DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluating Potential Areas for Mountain Wellness Tourism: a Case Study of Ili, Xinjiang Province

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluating Potential Areas for Mountain Wellness Tourism: a Case Study of Ili, Xinjiang Province sustainability Article Evaluating Potential Areas for Mountain Wellness Tourism: A Case Study of Ili, Xinjiang Province Xumei Pan 1,2, Zhaoping Yang 1,*, Fang Han 1, Yayan Lu 1,2 and Qin Liu 1,2 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; [email protected] (X.P.); [email protected] (F.H.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Q.L.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-991-788-5349 Received: 11 September 2019; Accepted: 10 October 2019; Published: 14 October 2019 Abstract: Evaluation of land-use suitability can prevent problems, such as environmental disruption, wastage of resources, and ecological disruption, when unsuitable tourism-based exploration is undertaken in an area. This study summarizes a novel concept and proposes the idea of wellness tourism, which constitutes health preservation, sports and recovery, medical healing, and aged nursing, integrated with Chinese culture. A spatial suitability evaluation system for wellness tourism was developed in a mountain area via the integration of the analytic network process-Delphi. As wellness tourism activities diversified, land suitability was assigned to four kinds of wellness tourism activities, while considering their unique requirements. Comparative analysis and five-degree suitable maps of four kinds of activities revealed that Yining City and its peripheral localities have the potential of functioning as a comprehensive and national wellness tourist destination. The counties of Horgos, Huocheng, Qapqal, Zhaosu, Tekes, Tokkuztara, and Narat should make full use of their strengths, as they have the advantage of catering to different wellness tourism activities. This paper discusses some conceptual aspects of wellness tourism, provides an example for the selection of potential areas for wellness tourism in the mountainous regions of China, and provides baseline information that can support the development of wellness tourism. Keywords: wellness tourism; spatial suitability analysis; mountainous region; ANP; Delphi; GIS 1. Introduction In the twenty-first century, the tourism industry faces a challenging environment, resulting from hurricanes and other environmental catastrophes, military conflicts and wars, information technology developments, and even greater competition among airline companies [1]. Meanwhile, concomitant progress in science and medicine has led human to focus attention on mental, psychological, and emotional problems [2]. Enhanced aging of the population and increasing sub-health lifestyles are positively driving the tourism market toward restoration, preservation, and a continued state of readiness and physical fitness. A shift in the understanding of the meaning of health and wellness has given rise to wellness tourism, which perfectly meets peoples’ increasingly growing needs of health at a global level. These factors have led to the robust growth of wellness tourism in Europe, the Americas, Middle East, Asia Pacific, and even Africa [3]. Wellness tourism has now become some of the most promising markets worldwide [4]. Wellness was originally defined as a state with optimal physical, mental, and social well-being [5–7]. With the boom in wellness tourism in the recent years, the diversification and quality standard of this product has increased tremendously [4]. Along with the trend in the market, definitions ranged from general to multi-dimensional with many holistic and individual perspectives. Wellness became Sustainability 2019, 11, 5668; doi:10.3390/su11205668 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 5668 2 of 15 ranged from general to multi‐dimensional with many holistic and individual perspectives. Wellness becamea comprehensive a comprehensive concept thatconcept included that theincluded following the dimensions:following dimensions: self-worth, self exercise,‐worth, spirituality, exercise, spirituality,stress management, stress management, love, gender love, identity, gender realistic identity, beliefs, realistic leisure, beliefs, humor, leisure, intelligence, humor, intelligence, nutrition, nutrition,emotion, friendship,emotion, friendship, self-care, work,self‐care, social work, identity, social localidentity, safety, local institutional safety, institutional concern, andconcern, personal and personalattributions attributions [8]. The definition [8]. The definition was enhanced was enhanced by Chen etby al. Chen [9] with et al. some [9] with specific some activities: specific activities: wellness wellnesstourism nowtourism includes now includes personal personal service, service, health health promotion promotion treatments, treatments, environment, environment, healthy healthy diet, diet,relaxation, relaxation, social social activities, activities, the experience the experience of unique of