DOCSLIB.ORG

Zoologica Original Contributions to Zoology, Founded in 1888 Ed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zoologica Original Contributions to Zoology, Founded in 1888 Ed ISSN 0044-5088 Zoologica Original Contributions to Zoology, founded in 1888 Ed. H.F. Paulus, Vienna Volume 161 John D. Plant & Hannes F. Paulus Evolution and Phylogeny of Bees Review and Cladistic Analysis in Light of Morphological Evidence (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) E Schweizerbart Science Publishers Zoologica Original Contributions to Zoology Founded 1888 by R. Leuckart, C. Chun, continued by W. Kükenthal, R. Hesse, W.E. Ankel Edited by Hannes F. Paulus Volume 161 John D. Plant and Hannes F. Paulus Evolution and Phylogeny of Bees: Review and Cladistic Analysis in Light of Morphological Evidence (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) with 232 figures and 49 tables sample pages Schweizerbart Science Publishers Stuttgart • 2016 John D. Plant and Hannes F. Paulus: Evolution and Phylogeny of Bees: Review and Cladistic Analysis in Light of Morphological Evidence (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) Authors’ addresses: Dr. John D. Plant (corresponding author), Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] Hannes F. Paulus, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Austria; present address: Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien; [email protected] We would be pleased to receive your comments on the content of this book: [email protected] Front cover: Stenotritus greavesi (Stenotritidae) female, Western Australia (photo: J. Plant) Phylogenetic tree of bees, modified after WARNCKE (1977a) Cretotrigona prisca, a fossil Apidae found in New Jersey amber (GRIMALDI 1999) honeycomb structure: © cepolina.com This publication has been made possible with the generous support of the ROFA Company, Kritzendorf/Vienna, Austria. ISBN 978-3-510-55048-7 ISSN 0044-5088 Information on this title: www.schweizerbart.com/9783510550487 © 2016 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, Germany All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart Publisher: E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele u. Obermiller) Johannesstraße 3A, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany [email protected] www.schweizerbart.dsamplee pages ∞ Printed on permanent paper conforming to ISO 9706-1994 Typesetting: Satzpunkt Ursula Ewert GmbH, Bayreuth Printed in Germany by DDD Digitaldruck Deutschland, Aalen Contents Evolution and Phylogeny of Bees: A Review and a Cladistic Analysis in Light of Morphological Evidence (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) Abstract . 1 Zusammenfassung . 2 Results and Discussion . 143 Statistical Results and Cladograms . 143 Part I: A Preamble to the Evolution and Phylogeny Major Divisions of Bees . 174 of Bees . 4 Short-Tongued Bees . 175 Introduction . 4 Family Halictidae . 177 Trends in Bee Classififi cation . 7 Family Andrenidae . 187 Th eories on the Evolution of Bees . 16 Family Stenotritidae . 201 Wasp Ancestry and Bee Classifification . 35 Family Colletidae . 202 Morphological Phylogeny of Bees . 50 Family Melittidae . 218 Molecular Phylogeny of Bees . 66 Long-Tongued Bees . 229 Parasitic Bees . 78 Family Megachilidae . 231 Antiquity of Bees . 78 Family Apidae . 244 Part II: A Phylogenetic Study of Bees in Light of Summary . 317 Morphological Evidence . 99 Acknowledgements . 327 Introduction . 99 References . 327 Methods . 99 Appendix A: Species Investigated . 108 Family-Group Names of Bees . 359 List of Characters . 108 Appendix B: Data Matrix . 143 Description of New Family-Group Names . 362 sample pages Zoologica Vol. 161, 1–368 Stuttgart, January 2016 Evolution and Phylogeny of Bees: A Review and a Cladistic Analysis in Light of Morphological Evidence (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) by John D. Plant and Hannes F. Paulus With 232 figures and 52 tables Abstract The higher phylogeny of bees (=Apiformes, Anthophila) has yet to be satisfactorily resolved despite several broad-based stud- ies utilizing morphological or molecular data. One the two previous comprehensive studies using morphological data centered on the long-tongued bees (Roig-Alsina & Michener 1993) and the other on the short-tongued bees (Alexander & Michener 1995). The present study thus represents the first extensive cladistic analysis utilizing morphological characters that considers bees as a whole. Molecular studies have pro- duced results that are in many aspects incongruent with morphological based phylogenies. Several vexing aspects of bee phylogeny are addressed in this study; for example, the relationships of the basal groups to each other, the position of the Stenotritidae and Oxaeidae, the relationships within the Colletidae and Apidae, the monophyletic status of the