 1808510 US $ 8095282 s ua wmn yuh ad other and youth, women, rural such as outcomes, many of members use made family breeders, Other fishermen. farmers, researchers, building of capacity to a directed been with projects, significant portion these of the finance, have of Some other many appliedtopics. important and grounds, discover fishing systems, communication marketing, management, resources of efficiency increase implementation, legislations of methods beneficiaries, developing other and fishermen, researchers,of skills improvepractical units, fishery supporting fish stocks, fish various of movement and of locations species, biology study to aim projects the sector, fisheries In are otherissuesof interest. 56 24 12 No Continues 30 10,179,766 4,232,993 1,319,066 Om R 4,627,767 26,467,537 11005782 3429571 US $ 12032194 and social deep-rooted heritage heritage deep-rooted and nutrition economic, its enhanced social and and farmers religious The the agencies. governmental from given tree the been to have attentions distribution. Extra and number in of Oman of terms Sultanate the in crop first the as considered is palm Date Oman: date of palm in Distribution eea dvlpetl research, extension and rehabilitation activities. developmental, several implementing via accomplished achievements many has million) 52.3 US$ than more to (equivalent million 20.1 OR than more coasted projects 123 of total financed AFDF summary, In of theSultanate. Sultanate. AFDF activities covered most Wilayats the across beneficiaries 123 53 20 Total No 50 10,374751 20,130735 2,014,647 Om R 7,741,337 26974352 52,339,911 5238082 US $ 20127467 Six mainissueswere extension, programs. andsupport They deal with research, development, USDollars). (more than9,919million costed Riyals Omani million 3.815 than more projects developmental 21 financed AFDF are continuous. efforts the blessed tree for the last 5 years the and supporting developing and maintaining of efforts was (AFDF) Fund Development Fisheries & Agriculture date palm: Role AFDFindeveloping of future expansions. new or programs development any for considered be to need indicators These species. best own its has area many than well-known internationally; each better are species Some yield. and resistance, diseases’ usage, and value, maturing date, nature of consumption commercial quality, good of some date, of species 250 than more has Oman Sultanate. the in land trees total of 50% agriculture land; represent 83% of fruit about covered Date palm total). of (14% thousands 952 about trees, of number in third and (20%) tons thousand in 50 production, second came AlDakhliyah while (17%), tons thousand 43 production, in third about and total) of trees, (21% million 1.4 of number in second came area AlSharqiya tons, total. of thousand 44% 111 about produce production; total) of (43% and trees million 2.8 about trees of in biggest number the is Region 2004. AlBatinah than more (13%) tons 36000 by grew production 2008 Year 2008. 2004- during date of tons thousand 254 about ofaverage female) produce date palms (6.5 million trees productive Sultanate of Oman has about 8 million benefits. environmental rjc t cnrl ae am pests palm (Ommatissus Lybcius developmental date De control Bergevin), four to as project such palm date diseases; and management Pest covered: Oman of -Sultanate directly palm date develop to AFDF by financed Projects (2) Table 4 3 2 1 5 13 6 10 9 8 15 14 7 11 12 Sq 301000 300000 301940 308260 100000 100000 262088 100000 305581 300520 3,114,349 58000 120000 315220 141460 100280 Cost/OR 1 Pests Palm Date (Ommatissus Lybcius Control Bergevin), De to Project Developmental Stage Stage Palm, (Rhynchophorusferrugineus Oliver), 1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Red Weevil on Date 4 Pests, Palm Date Control to Project Developmental Stage 3rd Pests, Palm Date Control to Project Developmental Developmental Project to Control Date Palm Pests, 2 Pests, Palm Date Control to Project Developmental nertd et aaeet IM o Rd evl on Weevil Date Palm, 2 Red of (IPM) Management Pest Integrated Citruses. 2 and Mango Palm, Date for Banks Gene of Construction nertd et aaeet IM o Rd evl on Weevil Date Palm, 3 Red of (IPM) Management Pest Integrated igr rn ad eei mp f ae am(Phoenix Palm Date of map Genetic and Print Finger Cold Storage ofRutab(Dates) (Date Lab. Culture Palm) Tissue of Productivity Improving Total (US$8,097,307) Process and Palm in Date Units andFactories One Projects Stage Competitive markets; their Process International Improve to Agricultural them Supporting of Evaluation nertd et aaeet IM o Rd evl on Weevil Date Palm, 4 Red of (IPM) Management Pest Integrated Citruses1. in Palm Date for Systems Irrigation Modern Introducing L) dactylifera Construction of Gene Banks for Date Palm ,Mango and ,Mango Palm Date for Banks Gene of Construction Wadi Qurayat ,El Project of direct effect Project ofdirect st stage st nd Stage Stage nd th rd Stage Stage Stage -Dakhiliyah -Dakhiliyah mrvn poutvt o tissue of as productivity such improving propagation; palm Date four stages palm, Oliver), date ferrugineus (Rhynchophorus on weevil red of (IPM) management pest integrated stages, st Stage nd th