unique tourism tourism resources, resources, and mental and mental learning. learning. As a new concept that is applicable on a worldwide basis, it is integrated with various cultural and historical backgrounds. Wellness Wellness translates translates to to different different meanings meanings in in different different languages and cultures, suchsuch as as wohlbefinden wohlbefinden in Germanin German and and hyvinvointi hyvinvointi in Finnish in Finnish [10]. By [10]. the sameBy the token, same wellness token, wellnesstourism was tourism integrated was integrated with Chinese with traditional Chinese traditional wellness culture wellness [11 culture–13] and [11–13] given and multiple given signals multiple by signalsstudies. by Wellness studies. in Wellness China started in China with started zhuang-tse, with zhuang meaning‐tse, following meaning following life’s principles life’s principles and obtaining and obtaininga better quality a better of life, quality including of life, activities including such asactivities a simple such worship as dancea simple and worship communicating dance withand communicatingnature. As history with continued, nature. As wellness history continued, was added wellness to the corewas conceptsadded to ofthe pre-Qin core concepts philosophers. of pre‐ QinChinese philosophers. wellness culture Chinese was wellness formed culture within was a scientific formed system,within a such scientific as the system, Yellow such Emperor’s as the Yellow Canon Emperor’sof Internal Canon Medicine of Internal [14]. Then, Medicine health [14]. care theoryThen, health was composed care theory of was yin/ yang,composed vital essence,of yin/yang, a viscera vital essence,state, and a viscera meridians, state, represented and meridians, by the represented activities ofby wuqinxi, the activities qigong, of wuqinxi, massage, qigong, tui na, massage, meditation, tui na,medicinal meditation, recuperation, medicinal and recuperation, pranayama. and As Buddhismpranayama. spread As Buddhism along the spread silk road, along Daoism the silk [11 road,] and DaoismConfucianism [11] and was Confucianism more closely was integrated more closely [15]. integrated The scope [15]. of wellness The scope was of expanded wellness was with expanded multiple withmeanings, multiple covering meanings, the strengthening covering the of strengthening the body’s defense, of the healingbody’s defense, and maintaining healing and health, maintaining achieving health,a long-lasting achieving life, a and long a‐ harmoniouslasting life, and and a balanced harmonious relationship and balanced with naturerelationship [13]. Many with nature researchers [13]. Manyin China researchers tend to give in China it a definition tend to give that it can a definition deterministically that can reflect deterministically the complex reflect nature the of wellnesscomplex naturetourism. of Whereaswellness theretourism. is no Whereas agreed there upon is definition no agreed [10 upon], by concentratingdefinition [10], on by tourism’s concentrating features, on tourism’sWu and Zheng features, [16] Wu divided and Zheng tourism [16] products divided into tourism eco-wellness, products sports into eco and‐wellness, fitness, leisure sports and and vacation, fitness, leisurehealth care,and vacation, and regimens health of care, culture and tourism. regimens In of contrast, culture in tourism. terms of In tourism contrast, carriers, in terms Xie of et tourism al. [17] carriers,argued that Xie wellnesset al. [17] tourism argued should that wellness be composed tourism of ruralshould wellness, be composed health preservationof rural wellness, in the health forest, preservationsunbaths, spa, in and the aforest, cultural sunbaths, regimen. spa, and a cultural regimen. On the basis of this literature review, it is easy to see thatthat wellnesswellness tourism integrates wellness culture, tourism resources, and the eco-landscape.eco‐landscape. It provides a healthy lifestyle for tourists in which people can can keep keep and and promote promote their their physical, physical, mental, mental, and and spiritual spiritual health health via traveling. via traveling. Natural Natural bath, modification,bath, modification, taijiquan, taijiquan, wushu, wushu, traditional traditional medicine, medicine, massage, massage, herbal herbal food food or oreven even living living in in a “longevity village” can be considered wellness activities from the perspective of Chinese wellness culture. On On the the basis basis of of health health status status and and age, age, these these activities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude"