Melittidae, the relationships of several problematic and phylogenetically isolated taxa, i.e. Ancyla, Ctenoplectra, Tarsalia, and Pararhophites, as well as the placement of the many parasitic bees. In Part I, the history of classification, higher taxonomy and evolution of bees is recapitulated in a largely chronological man- ner. The overview cites relevant English and German language publications, as well as that of other languages beginning with Aristotle, Aldrovandi, the pre-Linnaeans and including the numerous and most recent molecular genetic analyses. Evolutionary hypotheses on the origin of bees and their key morphological and behavioral features are discussed in a historical context. The aim of Part II of the study is to examine the higher phylogeny of b ees using a fresh set of morphological characters in computer-assisted phylogenetic analyses. Specimens were selected from all families, subfamilies and most tribes of bees. Repre- sentatives from 55 genera of short-tongued bees were coded: Colletidae (12 genera), Stenotritidae (2), Halictidae (13), Oxaeidae (2), Andrenidae (12), and Melittidae (7); as well as representatives from 90 genera of long-tongued bees: Megachilidae (18) and Apidae (72). Of the investigated long-tongued bee genera, 26 are nest parasites on other bees. The majority of coded characters were morphological (212), and five were related to behavior or biology. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using a variety of methods: parsimony, successive reweight, implied weight, Bayesian and neighbor-joining. The data sets were constructed of: (i) non-parasitic bees only, (ii) full data set and (iii) combinations of parasitic and non-parasitic taxa. Character support for sub-ter- minal nodes is discussed. The sister group to bees belongs within the spheciform Apoidea (= Sphec iformes, apoid wasps), in particular, the Crabronidae or a part of them. Bees and spheciform wasps together make up the Apoidea. Two groups of spheciform wasps were chosen as outgroups for the cladistic analyses: the Pemphredoninae and Philanthinae. Both subfamilies were formerly placed in the Spheci- dae (e.g. Menke 1997), but according to more recent classification, they are members of Crabronidae (e.g. Melo 1999). The main findings and conclusions of this study are as follows: The monophyly of bees as a whole was supported. Two major clades arose: (i) the basic families of short-tongued bees (sensu Alexander & Michener 1995) (Oxaeidae + (Halictidae + (Andrenidae + (Stenotritidae + Colletidae)))) and (ii) the clade (Melittidae + (Megachilidae + Apidae)). Based on the results of all analyses, except some neighbor-joining, the Stenotritidae consistently occurred at the base of the Colletidae. The stenotritidssample are retained as a family. The Colletidae encompasses pages the two subfamilies: Colletinae and Diphaglossi- nae. The Colletinae is split into several tribes: Hylaeini, Euryglossini, Xeromelissini, Paracolletini, Scraptrini, Lonchopriini, as well as the following new tribes: Trichocolletini, Leioproctini and Callomelittini. The Colletidae is no longer regarded as the most ancestral family of present-day bees. The bilobed nature of the colletid glossa is re-interpreted as an apomorphic feature; it differs from the hooded glossa of the outgroup Pemphredoninae and the bilobed glossa of outgroup Philanthinae (both Crabronidae). © 2016 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany www.schweizerbart.de 0044-5088/16-0161 $ 165.60 2 John D. Plant and Hannes F. Paulus The Oxaeidae was recovered as a family at the base of the core short-tongued bees in the parsimony and successive weight analyses. However, the hypothesis that the oxaeids are a subfamily of the Andrenidae was supported in the implied weight and Bayesian analyses, as well as in a separate analysis designed to explore the relationships of the Andrenidae; this is the preferred phylogeny. The monophyly of the Melittidae was supported by several characters; it is not necessary to split the melittids into three families, as carried out by some morphological and molecular studies (Roig-Alsina & Michener 1993, Danforth, Fang & Sipes 2006, Danforth et al. 2006, Michez, Patiny & Danforth 2009). The Apidae was separated into the three conventional subfamilies: Xylocopinae, Nomadinae and Apinae. The latter was segregated into three major lineages, the Eucerine-line, Anthophorine-line and Apine-line. The tribes of the Eucerine-line include Exomalopsini, Ancylini, Emphorini, Tapinotaspidini, Tarsaliini (new tribe) and Eucerini. The Anthophorine-line consists of An- thophorini, Melectini and possibly Ctenoplectrini. The Apine-line contains several non-corbiculate tribes: Tetrapediini, Centri- dini, Rhathymini
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Xhaie'ican%Mllsllm
