Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems Douglas L

WILEY SERIES IN RENEWABLE RESOURCES Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems Douglas L. Karlen Editor Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems Wiley Series in Renewable Resources Series Editor Christian V. Stevens – Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Titles in the Series Wood Modification – Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes Callum A. S. Hill Renewables – Based Technology – Sustainability Assessment Jo Dewulf & Herman Van Langenhove Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass James H. Clark & Fabien E.I. Deswarte Biofuels Wim Soetaert & Erick Vandamme Handbook of Natural Colorants Thomas Bechtold & Rita Mussak Surfactants from Renewable Resources Mikael Kjellin & Ingegard¨ Johansson Industrial Application of Natural Fibres – Structure, Properties and Technical Applications Jorg¨ Mussig¨ Thermochemical Processing of Biomass – Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power Robert C. Brown Biorefinery Co-Products: Phytochemicals, Primary Metabolites and Value-Added Biomass Processing Chantal Bergeron, Danielle Julie Carrier & Shri Ramaswamy Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals Charles E. Wyman Bio-Based Plastics: Materials and Applications Stephan Kabasci Introduction to Wood and Natural Fiber Composites Douglas Stokke, Qinglin Wu & Guangping Han Forthcoming Titles Cellulose Nanocrystals: Properties, Production and Applications Wadood Hamad Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, 2nd edition James Clark & Fabien Deswarte Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials: Chemistry, Technology and Applications Francisco Garc´ıa Calvo-Flores, Jose´ A. Dobado, Joaqu´ın Isac Garc´ıa & Francisco J. Martin-Martinez Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems Editor DOUGLAS L. KARLEN USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, U.S.A. This edition first published 2014 C 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Karlen, D. L. (Douglas L.) Cellulosic energy cropping systems / editor, Douglas L. Karlen. pages cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-119-99194-6 (cloth) 1. Energy crops. 2. Biomass energy. 3. Cellulose–Biotechnology. 4. Cellulose–Chemistry. I. Title. SB288.K37 2014 333.9539–dc23 2013037386 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 9781119991946 Set in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2014 This book was conceived and initiated by Dr. David I. Bransby, and it is to him that the final product is dedi- cated. David is a professor in the Agronomy and Soils Department in the College of Agriculture at Auburn Uni- versity in Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A. A native of South Africa, David arrived at Auburn in 1987 to teach and conduct research in forage and livestock management. Shortly thereafter, he was asked to provide oversight and leadership for a federal, multistate grant focused on high-yielding, low-input herbaceous plants that could be converted to bioenergy. David insisted he was not quali- fied because he knew nothing about converting biomass to energy and even thought “it was a crazy idea.” He was quickly reassured that “nobody else knew anything about it, either; renewable energy was a totally new area.” David immediately began learning all he could about the production of energy from biomass while simultaneously educating himself, as an immigrant, about U.S. agriculture. Suddenly he realized that the two topics could provide a nearly perfect union. He sur- mised that the major commodities were often being overproduced and that the government response through decades of farm programs had created “stagnation in U.S. agriculture by discouraging new ideas and change.” Nearly three decades later, David has built two research and outreach programs, one in forage and livestock management and one in energy crops and bioenergy, that have both received national and international recognition. A cornerstone of these programs has been David’s emphasis on outreach, built on a philosophy that “the ultimate goal of applied research should be to benefit society, and this goal cannot be achieved without getting involved in outreach.” Through his personal involvement with many different stakeholder groups, David concludes that he has “gathered valuable information that has helped me design more relevant research and improve the content of the courses I teach.” David is convinced that biofuels made from switchgrass and other agricultural crops and by-products can reduce America’s dependence on foreign oil, strengthen farm economies and revitalize rural communities. “Energy crops, while not a total solution, would help by giving farmers new markets and reducing their dependence on farm subsidies.” He has continued his endeavors because “I believe this is really important stuff. It’s going to play a major role in our country’s future.” Contents Foreword xvii Series Preface xix Preface xxi List of Contributors xxiii 1 Introduction to Cellulosic Energy Crops 1 Mark Laser and Lee Lynd 1.1 Cellulosic Biomass: Definition, Photosynthesis, and Composition 1 1.2 Cellulosic Biomass Properties and Their Relevance to Downstream Processing 4 1.2.1 Moisture Content 4 1.2.2 Energy Density 6 1.2.3 Fixed Carbon/Volatile Matter Ratio 6 1.2.4 Ash Content 6 1.2.5 Alkali Metal Content 7 1.2.6 Carbohydrate/Lignin Ratio 7 1.3 Desirable Traits and Potential Supply of Cellulosic Energy Crops 7 1.4 The Case for Cellulosic Energy Crops 8 References 11 2 Conversion Technologies for the Production of Liquid Fuels and Biochemicals 15 Sofie Dobbelaere, Tom Anthonis, and Wim Soetaert 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Biomass Conversion Technologies 16 2.3 (Bio)Chemical Conversion Route 17 2.3.1 Pretreatment 17 2.3.2 Hydrolysis 19 viii Contents 2.3.3 Fermentation 21 2.3.4 Biocatalysis 22 2.3.5 Catalysis 22 2.4 Thermochemical Conversion Route 23 2.4.1 Pyrolysis 23 2.4.2 Gasification 24 2.4.3 Liquefaction 26 2.4.4 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) Process 26 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 27 Acknowledgement 27 References 27 3 Technologies for Production of Heat and Electricity 31 Jacob J. Jacobson and Kara G. Cafferty 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Combustion 33 3.2.1 Direct-Fired Combustion 33 3.2.2 Co-Fired Combustion 34 3.3 Repowering 35 3.4 Gasification 35 3.5 Pyrolysis 35 3.6 Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction 37 3.7 Anaerobic Digestion 37 3.8 Integrated Biorefineries 38 3.9 Summary 39 References 39 4 Miscanthus Genetics and Agronomy for Bioenergy Feedstock 43 Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel,

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