    By Adrian Zenz - Version of this paper accepted for publication by the journal Central Asian Survey "Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude" - China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang1 Adrian Zenz European School of Culture and Theology, Korntal Updated September 6, 2018 This is the accepted version of the article published by Central Asian Survey at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2018.1507997 Abstract Since spring 2017, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China has witnessed the emergence of an unprecedented reeducation campaign. According to media and informant reports, untold thousands of Uyghurs and other Muslims have been and are being detained in clandestine political re-education facilities, with major implications for society, local economies and ethnic relations. Considering that the Chinese state is currently denying the very existence of these facilities, this paper investigates publicly available evidence from official sources, including government websites, media reports and other Chinese internet sources. First, it briefly charts the history and present context of political re-education. Second, it looks at the recent evolution of re-education in Xinjiang in the context of ‘de-extremification’ work. Finally, it evaluates detailed empirical evidence pertaining to the present re-education drive. With Xinjiang as the ‘core hub’ of the Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing appears determined to pursue a definitive solution to the Uyghur question. Since summer 2017, troubling reports emerged about large-scale internments of Muslims (Uyghurs, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz) in China's northwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). By the end of the year, reports emerged that some ethnic minority townships had detained up to 10 percent of the entire population, and that in the Uyghur-dominated Kashgar Prefecture alone, numbers of interned persons had reached 120,000 (The Guardian, January 25, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Table S1. the Species Information of Ferula Genus Used in This Study
    Table S1. The species information of Ferula genus used in this study. Specimen GenBank Latin name Sample source Sampling parts voucher accession 7-x-z-7-1 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792984 7-x-z-7-2 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792985 7-x-z-7-3 Jeminay County, Xinjiang leaves KF792986 7-x-z-7-4 Jeminay County,Xinjiang leaves KF792987 7-x-z-7-5 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792988 7-x-z-8-2 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792995 Ferula sinkiangensis 7-x-z-7-6 Yining County, Xinjiang roots KF792989 K.M.Shen 7-x-z-7-7 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792990 7-x-z-7-8 Jeminay County, Xinjiang leaves KF792991 7-x-z-7-9 Jeminay County, Xinjiang roots KF792992 7-x-z-7-10 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792993 7-x-z-8-1 Yining County, Xinjiang leaves KF792994 13909 Shawan,County,Xinjiang roots KJ804121 7-x-z-3-2 Fukang County, Xinjiang leaves KF793025 7-x-z-3-5 Fukang County, Xinjiang leaves KF793027 Ferula fukanensis 7-x-z-3-4 Fukang County, Xinjiang leaves KF793026 K.M.Shen 7-x-z-3-1 Fukang County, Xinjiang roots KF793024 13113 Fukang County, Xinjiang roots KJ804103 13114 Fukang County, Xinjiang roots KJ804104 7-x-z-2-4 Toli County, Xinjiang roots KF793002 7-x-z-2-5 Toli County, Xinjiang leaves KF793003 7-x-z-2-6 Fuyun County, Xinjiang leaves KF793004 7-x-z-2-7 Fuyun County, Xinjiang leaves KF793005 7-x-z-2-8 Fuyun County, Xinjiang leaves KF793006 7-x-z-2-9 Toli County, Xinjiang leaves KF793007 Ferula ferulaeoides 7-x-z-2-10 Shihezi City, Xinjiang leaves KF793008 (Steud.) Korov.
    [Show full text]
  • WRC Case Brief: Lacoste Linked to Factory in China That Reportedly Uses Forced Labor
    WRC Case Brief: Lacoste Linked to Factory in China that Reportedly Uses Forced Labor The Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) has determined that the global clothing brand, Lacoste, produced apparel at a factory that has been identified by independent researchers as using forced labor. The factory, Yili Zhuo Wan Garment Manufacturing, is located in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of China. This part of the XUAR is home to members of the Kazakh ethnic group, one of the Muslim minority peoples that are targets of the Chinese government’s brutal campaign of repression in the region. The factory makes leather gloves and other products for export. Its address is Home Textile Park, Number 5, Yining County, Yili.1 Lacoste, with $2.2 billion in annual revenue, sells apparel in 120 countries and operates its own retail stores around the world, as well as boutiques within larger department stores.2 Lacoste sponsors a number of leading professional tennis players, including number-one-ranked Novak Djokovic. The brand is owned by the Swiss holding company, Maus Frères. The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a US-based research and policy organization which issued a widely-read report last year on forced labor in the XUAR, documented the abuses suffered by a woman who was forced by the Chinese government to work at Yili Zhuo Wan Garment.3 According to CSIS: After subjecting the woman to extra- judicial detention in a series of internment camps, the government, upon releasing her from detention, forced the woman to report for work at Yili Zhuo Wan Garment.