    XhAie'ican1ox4tate%Mllsllm PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK 24, N.Y. NUMBER 2 244 MAY I9, I 966 The Larvae of the Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) Part 2. The Nomadinae BY JEROME G. ROZEN, JR.1 The present paper is the second of a series that treats the phylogeny and taxonomy of the larvae belonging to the bee family Anthophoridae. The first (Rozen, 1965a) dealt with the pollen-collecting tribes Eucerini and Centridini of the Anthophorinae. The present study encompasses the following tribes, all of which consist solely of cuckoo bees: Protepeolini, Epeolini, Nomadini, Ammobatini, Holcopasitini, Biastini, and Neolarrini. For reasons presented below, these tribes are believed to represent a monophyletic group, and consequently all are placed in the Nomadinae. It seems likely that the cleptoparasitic tribes Caenoprosopini, Ammoba- toidini, Townsendiellini, Epeoloidini, and Osirini are also members of the subfamily, although their larvae have not as yet been collected. Although the interrelationships of the numerous taxa within the Nomadinae need to be re-evaluated, the tribal concepts used by Michener (1944) are employed here. Adjustments in the classifications will certainly have to be made in the future, however, for Michener (1954) has already indicated, for example, that characters of the adults in the Osirini, the Epeolini, and the Nomadini intergrade. The affinities of the Nomadinae with the other subfamilies of the Antho- phoridae will be discussed in the last paper of the series. Because of char- 1 Curator, Department of Entomology, the American Museum of Natural History. 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of READING Delivering Biodiversity and Pollination Services on Farmland
    UNIVERSITY OF READING Delivering biodiversity and pollination services on farmland: a comparison of three wildlife- friendly farming schemes Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Agri-Environmental Research School of Agriculture, Policy and Development Chloe J. Hardman June 2016 Declaration I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. Chloe Hardman i Abstract Gains in food production through agricultural intensification have come at an environmental cost, including reductions in habitat diversity, species diversity and some ecosystem services. Wildlife- friendly farming schemes aim to mitigate the negative impacts of agricultural intensification. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of three schemes using four matched triplets of farms in southern England. The schemes were: i) a baseline of Entry Level Stewardship (ELS: a flexible widespread government scheme, ii) organic agriculture and iii) Conservation Grade (CG: a prescriptive, non-organic, biodiversity-focused scheme). We examined how effective the schemes were in supporting habitat diversity, species diversity, floral resources, pollinators and pollination services. Farms in CG and organic schemes supported higher habitat diversity than farms only in ELS. Plant and butterfly species richness were significantly higher on organic farms and butterfly species richness was marginally higher on CG farms compared to farms in ELS. The species richness of plants, butterflies, solitary bees and birds in winter was significantly correlated with local habitat diversity. Organic farms supported more evenly distributed floral resources and higher nectar densities compared to farms in CG or ELS. Compared to maximum estimates of pollen demand from six bee species, only organic farms supplied sufficient pollen in late summer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemical Ecology and Evolution of Bee–Flower Interactions: a Review and Perspectives1
    668 REVIEW / SYNTHE` SE The chemical ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions: a review and perspectives1 S. Do¨ tterl and N.J. Vereecken Abstract: Bees and angiosperms have shared a long and intertwined evolutionary history and their interactions have re- sulted in remarkable adaptations. Yet, at a time when the ‘‘pollination crisis’’ is of major concern as natural populations of both wild and honey bees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) face alarming decline rates at a worldwide scale, there are important gaps in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions. In this review, we summarize and dis- cuss the current knowledge about the role of floral chemistry versus other communication channels in bee-pollinated flow- ering plants, both at the macro- and micro-evolutionary levels, and across the specialization–generalization gradient. The available data illustrate that floral scents and floral chemistry have been largely overlooked in bee–flower interactions, and that pollination studies integrating these components along with pollinator behaviour in a phylogenetic context will help gain considerable insights into the sensory ecology and the evolution