55 Blessed Tree - December 2010 56 Agriculture and Fisheries Development Fund (AFDF) of Oman … contribute to the development of date palm Oman of indirectly-Sultanate palm date develop to AFDF by financed Projects Table(3) ) Cntuto o gn bns for which citruses, and mango palm, date banks gene of Construction L). dactylifera(Phoenix dateofpalm map market and genetic and print finger qualityas such value; high especially of those varieties local Maintain Jumah, BahlaWillayah, at palm date for laboratory, culture Finger print&genemaps,IPM of Red Weevil onDate Palm systems, irrigationAFDF, Modern by fundedlab,Tissueculture projects Oman... palm date some Picturesof 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sq 700,800 68000 169000 257500 60000 46300 100000 Cost/OR Total (US$1,822,080) ofAgriculturalManagement Resources herbicides) and (pesticides Chemicals of Registration and Management Systems for Management FarmersImprove Irrigation and AFDF by Funded ProjectsDevelopmental been Approved by MOA Projects of Evaluation Economic ofHouseGardens Sample Survey td te ot o Arclua ad nml Production Animal and Agricultural Inputs of Costs the Study Projects of indirect effect Projects ofindirect n qaiy f ae am sc as such palm: date of productivity quality and develop and Improve developmental the requirements aimingtosustainability. produce with research projects integrated related activities to applied Those 1988. established that activities bank gene the of supporting the to contributes BSc in many disciplines from local and and MSc, PhD, degrees, postgraduate and graduate of programs in involved Many researchers, young professionals programs. and support extension of training, kind different received owners ranches and farmers, growers, palm Date level. resources human or and\ level institutional at and activities aim components to enhance efficiency contain financed projects many AFDF Building; Capacity produce date. project investment to any increase of profitability is goal final The export. the for and locally marketing of improve efficiency projects These dates. Omani the to value add techniquesto is improvement harvest post the of project one (dates) Rutab Cold of storage lost. water in reduction and contribute that to water Quriyat, usage optimization Wadi in palm date for introducing modern irrigation systems qualified scientists, researchers, and and researchers, scientists, Highly qualified projects. Qaboos the Sultan implement Wealth, to of Fishery University of and Ministry Agriculture responsible and of the Ministry ministries, of directorates general specialized the of choose AFDF quality important to and timing, therefore implementation an care and given attention had AFDF 2and3below.as shownintables to about US$ (equivalent 1.8 million) of indirect 700,800 effect, OR costed projects, 6 another and development palm date on effect direct of million) 8.1 US$ about to (equivalent million 3.1 thanOR more costed projects, 14 funded has AFDF speaking Generally and consequently improve efficiency. data accurate and updated provide to aimed all resources agricultural of management been ,and MoA by approved projects developmental and evaluation of projects funded by AFDF economic inputs, and production animal agricultural of costs the study such as sample survey of house Programs gardens, indicators. economic some and production of cost productivity, distribution, varieties, survey crops, database of date palm with many other the update or build to aimed projects Enhance the statistical database; Some procedures, and ease implementation. mechanize process, up speed to well as staff AFDF of needs many covered training The communities. local and animal farmers, growers, and fishermen, their families, towards devoted activities Other work. their improve techniquesconceptsand new learn to to beneficiaries the helped scientific programs workshops, conferences, field visits, and many other Training programs, universities. international Director of AFDF, for supporting this supporting for AFDF, of Director Dr.SaoudAl-Habsi, thanks author The Acknowledgment: sustainable development inOman. sustainable towards heritage this to value more and strategic vision are coming to add indicators economic projects clear on based Promising sustainable development. towards socio-economic contributions and other achievements recorded as part of AFDF and technical systems, many caused aspects, development environment new friendly these modern of techniques, Introduction The development are nowdoingthejob. and extension of fields the in workers iity f giutr. 2008. of Oman.www.afdf.gov.om Agriculture. Sultanate the in dates of Production of Ministry Sultanate of Oman. Report. Annual 2008. (AFDF). Fund Development Fisheries & Agriculture conference, AbuDhabi. palm date international Third Pros- pects. Future and Situation Current Palm Oman, of Sultanate the in Agriculture Date Abdulwa- of Economics hab.2010. Nashwan AbdulRazak, References: suggestions. Halima Eng. AlZarai for providing and data and valuable AlSiyabi Shamis Ahmed Eng. to due are Thanks effort. 57 Blessed Tree - December 2010