    [Show full text]
  • Without Land, There Is No Life: Chinese State Suppression of Uyghur Environmental Activism
    Without land, there is no life: Chinese state suppression of Uyghur environmental activism Table of Contents Summary ..............................................................................................................................2 Cultural Significance of the Environment and Environmentalism ......................................5 Nuclear Testing: Suppression of Uyghur Activism ...........................................................15 Pollution and Ecological Destruction in East Turkestan ...................................................30 Lack of Participation in Decision Making: Development and Displacement ....................45 Legal Instruments...............................................................................................................61 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................66 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................69 Endnotes .............................................................................................................................70 Cover image: Dead toghrak (populus nigra) tree in Niya. Photo courtesy of Flickr 1 Summary The intimate connection between the Uyghur people and the land of East Turkestan is celebrated in songs and poetry written and performed in the Uyghur language. Proverbs in Uyghur convey how the Uyghur culture is tied to reverence of the land and that an individual’s identity is inseparable
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional-Executive Commission on China
    CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2008 ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 31, 2008 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov VerDate Aug 31 2005 23:54 Nov 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\45233.TXT DEIDRE 2008 ANNUAL REPORT VerDate Aug 31 2005 23:54 Nov 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 U:\DOCS\45233.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2008 ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 31, 2008 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ★ 44–748 PDF WASHINGTON : 2008 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Aug 31 2005 23:54 Nov 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\45233.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate SANDER LEVIN, Michigan, Chairman BYRON DORGAN, North Dakota, Co-Chairman MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio MAX BAUCUS, Montana TOM UDALL, New Mexico CARL LEVIN, Michigan MICHAEL M. HONDA, California DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota SHERROD BROWN, Ohio CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska EDWARD R. ROYCE, California SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas DONALD A.
    [Show full text]
  • Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: CHN35420 Country: China Date: 30 September 2009 Keywords: China – Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region – Uighurs – July 2009 riots – State protection – Women – Children – Employment – Separatist movements – Freedom of religion – Returnees – Rebiyeh Kadeer This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. After the events of 5-7 July 2009 in Urumqi in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), how are Uighurs in XUAR being treated by Han Chinese residents and by the authorities? Are all Uighurs at risk of harm, or only those with certain profiles? 2. If Uighurs are being mistreated and discriminated against by Han Chinese because of their ethnicity, are the authorities taking measures to protect them? 3. Would a Uighur woman whose family members have a political profile relating to East Turkestan separatist movements and the 1962 demonstrations in Ghulja be at greater risk of harm? 4. How would the authorities treat an unemployed woman or girls if they were discovered praying at home or observing any other Muslim religious practice in private at home? 5. How would an unemployed woman or girls be treated if they were discovered going to the mosque or observing any other religious practice (eg celebrating Ramadan or Eid) in public? 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Agriculture Management
    Sustainable Agriculture Management A study case in the Ili-Balkhash basin. Xinjiang, China Roberto Jequier Quintas Master of Science Thesis Stockholm 2008 Sustainable Agriculture Management. A study case in the Ili-Balkhash basin. Xinjiang, China. Source: Roberto Jequier Roberto Jequier Quintas Master thesis. Industrial Ecology, KTH. Supervisor - Associate Professor Nils Brandt. December 2007 TRITA-IM 2009:04 ISSN 1402-7615 Industrial Ecology, Royal Institute of Technology www.ima.kth.se ABSTRACT Water is the source of life. Leonardo da Vinci, constructor of the drainage system of a swamp area north of Rome, said that “water is the blood of the soil”. Without water there is not fertile soil and without any of them there is no harvest. Sustainable Agriculture Management is all about how to develop and improve the use of different resources to make agriculture more sustainable. This study is about how to apply this concept into the study area. The Balkhash Lake is among the biggest lakes on earth, but due to unreasonable water utilization, the lake is facing the same fate as the Aral Sea. The lake belongs to the Ili Balkhash Basin IBB that is shared by two countries; Kazakhstan and China. Most of the water (around 80%), that feed the lake, come with the Ili River that is born on the Chinese side. Most of the water is used for agriculture purposes. Now the Chinese Government want to increase the irrigated area and develop more projects that require more water. If this is done without any improvement in the agriculture management, the IBB is under threat.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration, Identities and Cultural Change: History and Present Situation of the Santa People in Xinjiang, China*