of bees and their associated flowering plants. Re´sume´ : Les abeilles et les angiospermes partagent une grande partie de leur histoire e´volutive, et leurs interactions ont produit de remarquables exemples d’adaptations mutuelles. Cependant, a` une e´poque ou` la « crise de la pollinisation » de- vient une pre´occupation majeure et ou` les populations d’abeilles sauvages et mellife`res (Apis mellifera L., 1758) font face a` des de´clins massifs a` l’e´chelle mondiale, notre compre´hension de l’e´cologie et de l’e´volution des relations abeilles- plantes demeure fragmentaire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digger Wasps of Saudi Arabia: New Records and Distribution, with a Checklist of Species (Hym.: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae)
    NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 9 (2): 345-364 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2013 Article No.: 131206 http://biozoojournals.3x.ro/nwjz/index.html The digger wasps of Saudi Arabia: New records and distribution, with a checklist of species (Hym.: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae) Neveen S. GADALLAH1,*, Hathal M. AL DHAFER2, Yousif N. ALDRYHIM2, Hassan H. FADL2 and Ali A. ELGHARBAWY2 1. Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2. Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, King Saud Museum of Arthropod (KSMA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. *Corresponing author, N.S. Gadalah, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 24. September 2012 / Accepted: 13. January 2013 / Available online: 02. June 2013 / Printed: December 2013 Abstract. The “sphecid’ fauna of Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) is listed. A total of 207 species in 42 genera are recorded including previous and new species records. Most Saudi Arabian species recorded up to now are more or less common and widespread mainly in the Afrotropical and Palaearctic zoogeographical zones, the exception being Bembix buettikeri Guichard, Bembix hofufensis Guichard, Bembix saudi Guichard, Cerceris constricta Guichard, Oxybelus lanceolatus Gerstaecker, Palarus arabicus Pulawski in Pulawski & Prentice, Tachytes arabicus Guichard and Tachytes fidelis Pulawski, which are presumed endemic to Saudi Arabia (3.9% of the total number of species). General distribution and ecozones, and Saudi Arabian localities are given for each species. In this study two genera (Diodontus Curtis and Dryudella Spinola) and 11 species are newly recorded from Saudi Arabia. Key words: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae, Sphecidae, faunistic list, new records, Saudi Arabia. Introduction tata boops (Schrank), Bembecinus meridionalis A.Costa, Diodontus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Bischoff & Partner
    Wasserstraßen-Neubauamt Aschaffenburg Ausbau der Bundeswasserstraße Main in den Stauhaltungen Ottendorf und Knetzgau Vegetationskundliche und faunistische Untersuchungen Heft 3.5: Faunistische Untersuchungen Bienen und Wespen Weitere Hefte: Heft 1: Biotoptypenkartierung Heft 2: Pflanzensoziologische Kartierung und Einschätzung der Beeinträchtigung der Vegetation Bearbeiter: Dr. Reinhard Patrzich Dipl.-Biol. Armin Six Inh.: Dr. U. Wendt und Dipl.-Ing. J. Rössler Landschaftsökologie und Projektplanung 55442 Stromberg – Staatsstr. 1 Tel.: 06724/1329 – Fax: 06724/939593 Projekt-Nr.: 2609 eMail: [email protected] September 2009 INHALT I 1 EINFÜHRUNG .................................................................................................................... 1 2 METHODIK ......................................................................................................................... 2 3 ERGEBNISSE ..................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Nachgewiesene Arten ................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Ökologie und Vorkommen der nachgewiesenen Bienen und Wespen .......................... 4 3.2.1 Chrysiidae ............................................................................................................. 4 3.2.2 Pompilidae ............................................................................................................. 4 3.2.3 Mutillidae ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Presence and Distribution of 23 Hawaiian Yellow-Faced Bee Species on Lands Adjacent to Military Installations on O‘Ahu and Hawai‘I Island
