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Digitalization and Smart Islands in the Kvarner Archipelago

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Digitalization and Smart Islands in the Kvarner Archipelago Digitalization and Smart islands in the Kvarner archipelago Marko Mimica*, Goran Krajačić *, Damir Medved**, Darko Jardas*** * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb. Croatia ** Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d., Zagreb, Croatia *** Regionalna energetska agencija Kvarner, Rijeka, Croatia e-mail adresa: [email protected] Abstract - Currently, in the European Union there are down initiative Clean Energy for EU Islands [1] provides two major initiatives that address the issue of sustainable a pathway for islands to create low carbon and development of the islands. Top-down initiative coming sustainable environment with low energy prices. The from the Declaration on Clean energy for EU islands and initiative will result with the implementation of advanced bottom-up Smart Islands initiative. Both initiatives consider technologies for energy storage, less dependence on islands as living labs that can host innovative pilot projects and lead Europe's transition into a sustainable and low import of energy, improvement of air quality and carbon environment. Following objectives of both initiatives, preservation of island natural heritages. Another the Croatian government passes a law on islands that framework is Smart Islands Initiative [2], which is a support the development of smart islands. The paper bottom-up initiative. Smart Islands Initiative sets ten presents a comprehensive review of studies, projects, policy action points for creating a smart and inclusive society on documents and scientific publications related to Smart islands. It seeks to present islands as the test – beds for Islands development in Kvarner archipelago which can be hosting projects that stress optimal usage of local used as a model for implementing new sustainable resources for purpose of creating sustainable technology on the islands. It also provides expert communities. With Smart Island Initiative, the role of recommendations for digitalization in several sectors crucial for the development of islands and an integrated approach islands is no longer to follow, but to lead Europe's to management of island resources. transition towards a more sustainable community. Ključne riječi – Smart island; Kvarner archipelago; Many kinds of research have been made in order to digitalization; blockchain; information and communication investigate the possibilities for smart technology technology integration on islands. One of the first methods developed was RenewIslands method presented in [3]. I. INTRODUCTION RenewIslands provided a qualitative indicator for evaluation of islands' needs and resources on many Current ongoing digitalization is penetrating every different sectors including energy, water, waste, and sector of society. Its impacts are visible in energy, wastewater needs as well as energy import infrastructure transport, social, economy and many more sectors. Even and wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and hydro potential. more, digitalization has enabled new communication This method was foundation for modelling energy pathways between these sectors. Implementation of systems of different islands as for example in [4], where advanced information and communication technology authors modeled energy system of several interconnected (ICT) created a more interconnected world with the islands in tool EnergyPLAN showing that interconnected highest possibility of a collaboration of different islands have decline of Critical Excess Electricity stakeholders than ever before. As in every technological Production (CEEP) up to 22% in comparison with and industrial revolution, there are technologies which scenario when islands are not connected in common can be first applied to the islands, so they could feel the system. first impact of these positive changes. Islands can be living labs for implementation of new technology and The main problem regarding renewable energy therefore be leaders of change. Although isolation and sources (RES) integration is balancing between poor connection with the mainland create difficulties for production and consumption as described in [5]. Many the island population, these constraints can be beneficial researchers suggest that integration of different flows for the execution of some pilot projects and substantially increase system possibility to integrate RES. implementation of new sustainable technologies. If Dominković et. al [6] combines smart charging, reverse successful on the islands, these projects could most osmosis technology and an ice storage for increasing the probably be implemented in some rural areas on the possibility for RES integration. In another work, mainland. The European Union (EU) acted on this issue Segurado et al. [7] present analysis of integrated water and supported two initiatives that will create the and energy supply where excess electricity production framework for future development of the islands. Top- from the wind power plant is used by desalination units for covering water demand of the population or where desalinated water is used as energy storage in a pumped concept hydro system. TABLE II. FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF These papers made a significant contribution SMART ISLANDS IN CROATIA regarding increasing smart technology integration in Framework island systems by combining different flows, but they Phase don't investigate the role of information and Duration Actions Results National Island Generating ideas, communication technology (ICT) in this process. 1991 – Development P1 setting up Importance of ICT in RES integration is described at [8] 2003 Programme, Law frameworks where the author emphasizes that with smart meters and on Islands tracking of generation and consumption in real time it is IEE projects Advocacy, STORIES [16], possible to effectively balance the energy system. Bibri S. 2004 – Mobilization, P2 Meshartility [17], 2016 Screening, E. et al. [9] emphasizes the Internet of Things (IoT) BEAST [18], Mapping concept as one of the key components for implementing SEAPs, SECAPs ICT in smart systems. According to him, IoT has great Smart Islands potential to improve energy efficiency and, in Declaration [2], Clean energy for combination with big data applications, to accelerate Experimentation EU islands [1], with top – down sustainable development. In [10] the authors provide a 2017 – Horizon 2020, P3 and bottom – up concept for achieving automatic control by using IoT and 2030 Pilot islands, ICT/ frameworks, ICT Digitalization, cloud computing. They suggest that opportunities and expansion challenges that emerge from big data implementation will National Legal framework for be the driving force for the development of smart cities. Islands Gubbi et al. [11] present user-centric cloud model based Smart energy, Smart transport, on an interaction of private and public clouds and Society assisted Smart water indicates the importance of integration of IoT and cloud acceptance and management, full computing in order to provide reliable support to users 2030 – Smart waste P4 commercialization using services offered by multiple stakeholders. 2040 management, (self-sustained) of Smart Governance, Smart Island Smart economy, Several studies and action plans were completed approach regarding islands in the Adriatic Sea, mostly focused on Climate change adoption mapping and suggesting measures for the implementation New innovation Innovation, 2040 – of sustainable technology for achieving a low carbon and P5 and business Business models, 2050 sustainable environment. Most advanced islands in this model Resilience aspect are Kvarner archipelago islands. The biggest islands of Kvarner archipelago are Krk, Cres, Lošinj, and on a single island and then expand it further (Figure 1). Rab while some of smaller ones are Unije, Susak, and Islands that have similar characteristics or that are located Plavnik. Pag is in the geographic area of Kvarner in the same area such as Kvarner archipelago have a better archipelago, but administratively is not part of it and chance that technological solutions implemented on one therefore is not considered as part of Kvarner island will be suitable on other islands as well. One of the archipelago. The available data about these islands from key aspects in setting up the right framework for the studies [12], [13], [14], [15] is presented in Table I. development of Smart islands is to do a quality mapping. RenewIslands is a method that will is mostly used for this purpose. It is used for the creation of several alternative II. METHODS scenarios for energy planning based on islands needs and This paper’s objective is to offer a path for islands to resources. Mapping of islands needs is assessed with mitigate towards more sustainable and low carbon electric energy consumption, heat and cold energy environments. Framework for development of Smart consumption, transport energy consumption, waste and islands in Croatia is given in Table II. It is consisted out of wastewater treatment and water demand, while islands five phases (P1 – P5) and for every phase, there is an resources are assessed with the wind, solar, hydro, estimated duration as well as required actions and biomass and geothermal potential. In addition to this, there desirable results. It is worth noting that it is not desirable are also parameters for the islands' energy import to try to implement this concept on the whole area, such as infrastructure and water infrastructure. the Adriatic Sea, but to rather implement Smart island TABLE I. DATA ABOUT KVARNER ARCHIPELAGO ISLANDS FROM SELECTED
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