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Journal of Cambridge Studies 73 Migration, Identities and Cultural Change: History and Present Situation of the Santa people in Xinjiang, China* Wenxiang CHEN Associate professor, Humanity College of Qinghai Normal University, PRC Email: [email protected] Abstract: Since the Qing dynasty, Santa people have been migrating to Xinjiang, and have subsequently become an important group there, both in terms of population and influence. This paper deals with the history of the four Santa immigration waves and the present situation of their ethnic, religious, and local identities. A deeper study of the cultural changes they have experienced follows, focusing on changes in language, traditional diets, marriages and religious beliefs. Finally, an analysis of the social transformations Santa communities have experienced is included, including views on the critical catalyst for Santa’s migrating to Xinjiang, the influence of the weakening of ethnic and cultural identities of them, ideas for the cultural changes in Santa communities of Xinjiang, and the further development of Santas in the future. Key Words: Santa, Dongxiang, Xinjiang, Migration, Identity, Cultural change * I will give my thanks to Dr. Duojie Caihang of Qinghai Normal University for his revising. Volume 7, No. 4 74 1. INTRODUCTION The Dongxiang, or Santa1, are one of the fifty-five ethnic minorities of the PRC. According to scholars, the main body of Santa the Huihui Semuren2 group from central Asia and the Middle East are the ancestors of the modern-day Santa, and Santa migration to China is directly connected to the conquest of central Asia by Genghis Khan in the 13th century.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 International Religious Freedom Report
    CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), states that citizens “enjoy freedom of religious belief” but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” without defining “normal.” CCP members and members of the armed forces are required to be atheists and are forbidden from engaging in religious practices. National law prohibits organizations or individuals from interfering with the state educational system for minors younger than the age of 18, effectively barring them from participating in most religious activities or receiving religious education. Some provinces have additional laws on minors’ participation in religious activities. The government continued to assert control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to one of the five state-sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Right Defiled: China’S Iron-Fisted Repression of Uyghur Religious Freedom
    Sacred Right Defiled: China’s Iron-Fisted Repression of Uyghur Religious Freedom A Report by the Uyghur Human Rights Project Table of Contents Executive Summary...........................................................................................................2 Methodology.......................................................................................................................5 Background ........................................................................................................................6 Features of Uyghur Islam ........................................................................................6 Religious History.....................................................................................................7 History of Religious Persecution under the CCP since 1949 ..................................9 Religious Administration and Regulations....................................................................13 Religious Administration in the People’s Republic of China................................13 National and Regional Regulations to 2005..........................................................14 National Regulations since 2005 ...........................................................................16 Regional Regulations since 2005 ..........................................................................19 Crackdown on “Three Evil Forces”—Terrorism, Separatism and Religious Extremism..............................................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Frontier Politics and Sino-Soviet Relations: a Study of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Sheng Mao University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Mao, Sheng, "Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2459. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2459 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontier Politics And Sino-Soviet Relations: A Study Of Northwestern Xinjiang, 1949-1963 Abstract This is an ethnopolitical and diplomatic study of the Three Districts, or the former East Turkestan Republic, in China’s northwest frontier in the 1950s and 1960s. It describes how this Muslim borderland between Central Asia and China became today’s Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture under the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Three Districts had been in the Soviet sphere of influence since the 1930s and remained so even after the Chinese Communist takeover in October 1949. After the Sino- Soviet split in the late 1950s, Beijing transformed a fragile suzerainty into full sovereignty over this region: the transitional population in Xinjiang was demarcated, border defenses were established, and Soviet consulates were forced to withdraw. As a result, the Three Districts changed from a Soviet frontier to a Chinese one, and Xinjiang’s outward focus moved from Soviet Central Asia to China proper. The largely peaceful integration of Xinjiang into PRC China stands in stark contrast to what occurred in Outer Mongolia and Tibet.
    [Show full text]
  • Karyotypic Characteristics and Genetic Relationships of Apricot Accessions from Different Ecological Groups
    J. AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI. 146(1):68–76. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS04956-20 Karyotypic Characteristics and Genetic Relationships of Apricot Accessions from Different Ecological Groups Wenwen Li, Liqiang Liu, Weiquan Zhou, Yanan Wang, and Xiang Ding College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China Guoquan Fan and Shikui Zhang Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang 841600, China Kang Liao College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. chromosome number, diversity, karyotype analysis, P. armeniaca ABSTRACT. The present study aims to reveal the karyotypic characteristics and genetic relationships of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) accessions from different ecological groups. Fourteen, 9, and 30 accessions from the Central Asian ecological group, North China ecological group, and Dzhungar-Ili ecological group, respectively, were analyzed according to the conventional pressing plate method. The results showed that all the apricot accessions from the different ecological groups were diploid (2n =2x = 16). The total haploid length of the chromosome set of the selected accessions ranged from 8.11 to 12.75 mm, which was a small chromosome, and no satellite chromosomes were detected. All accessions had different numbers of median-centromere chromosomes or sub-median-centromere chromosomes. The karyotypes of the selected accessions were classified as 1A or 2A. Principal component analysis revealed that the long-arm/short-arm ratio (0.968) and the karyotype symmetry index (L0.979) were the most valuable parameters, and cluster analysis revealed that the accessions from the Central Asian ecological group and Dzhungar-Ili ecological group clustered together.
    [Show full text]