    The Hawai`i-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit & Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report 185 Assessing the presence and distribution of 23 Hawaiian yellow-faced bee species on lands adjacent to military installations on O‘ahu and Hawai‘i Island September 2013 Karl N. Magnacca1 and Cynthia B. K. King 2 1 Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822 2 Hawaii Division of Forestry & Wildlife Native Invertebrate Program 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 325 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 PCSU is a cooperative program between the University of Hawai`i and U.S. National Park Service, Cooperative Ecological Studies Unit. Author Contact Information: Karl N. Magnacca. Phone: 808-554-5637 Email: [email protected] Hawaii Division of Forestry & Wildlife Native Invertebrate Program 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 325 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813. Recommended Citation: Magnacca, K.N. and C.B.K. King. 2013. Assessing the presence and distribution of 23 Hawaiian yellow- faced bee species on lands adjacent to military installations on O‘ahu and Hawai‘i Island. Technical Report No. 185. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, Hawai‘i. 39 pp. Key words: Hylaeus, Colletidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera, bees, insect conservation Place key words: Oahu, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, Puu Waawaa, Mauna Kea, Pohakuloa, North Kona Editor: David C. Duffy, PCSU Unit Leader (Email: [email protected]) Series Editor: Clifford W. Morden, PCSU Deputy Director (Email: [email protected]) About this technical report series: This technical report series began in 1973 with the formation of the Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Detective Survey of Hymenopteran Insects at Jazan Lake Dam Region, Southwest of Saudi Arabia
    Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28 (2021) 2342–2351 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com Original article A preliminary detective survey of hymenopteran insects at Jazan Lake Dam Region, Southwest of Saudi Arabia Hanan Abo El-Kassem Bosly 1 Biology Department - Faculty of Science - Jazan University, Saudi Arabia article info abstract Article history: A preliminary detective survey for the hymenopteran insect fauna of Jazan Lake dam region, Southwest Received 16 November 2020 Saudi Arabia, was carried out for one year from January 2018 to January 2019 using mainly sweep nets Revised 6 January 2021 and Malaise traps. The survey revealed the presence of three hymenopteran Superfamilies (Apoidea, Accepted 12 January 2021 Vespoidea and Evanioidea) representing 15 species belonging to 10 genera of 6 families (Apidae, Available online 28 January 2021 Crabronidae, Sphecidae, Vespidae, Mutillidae, and Evaniidae). The largest number of species has belonged to the family Crabronidae is represented by 6 species under 2 genera. While the family Apidae, is repre- Keywords: sented by 2 species under 2 genera. Family Vespidae is represented by 2 species of one genus. While, the Survey rest of the families Sphecidae, Mutillida, and Evaniidae each is represented by only one species and one Insect fauna Hymenoptera genus each. Eleven species are predators, two species are pollinators and two species are parasitics. Note Jazan for each family was provided, and species was provided with synonyms and general and taxonomic Saudi Arabia remarks and their worldwide geographic distribution and information about their economic importance are also included.
    [Show full text]
  • In Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
    IAJPS 2019, 06 (10), 13512-13520 Abdul Baset et al ISSN 2349-7750 CODEN [USA]: IAJPBB ISSN: 2349-7750 INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Research Article DIVERSITY OF CARPENTER BEE FAUNA (XYLOCOPA SPP.) IN DIR LOWER, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN Akbar Hussain1, Mohammad Attaullah2, Muhammad Ather Rafi3, Hamad Khan1, Abdul Waris4, Anwar Zeb5, Abdul Baset 6 1Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Malakand, Pakistan 3Department of Zoology, Women University Swabi, Pakistan, Director National Insect Museum, Islamabad, Pakistan 4Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 5Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 6 Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: This study was conducted at District Dir Lower, in north western Pakistan for the evaluation of diversity of Xylocopa spp. during March to September 2015. The study area was divided in 7 different localities namely Chakdara, Talash, Timergara, Jandol, Khal, Darmal and Lal Qilla. Higher Simpson’s index (1_D) values were calculated for Talash (0.7464) followed by Khal (0.7392), Chakdara and Jandol (same value 0.7366), Darmal (0.7268), Lal Qila (0.7244) and lowest value was calculated for Timergara (0.716). Divider and Scale method was used for the morphometric measurement of carpenter bees. Out of the total 321 specimens collected, four species namely, Xylocopa collaris, Xylocopa acutipennis, Xylocopa dissimilis and Xylocopa pubescens were identified. X. dissimilis was the abundant species recorded which represented 29.60 % of the total collection, while X.
    [Show full text]
  • Carpenter Bees
    E-252-W Household and Structural Department of Entomology CARPENTER BEES Timothy J. Gibb, Extension Entomologist Large, black bees hovering around and drilling holes into Holes are created by the female carpenter bee when homes, out-buildings, wooden furniture and decks during May it selects an appropriate site and begins to chew. Tunnel and June are carpenter bees. They resemble, and are often entrances are approximately ½ inch in diameter, just large mistaken for bumble bees but the most apparent difference is enough for the bee to enter. that the carpenter bee has a black, shiny abdomen, compared to the hairy and often yellowish abdomen of the bumble bee. Tunnels usually consist of an entrance hole that penetrates into the wood ½ to 1 inch across the grain of the wood and Behavior then turns at a right angle to follow the wood grain for 6 – 8 inches. After tunneling is completed the bee will create indi- Behaviorally, carpenter bees also are quite unique. They vidual cells using bits of sawdust and frass along the length are most often noticed as they bore into wood and create of the tunnel. Each cell is provisioned with a pollen ball into tunnels for egg laying and for protection during the winter. which she will lay an individual egg before sealing it off. As Most commonly carpenter bees select bare, unpainted and the eggs hatch in mid summer, the larvae feed on the pol- weathered softwoods including redwood, cedar, cypress and Beginning of hole that will eventually become nearly per- Carpenter bee boring into wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Load Manipulation Ability Shapes Flight Morphology in Females Of
    Polidori et al. Frontiers in Zoology 2013, 10:36 http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/10/1/36 RESEARCH Open Access Food load manipulation ability shapes flight morphology in females of central-place foraging Hymenoptera Carlo Polidori1*, Angelica Crottini2, Lidia Della Venezia3,5, Jesús Selfa4, Nicola Saino5 and Diego Rubolini5 Abstract Background: Ecological constraints related to foraging are expected to affect the evolution of morphological traits relevant to food capture, manipulation and transport. Females of central-place foraging Hymenoptera vary in their food load manipulation ability. Bees and social wasps modulate the amount of food taken per foraging trip (in terms of e.g. number of pollen grains or parts of prey), while solitary wasps carry exclusively entire prey items. We hypothesized that the foraging constraints acting on females of the latter species, imposed by the upper limit to the load size they are able to transport in flight, should promote the evolution of a greater load-lifting capacity and manoeuvrability, specifically in terms of greater flight muscle to body mass ratio and lower wing loading. Results: Our comparative study of 28 species confirms that, accounting for shared ancestry, female flight muscle ratio was significantly higher and wing loading lower in species taking entire prey compared to those that are able to modulate load size. Body mass had no effect on flight muscle ratio, though it strongly and negatively co-varied with wing loading. Across species, flight muscle ratio and wing loading were negatively correlated, suggesting coevolution of these traits. Conclusions: Natural selection has led to the coevolution of resource load manipulation ability and morphological traits affecting flying ability with additional loads in females of central-place foraging Hymenoptera.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.CLEPTOPARASITE BEES, with EMPHASIS on THE
    Acta Biológica Colombiana ISSN: 0120-548X [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Colombia ALVES-DOS-SANTOS, ISABEL CLEPTOPARASITE BEES, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE OILBEES HOSTS Acta Biológica Colombiana, vol. 14, núm. 2, 2009, pp. 107-113 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=319027883009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 No. 2, 2009 107 - 114 CLEPTOPARASITE BEES, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE OILBEES HOSTS Abejas cleptoparásitas, con énfasis en las abejas hospederas coletoras de aceite ISABEL ALVES-DOS-SANTOS1, Ph. D. 1Departamento de Ecologia, IBUSP. Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, trav 14. São Paulo 05508-900 Brazil. [email protected] Presentado 1 de noviembre de 2008, aceptado 1 de febrero de 2009, correcciones 7 de julio de 2009. ABSTRACT Cleptoparasite bees lay their eggs inside nests constructed by other bee species and the larvae feed on pollen provided by the host, in this case, solitary bees. The cleptoparasite (adult and larvae) show many morphological and behavior adaptations to this life style. In this paper I present some data on the cleptoparasite bees whose hosts are bees specialized to collect floral oil. Key words: solitary bee, interspecific interaction, parasitic strategies, hospicidal larvae. RESUMEN Las abejas Cleptoparásitas depositan sus huevos en nidos construídos por otras especies de abejas y las larvas se alimentan del polen que proveen las hospederas, en este caso, abejas solitarias.
    [Show full text]
  • South West Bees Project Andrena Hattorfiana 2016
    Cornwall – June/July/August 2016 September 2016 Will Hawkes – Volunteer Saving the small things that run the planet Contents 1. Summary--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 3. Species description-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 4. Field surveys---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 5. Survey Sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7-16 5.1 Overview of Sites---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Map 1 Bee and Scabious records of Cornwall---------------------------------------------------7 5.2 Gwithian Towans-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8-10 5.2.1 Overview----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8-9 5.2.2 Areas to improve--------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 5.2.3 Scabious locations and bee sightings table----------------------------------------------10 Map 2 Bee and Scabious records of Gwithian Towans--------------------------------------10 5.3 Kelsey Head and West Pentire----------------------------------------------------------------------11-15
    [Show full text]